Econ 160 Ch 02

合集下载

SCI国际期刊缩写与全称对照

ISNN 0149-1423 1522-1059 1532-8813 0942-8925 0025-5858 1069-6563 1040-2446 1076-6332 0001-4842 0949-1775 0889-325X 0889-3241 0360-0300 0362-1340 0734-2071 0362-5915 1084-4309 0730-0301 1046-8188 0098-3500 0164-0925 1049-331X 1063-7710 1091-5397 1610-1928 0906-4702 0906-4710 0139-3006 0001-5172 0167-8019 0065-1036 0094-5765 0001-5237 1672-9145 0001-527X 0001-5296 0236-5383 0325-2957 0138-4988 0001-5342 1253-8078 1672-6650 0001-5385 0567-7351
139 ADV CEM RES 140 ADV CHROMATOGR 141 ADV CHRONIC KIDNEY D 142 ADV CLIN CHEM 143 ADV COLLOID INTERFAC 144 ADV COMPOS LETT 145 ADV COMPOS MATER 146 ADV COMPUT 147 ADV COMPUT MATH 148 ADV DRUG DELIVER REV 149 ADV ECOL RES 150 ADV ENG INFORM 151 ADV ENG MATER 152 ADV ENG SOFTW 153 ADV ENVIRON RES 154 ADV ENZYME REGUL 155 ADV EXP MED BIOL 156 ADV FUNCT MATER 157 ADV GENET 158 ADV GEOM 159 ADV GEOPHYS 160 ADV HEALTH SCI EDUC 161 ADV HETEROCYCL CHEM 162 ADV IMAG ELECT PHYS 163 ADV IMMUNOL 164 ADV INORG CHEM 165 ADV INSECT PHYSIOL 166 ADV MAR BIOL 167 ADV MATER 168 ADV MATER PROCESS 169 ADV MATH 170 ADV MICROB PHYSIOL 171 ADV NEUROL 172 ADV NONLINEAR STUD 173 ADV NUCL PHYS 174 ADV NURS SCI 175 ADV ORGANOMET CHEM 176 ADV PARASIT 177 ADV PHYS 178 ADV PHYS ORG CHEM 179 ADV PHYSIOL EDUC 180 ADV POLYM SCI 181 ADV POLYM TECH 182 ADV POWDER TECHNOL 183 ADV PROTEIN CHEM 184 ADV QUANTUM CHEM 185 ADV 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91

011环境类期刊分类明细

41 42 43 44 44 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 28 29 30 31 32 33
BEHAV ECOL SOCIOBIOL ECOL ENG MAR ECOL-PROG SER BASIC APPL ECOL ECOL ECON PEDOBIOLOGIA J CHEM ECOL MOL ECOL NOTES J VEG SCI ANIM CONSERV BIOTROPICA LANDSCAPE URBAN PLAN J N AM BENTHOL SOC J EXP MAR BIOL ECOL BIODIVERS CONSERV ECOL COMPLEX ECOL MODEL THEOR POPUL BIOL AQUAT MICROB ECOL ECOL SOC ECOHYDROLOGY ORYX EVOL ECOL RES POLAR BIOL RESTOR ECOL INDOOR AIR ECOL ENG INT J LIFE CYCLE ASS AMBIO WASTE MANAGE ENVIRON CHEM LETT RESOUR CONSERV RECY J CLEAN PROD BUILD ENVIRON J AIR WASTE MANAGE ENVIRON GEOCHEM HLTH J AM WATER RESOUR AS J POLYM ENVIRON STOCH ENV RES RISK A COLD REG SCI TECHNOL ATMOS ENVIRON AGR ECOSYST ENVIRON ECOL INDIC ENVIRON MODELL SOFTW SCI TOTAL ENVIRON ENVIRON MOL MUTAGEN

中央空调MAC160~210模块机样本-PM-ACA-C010

kW
kg kg kg mm mm mm
MAC MAR
170A 170AR
50
50
--
54
16.7 16.7
-- 17.3
29.9 29.9
-- 30.3
8.7 8.7
40
40
1.5 1.5
18 690 710 2056 1140 2193
19 690 7100 2056 1140 2193
MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC MAC
温度控制 ■ 制冷回水温度控制 ■ 制热回水温度控制 ■ 除霜温度控制
保护功能 ■ 制冷低水温防冻保护 ■ 压缩机运行保护 ■ 冬季防冻保护 ■ 电机过载保护 ■ 开机延时保护
记忆功能 ■ 机组停电期间由后备电池供电计时 ■ 用户设定的参数值，在停电期间仍保留在系统
记忆中 ■ 控制器根据各机组运行时间，指挥应运行组别
和机组台数，并实现平均磨损
报警显示 ■ 机组发生故障时，控制器发出声光报警 ■ 显示相应的故障代码，自动处理 ■ 按级别进行报警和显示 ■ 15 路故障输入，1 路故障输出报警开关
联锁控制 ■ 末端二通阀联锁控制系统，当二通阀全部关闭，
系统将暂停工作，只要有二通阀打开，系统将继续运行 ■ 短接 JP6 端口可屏蔽二通阀联锁
380V/3N~/50Hz
高效板式热交换器
17.4 17.4 26.1 26.1 34.8 34.8 43.5 43.5 52.2 52.2
41.5 41.5 42.3 42.3 44
44
45.8 45.8
47
47
5″法兰接头
轴流式大叶片低噪声风机
3
3

英文文献检索

英文文献检索[转]文献检索是非常麻烦的事情，一般都是通过各种数据库进行检索，但由于购买的电子数据库基本都只有1997年以后的文献，文献量比较少，而且很多领域属于落后于国外20-30年的研究，一般很难查到，即使能查到出处，但无原文。

文献查找是个费时费力的事情，需要细心和耐心，反复查找，以下谈谈个人关于如何利用网络进行文献查找的一些经验。

①搜索引擎的高级功能搜索引擎主要和，则仅在检索中文时稍好点，英文很差，用处不大。

我们常用的google侧重于网页的检索，Scholar则主要针对学术类文献进行检索，格式主要是pdf，对于论文的引用也会显示，对于知道文献名和作者的情况比较容易直接找到pdf文档，一般这两个搜索引擎要联合使用。

Google的高级检索功能中有几个常用的功能：（1）锁定关键词检索：使用双引号如”停车”，则所有检索结果均包含双引号中的内容，以减少检索结果量；（2）文件类型检索：文件类型主要是.pdf和.doc文档，国外文献大部分以pdf格式发布，使用格式限制可以排除很多不必要的检索结果，如输入：停车filetype:pdf，当然其它google识别的格式都可使用；（3）指定网址检索：如果发现某个网站有需要的文献，则可以直接指定到该网站检索，以获得需要的资料，如输入：停车site:。

Google的详细功能请参照google的高级检索，百度在使用上相同。

②关键词的使用检索结果如何，和关键词的使用直接相关，所以，首先要弄清楚在英文中关键词有哪几种表达方式，分别进行检索，而对于文献综述类，可以使用：review、overview、literature review、history、development、trend等和关键词一起检索。

关键词的检索并不是一次就能确定下来的，刚开始选用几个看能否找到，如果找到一些，先初步看看那些文献，对内容有了更深一些的认识后同时也对检索关键词增加了了解，实际上是不断调整检索关键词的过程③参考文献的使用检索到一些文章后，先要看看文献后的参考文献，国外文献一般都会很详细的列出，可根据参考文献相应的进行有目的的检索，如找到指定数据库的期刊，或者检索作者，作者的个人主页一般提供作者本人发表文献的下载（最好的资源），有些还提供作者的E-mal，可直接写信给作者，一般对方都会提供。

汽车功能中英文对照表

205 DOOR
DR
206 DOUBLE
DBL
207 DOWEL
DWL
208 DRAGLINK
D/LINK
209 DRAWING
DWG
210 DRAWING CHANGE NOTICE
DCN
211 DRAWN
DWN
212 DRIVE
DRV
213 DRIVE PINION
D/PINION
214 DRIVER SEAT
86 CENTER
CTR
87 CENTERLINE
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
C/L
88 CENTERLINE OF FRONT SPRING EYE FSE
89 CENTER OF GRAVITY
CG
90 CENTER PILLAR
C/PLR
91 CENTER TO CENTER
C TOC
92 CENTER WEIGHT
C/WT
N0
1 ABSORBER
英文
2 ACCELERATOR
3 ACCELERATOR
4 ACCUMULATOR
5 ACTUATING
6 ACTUATOR
7 ADAPTATION
8 ADAPTOR
9 ADDENDUM
10 ADJUST
11 ADJUSTMENT
12 ADVANCE
13 AIR CLEANER
园周等级分类滤水器清除(交换) 螺帽顺时针,右转的截止离合器驾驶舱共用
准直(平行) 圆柱结合燃烧(氧化) 空流器结束整流器间隔(舱) 完全的,圆满的完全, 成分,构造压缩压缩机集中性的蓄电池导管,水管结合,连接

巴德宏观经济学原理(英文版第8版)学生课件Econ_Ch10

Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
26.1 Financial Institutions and Markets
(4 of 13)
During 2016, the value of Tom’s machines fell by $20,000, depreciation. During 2016, Tom’s spent $30,000 on new machines—gross investment. Tom’s net investment was $10,000, so at the end of 2014,Tom had capital valued at $40,000.
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
26.1 Financial Institutions and Markets
(5 of 13) Wealth is the value of all the things that a person owns. Saving is the amount of income that is not paid in taxes or spent on consumption goods and services; saving adds to wealth.
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
26.1 Financial Institutions and Markets

Ch4Consumption,Saving,andInvestment：CH4消费，储蓄，投资

Reading: Abel, Bernanke, Croushore, Kneebone, Macroeconomics Ch.4 Ch.4: Consumption, Saving, and Investment Objectives: ∙Examine the factors that underlie economy wide demand for goods and services.∙Assumes a closed economy.∙Focuses on consumption and investment.∙Equivalent to studying saving and capital formation.∙Examines the trade-off between present and future.∙Discuss why goods market gets equilibrium when desired savingequals desired investment.∙How real interest rate plays key role in bringing goods market toequilibrium.1.Consumption and SavingWhen people choose saving and consumption, they think about present vs.future.1. Increase in current income: both consumption and saving increase(vice versa for decrease in current income)2. Desired consumption (C d): consumption amount desired by households3. Desired national saving (S d): level of national saving whenconsumption is at its desired level S d = Y – C d– G when NFP = 0A. The consumption and saving decision of an individual.1). The rate a person trades off current and future consumption dependson the ____________ interest rate prevailing in the economy.▪The real interest rate is the amount that a lender can earn, or a borrower will have to pay for every dollar lent/borrowed per year.2). The real interest rate, r, determines the __________________ ofcurrent consumption and future consumption.▪$1 worth of consumption today is equivalent to _________ dollar’s worth of consumption in the next time period. (Assuming inflation = 0).B. Effects of changes in current income1). Recall: Keynesian consumption function: C d = a +bY da). Desired consumption depends on current aggregate disposableincomeb). b = marginal propensity to consume (MPC); between 0 and 1The ______________ of additional current income that oneconsumes in the current period is the marginal propensity toconsume (MPC)MPC = ∆C d/ ∆Y dc). a = autonomous consumption: consumption that is_________________from income.2). When current income (Y) rises by $1, C d rises, but not by as much as Y,so S d ___________. S d rises by the fraction of the $1 ______ spent on consumption.C. The effects of changes in expected future income1). Higher expected future income leads to ____________ consumptiontoday because of consumption smoothing motive, so current saving_______________.▪ The consumption-smoothing motive is the desire to have a relatively __________ pattern of consumption over time.▪ A one-time income bonus is likely to be _________and the income earned on that saving spread over time.2). Current consumption will ______________ and current savings will______________ when expected future income increases, because of the smoothing motive.D. Effects of changes in wealth1). Increase in wealth ____________ current consumption, so____________current saving because one does not need to save asmuch for the future anymore.2). Housing wealth and consumer spending:Consumers increase spending more due to increase in housing wealththan by increase in stock market wealth. The three reasons area). 2/3 of households own their homes;b) Stock prices are far more volatile than are housing prices; andc) Increases in wealth arising from increases in housing prices areexempt from capital gain taxation.E. Effect of changes in the real interest rate1). For a lender an increase in real interest rate has two opposite effects:a). The income effect (IE) of the real interest rate reflects a__________effect on saving, since increase in current incomefrom wealth will ____________ current consumption and thus_____________ in current saving.b). The substitute effect (SE) of the real interest rate on savingreflects the _______________ effect on saving, since theopportunity cost of current consumption increases and thusincrease current saving.2). For a borrower when real interest rate increases, the substitution effectand income effect both result in _____________ in saving.3). Empirical evidence is that an increase in real interest rate ___________consumption and _____________ saving, but the effect is not very strong.4). Taxes and the real return to saving► Expected after-tax real interest rate: r a-t = (1- t)i - πeQ: i = 5%, πe = 2%; if t = 30%, what is r a-t？How about if t = 20%?A:By reducing the tax rate on interest the government can increase thereal rate of return for saver and (possibly) increase the rate of saving in the economy.F. Fiscal Policy▪Assumption: the economy’s aggregate output is given; it is not affected by the change in fiscal policy.▪The government fiscal policy has two major components: _______________________________ and __________________.1). Government purchases (G) (temporary increase)a). Higher G financed by current taxes reduces after-tax income,lowering desired consumption.b). Even true if financed by higher future taxes, if people realizehow future incomes are affected.c). Since C d declines less than G rises, national saving(S d = Y - C d - G) declines.d). So government purchases reduce both ________and ________.2). Taxesa). Lump-sum tax cut today, financed by higher future taxesb). Decline in future income __________ increase in current income.c). Ricardian equivalence proposition(i) If future income loss exactly offset current income gain,there is ______________________ in consumption.(ii) Tax change affects only the ____________ of taxes, not theirultimate amount.(iii) In practice, people may not see that future taxes will rise iftaxes are cut today; then a tax cut leads to _____________desiredconsumption and ______________ desired national saving.2.InvestmentA. Why is investment important?1). Investment fluctuates _____________ over the business cycle, so weneed to understand investment to understand the business cycle.2). Investment plays a crucial role in ________________________ anddetermines the long run ________________________________ of theeconomy.B. The desired capital stock1). Desired capital stock is the amount of capital that allows firms toearn the ____________ expected profit.2). Desired capital stock depends on costs and benefits of ____________capital.3). Since investment becomes capital stock with a __________, thebenefit of investment is the _____________ marginal product ofcapital (MPK f).4). The user cost of capitala). User cost of capital = real cost of using a unit of capital for aspecified period of time.b). It includes cost of capital, depreciation rate, and expected realinterest rate.►5). Determining the desired capital stocka). Desired capital stock is the level of capital stock at which__________________________.b). MPK f falls as K rises due to diminishing marginal productivity,thus MPK f is _______________ sloping.c). uc doesn’t vary with K, so is a horizontal lined). If MPK f > uc, profits rise as K is added (____________________)e). If MPK f < uc, profits rise as K is reduced (__________________)f). Profits are maximized where _________________.MPK f, ucKC. Changes in the desired capital stock1). Factors that shift the MPK f curve or change the user cost of capitalcause the desired capital stock to change.2). These factors are changed in the ___________________,____________________________, __________________________,or _______________________________ that affect the MPK f.E.g.1. A decline in the real interest rateMPK fK Result:E.g.2. The economy experiences technological advancementMPK fKResult:3). Taxes and the desired capital stocka). With taxes, the return to capital is only (1 –τ) MPK fb). Setting the return equal to the user cost gives:►c). Tax-adjusted user cost of capital is __________________.d). An increase in τ ______________ the tax-adjusted user cost and____________ the desired capital stock.e). In reality, there are complications to the tax-adjusted user cost(1) We assumed that firm revenues were _____________.(i) In reality, _____________, not revenues, are taxed.(ii) So depreciation allowances reduce the tax paid by firms,because they _____________ profits.(2) Investment tax credits reduce taxes when firms make_________investments.(3) Summary measure: the effective tax rate is the tax rate onfirm revenue that would have the same effect on the desiredcapital stock as do the actual provisions of the tax code.D. From the desired capital stock to investment1). The capital stock changes from two opposing channels:a). New capital ____________ the capital stock; this is __________investment.b). The capital stock depreciates, which _________ the capital stockGross Investment – Depreciation = Net Investment►where I is gross investment and net investment equals the change inthe capital stock.2). Rewriting the equation gives:►a). If firms can change their capital stocks in one period, then thedesired capital stock (K*) = K t+1b). So I t= K* – K t + dK tc). Thus investment has two parts:(i) Desired net increase in capital stock over the year (K*–K t)(ii) Investment needed to replace depreciated capital (dK t)3). Lags and investmenta). Some capital can be constructed easily, but other capitalmay take years to put in place.b). So investment needed to reach the desired capital stockmay be spread out over several years.E. Investment in inventories and housing▪ Marginal product of capital and user cost also apply, as with equipment and structures.▪A firm’s inventories are ____________________, ____________________and ________________________. It is the most volatile component of investment spending.▪ Residential investment is the construction of _______________ or________________________________.3.Goods Market EquilibriumA. Adjusting real interest rate brings the goods market to equilibriumThe real interest rate is the key to bring the quantity of goods supplied and demanded into balance.1). Goods market equilibrium condition: __________________________2). It differs from income-expenditure identity, as good market equilibriumcondition need __________ hold; undesired goods may be produced, sogoods market won’t be in equilibrium3). Alternative representation: since S d= Y – C d– G,►B. The saving-investment diagram1). Plot S d vs. I dS d: ____________ sloping—higher real interest rate raises desired S dI d: __________________ sloping – higher real interest rate increasesthe user cost of capitalrS d ,I d2). Equilibrium where _________________3). How to reach equilibrium? Adjustment of r4). Shifts of the saving curvea). Saving curve shifts right due to:(i).(ii).(iii).(iv).(v).b). Example: Temporary increase in government purchasesc). Result of lower savings: higher r, causing crowding out of I5). Shifts of the investment curvea). Investment curve shifts right due to:(i).(ii).b). Example: an innovation or economic reform raises MPK fc). Result of increased investment: higher r, higher S and I。

hydac部分型号

30091920009 L 002 BN0050 S 125 W0060 D 005 BN4HC0060 R 010 BN4HC/-KB 0060D 025 W/HC0060D003BH4CH0060D003BN4CH0060D005BN4CH0100 S 125 W /-B0.20100S125W/-B0.20110 D 003 BH4HC0110 D 005 BH4HC0110 R010 BN4HC0110D005BN4HC0160 DN 025 BN4HC0160 MA 010 BN0160 MG 010 P0160D 010BN4HC0160D003BH4HC0160D010BH3HC0160DN025W/HC/-V 0160DN025W/HC/-V 0160DN025W/HC/-V0160DN050W/HC0160MA010BN0160MA025P0160R 010 BN4HC0165 R 010 BN4HC0165R010BN3HC0240 R 020 BN4HC/-KB 0240D 010 BH4HC0250DN025W/HC/-V 0250DN025W/HC/-V0280D200W/HC0330 R 020 BN4HC/-KB 0400 DN 025 BN4HC/-SO214 0400 RK 010 MM0400DN025W/HC0500D003BH3HC0660 D 003 BN4HC0660 D 005 BH4HC0660D010BN4HC/-V0660R010BN4HC0850R020BN4HC1300 R 010 BN4HC1300 R BN4HC1300R 003 BN4HC1300R010BN4HC/-B4-BE501300R025W/HC160LV*M50*1.5/VG5NBR20/460SB330/400-200NBR 1700R 20u1700R050W/HC2.110 D 06 BH2600 R 040 AM2600R005ECON22600R020BN3HC620.01.204.21(G1/4)BAUSATZ FZP-3/4.0/P/100BF P 3 G 10 W 1.0BF P 3 G 10 W 4.0 /-RVBLABBER 10L*7/8-14UNF/VG5 NBR20/P460 BLABBER 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刺梅的养殖方法和注意事项

刺梅的养殖方法和注意事项刺梅（学名：Eomecon chionantha）又称白花尤草，是一种常绿草本植物，具有紫色根茎和白色的花朵。

刺梅的生长适宜温度在5℃至30℃之间，属于适温植物，在阳光充足、排水良好、土质肥沃的环境下生长得较好。

下面我们就来详细了解刺梅的养殖方法和注意事项。

一、土壤和灌溉刺梅适宜生长在排水良好、肥沃而松软的土壤中。

可以使用混合肥料和有机肥，让土壤保持湿润。

刺梅需要保持适量的湿度，但不宜过度浇水，以免引起根部腐烂。

在生长期间，每周浇水一次即可。

同时注意不要让水滞留在盆底，长时间积水会影响植物的生长。

二、施肥和修剪刺梅在生长期需要适量的肥料供应，切忌过量施肥，以免伤害根系。

以每月施一次液体肥料或每季施一次有机肥料为宜。

定期修剪是刺梅保持优美外观的关键，但是要注意不要过多频繁修剪。

在生长季节结束后，适当修剪和清除死亡的叶子可以促进植物更健康的再生。

三、光照和温度刺梅需要充足的阳光照射，秋季时最好能够摆放在户外，让叶片充分接受阳光的照射。

同时需要注意避免日照过度或高温季节过度辐射直射。

室内养殖可以通过适当增加灯光照射来补充日照。

刺梅在适宜生长的温度范围内为最好发挥植物的生长力。

在冬季气温较低时，可以在夜晚间加上加热设备，保持室内温暖。

同时注意不能将刺梅暴露在严寒的环境中，避免低温冻害。

四、病虫防治刺梅比较耐病虫害，但仍需定期检查和保养，特别是在夏季时。

起初，植物的叶片会在发现病虫害时表现出节点枯萎、叶片变色、畸形等症状，如果没有及时剪掉，病虫害可能会逐渐扩散到整棵植物的其他部分。

要及时除去病虫叶子，并且用草木灰或有机肥稍作肥料翻耕。

五、植物繁殖刺梅可以通过种子或茎叶扦插进行繁殖。

对于种子繁殖，可以将种子泡在温水中30分钟左右，并在肥沃的土壤中浅埋种子，保持土壤湿润，约两周左右种子才会发芽。

对于插枝法繁殖，可以将健康的分枝选出后剪成5至10厘米的小段，将其埋入肥沃湿润的土壤中，并保持适度的湿度。

2012JCR分区

阈值期刊数期刊数2.4532260序号123456789101112131415161718192021222324252627282930313233343536373839401.5720.965961区2区3区阈值阈值期刊数ISSN 刊名简称分区刊1467-2960FISH FISH 1FISH AN 0065-2113ADV AGRON 1ADVANCES 0928-4249VET RES 1VETERINA 1753-5123REV AQUACULT1Reviews 0168-1923AGR FOREST METEOROL 1AGRICUFOREST METEOR 0038-0717SOIL BIOL BIOCHEM 1SOIL BBIOCHEMISTR 1935-5130FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH1Food anTechnology 0378-1135VET MICROBIOL 1VETMICROBIOLOG 1050-4648FISH SHELLFISH IMMUN1FISH &IMMUNOLOG1939-8425RICE 10363-2415FISHERIES1FIS0960-3166REV FISH BIOL FISHER 1REVIEWS INAND FISHERI 0021-8561J AGR FOOD CHEM1JOUAGRICULTURAL AN 0032-079X PLANT SOIL1PLANT 1774-0746AGRON SUSTAIN DEV 1AgronomyDevelopmen 1994-4136MYRMECOL NEWS1Myrmec0308-521X AGR SYST 1AGRICULT1084-2020ILAR J1ILAR 0829-318X TREE PHYSIOL 1TREE P 0022-0302J DAIRY SCI 1JOURNSCIENCE 0167-1987SOIL TILL RES1SOIL & TILL1090-0233VET J1VETERIN 1161-0301EUR J AGRON 2EUROPEAAGRONOMY 1380-3743MOL BREEDING 2MOLECUL 0304-4017VET PARASITOL 2VETPARASITOLO 0021-8812J ANIM SCI 2JOURNASCIENCE 0926-6690IND CROP PROD 2INDUSTRIAPRODUCTS 0378-4290FIELD CROP RES 2FIELD CRO0925-5214POSTHARVEST BIOL TEC2POSTHARAND TECHNOL 0016-7061GEODERMA 2GEO 0191-2917PLANT DIS 2PLAN 0929-1393APPL SOIL ECOL 2APPLIED S 1526-498X PEST MANAG SCI 2PEST MSCIENCE 0931-2250J AGRON CROP SCI 2JOURNALAND CROP SCIE 1869-215X AQUACULT ENV INTERAC2AquacultuInteractions 1746-6148BMC VET RES 2BMC Vete1054-6006FISH OCEANOGR 2FISHERIES O0891-6640J VET INTERN MED 2JOURNAL OINTERNAL MEDI 0378-1127FOREST ECOL MANAG2FOREST EMANAGEMEN 1351-0754EUR J SOIL SCI2EUROPEASOIL SCIENC41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 851049-8001INT J WILDLAND FIRE2INTERNATIOF WILDLAND F 0706-652X CAN J FISH AQUAT SCI2CANADIANFISHERIES AND AQ 0167-5877PREV VET MED2PREVENTIVMEDICINE 0178-2762BIOL FERT SOILS2BIOLOGY ANSOILS 0165-2427VET IMMUNOL IMMUNOP2VETERINARAND IMMUNOPATH 1865-1674TRANSBOUND EMERG DIS2TransboundDiseases 0093-691X THERIOGENOLOGY2THERIO1064-1262REV FISH SCI2REVIEWSSCIENCE 0361-5995SOIL SCI SOC AM J2SOIL SCIENAMERICA JOUR 0044-8486AQUACULTURE2AQUA0269-283X MED VET ENTOMOL2MEDICAL AENTOMOLOG 0378-3774AGR WATER MANAGE2AGRICULTMANAGEMEN 1612-4669EUR J FOREST RES2EUROPEAFOREST RESEA 1054-3139ICES J MAR SCI2ICES JOURSCIENCE 1866-7910FOOD ENG REV2Food Engin0739-7240DOMEST ANIM ENDOCRIN2DOMESENDOCRINOLO 0043-1737WEED RES2WEED0342-7188IRRIGATION SCI2IRRIGAT0177-5103DIS AQUAT ORGAN2DISEASEORGANISMS 0011-183X CROP SCI2CROP0003-1488JAVMA-J AM VET MED A2JAVMA-JOAMERICAN VETER 0307-9457AVIAN PATHOL2AVIAN P0168-1591APPL ANIM BEHAV SCI2APPLIBEHAVIOUR SCI 0140-7775J FISH DIS2JOURNAL O0377-8401ANIM FEED SCI TECH2ANIMAL FEETECHNOLOG 1936-9751FOOD ANAL METHOD2Food Ana1436-8730J PLANT NUTR SOIL SC2JOURNANUTRITION AND 0266-0032SOIL USE MANAGE2SOILMANAGEMEN 0959-4493VET DERMATOL2VETDERMATOLOG 0021-8596J AGR SCI2JOUAGRICULTURAL SC 1385-1314NUTR CYCL AGROECOSYS2NUTRIENAGROECOSYST 0425-1644EQUINE VET J2EQUINEJOURNAL 0005-2086AVIAN DIS2AVIAN1353-5773AQUACULT NUTR2AQUACULT0378-4320ANIM REPROD SCI2ANIMAL RSCIENCE 0002-1962AGRON J2AGRONO0032-5791POULTRY SCI2POULT0929-1873EUR J PLANT PATHOL2EUROPEAPLANT PATHOL 0165-7836FISH RES2FISHERIE0931-2668J ANIM BREED GENET2JOURNABREEDING AND GE 0931-1890TREES-STRUCT FUNCT2TREES-STFUNCTION 0022-0299J DAIRY RES2JOURNRESEARCH 0043-1745WEED SCI3WEED0002-9254AM J ENOL VITICULT3AMERICANENOLOGY AND VITIC 1751-7311ANIMAL3A86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 1300300-9858VET PATHOL3VETERINAR1461-9555AGR FOREST ENTOMOL3AGRICUFOREST ENTOMO 0936-6768REPROD DOMEST ANIM3REPRODOMESTIC ANIM 0014-2336EUPHYTICA3EUP1286-4560ANN FOREST SCI3ANNALSSCIENCE 0906-6691ECOL FRESHW FISH3ECOLOGY OFISH 0045-5067CAN J FOREST RES3CANADIANFOREST RESEARCH 1125-7865DENDROCHRONOLOGIA3DENDROC0002-8487T AM FISH SOC3TRANSACAMERICAN FISHE 0261-1929ATLA-ALTERN LAB ANIM3ATLA-ALTLABORATORY AN 0920-1742FISH PHYSIOL BIOCHEM3FISH PHYBIOCHEMISTR 1473-5903INT J AGR SUSTAIN3InternatioAgricultural Sustai 1098-612X J FELINE MED SURG3JOURNAMEDICINE AND SU 0925-9864GENET RESOUR CROP EV3GENETIC RCROP EVOLUT 0034-5288RES VET SCI3RESEARCHSCIENCE 0161-3499VET SURG3VETERINA0140-7783J VET PHARMACOL THER3JOURNAL OPHARMACOLOGY 1836-0947CROP PASTURE SCI3Crop & Pa0261-2194CROP PROT3CROP P0042-4900VET REC3VETERIN1385-2256PRECIS AGRIC3PRECISION0015-752X FORESTRY3FO1871-1413LIVEST SCI3Livesto0002-9645AM J VET RES3AMERICANVETERINARY RES 0043-9339WORLD POULTRY SCI J3WORLDS POJOURNAL 1040-6387J VET DIAGN INVEST3JOURNAL ODIAGNOSTIC INVEST 0921-4488SMALL RUMINANT RES3SMALLRESEARCH 0179-9541PLANT BREEDING3PLANT1085-3278LAND DEGRAD DEV3LAND DEDEVELOPMEN 0253-1933REV SCI TECH OIE3REVUE SCTECHNIQUE DE L 0090-3558J WILDLIFE DIS3JOURNALDISEASES 1550-7424RANGELAND ECOL MANAG3RangelaManagemen 1618-8667URBAN FOR URBAN GREE3URBAN FORGREENING 0004-9573AUST J SOIL RES3AUSTRALIASOIL RESEAR 0304-4238SCI HORTIC-AMSTERDAM3SCIENTIA H1936-5802CHEMOSENS PERCEPT3Chemosen0889-048X AGR HUM VALUES3AGRICULTUVALUES 0022-4561J SOIL WATER CONSERV3JOURNALWATER CONSERV 1537-5110BIOSYST ENG3BIOSYSTEM0015-749X FOREST SCI3FORES0022-1201J FOREST3JOURNAL1467-2987VET ANAESTH ANALG3VETERINARAND ANALGES 1344-7610BREEDING SCI3BREEDI0037-5330SILVA FENN3SILVA0275-6382VET CLIN PATH3VETERINPATHOLOG131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 1751479-3261J VET EMERG CRIT CAR3JOURNAL OEMERGENCY AND C 0167-4366AGROFOREST SYST3AGROFORE0044-605X ACTA VET SCAND3ACTA VSCANDINAVIC 1437-4781FOREST PATHOL3FOREST0830-9000CAN J VET RES3CANADIANVETERINARY RESE 2042-6496FOOD FUNCT3Food1389-9341FOREST POLICY ECON3FORESTECONOMICS 0142-5242GRASS FORAGE SCI3GRASS ASCIENCE 0195-5616VET CLIN N AM-SMALL3VETERINANORTH AMERICA-1476-5810VET COMP ONCOL3Veterinary aOncology 1355-557X AQUAC RES3AQUACULT0990-7440AQUAT LIVING RESOUR3AQUARESOURCE 1463-5216VET OPHTHALMOL3VETOPHTHALMOLO 0969-997X FISHERIES MANAG ECOL3FISHERIESAND ECOLOG 1212-1819CZECH J ANIM SCI3CZECH JOUSCIENCE 0144-8609AQUACULT ENG3AQUAENGINEERIN 0962-7286ANIM WELFARE3ANIMA1976-1457NUTR RES PRACT3Nutrition Res1058-8183VET RADIOL ULTRASOUN3VETERINARULTRASOUN 0048-0169NEW ZEAL VET J3NEW ZEALAJOURNAL 0282-7581SCAND J FOREST RES3SCANDINAVFOREST RESEA 0275-5947N AM J FISH MANAGE3NORTH AMEOF FISHERIE 1229-845X J VET SCI3Journal of V1835-2693AUST J CROP SCI3AustralianScience 1942-5120MAR COAST FISH3Marine and0931-2439J ANIM PHYSIOL AN N3JOURNAPHYSIOLOGY AND 0749-0720VET CLIN N AM-FOOD A3VETERINANORTH AMERICA 0575-3317CAL COOP OCEAN FISH3CALIFORNIAOCEANIC FISHE 0022-4510J SMALL ANIM PRACT3JOURNAL OPRACTICE 1099-209X AM J POTATO RES3AMERICANPOTATO RESEA 0090-0656FISH B-NOAA3FISHER0038-0768SOIL SCI PLANT NUTR3SOIL SCIENNUTRITION 0005-0423AUST VET J3AUSTRALIAJOURNAL 0928-1541IAWA J3IAWA0007-1668BRIT POULTRY SCI3BRITISH PO2151-0032T ASABE3Transaction0049-4747TROP ANIM HEALTH PRO3TROPICALAND PRODUCT 1745-039X ARCH ANIM NUTR3ARCHIVENUTRITION-ARCH 0038-075X SOIL SCI3SOIL1836-0939ANIM PROD SCI3Animal Pro1611-2490PADDY WATER ENVIRON3Paddy and W0253-8318PAK VET J3PAKISTANJOURNAL 0008-4271CAN J SOIL SCI3CANADIANSOIL SCIENC 0892-7936ANTHROZOOS3ANTH0008-5286CAN VET J3CANADIANJOURNAL-REV4190005-9080BERLANDWIRTSCH4BERICHTE UBERLANDWIRTSCHAFT0.1290.1494200032-681XPRAKTTIERARZT4PRAKTISCHETIERARZT0.1280.094区总计期刊数期刊数2684463年平均IF5.5744.2153.8013.7493.2713.2413.1723.1523.0863.0032.7592.7572.7032.6742.6512.6442.6392.612.5242.5082.4692.4532.452.4392.3962.3812.362.3472.3262.3192.3192.2962.2512.2232.1882.1862.1622.1462.1432.134 5.8刊名全称2011年IF H AND FISHERIES 4.06NCES IN AGRONOMY 5.204RINARY RESEARCH3.389iews in Aquaculture4.036RICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY 3.703SOIL BIOLOGY &BIOCHEMISTRY 3.504od and Bioprocess Technology 3.322VETERINARY MICROBIOLOGY 3.327SH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2.367Rice 3.105FISHERIES 2.823WS IN FISH BIOLOGY AND FISHERIES 2.5JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD 3.33LANT AND SOIL 2.733nomy for Sustainable Development 2.899rmecological News 2.644CULTURAL SYSTEMS 2.876ILAR JOURNAL 2.333EE PHYSIOLOGY 2.425URNAL OF DAIRY SCIENCE 2.564 TILLAGE RESEARCH 2.477ERINARY JOURNAL 2.239OPEAN JOURNAL OF AGRONOMY 2.579ECULAR BREEDING 2.852VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY 2.469URNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2.096STRIAL CROPS AND PRODUCTS 2.411 CROPS RESEARCH 2.474THARVEST BIOLOGY AND TECHNOLOGY 2.449GEODERMA 2.318PLANT DISEASE 2.251IED SOIL ECOLOGY 2.368ST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2.188NAL OF AGRONOMY AND CROP SCIENCE- 2.433aculture Environment Interactions 2.044 Veterinary Research 2RIES OCEANOGRAPHY 2.487NAL OF VETERINARY INTERNAL MEDICINE 1.992EST ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OPEAN JOURNAL OFSOIL SCIENCE2.342.1162.112.0792.0772.0722.0372.0272.0162.0082.0031.9661.9321.931.9121.8931.8681.861.8341.821.7991.7881.7771.7681.7671.7591.7581.721.7151.7111.7061.71.6971.6961.6851.6781.6691.6611.641.5911.5781.5771.5721.5711.5551.554 2.231NATIONAL JOURNAL OF WILDLAND FIRE 2.046ADIAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES AND AQUATIC 2.213ENTIVE VETERINARYMEDICINE 2.076GY AND FERTILITY OF SOILS 2.319RINARY IMMUNOLOGYAND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1.963oundary and EmergingDiseases 1.809ERIOGENOLOGY1.979IEWS IN FISHERIES SCIENCE 1.946CIENCE SOCIETY OFAMERICA JOURNAL 1.91AQUACULTURE2.041AL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 1.982ICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT 1.998OPEAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH 1.893OURNAL OF MARINESCIENCE 2.007Engineering Reviews1.924OMESTIC ANIMALENDOCRINOLOGY 2.056EED RESEARCH2.201IGATION SCIENCE1.635EASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 1.791CROP SCIENCE1.641A-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VETERINARY 1.918IAN PATHOLOGY1.711PPLIED ANIMALBEHAVIOUR SCIENCE 1.691AL OF FISH DISEASES2L FEED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 1.596d Analytical Methods1.943URNAL OF PLANTNUTRITION AND SOIL 1.943SOIL USE ANDMANAGEMENT 1.608VETERINARYDERMATOLOGY 1.792JOURNAL OFAGRICULTURAL SCIENCE 2.041RIENT CYCLING IN AGROECOSYSTEMS 1.462UINE VETERINARYJOURNAL 1.456VIAN DISEASES1.75CULTURE 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EVOLUTION 1.265ARCH IN VETERINARYSCIENCE 1.649ERINARY SURGERY1.418NAL OF VETERINARY PHARMACOLOGY AND 1.181p & Pasture Science1.248OP PROTECTION1.402ERINARY RECORD1.337SION AGRICULTURE 1.549FORESTRY1.269ivestock Science1.506RICAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 1.214DS POULTRY SCIENCEJOURNAL 1.104NAL OF VETERINARYDIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATION 1.596MALL RUMINANTRESEARCH 1.295LANT BREEDING1.099D DEGRADATION &DEVELOPMENT 1.402UE SCIENTIFIQUE ET TECHNIQUE DE L OFFICE 1.461RNAL OF WILDLIFEDISEASES 1.079ngeland Ecology &Management 1.53 FORESTRY & URBAN GREENING 1.27RALIAN JOURNAL OFSOIL RESEARCH 1.643TIA HORTICULTURAE 1.527mosensory Perception 1.265ULTURE AND HUMANVALUES 1.54RNAL OF SOIL ANDWATER CONSERVATION 1.047STEMS ENGINEERING1.354OREST SCIENCE0.944RNAL OF FORESTRY 1.354INARY ANAESTHESIA AND ANALGESIA 1.248EEDING SCIENCE1.248SILVA FENNICAERINARY CLINICALPATHOLOGY 1.5561.1941.1921.1881.1871.1821.1791.1771.1741.1651.1641.1631.1471.131.1191.0921.091.0841.0831.0811.0761.0741.0731.0671.0661.0651.0631.0611.0571.0461.0411.0411.0391.0361.0351.0341.0331.0231.0171.0140.9860.9860.9810.9810.9780.9762.038NAL OF VETERINARY EMERGENCY AND CRITICAL 1.367FORESTRY SYSTEMS1.378CTA VETERINARIA SCANDINAVICA 0.939REST PATHOLOGY 1.74ADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH- 1.482Food & Function1.179REST POLICY AND ECONOMICS 1.638ASS AND FORAGESCIENCE 1.099RINARY CLINICS OFNORTH AMERICA-SMALL 1.203nary and ComparativeOncology 1.561CULTURE RESEARCH 0.748AQUATIC LIVINGRESOURCES 1.152VETERINARYOPHTHALMOLOGY 1.079RIES MANAGEMENT AND ECOLOGY 1.294 JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 1.135AQUACULTURALENGINEERING 1.421NIMAL WELFARE1.082n Research and Practice 1.083INARY RADIOLOGY &ULTRASOUND 1.197EALAND VETERINARY JOURNAL 0.887INAVIAN JOURNAL OF FOREST RESEARCH 1.161 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF FISHERIES 0.943l of Veterinary Science 1.065alian Journal of CropScience 1.632 and Coastal Fisheries1.474URNAL OF ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY AND ANIMAL 0.855RINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-FOOD 1ORNIA COOPERATIVE OCEANIC FISHERIES 1.074AL OF SMALL ANIMALPRACTICE 1.098RICAN JOURNAL OFPOTATO RESEARCH 1.234SHERY BULLETIN 0.945SCIENCE AND PLANT NUTRITION 1.017RALIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL 1.005AWA JOURNAL1.042H POULTRY SCIENCE 1.115actions of the ASABE 1.033CAL ANIMAL HEALTH AND PRODUCTION 1.144CHIVES OF ANIMAL NUTRITION-ARCHIV FUR 0.987SOIL SCIENCE0.986al Production Science 0.986and Water Environment 0.821STAN VETERINARY JOURNAL 1.255ADIAN JOURNAL OFSOIL SCIENCE 1.063ANTHROZOOS0.86ADIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL-REVUE0.970.97 0.965 0.962 0.960.833Science & Technology 1.183 RNAL OF AQUATICANIMAL HEALTHRINARY CLINICS OF NORTH AMERICA-EQUINE 0.884ED TECHNOLOGY1.231 ee-Ring Research1.212。

史上最全限制性内切酶酶切位点汇总

专业资料分享A系列Aatll识别位点…G ACGT匕…一丁3：.. CJGC AG,, .5^Acc65l识别位点5…GFMK AC …3，3一. CA KMJG. . 5JAccl识别位点5…Gl\lK AC …丁3J. . CA KMJG. . 5JAcil识别位点5 …dtGC …3’ 宙…GG空…莎Acll识别位点5 …A A\；GTT .33\ .. T TG* A (X)Acul识别位点5；. CTG A AG(N). \ . . 3J 3d.. ,GACTTC(N)U A... 5J Afel识别位点5\.. AGC^CT..,3,3 …TCGJCGA..,5JAflll 识别位点5 …(fTT A AG…3，3：…G A A T T& …5"Afllll 识别位点5；.. ^CRYGT , ,3 3：…TGYRqA. . ,5Agel识别位点5P. . /fCCGGT , . .3J3；. . TGGCC^A. , .5^ Ahdl识别位点5P. G ACNN F/N NGTC... 3P 3- CTGNI^NNNCAG^.S^ Alel识别位点5；. .CACNt/NNGTG 3' 3. ..GTGNI^NNCAC, .. h Alul识别位点5 . .. A(jfcT….3P 3…TQSA-SAlwl识别位点5 r,GGATC(N)7「3"3. .. CCTAGIN)^..^AlwNl识别位点5：. CAGNNN T CTG..3F 3；. GTC^NNNG AC.. .5*Apal识别位点5 .., GGGCtft. ..3P3\., C^CCGGG .ApaLl识别位点5\.. (^TGCAC.. ,3J3 .. CACGTjGApeKl识别位点5P. . . t^CWGC., .3r3\. CGWCjp., .5^Apol识别位点5；,. FLATTY,, ,3J3 , _ Y TTA AJl. T.5"Ascl识别位点5：., GG^bGCGCC, .33 CCGCGCJ J G, .5JAsel识别位点5 . B 4A T't A A T t. , 3J3 . .. T A A TJ A .. 5JAsiSl识别位点5...GCGAl1SGC r. 3r3...CGCJAGCG . .5Aval识别位点可…C TV CGRG…3」3：..GRGCYJ>..hAvall识别位点5：…dfewCC,.,3r3；., CCWG^.. 5JAvrll识别位点5... C T CT AGG .3’…GGATCf…5」Bael识别位点5；^(NJACIN^GTAYCCNjJ 33.^^NJTGjN^CATRGtN)^ .5^识别位点吕,"・G E AT CC…3’BamHl专业资料分享3’…C C T A Gp -.. 5"Banl识别位点吕…G^YRCC^ 33 …CCRYQp^ .5JBanII识别位点5：.. GRGC Y^t …3",C A Y C G R G . ,,Bbsl识别位点5. .,GAAGAC (N)/ . .3r3J. .. 0 T T C T G 减丄…S' BbvCI识别位点5 …C(T T CAGC.”.3*3 …GGAGT A CG.,S JBbvl识别位点5 …GCAGCHN}；…3* 計…CQTCG(N)iar .5^Bccl识别位点5P. . CCATC(N)/,. 33\ , .GGTAG(N). -5rkBceAl识别位点5... ACGGCtNjJ. ,3^3：.. TGCCG(N)F「5*Bcgl识别位点5 . T4N)CGA(NK TGC(N)J . .3J 3；.^(N)GCT(N)；ACG{N)^.b5^BciVl识别位点5. r,GT ATCC (N)J .3F3. ..C AT AGG (N}t^ ..5PBcll识别位点5... T'feATC A,- 3J3：…ACT AGJ., 5JBfal识别位点5：.. (?T AG . .3r苗…GA.C…hBfuAl识别位点5；. . ACCTGC(N)J 3’3. ..TGG ACG(N)^, .5^Bgll识别位点5；. GCCNNNN^JGGC., 3P3 . . CGGr^hlNNNCCG. , 5*Bglll识别位点莎…A T G T…3’3：”. TCTAt^A.. 5rBlpl识别位点5•…G(7TN AGO., -3J3；., CGAN T；CG , .5^Bme1580l识别位点5 . . GKGCWit …才3 . . Q^MCGKG ,5JBmgBl识别位点h…C AC令TC…孑3 . . .GTGJ： AG. . 5*Bmrl识别位点5... ACTGGG(N) T r.3r3... TGACCC(N)4r..5-Bmtl识别位点h…GCTA(?b …3’3\, C/3 ATCG …5」Bpml识别位点5 .… CTGGAG(N)1P T 3r3... GACCTC(N)14j...5rBpulOI识别位点5’…CCT T N AGC …*33\., GGAN^CG .. 5BpuEl识别位点5；.. CT TG AG(N)r T,.3'3\.. GAACTC(N)…A...S'BsaAl识别位点5；.. YAC'GTR . .3^BsaBl识别位点5： ..GATNN^NATC , .3^3：, ,CTANN/1NTAG,. . 5^BsaHl识别位点5P. . .GFitG YC . . ,3^3...C YGC^RG.. .5JBsal识别位点5... GGTCTC (N)/. .3^3... C C A G A G (N)^. . . 5' BsaJl识别位点5 c'b NNGG.. 3J3； GGNNC/3,. 5BsaWl识别位点5 . ., w'bCGGW, 3J3•…WGGC即…hBsaXl识别位点5 . ^NjACfN^CTCCtN),；. 3-3r ..(N)TG(N)r GAGG(N). .，& 丄p ABseRl识别位点5…GAG GAG的「…3"3... CTCCTC{N)-A….5P BseYl识别位点5\, CV： CAGC.,. 3J CT…GGGTQ3…可Bsgl识别位点5；.. GTGCAG^N^T. 3J3 ….CACGTC{Nj i4i.. . 5JBsiEI识别位点5, . , CGRY'fcG,, 3r3 . .. GC A YRGC . ,5"BsiHKAI识别位点5；…GWGCW七■…J3：..C^WCGWG.. .5BsiWI识别位点5.C'feT ACG, . 3r 3：…GC A TGJS. 5’Bsll识别位点5' . , CCNNNN I^INGG. , .3r 3；., GGN\NNNNNCC.. ,5J BsmAI识别位点5r ^GTCTC(N)7 .3ri3 . .. C AG AG(N).…h▲BsmBI识别位点5. r,CGTCTC (N)J .3F3. ..GC AGAG (N)s^ ..5BsmFI识别位点覚…GGGAC(N)(D T . 3* 占…CCCTG(N),-A. . .5JBsmI识别位点5 . . . G A A T G C N* . . 3J3. . CT T AC^SN ..5JBsoBI识别位点5P. ..CVCG AG. .,3P3 . ^GRGCY^C . .5^Bsp1286l识别位点5 ….GDGC“b_・F 3〔…qHCGDG …5’BspCNI识别位点5\. CTCAG(N)/ . .3 3：…G AGTC (叽…BspDI识别位点5\ . A T T C G A T , , . 3"3：…T A G qj A「SBspEI识别位点5 …T T CCGGA. . ,3J3 . r AGGCCJ- . 5JBspHI识别位点5 ... T T C ATGA3’…A G T A CJ…翼BspMI识别位点5. ACC TGC (N)/. r. 33. .. TGG ACGBspQI识别位点5 . GCTCTTClNjJ .33LXGAGAAGtN)*^ r MiBsrBI识别位点5 . . . CCdtTC, . .3r3 GGC^pAG. . .5^BsrDI识别位点5；. . GC AATGNN*, .3r3 ：…C G T T A QN N …乳BsrFI识别位点5；, .R^ CGG Y . .. 3"3 ., YGGCC^R …5“BsrGI识别位点5 . lIST ACA .3…AC ATGJ…创BsrI识别位点5：.. ACTGGN T, r孑3：. . TG ACJDN .,. 5^BssHII识别位点5P.., G*CGCGC .. ,3P3.,.CGCGqp.,5^BssKI识别位点5 . . .'tCNGG . .3：.. GGNCq…hBssSI识别位点5 .(T A CGAG ,, .3"3F GTGCTJC .. .5^BstAPI识别位点5..GCANNNIS T NTGCCGT\NNNNACG8G5 阴BI识别位点5 . k. T T'b G A A t, 3J3. . AAGCJ T T5JBstEII识别位点5：.. G'fe T N A C C .. . 3^3 ... CCAhl TGJS.. .5^BstNI识别位点5：..cd\VGG. . . 3P3 . ..GGWCC . . 55：..CTCAG(N)tt^-专业资料分享BstUI识别位点5：.. CG'faG,. .3^3 . .. GCJ3C.. .5^BstXI识别位点5 ANNNNI S T N TGG.,3J3 . f.GGTN A NNNNNACC (5)BstYI识别位点5…R先ATdS3\, YCTAG^R.. .5JBstZ17l识别位点5…GT fT AC…卽3\. CA T^ATG.. .5-Bsu36l识别位点5.…CC?TN AGG. . . 3r3-…G G A N T& C. 5"Btgl识别位点5；,. C?bHYGG,. .33；, GG YRC^C , ,5JBtgZI识别位点5…GCGATG㈣「…3」3；..CGCTAC(N),4J...5,BtsCI识别位点5；. .GCAGTG N N T33：.. C G T C A (^N N ... 5'BtsI识别位点5.,,GC AGTG N N T.3P3；.. C G T C A <^N N ...Cac8l识别位点GCN T NGC . 3J3：…CGN/ICG…密ClaI识别位点ATfcGAT.. . 3J3 …T AGCJ A T. 5CspCI识别位点5 :的CAA (N>( GTGG (N)^.,33：・+严JN) GTT (M), CACC(N}^1V，,5J CviAII识别位点5…C T G…:T3 r.. G T A^C . . S PCviKI-1 识别位点5...RG T C Y (3)才…¥C#GR…5’CviQI识别位点S'-.J J TAC ,.3J3：5枣…5’Ddel识别位点5；-. C^TNAG.. .3J3；, G AN\C.Dpnl识别位点Ch,5 G A T C 3 3；. CT AG 5’DpnII识别位点5；r T GATC..33：r, CT AG^ . 5JDral识别位点5；.. T T T^AA …3’3\Rt A A A/TT . , 5JDralll 识别位点5；h CACNNN'bTG. . ,3“3…GT砂Nhl SC…5」Drdl识别位点5 . , GACNNNN T NWGTC, ,3 3：. . CTGNN^NNNNCAG., .5^Eael识别位点5“…gGCCR …;T3 . ..RCCGG/ .. 5JEael识别位点5, ^YfeGCCR, . 3J..RCCGG/ .Eagl识别位点5... C^SGCCG .专业资料分享3 .. GCCGGf. .Earl识别位点5 …CTCTTC (N)t\ .r3... GAGA AG (N)^. ..5PEcil识别位点5. . .GGCGGA(N)J . .3^GCCT (N)S A.., 5JEcoNI识别位点5： . . CCTNt/NNNAGG 33 . . GG ANNN^NNTCC . 5E CO O109I识别位点5P. . R(jfeNCC Y …:TS^.YCCNG/SR . . .5专业资料分享EcoP15l识别位点5 r C AGCAG(N)/ . P3r3 …GTCGTC(Wy 5EcoRI识别位点5 . ., A T T C ... 3 r 3；. . CTT AEcoRV识别位点5.GAT^TC -,3*3：.. CT AJ AG.. .5JFatl识别位点5：・先ATG…3」3\t GTAC^ .. 5’Faul识别位点5J CCCGC (N}J.. .3' 3；.. GGGCG (N)#A. . ,5J Fnu4HI识别位点昭…GC’NGC…朝3... CGN&G -SFokl识别位点5\L.GGATG(N)；1T3J3... CCTACtN),^ .5Fsel识别位点5 …GGCCGG'tc, .33 . CC/3GCCGG . . 5J Fspl识别位点5；,. TGC^bC A .. .3P3 ； ,. A C GJC G T (5)Haell识别位点5 RGCGC T Y. . .33 …LCGCGR …5，HaelllHgal识别位点5 . . .GACGC^N}/. 3... CTGCG<N}1(W. . 5" Hhal识别位点5 …GCdt …3" 宙…中CG…5，Hindi识别位点5：f GT Y T R AC.. .3r3\ .. CAR A YTG fHin dlll 识别位点5；. , A'A G C T T .…3" 3... TTCGA^A., .5JHi nfl识别位点5’ …GklMTC …3 3\., CT NAJG., .5* HinPII识别位点亦…dtGC…:r3 ... CGCp . . 5* Hpal识别位点5. .. GTT> AC.. .T3.., C A AJTG. _5J Hpall识别位点5“...cffeGG (3)3. GGC A C. 5JHphl识别位点51 …GGTGA (N)/.,.3, 3；.. CC AC T (N)7i,., 5" Hpy188l识别位点5 …T G “G A「3A0J CT …£Hpy188lll识别位点5.,TtfNNGA. ..3^3.,AGNN^CT. , ,5JHpy99l识别位点5；.. CGWCG T3：F i GCWGC.. ,5^HpyA V识别位点5.h CCTTC(N)J,3-3：. GGAAG(Nk ...5*%HpyCH4III识别位点h…A C N’G T …3"3 .,. T G^N C A … .5 HpyCH4IVHpyCH4Vm别位点5：. . TC?t A ,. .33■…A QG T…5」Kasl识别位点5.., G^J CGCC.,3P3r.^CCGCG^,..5J Kpnl识别位点5.,, GGT AC't... 3^3■…QCATGG …5，Mbol识专业资料分享别位点5P. .^3ATC .3^3P.. CT AG^. .5^Mboll识别位点专业资料分享5；., GA AGA (N「…3* 3；,, C T T C T (N)J A，. .5* Mfel识别位点5；.. C'X ATTG. ..3^3；T . GTT A Ajp . . 5JMlul识别位点5... /T CGCGT.,，3r3 ：.. T G C G C^A ... 5JMlyl识别位点5 …GAGTC(N, 一33\. .CTCA G (N) . 5-Mmel识别位点5； . .TCC RAC(N)M T.3' 3： . ,AG G YTG(NJ ia>. ..5*MnII识别位点5 ….CC「C (N}/ . 3 3…GGAG㈣立,5-Mscl识别位点5 , F TG(?fc：C A t,3P 3"…ACC^J GT.+J5JMsel识别位点5... f*T A A.. 3P3；T. A A TJ .. . 5^Msll识别位点5 …CAYNNV IN RYG. .,3J3 ...GTRNN^NNYAC (5)MspAII识别位点5P. . . CMCSfcKG, . .3 3•…GKYMC…扩Mspl识别位点5；F. dfcGG …3’3；. . GGqp …5’Mwol识别位点5 . . G C N N N N NVj N G C.. . 3\_ CGNN^NNN NNCG., Nael识别位点5 ... GCC\3GC,. .3r 3：…GGG&GG-.hNarl识别位点5 …GG^t GCC.. .3 3…CCGQGG …5“Ncil识别位点5 .C(7SGG,. ,3r 肚…GGS&C…・h Ncol识别位点5. ,,C T CATGG,. .3*3\ ,. G G T A CJ3 ... 5JNdel识别位点5； ., C /T T A T G ,. 3^ 3... GT A\AC…hNgoMlV识别位点5 . _ (itCGGC,. 3^ 3•…CGGCC^G. . 5Nhel识别位点5 . • T AGO . .,3"3 …GGATqp …hNlalll 识别位点亍…CATCf…3’AG…hNlalV识别位点5\,. GGt/NCC-.3 .. CCN^NGG.. .5JNmeAlll识别位点5：.. GCCGAG{N—G 3 ...CGGCTC(N)ia.^.^5rNotl识别位点5〔GdtGCCGC …;r3 ...CGCCGtyCG (5)Nrul识别位点5 . BT TCG^GA …3J3 …MCFCT …hNsil识别位点5 .ATGC^T T .. .3^ 3... I^ACGTA .. ,5JNspl识别位点5 . RCATG T Y. . 3J 3；.，X h GTACR.,.5rPacl识别位点5...TTAAf r TAA...3-3：+ , A ATJ A ATT T J+5JPaeR7l识别位点专业资料分享5；.. CG AG . ,3P. +G AGCTJC , . 5JPcil识别位点5：…A%島TGT….3*3* . . TGT A CA.. .S,APfIFl识别位点5；, .GAChiVlNGTC .…扩3 . . . C T G N N A N C A G ... 5* PflMI识别位点5； .. C C A N N N wTl T G G.. . 3^ 3；^GGTN A NNNNACC., .5^ Phol识别位点5：...GGfcC (3)3：. CCjjG.. 5JPlel识别位点5\.. GAGTC .3* 3：. CTCAG (N),,. hMiPmel识别位点5：. GTTT^AAC. . .3J3；.T C AAAJ T TG.T 5JPmll识别位点5；,, C AC^TG.. .33P.. GTGJ：AC- .5HPpuMI识别位点5 , h RdTj W c C Y ・”，3“3；_ YCC WGJ3R ., 5J PshAI识别位点5；ACNl7NNGTC . +.3J3 , . .CTGNNJNNC AG . .5'Psil识别位点5；., TT^T A A…X .. A A T A T T ... S HJLPspGl识别位点5 …1tC WGG …3“3；r,GG WCC^ ,.5PspOMI识别位点5；,. (fGGCCC.,. 33：…CCCGGJ3…5’PspXl识别位点5 V(7T CGAGB . b3J3. 8GAGC\CV.. .5*Pstl识别位点5 …CTGC 屆.33；. . G^ACGTC-. S-Pvul识别位点5 …CG ATEG …3" 3；.. GCJ AGC. . . 5JPvull识别位点5；…CAtSfcTG…富. . G T CJ3 A C ... 5^Rsal识别位点5...GT^C (3)3... CAJG.. .5*Rsrll识别位点5；, ,C(?fewCCG.. .3' 3：…GGC W枣C…hSacl识别位点5 GAGCT^ ,3J3；CJCGAG, . 5JSacll识别位点热…CCGC七G 23 .. GGjpGCC . 5JSall识别位点5 G T TCGAC,. 3J 3…CAGCT^S …hSapl识别位点5； .-GCTCTTCtN)^ ,3J 3 . r,CGAGAAG(N)(j.TJ5JSau3AI识别位点5 .. 7G A T c .,. 3^ 3：.. CT AG^..5JSau96l识别位点5... G^SNCC . . 33 …CCNGa ・h专业资料分享Sbfl识别位点TGCA T GG.,y3.., GG/CGTCC , 5’Seal识别位点5：.. A G T鼻C T ...甞3\,. TC AJGA . _5JScrFI识别位点5 ... CCT N GG.. 33\. GGNJSC , . 5JSexAl识别位点5 , .rfbCWGGT., ,3r3 …TGGWCqA. - SSfaNI识别位点5.., GC ATC (N)/ ,.. 3*3J.,. CGT AG (N)9A，.. 5*Sfcl识别位点5：…(?TR¥AG …;T3：. .GAYRT^C. . ,5Sfil识别位点专业资料分享5…GGCCNNNhTNGGCC .,3 3. ,CCGGN/tNNNCCGG .5'Sfol识别位点5；., GGC^CC ... 3J 3：…CCGfGG …5，SgrAI识别位点5 …C R’C CG G ¥ G …3"3. ,.G YGGCC jt AC,,,5HSmal识别位点5；., CCC^GG. . 3r3 …GEGfCC 一5"Smll识别位点S^.C T T Y R AG (3)3"…GARY .C …/SnaBI识别位点5 …T Ad A …3’3P r. A T G^： A T .. S HSpel识别位点5；. . zTCJ AGT . ,3r 3：…TGATC^A …hSphl识别位点5.GCATG'fe.. 3J3... CpT ACG . 5Sspl识别位点5 . A AT^TT 3P3. . . T T AJ AA . .5*Stul识别位点5. R1AGdtCT . ,.3f 3：…TCCJSGA. .5HStyD4l识别位点5 .. T CCNGG.,.『3’…GGNCq…5“Styl识别位点5仁C T CWWG G.. ,3r3；, GGWWC A C..Swal识别位点5 . , , A T T TV A A T ・・33 . h. T A A A J T T A ... 5^TaqaI识别位点5：.. T^G A . . ,33：…AGCJ ., 5JTlil识别位点5... <T T CGAG,,. 3J 3…GAGC"…5"Tsel识别位点5 …gfcwGC …3，3 …CGWQG …Tsp45l识别位点5；, ^STS AC.. 33\. .C ASTG^ . 5JTsp509l识别位点5….V A T T… 3-于…TT A. 5“TspMI识别位点C T CCGGG…3’3’…GGGCCf •…5’TspRI识别位点5 .NNCASTGNN T. ,3J3 .. ^NNGTSACNN., .5*Tth111l识别位点5P. . .GACN T NNGTC..3P3'…GTGN 叫NGAG-hXbal识别位点ftT AGA .3’…A G A T GJ…亍Xcml识别位点ANNNN N T J NNNTGG. 33. . .GGTNN N N^NNNNNACC. . 6Xhol识别位点占…C T TCGAG- 33 …GAGC T& …5"Xmal识别位点专业资料分享5：…CtCGGG…計3；.. GGGCqC . . .5* Xmnl识别位点5..,GA ANNVlN T TC . . 3r 3\ .. C T T N NJM N A A G .,. Zral识别位点5：. ,G AC T GTC■…孑3；, CTG A CAG...5-Tfil识别位点5 , . .G^WTC., .3 3 , . XT W .5。

精准扶贫理念下贫困大学生人格特质及心理健康相关性研究

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巴德微观经济学原理(英文版第8版)教学课件Econ_Ch16

16.1 Monopoly and How it Arises (5 of 9)
3. This same total output costs 10 cents a kilowatt-hour with two firms,
4. and 15 cents a kilowatt-hour with four firms.
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
One firm can meet the market demand at a lower cost than two or more firms can, and the market is a natural monopoly.
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Foundations of Microecon
Monopoly
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Are Microsoft’s Prices Too High?
16.1 Monopoly and How it Arises (6 of 9)
Legal Barrier to Entry A legal barrier to entry creates legal monopoly. A legal monopoly is a market in which competition and entry are restricted by granting of a public franchise, government license, patent, or copyright.

巴德微观经济学原理(英文版第8版)学生课件BP_8e_Econ_Ch10

10.1 Negative Externalities: Pollution (6 of 24)
4. The efficient quantity is 2 million gallons of paint, where marginal social cost equals marginal benefit.
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Externalities in Our Daily Lives (3 of 4)
Negative Production Externalities Pollution is the major example of this type of externality. Others are noise and congestion. Positive Production Externalities Example: Orchards provide positive production externalities to honey producers, who in turn provide positive production externalities to orchards.
Copyright © 2018, 2015, 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Externalities
Chapter Checklist
When you have completed your study of this chapter, you will be able to 1. Explain why negative externalities lead to inefficient overproduction and

NEW 爱德思_A Level IGCSE GCSE -2012 (7.3)教材预

######### AS Salters-Horners Advanced Physics Single user code （Online Practice and tutorial platform） AS Salters-Horners Advanced Physics Pack of 10 access codes （Online Practice and tutorial ######### platform） A2 Salters-Horners Advanced Physics Student Book A2 Salters-Horners Advanced Physics Teacher & Technician Guide A2 Salters-Horners Advanced Physics ActiveTeach Edexcel AS Physics Revision Guide Edexcel A2 Physics Revision Guide Edexcel AS and A Level Modular Mathematics NEW Core Mathematics Core Mathematics 1 Core Mathematics 2 Core Mathematics 3 Core Mathematics 4 Statistics Statistics 1 Statistics 2 Statistics 3 Statistics 4 Mechanics Mechanics 1 Mechanics 2 Mechanics 3 Mechanics 4 Mechanics 5 Decision Mathematics Decision Mathematics 1 Decision Mathematics 2 Further Pure Mathematics Further Pure Mathematics 1 Further Pure Mathematics 2 Further Pure Mathematics 3 Revision Guides Revise for Core Mathematics 1 Revise for Core Mathematics 2 Revise for Core Mathematics 3 ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### ######### #########

变频器的类型下载[整理版]

/ybc7778/blog/item/6cd43b528c084e521038c2e3.html/ybc7778/blog/item/990b3358 33917ec43.html2010-09-25 17:131.台安(TIN)变频器说明书E2N2V2SV300N310S310EV3002.台达(DELT)变频器说明书VD-VD-B VD-VD-G VD-M VD-S VD-V3.英威腾(INVT)变频器说明书CHE CH CHV4.汇菱(HUILING)变频器说明书H30005.信捷(XINJE)变频器说明书V5/56.凯迪华能变频器说明书CD20007.酷马(QM)变频器说明书Q7000Q90009.三品(SNPIN)变频器说明书SKJ SPRQ-33310.能士(NS)变频器说明书NS20NS8011.台凌(TILING)变频器说明书TL80TL100TL100H12.力普变频器说明书LP10013.安普(MPLE)变频器说明书MP100014.誉强(YUQING)变频器说明书YQ3000-M YQ3000-YQ3000-G15.格立特(GRET)变频器说明书V10V11V1516.RICH(利佳/艾瑞克)变频器说明书EI-MINI EI-450EI-450M EI-500EI-550EI-600EI-700EI-7001 EI-8001EI Super N17.汇川(INOVNCE)变频器说明书MD300MD300MD320MD33018.远川(YCDZ)变频器说明书YC-G YC-P19.紫日(CHZIRI)变频器说明书ZV7ZV9ZV9V ZV1120.森兰(SENLN)变频器说明书SB50SB60/61SB61Z SB70SB100SB200BT4021.安邦信(MBITION)变频器说明书G9/P9V11G11E11Z9/Z1122.普传(POWTRN)变频器说明书PI97G PI7000/7100PI7500PI7600/7800PI766023.日业(SUNYE)变频器说明书SY320024.日拓变频器说明书25.华蓝(HLinverter)变频器说明书HL200026.神源(SYRUNS)变频器说明书SY4000SY500027.开拓变频器说明书KT-6G/P28.山宇变频器说明书SY6000SJR229.创杰变频器说明书CT-V6G/P/Z CT-M730.亚泰(YT)变频器说明书YTD-G31.传动之星(STR@DRIVE)变频器说明书SD-5L-G/P/Y SD-5L-S SD-7L32.晓磊(CHXL)变频器说明书LEI2000LEI2005LEI300033.星河(XINHE)变频器说明书34.华科(HUNIC)变频器说明书HI3G/HI9G/35.方禾(ngH)变频器说明书TE28066-B66-C36.群倍(QUNBEI)变频器说明书QLP500037.蒙德(MODROL)变频器说明书IMS-G IMS-GL2IMS-GL338.韦尔变频器说明书C30G/P/W/H39.高士达(GOLDSTR)变频器GS200L40.赛普(SPPHIRE)变频器说明书SP500G SP30041.西驰变频器说明书CC1000CC400042.欧瑞(Hinverter)(惠丰)变频器说明书2000-G3*******-G1500-G43.佳灵变频器说明书JB6C-T944.时代变频器说明书TV1000TV3000TV500045.爱迪生(dsen)变频器说明书DS-46.阳冈变频器说明书G1/H1/P1E1S147.九德松益变频器说明书CT-200048.乐邦变频器说明书LB60G LB90G49.日搏变频器说明书RB600RB3000RB500050.日普(RIPOW)变频器说明书RP320051.日锋(Rieng)变频器说明书R200R900052.金肯(JINKEN)变频器说明书JK-G/P53.鹰垦(INK)变频器说明书SLX54.正阳(Zhengyng)变频器说明书ZY29/31/98ZY-81255.米高变频器说明书Micovert2003Micovert340N56.伟创(VEICH)变频器说明书C20C32C60C61-Z C62-L57.德莱尔变频器说明书DV DVM DVS DV100058.易能变频器说明书EDS700EDS286059.时运捷变频器说明书SuperBon-i/iP DB-210060.鸿宝(HOSSONI)变频器说明书HB-G9/P9HB280-G HB280-P HB280-Z61.加能变频器说明书Cmster-H7IPC-MD IPC-DR IPC-R62.微能变频器说明书WIN-VB WIN-9G WIN-9WIN-9I WIN-9L 63.正弦(SINEE)变频器说明书SINE300SINE303SINE307SINE308SINE309 64.四方变频器说明书C300C320E320E350E380E520H320 65.贝西(B&C)变频器说明书BC-1000BC-2000BC-230066.菱科(LINGKE)变频器说明书LK600-G/P/ZS LK80067.合康高压变频器说明书HIVERT通用HIVERT矢量68.吉纳变频器说明书MSC-3MI-Cse00/Cse/CseB69.富凌(ULING)变频器说明书DZB60J DZB70B DZB200M DZB300B70.珠峰变频器说明书DLT-G11/P11/Z11/ZK71.易驱变频器说明书ED2003ED2800ED3000ED300S ED3100 72.威科达变频器说明书V673.中远变频器说明书M6M5/20M3074.美之源(MZY)变频器说明书MZY-M/Y/Z/T/L75.威灵(WELLING)变频器说明书WELLING-G/P/76.斑科(Bntek)变频器说明书BLDC77.基创变频器说明书E35078.腾龙变频器说明书VG3000-G/H79.德瑞斯(DIRISE)变频器说明书DRS1000-M DRS2000DRS2800DRS300080.天正变频器说明书TVS9TVG9/P9TVG1181.雷诺尔变频器说明书JJR1000JJR2000JJR500082.科姆龙变频器说明书KV1900KV200083.德力西变频器说明书CDI900084.日虹变频器说明书CHRH-CHRH-C CHRH-D85.赛普变频器说明书SP900G SP300V86.万谷(WNGU)变频器说明书V200087.世通(ECON)变频器说明书EC1000EC3000EC500088.佛斯特(IRST)变频器说明书ST-500ST-550ST-60089.收获(Seoho)变频器说明书SOHO-VD SOHO-SMS90.威尔凯变频器说明书WK WKS WKR5000类别：变频器 | | 添加到搜藏 | 分享到i贴吧 | 浏览(2142) | 评论 (0)上一篇：变频器说明书资料下载大全2下一篇：PLC编程软件下载已有14人分享了这篇文章：ngxingyng12 T的转贴jtgdqT的转贴yncc35T的转贴lxyyun153T的转贴9b91.哥伦(GRET)变频器说明书GD-V592.东达变频器说明书TDS-8TDS-V893.阿尔法(LPH)变频器说明书LPH2000G LPH2800LPH330094.东元(TECO)变频器/伺服说明书7300EV7300CV7200M7200G7300P7200GS 95.士林变频器说明书SH系列SS系列SB系列96.华腾变频器说明书V5-H E5-P V6-H97.麦孚变频器说明书VD-540VCD100098.海利普变频器说明书HOLIP-//H/M HOLIP-C HOLIP-P99.泓筌变频器说明书HC1-HC1-M100.隆兴变频器说明书LS200LS600LS800101.宁茂(赫力)变频器说明书RM5102.正频(JPS)变频器说明书PDS PD/H/E103.爱得利变频器说明书PXG3S SN MS104.德弗(DOVOL)变频器说明书DV300DV600ST500HL2000105.西林变频器说明书EH600EH600M EH600W EH600Z106.百德福(BEDORD)变频器说明书B500B801107.三碁(SNCH)(三川)变频器说明书S SE108.康沃(博世力士乐)变频器说明书S1G2G3109.春日(KSUG)变频器说明书KVC110.三木(MIKI)变频器说明书V6111.优利康变频器说明书YD3000YD5000112.尤尼康(UNICON)变频器说明书低速大扭矩无码盘有码盘（前身是北京兰海）113.西尔康变频器说明书H3000114.深川变频器说明书SV2000SV3000115.正泰(CHINT)变频器说明书NI01116.中源(ZYDL)变频器说明书ZY-G800ZY-G800E ZY-900ZY-P800117.思达(SD)变频器说明书JPSD3000-G/P/V/H118.路斯特(LUST)驱动器说明书D系列CDD系列119.依托(ESTR)变频器说明书EG/E120.派尼尔(Pioneer)变频器说明书V2100V3000V5000121．佳川(JiChun)变频器说明书BP60JCRQ122．亿森变频器说明书参数表123．沃森(VicRuns)变频器说明书VSI9000124.安川(YSKW)变频器说明书G5G7E77J7V7PC3P5/PC5125.三菱(MITSUBISHI)变频器说明书500E500500S500700E700700D700 126.欧姆龙(OMRON)变频器说明书3G3JV3G3EV3G3V3G3HV3G3MV3G3RV127.富士(UJI)变频器说明书RN-G11S RN-P11S E1S1S RN-Mini/C1S VR-E11S 128.日立(HITCHI)变频器说明书SJ100L100SJ200SJ300SJ300-EL L200L300P 129.松下(PNSONIC)变频器说明书V0V0C V-8Z V100DV700/707M1X M2X130.东芝(TOSHIB)变频器说明书V-nC1V-S9V-S11V-5V-7V-S1131.东洋(TOYO)变频器说明书V61R V64132.住友(SUMITOMO)变频器说明书H320S320H430-500133.三肯(SNKEN)变频器说明书SMCO-i SMCO-vm05SMCO-e M/MS ES/ET/E IH/IP SH/SP 134.明电舍(MEIDEN)变频器说明书VT230S VT230SE VT240S135.LG变频器说明书iS3iH3iG5iS5iH136.现代(HYUNDI)变频器说明书N50N100N300J300137.三星(SMSUNG)变频器说明书MOSCON-E7MOSCON-7MOSCON-500138.意科(IECCO)变频器说明书SINUS-N139.佛朗克(RNCK)变频器说明书RS2000RB6000140.NORD(诺德)变频器说明书SK300E SK400E SK5xxE SK530E SK700E SK750E 141.ETON(伊顿)变频器说明书SVX9000SPX9000MVX9000GVX9000142.西门子(SIEMENS)变频器说明书MM410MM420MM430MM4406R706SE70 143.PE变频器说明书SD100SD250SD450SD700144.TMT变频器说明书PLUS VTC E IP55 PLUS IP55 E145.B变频器说明书1336PLUS II Powerlex 4Powerlex 40Powerlex400Powerlex 70 Powerlex 700146.艾默生(华为)变频器说明书EV1000EV2000EV3000EV3100EV3500TD900TD1000TD2000 TD3000TD3100TD3200TD3300147.BB变频器说明书CS400CS500CS510CS600CS800CS1000148.伦茨(Lenze)变频器说明书8200/82108220/824082309300 Vector149.C Tech变频器说明书MC1000QC SC150.丹佛斯(Dnoss)变频器说明书C51C100C200C300VLT2000VLT2800VLT2900VLT3000VLT5000变频器说明书资料下载大全32010-09-06 21:33151.VCON(瓦控)变频器说明书NX NXS NXL152.LUST(路斯特)变频器说明书CDD3000CDE/CDB3000CDS4000153.WEG变频器说明书CTW-04CW-08CW-09CW-10CW-11154.BONIGLIOLI(邦飞利)变频器说明书CT200/400CU200/400VCB400SYN10S/T SPL200/400155.Drivecon变频器说明书XS XT XR V5100HG V51RG VDB V61C V61V64VK1/VN1VN2 156.CT变频器说明书Commnder GP Unidrive SP Commnder SE157.SIEI(西威)变频器说明书RTDriveL RTDriveG-EV158.KEB(科比)变频器说明书4-S4-5-M5-M/S159.SEW变频器说明书MOVITRC-31C MOVIDRIVE-60B/61B MOVITRC-07MOVIRET-315/328/355/380/3150160.BERGES变频器说明书CM-D2/S2/S3CM-COMPCT SE1SW1161.施耐德变频器说明书TV38TV58-1TV58-2TV61TV68-1TV68-2TV68-3162.pDRIVE变频器说明书MX-eco/pro/multi-eco/multi-pro-1MX-eco/pro/multi-eco/multi-pro-2163.斯德博(STOBER)变频器说明书S4000DS4000MDS5000SDS4000164.欧陆变频器/直流调速器说明书512C590+590P690+590C165.依尔通(Emotron)变频器说明书DU VX VS VSC CDX CDU MS166.葆德(BLDOR)变频器说明书10111214167.Moeller(金钟-默勒)变频器说明书DV6-340D51168.英泰(Invertek DRIVES)变频器说明书Optidrive Plus 3GV Optidrive Plus 3GV Compct Optidrive VTC Optidrive E Optidrive E1Optidrive E2Optidrive MEM 4X169.瑞恩(RELINCE)变频器说明书PSC4000/5000/DDS5000PSC7000VZ3000VZ7000170.派克汉尼汾(prker)变频器说明书C650C650V C690+/ybc7778/blog/item/80528684e023d4211.html ybc7778的空间主页博客相册|个人档案 |好友查看文章各种品牌变频器用户手册下载2010-09-03 09:551 616g5------------- 下载2 616G3 -------------下载3 BB CS400用户手册下载4 BB CS100用户手册下载5 BB CS140用户手册下载6 西门子变频器MM410操作手册下载7 西门子变频器MM420操作手册下载8 西门子变频器MM 430操作手册下载9 西门子变频器 MM 440操作手册下载10 三菱变频器R-500系列下载11 三菱变频器使用手册-R-S540下载12 三菱变频器使用手册-R-E540 中文版下载13 三垦变频器说明书下载14 Delt VD-/H型录下载15 Delt VD-B型录下载16 Delt VD-V型录下载17 Dnoss VLT2800 Proibuss支持下载18 DNOSS VLT?7000 恒压供水专用变频器下载19 艾默生TD3000系列变频器用户手册下载20 艾默生TD2100系列变频器用户手册下载21 艾默生EV2000 系列通用变频器技术手册下载22 欧陆690+系列变频器使用说明书下载23 欧陆直流调速器590P使用手册下载24 三垦 SMCO-i 系列大容量变频器使用说明书下载25 三垦 SMCO-vm05 系列变频器使用说明书下载26 富士VR-E11S系列紧凑型变频器说明书下载27 富士 5000G11S/P11S系列变频器操作说明书下载28 日立变频器SJ300中文操作手册下载29 日立变频器SJ100中文操作手册下载30 日立变频器L100中文操作手册下载31 伦茨8220&8240变频器操作手册下载32 台安SV300系列变频器使用手册下载33 安邦信 MB-G11 使用说明书下载34 安邦信 MB-G9/P9使用说明书下载35 CS501下载·BB CS600用户手册册下载·BB CS400用户手册下载·BB CS100用户手册下载·BB CS140用户手册下载·西门子变频器MM420操作手册下载·西门子变频器MM 430操作手册下载·西门子变频器MM 440操作手册下载·三菱变频器R-500系列下载·三菱变频器使用手册-R-S540下载·三菱变频器使用手册-R-E540 中文版下载·三垦变频器说明书下载·Delt VD-/H型录下载·Delt VD-B型录下载·Delt VD-V型录下载·Dnoss VLT2800 Proibuss支持下载·DNOSS VLT?7000 恒压供水专用变频器下载·艾默生TD3000系列变频器用户手册下载·艾默生TD2100系列变频器用户手册下载·艾默生EV2000 系列通用变频器技术手册下载·欧陆690+系列变频器使用说明书下载·欧陆直流调速器590P使用手册下载·三垦 SMCO-i 系列大容量变频器使用说明书下载·三垦 SMCO-vm05 系列变频器使用说明书下载·富士 5000G11S/P11S系列变频器操作说明书下载·日立变频器SJ300中文操作手册下载·日立变频器SJ100中文操作手册下载·日立变频器L100中文操作手册下载·伦茨8220&8240变频器操作手册下载·台安SV300系列变频器使用手册下载·安邦信 MB-G11 使用说明书下载·安邦信 MB-G9/P9使用说明书下载·UJI RENIC 5000G11S/P11S系列说明书下载UJI RENIC-Mini系列小容量通用紧凑型变频器下载类别：变频器 | | 添加到搜藏 | 分享到i贴吧 | 浏览(980) | 评论 (12)上一篇：汇川变频器PG卡使用说明下一篇：变频器说明书资料下载大全3已有8人分享了这篇文章：ngxingyng12T的转贴花影扫尘T的转贴明你不知道T的转贴zz112212240T的转贴yongzhewudi21T的转贴RRRSHPLT的转贴csy003T的转贴云中长弓张云中T的转贴最近读者：登录后，您就出现在这里。

Non-steroidal progesterone receptor modulators

专利名称：Non-steroidal progesterone receptor modulators发明人：KIRKLAND, THOMAS,SCHWEDE,WOLFGANG,MOELLER, CARSTEN,BAEURLE,STEFAN,WYRWA, RALF,ROTGERI, ANDREA 申请号：EP07076093.9申请日：20071215公开号：EP2070909A1公开日：20090617专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：Amino compounds and their salts are new. Amino compounds of formula (C(R 1>)(R 2>)(A)-C(OH)(Y 1>-R 3>)-C(=X)-NH-R 4>) (I) and their salts are new. A : 1-8C-alkyl, 2-8C-alkenyl, 2-8C-alkynyl (all optionally substituted by one or more Z), H, or 3-10C-cycloalkyl or 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl residue (optionally replaced by M); Z : CN, halo, OH, nitro, C(O)R1b, CO 2R1b, O-R1b, S-R1b, SO 2NRR1cR1d, C(O)-NR1cR1d, OC(O)-NR1cR1d, C=NOR1b, NR1cR1d, PO 3(R1b) 2, NR1eCOR1b, NR1eCSR1b, NR1eS(O)R1b,NR1eS(O) 2R1b, NR1eCONR1cR1d, NR1eCOOR1b, NR1eC(NH)NR1cR1d, NR1eCSNR1cR1d, NR1eS(O)NR1cR1d, NR1eS(OH)NR1cR1d, S(O)NR1b, S(O)NR1cR1d, S(O) 2R1b, SO 2OR1b, CSNR1cR1d or CR1b(OH)R1b; R1b : H, 1-6C-alkyl, hydroxy-1-3C-alkyl, 1-3C-alkoxy-1-3C-alkyl, 2-8C-alkenyl, 2-8C-alkynyl, 3-10C-cycloalkyl, 6-12C-aryl or a partially or completely fluorinated 1-3C-fluoroalkyl; either R1c : H, 1-6C-alkyl optionally replaced by W 1>, 2-8C-alkenyl, 2-8C-alkynyl, 3-10C-cycloalkyl, 6-12C-aryl, 5-12-membered heteroaryl, C(O)R1b or OH (preferred); and R1d : H, 1-6C-alkyl optionally replaced by W 1>, 2-8C-alkenyl, 2-8C-alkynyl, 3-10C-cycloalkyl, 6-12C-aryl (all preferred), 5-12-membered heteroaryl,C(O)R1b or OH; or R1cR1dN : 3-7-membered ring optionally containing O, S or NR1f; R1f : H, 1-3C-alkyl, 1-3C-alkanoyl, 1-3C-alkylsulfonyl or 1-3C-alkoxycarbonyl; W 1>NR 9>R1h; either R 9>, R1h : H or 1-3C-alkyl; or R 9>R1h : 3-7-membered ring optionally containing O, S or NR1f; R1e : H, 1-6C-alkyl optionally replaced by W 1>, 2-8C-alkenyl, 2-8C-alkynyl, 3-10C-cyclo-alkyl or 6-12C-aryl; M : 1-6C-alkyl, COR1b, CO 2R1b, O-R1b or NR1cR1d; either R 1>, R 2>1-5C-alkyl optionally substituted by Z; or R 1>R 2>C : a carbocyclic optionally replaced with Z or 3-7 membered heterocyclic ring; R 3>H or 1-8C-alkyl (optionally replaced by one or more K 1>), 2-8C-alkenyl, 2-8C-alkynyl, 3-10C-cycloalkyl, 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl or 3-12 membered (hetero)aryl (optionally replaced by L); K 1>CN, halo, OH, nitro, C(O)R1b, CO 2R1b, O-R1b, S-R1b, SO 2NR1cR1d, C(O)-NR1cR1d, OC(O)-NR1cR1d, C=NOR1b, NR1cR1d, 3-10C-cycloalkyl (optionally replaced by M), 3-12-membered heterocycloalkyl or 3-12 membered (hetero)aryl (optionally substituted by one or more L); L : 1-8C-alkyl, 2-8C-alkenyl, 2-8C-alkynyl, a partially or completely fluorinated 1-6C-fluoroalkyl, a partially or completely fluorinated 1-6C-fluoroalkoxy, 1-6C-alkoxy-1-6C-alkyl, 1-6C-alkoxy-1-6C-alkoxy, a mono- or bicyclic (CH 2) p-3-10C-cycloalkyl, a mono- or bicyclic 3-12-membered (CH 2) p-heterocycloalkyl, (CH 2) pCN, (CH 2) pHal, (CH 2) pNO 2, a mono- or bicyclic 3-12-membered (CH 2) p-6-12C-aryl optionally replaced with V 1>of , a mono- or bicyclic 3-12-membered (CH 2) p-heteroaryl optionally replaced with V 1>of , or (CH 2) pPO 3(R1b) 2, (CH 2) pNR1cR1d, (CH 2)pNR1eCOR1b, (CH 2) pNR1eCSR1b, (CH 2) pNR1eS(O)R1b, (CH 2) pNR1eS(O) 2R1b, (CH 2) pNR1eCONR1cR1d, (CH 2) pNR1eCOOR1b, (CH 2) pNR1eC(NH)NR1cR1d-(CH 2)pNR1eCSNR1cR1d, (CH 2) pNR1eS(O)NR1cR1d, (CH 2) pNR1eS(O) 2NR1cR1d, (CH 2) pCOR1b, (CH 2) pCSR1b, (CH 2) pS(O)R1b, (CH 2) pS(O)(NH)R1b, (CH 2) pS(O) 2R1b, (CH 2) pS(O) 2NR1cR1d, (CH 2) pSO 2OR1b, (CH 2) pCO 2R1b, (CH 2) pCONR1cR1d, (CH 2) pCSNR1cR1d, (CH 2) pOR1b, (CH 2) pSR1b, (CH 2) pCR1b(OH)-R1b, (CH 2) p-C=NOR1b, O-(CH 2) n-O, O-(CH 2) n-CH 2, O-CH=CH or (CH 2) n+2, where the terminal O or C atom is directly bonded with ring carbon atom; n : 1 or 2; p : 0-6; V 1>CN, halo, nitro, (CH 2)pOR1b, (CH 2) pS(O) 2R1b, C(O)R1b, CO 2R1b, O-R1b, S-R1b, SO 2NR1cR1d, C (O)-NR1cR1d, OC(O)-NR1cR1d, C=NOR1b, NR1cR1d, a partially or completely fluorinated 1-6C-fluoroalkyl or a partially or completely fluorinated 1-6C-fluoroalkoxy; X : O or 2H; Y 1>(CH 2) m, -C=C- or -CH=CH-; m : 0 or 1; R 4>3-12 membered mono or bicyclic (hetero)aromatic ring (optionally replaced by 1-3 substituents of L), benzo[d][1,2]oxazin-1-one group of formula (a), 3,4-dihydro-2H-naphthalen-1-one group of formula (b), 2H-naphthalen-1-one group of formula (c), isochroman-1-one group of formula (d), isochromen-1-one group of formula (e), 2H-isoquinolin-1-one group of formula (f), quinazoline group of formula (g), quinoline group of formula (h), 3H-isobenzofuran-1-one group of formula (a1), 3H-benzo[c]thiophen-1-one group of formula (b2), indan-1-one group of formula (c2), 2,3-dihydro-isoindol-1-one group of formula (d2), 1H-benzotriazole group of formula (e2), benzo[1,2,5]oxadiazole group of formula (f2), benzo[1,2,5]thiadiazole group of formula (g2), inden-1-one group of formula (h2), 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophene 1-oxide group of formula (i2), benzo[b]thiophene 1-oxide group of formula (j2) , 2,3-dihydro-benzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide group of formula (k2), benzo[b]thiophene 1,1-dioxide group of formula (l2), where the groups (a)-(h) are bonded to the base structure at 5th, 6th, 7th or 8th position and the groups (a2)-(l2) are bonded to the basestructure at 4th, 5th, 6th or 7th position; R 5>H, 1-4C-alkyl or a partially or completely fluorinated 1-4C-fluoroalkyl; and either R6a, R6b : H, 1-4C-alkyl or a partially or completely fluorinated 1-4C-fluoroalkyl; or R6aR6bC : 3-6-membered ring. Provided that when A is: H, then R 1>is CH 3, R 2>is not CH 3or C 2H 5, and R 1>and R 2>do not combine to form 3-4 membered ring; and CH 3, then R 1>and R 2>are not simultaneously CH 3, and R 1>and R 2>do not combine with C of the cyclopropyl ring. An independent claim is included for a pharmaceutical composition comprising (I) and optionally at least a further active agent together with auxiliary materials and/or carrier materials. [Image] [Image] [Image] [Image] [Image] ACTIVITY : Gynecological; Analgesic; Cytostatic; Endocrine-Gen.; Contraceptive. MECHANISM OF ACTION : Progesterone receptor modulator; Progesterone receptor binder. The progesterone receptorantagonist activity of (I) was tested in uterus-cytosol of the estradiol-primed rabbit using transactivation assay (as described in ). The results showed that (-)-N-(3-chloro-4-cyanophenyl)-2-hydroxy-2-cyclohexyl-2-phenylethynylacetamide exhibited an IC 50value of 1.8 nM.申请人：BAYER SCHERING PHARMA AKTIENGESELLSCHAFT地址：Müllerstrasse 178 13353 Berlin DE国籍：DE更多信息请下载全文后查看。

车身多性能约束下的一体压铸三角梁轻量化设计

第３５卷第４期中国机械工程V o l ．３５㊀N o ．４２０２４年４月C H I N A M E C HA N I C A LE N G I N E E R I N Gp p．６９１Ｇ６９９车身多性能约束下的一体压铸三角梁轻量化设计苏永雷１,２,３㊀张志飞１１．重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆,４０００４４２．上海小米智能技术有限公司,上海,２０００１２３．小米汽车科技有限公司,北京,１０００００摘要:系统性地构建了一体压铸结构的优化方法,基于车身系统超单元模型实现多性能约束下的车身压铸件轻量化设计.首先,缩减复杂的车身系统,针对连续的车体结构,提出了子系统划分原则和方法,分别对各子系统进行超单元缩减,保证车身系统模型的分析精度并提高计算效率,为快速优化奠定基础;其次,同步考虑压铸结构单体性能和车身系统性能,采用折衷规划法归一化静动态子目标并构建综合目标函数,应用层次分析法得到子目标权重系数,进而开展了多模型拓扑优化,确定了加强筋位置分布;进一步地,同步考虑可设计与可制造性,对压铸结构变厚度拔模面进行参数化定义,并在优化过程中施加制造约束,基于构造的组合代理模型完成厚度参数设计.研究结果表明:在保证分析精度的前提下,缩减的车身系统模型可节省９７．３％的计算资源;通过优化,在大幅提高车身一体压铸三角梁结构相关性能的同时,可实现轻量化,表明了所提方法的正确性和实用性.关键词:压铸结构;模型缩减;拓扑优化;代理模型;轻量化中图分类号:U ４６２．２D O I :１０．３９６９/j ．i s s n ．１００４１３２X．２０２４．０４．０１２开放科学(资源服务)标识码(O S I D ):I n t e g r a t e dC a s t i n g T r i a n g u l a rB e a mL i g h t w e i g h t I m p r o v i n g wi t h M u l t i Ｇp e r f o r m a n c eC o n s t r a i n t s o fB o d y S ys t e m s S U Y o n gl e i １,２,３㊀Z H A N GZ h i f e i １１．C o l l e g e o fM e c h a n i c a l a n dV e h i c l eE n g i n e e r i n g ,C h o n g q i n g U n i v e r s i t y ,C h o n g q i n g,４０００４４２．S h a n g h a iX i a o m i I n t e l l i g e n tT e c h n o l o g y C o ．,L t d ．,S h a n g h a i ,２０００１２３．X i a o m iA u t o m o b i l eT e c h n o l o g y C o ．,L t d ．,B e i j i n g,１０００００A b s t r a c t :A no p t i m i z a t i o nm e t h o do f i n t e g r a t e dc a s t i n g s t r u c t u r e sw a s c o n s t r u c t e ds ys t e m a t i c a l Ｇl y ,a n db a s e do nt h es u p e r Ｇe l e m e n tm o d e l o fb o d y s y s t e m ,b o d y c a s t i n gp a r t l i g h t w e i g h t i m p r o v i n gw i t hm u l t i Ｇp e r f o r m a n c ec o n s t r a i n t sw a sr e a l i z e d ．F i r s t l y ,c o m p l e xb o d y s ys t e m sw e r er e d u c e d ,t h e s u b Ｇs y s t e md i v i s i o n p r i n c i p l e a n dm e t h o dw e r e p r o p o s e d f o r c o n t i n u o u s b o d y s t r u c t u r e ．S u p e r Ｇe l e m e n t r e d u c t i o no f t h es u b Ｇs y s t e m w a sc o n d u c t e dt oe n s u r ea n a l y s i sa c c u r a c y a n d i m pr o v ec a l c u l a t i o ne f f i Ｇc i e n c y ,l a y i n g t h e f o u n d a t i o n f o r r a p i d o p t i m i z a t i o n ．S e c o n d l y ,p e r f o r m a n c e s o f c a s t i n g st r u c t u r e s a n d b o d y s y s t e m sw e r ec o n s i d e r e ds i m u l t a n e o u s l y ,t h ec o m p r o m i s e p r o g r a mm i n g me t h o d sw e r eu s e dt o n o r m a l i z e s t a t i c a n dd y n a m i c s u b Ｇt a r g e t s a n dc o n s t r u c t t h e c o m p r e h e n s i v eo b j e c t i v ef u n c t i o n ,w e i gh t c o e f f i c i e n t s o f s u b Ｇt a r g e t sw e r eo b t a i n e db y a n a l y t i ch i e r a r c h ypr o c e s s (A H P ),a n d t h e n m u l t i Ｇm o d e l t o p o l o g y o pt i m i z a t i o nw a sc a r r i e do u t t od e t e r m i n e p o s i t i o nd i s t r i b u t i o no f r e i n f o r c e m e n t s ．F u r t h e r Ｇm o r e ,d e s i g n a b i l i t y a n d m a n u f a c t u r a b i l i t y w e r ec o n s i d e r e ds i m u l t a n e o u s l y ,pa r a m e t r i cd e f i n i t i o no f v a r i ab l e t h ic k n e s sd r a w i n g s u r f a c eo fc a s t i n g s t r u c t u re w a sc a r r i e do u t ,m a n uf a c t u r i ng co n s t r a i n t s w e r e a p p l i e d d u r i n g o p t i m i z a t i o n p r o c e s s e s ,a n d t h e n t h i c k n e s s p a r a m e t e r d e s i g nw a s c o m pl e t e db a s e d o n c o m b i n e d s u r r o g a t em o d e l ．T h e r e s u l t s s h o wt h a t ,u n d e r t h e p r e m i s e o f e n s u r i n g t h e a n a l ys i s a c c u Ｇr a c y ,r e d u c e db o d y s y s t e m m o d e l s i m p r o v e c o m p u t i n g e f f i c i e n c yg r e a t l y ,a n ds a v e ９７．３％o f c o m p u Ｇt i n g r e s o u r c e s ．C a s t i n g t r i a n g u l a r b e a ml i g h t w e i g h tm a y b e a c h i e v e dw h i l e i m p r o v i n g re l a t e d p e rf o r m Ｇa n c eb y c o n d u c t i ng s t r u c t u r eo p t i m i z a t i o n ,whi c h i n d i c a t e s c o r r e c t n e s sa n d p r a c t i c a b i l i t y of t h e p r o Ｇpo s e dm e t h o d ．K e y wo r d s :c a s t i n g s t r u c t u r e ;m o d e l r e d u c t i o n ;t o p o l o g y o p t i m i z a t i o n ;s u r r o g a t e m o d e l ;l i g h t Ｇw e i gh t 收稿日期:２０２３１０１２０㊀引言随着新能源汽车的高速发展,续航㊁产量㊁成１９６本问题日益突出,一体化压铸结构轻量化降本提效优势凸显,促进一体压铸结构的应用范围不断拓展,如一体压铸后地板㊁一体压铸前舱等.随着一体压铸件尺寸的增大和集成化程度的提高,对免热处理多元合金材料㊁超大型压铸设备㊁压铸结构设计及成形工艺均提出了更高的需求.关于铸造结构设计,拓扑优化方法是支撑结构创新设计的关键技术之一[１],众多学者针对不同的拓扑优化方法提出了多种处理方式.X U 等[２]采用双向渐进优化方法对铸造约束的连续体结构进行了拓扑优化,可以有效求解多种连续体结构频率优化的收敛性问题.Z H A N G等[３]考虑了几何形状要求和模具材料成本的制造约束,基于矢量法结合H e a v i s i d e函数,制订了铸件成形性约束条件,可根据用户需求权衡结构性能和制造成本.WA N G等[４]针对复杂的多约束㊁多场问题,引入一种由不同优化技术组成的求解算法,可在工程结构拓扑优化时兼顾结构性能和可制造性.马晶等[５]提出一种基于逆结构概念和附加重力场的铸造约束方法,保证了铸件结构拓扑优化解的可制造性.进一步地,WA N G等[６]提出了基于水平集法的铸造零件结构形状和拓扑优化思路,可支撑结构性能和工艺制造的铸件设计.林佳武等[７]从耐撞性出发,通过拓扑优化,考虑压铸成形和连接工艺等要求,设计压铸铝合金后纵梁,实现了结构的模块化和轻量化.汽车具体的大型一体压铸结构需要满足多性能约束,与相邻部件间的耦合作用也需要考虑,且压铸结构的材料分布需兼顾可制造性和轻量化的需求,这对一体压铸件设计方法提出了新的挑战.本文以机舱一体压铸三角梁为研究对象,对复杂的车身系统采用模型缩减方法,保证分析精度并提高计算效率;考虑压铸结构单体性能(等效静载能力)和耦合的车身系统性能(车身扭转刚度㊁车身局部模态等),通过多模型拓扑优化完善加强筋设计;考虑设计与可制造性,基于组合代理模型对各型面厚度进行参数设计;最终,三角梁结构设计实现性能与质量的平衡.１㊀车身系统超单元模型搭建１．１㊀压铸三角梁相关工况及性能定义压铸三角梁是车身系统机舱区域的关键部件,在车身系统中的布置位置如图１所示,其结构设计不仅需要满足铸件单体性能及工艺制造性要求,还要考虑部件间的耦合作用及对整个车身系统性能的影响.图１㊀三角梁在车身系统中的位置F i g．１㊀P o s i t i o no f c a s t i n g t r i b a r i n t h e b o d y s y s t e m三角梁单体性能主要为碰撞等效静载工况的截面最大等效承载力.工况加载方法及初始设计方案如图２所示,将三角梁后端及横梁一端螺栓用工装夹具固定,在横梁另一端的夹具上在同一水平面内匀速静载施压,以等效偏置碰撞工况.图２㊀初始设计方案碰撞等效静载示意图F i g．２㊀F i x t u r e d i a g r a mf o r c r a s h e q u i v a l e n t s t a t i c l o a do f i n i t i a l c o n c e p t d e s i g n关联的车身性能包括车身刚度㊁三角梁约束模态㊁三角梁动刚度等.压铸三角梁设计需要兼顾的典型性能及初始设计方案状态如表１所示,可以发现,初始设计方案的多项性能未达标,有必要开展结构优化,以满足性能需求.表１㊀初始设计方案的典型性能状态T a b．１㊀T y p i c a l p e r f o r m a n c e s t a t e s o f t h e i n i t i a lc o n c e p tde s i g n性能分类典型性能初始方案目标值采用车身系统模型的性能g i(X)三角梁一阶弯曲模态(H z)１３０．２ȡ１４０．０三角梁翻转模态(H z)１５３．４ȡ１４０．０三角梁二阶弯曲模态(H z)３４３．２ȡ４５０．０车身扭转刚度(k N m/(ʎ))５２．１３０ȡ５２．０００后横梁左悬置点Z向静刚度(N/mm)６５８．２ȡ７００．０后横梁右悬置点Z向静刚度(N/mm)１３５３．６ȡ７００．０前横梁悬置点Z向静刚度(N/mm)６３６．１ȡ７００．０采用三角梁单体模型的性能f j(X)截面A最大等效承载力(k N)１２５ȡ１６０截面B最大等效承载力(k N)４５ȡ６５截面C最大等效承载力(k N)４３ȡ６５截面D最大等效承载力(k N)４０ȡ６５㊀㊀车身系统有限元模型包含的单元网格数量较多,采用车身系统模型进行性能分析较为耗时,基于有限元法开展三角梁结构优化需要反复迭代,涉及大规模线性方程组的计算,其效率较低[８],提高大规模反复求解效率的一个可行途径是对结构进行降阶建模和分析[９].２９６中国机械工程第３５卷第４期２０２４年４月１．２㊀车身系统超单元创建超单元技术是一种模型降阶求解方法,可以对模型自由度进行重新划分,即将一个复杂模型划分为多个子系统,各子系统再处理为超单元.此时,超单元自由度集合由边界面上的节点自由度集合和超单元内部自由度集合组成,将这些超单元利用有限元模型的对接方式与残余结构组合,最后进行求解,以达到提高计算效率且维持全模型计算精度的目的[１０].其中,子系统划分是车身系统超单元模型搭建的关键环节,通过划分将车身系统分为残余结构和相应的子系统超单元模型.一般情况下,子系统划分遵从以下原则[１１]:①尽量减少超单元边界节点数量,以实现超单元模型自由度的高效缩减;②子系统划分应该保证部件结构的完整性,以便于模型管理㊁分析及优化.复杂车身系统中的副车架㊁电池包等典型子系统符合上述子系统划分原则,可以直接开展超单元建模.车体与副车架㊁电池包子系统之间存在固有边界,即子系统之间通过螺栓连接,则采用成对的R B E ２单元进行螺栓模拟,将R B E ２的主节点作为边界节点,进行子系统超单元求解.车体子系统是一个连续结构,模型对象不存在固有边界,不符合上述子系统划分原则.本文提出连续体模型的子系统划分原则,以支撑车体子系统的进一步划分和缩减.对于近似等截面的连续结构(图３a ),假定连续结构由连续体和结合面串联组成(图３b ),则连续结构的综合刚度K t 符合下式:１K t ＝１K l ＋１K m ＋１K r(１)式中,K m 为结合面等效刚度;K l ㊁K r 为结合面两侧连续体的刚度.根据应变能相等原则,结合面㊁连续体的等效刚度K 均可以表示为[１２]K ＝E S h(２)式中,S 为横截面积;h 为厚度;E 为弹性模量.结合式(１)㊁式(２)可得１K t ＝h lE m E r ＋h m E l E r ＋h r E l E m E l E m E r S(３)式中,下标m ㊁l ㊁r 分别表示结合面和结合面两侧连续体.连续体结构中E l ʈE r ,当结合面用刚性单元等效(图３c),即E m ＝＋ɕ,且结合面厚度h m ≪m i n (h l ,h r )时,则式(３)转化为１K t ＝h l E l S ＋h r E r S ʈh l ＋h m/２E l S＋h r ＋h m /２E r S ＝１K ∗l ＋１K ∗r(４)其中,K ∗l ㊁K ∗r为考虑结合面时对应的两侧连续体的等效刚度,特别地,当h m ＝０时,１K t ＝１K ∗l＋１K ∗r,如图３d 所示.㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀(a )连续结构㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀(b )串联结构㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀(c )E m ＝＋ɕ㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀㊀(d )h m ＝０图３㊀连续结构子系统划分原理示意图F i g ．３㊀D i v i s i o nd i a gr a mo f c o n t i n u o u s s t r u c t u r e 本文针对连续结构提出子系统划分原则如下:①尽量减少超单元边界节点数量,以便实现超单元模型自由度的高效缩减;②在近似等截面的区域进行划分,结合面用刚性单元等效,且结合面厚度接近或等于零.根据以上原则,进一步对车体模型开展子系统划分.将A 柱㊁门槛进行截断,以垂直于腔体中心线的平面为截面,并将界面节点投影到截面上,将车体模型划分为两部分子模型;分别在子模型的截面处建立R B E ２单元,界面节点为R B E ２的从点,腔体形心为主点;将两个子模型各截面处对应的R B E ２单元主点通过共节点重新缝合起来,形成零厚度的结合面,则此时R B E ２的主点可视为两个子模型的边界节点.前风挡或者顶棚刚度较低,借用截断A 柱的截面,采用同样的方法设定边界节点,将包含设计对象(三角梁)的子模型设定为残余结构,另一子模型转化为超单元.此外,为使超单元模型的结果可视化,以及关键节点信息的方便读取,将各边界点㊁工况加载点及测量点通过P L O T 单元依次连接并输出结果.综上,可以采用本文提出的方法对存在固有边界的子系统进行模型缩减,并对连续结构的车体实现进一步模型缩减,将车体残余结构与车体超单元㊁副车架超单元㊁电池包超单元进行组合求解,见图４.得到相关的静力学分析及动力学分析结果,对比分析精度(表２)可以发现,车身系统进行超单元缩减后计算偏差较小,全局性能如车身弯扭刚度㊁车身弯扭模态计算偏差小于０．２１％,局部性能如压铸三角梁模态及悬置点静刚度计算偏差极小;在保证分析精度的前提下,在计算效率３９６车身多性能约束下的一体压铸三角梁轻量化设计苏永雷㊀张志飞方面,本文超单元方法可节省分析９７．３％的计算时间,可大幅提高相关结构优化的效率.图４㊀车身系统子系统划分及组合F i g ．４㊀S u p e r Ｇe l e m e n t s g e n e r a t i o n f o r b o d y s y s t e m 表２㊀基于初始设计方案的精度及效率对比T a b ．２㊀A c c u r a c y a n d e f f i c i e n c y c o m pa r i s o no f i n i t i a l d e s i gn 典型性能有限元模型超单元模型偏差(％)三角梁一阶弯曲模态(H z )１３０．２１３０．２０三角梁翻转模态(H z)１５３．４１５３．３０．０７三角梁二阶弯曲模态(H z )３４３．２３４３．１０．０３车身扭转刚度(k N m /(ʎ))５２．１３０５２．１８７０．１１后横梁左悬置点Z 向静刚度(N /mm )６５８．２６５８．１０．０２后横梁右悬置点Z 向静刚度(N /mm )１３５３．６１３５３．５０．０１前横梁悬置点Z 向静刚度(N /mm )６３６．１６３５．９０．０３上述性能单次分析仿真总用时(m i n)１５０４９７．３２㊀压铸三角梁多模型多目标拓扑优化以机舱区域的一体压铸三角梁为结构优化对象,考虑三角梁单体结构的性能以及与其他部件耦合作用的车身性能,开展相关工况的多目标拓扑优化,指导结构设计,其中车身性能的计算模型采用超单元模型以提高优化效率.２．１㊀设计空间确定及制造工艺设定三角梁端头位置通过螺栓固定在减振塔㊁流水槽上,压缩机通过悬置固定在三角梁框架内侧.为满足压力压铸过程材料成形质量需求,结构注塑主通道尽量连续,将各梁截面设计为U 形,U形槽的下表面㊁侧面以最小工艺可实施厚度赋值,根据三角梁框架与其他部件装配和空间布置关系,定义截面㊁悬置及其他安装区域为非设计域,U 形截面内部空间设计域定义为拓扑域X ,如图５所示,通过拓扑优化以识别需要加强的局部区域,明确加强筋布置.图５㊀拓扑模型示意图F i g ．５㊀D i a g r a mo f t o p o l o g y mo d e l 对于三角梁结构,必须考虑铸造工艺的拔模方向,保证装配便利性和加工可行性,本文在拓扑优化过程中添加＋Z 向拔模约束.２．２㊀多目标拓扑优化模型采用线性加权和法执行多目标设计具有一定局限性,不适用于子目标函数数量级不同的多目标优化问题[１３].本文采用折衷规划法研究多目标拓扑优化问题,得到以柔度最小为目标的静态工况拓扑优化数学模型[１４]:m i n C (ρ)＝[ðmk ＝１w q k (C k (ρ)－C m i n k C m a x k－C m i n k )q ]１q (５)式中,ρ＝(ρ１,ρ２, ,ρn )T为设计变量;n 为单元总数;m 为刚度工况总数;w k 为第k 个工况的权重因子;q 为惩罚因子,对于体网格拓扑域,取q ȡ２;C k (ρ)为第k 个工况的柔度目标函数;C m a x k ㊁C m i nk分别为第k 个工况的柔度目标函数的最大值㊁最小值.式(５)中,需要对碰撞等效静载工况进行处理,将１mm /m s 的静压转变为１０００N 的静载,保持同样的加载方向,将时域的静载工况转化为静态工况,以满足拓扑优化阶段的工况定义.本文采用加权特征值的倒数定义模态工况优化问题,得到以加权特征值倒数最小为目标的动态工况拓扑优化数学模型:m i n Φ(ρ)＝ðj W jλjðjW j(６)式中,λj 为第j 阶模态的特征值;W j 为第j 阶模态的权重系数.根据压铸三角梁模态特征,目标函数主要考虑表２中对应的３阶模态特征值.考虑到子目标函数相对重要性,引入权重因４９６中国机械工程第３５卷第４期２０２４年４月子w ,构建多工况柔度最小化与多阶特征值倒数最小化的综合目标函数:m i n f (ρ)＝{w ２[ðmk ＝１w k (C k (ρ)－C m i nk C m a x k －C m i nk )]２＋(１－w )２(Φ(ρ)－Φm i n k Φm a x k －Φm i n k)２}１/２(７)综合目标函数的各子目标都对应着一个权重系数,本文应用决策论中的层次分析法[１４],参考文献[１５]对子目标的相对重要性的定义,采用成对比较法建立静态工况子目标矩阵S 和动态工况子目标决策矩阵D ,表示为S ＝１１/３３１/３１/７１/７１/７１/７３１５１/３１/３１/３１/３１/３１/３１/５１１/７１/９１/９１/９１/９３３７１１/３１/３１/３１/３７３９３１１１１７３９３１１１１７３９３１１１１７３９３１１１１éëêêêêêêêêêêêùûúúúúúúúúúúúD ＝１３１/７１/３１１/９７９１éëêêêùûúúú对矩阵进行一致性检验[１６],发现矩阵一致性比值均小于０．１,判定矩阵一致性满足要求;矩阵最大特征值对应的归一化特征向量就是各子目标的权重比,得到动态工况３阶模态和静态工况８个子目标权重系数,如表３所示.另外,定义子目标函数的权重因子w ＝０．５.表３㊀子目标权重系数T a b ．３㊀W e i gh t c o e f f i c i e n t o f s u b c a s e p e r f o r m a n c e 性能分类典型性能权重系数动态工况三角梁一阶弯曲模态(H z )０．１４９三角梁翻转模态(H z)０．０６６三角梁二阶弯曲模态(H z )０．７８５静态工况车身扭转刚度(k N m /(ʎ))０．０３０后横梁左悬置点Z 向静刚度(N /mm )０．０６５后横梁右悬置点Z 向静刚度(N /mm )０．０１７前横梁悬置点Z 向静刚度(N /mm )０．０９３截面A 最大等效承载力(k N )０．１９９截面B 最大等效承载力(k N )０．１９９截面C 最大等效承载力(k N )０．１９９截面D 最大等效承载力(k N )０．１９９２．３㊀多目标拓扑优化多模型优化(m u l t i Ｇm o d e l o p t i m i z a t i o n ,MMO )可以同时兼顾多个计算模型,这些模型共享部分设计变量,共享的设计变量会得到相同或相似的优化结果[１７].本文三角梁性能分析分别采用单体模型和车身系统模型,计算模型并不相同,可以采用多模型优化方法,将拓扑域X 作为共享设计变量,同步驱动单体模型和车身系统模型参与优化,优化流程及数学模型定义如图６所示.具体参与拓扑优化的工况参考表１,其中压铸三角梁碰撞等效静载工况采用压铸三角梁单体模型,为静态工况;其他工况采用车身系统超单元模型,扭转刚度㊁静刚度分析工况为静态工况,模态分析工况为动态工况.利用多模型拓扑优化方法,以静态㊁动态工况的综合目标函数f (ρ)最小为优化目标,以优化过程的设计域体积分数V f r a c (X )ɤC (C 为体积分数的目标值)作为优化约束,采用变密度法(s o l i d i s o t r o pi cm a t e r i a l w i t h pe n a l i z a t i o nm o d e l ,S I M P )[１８]开展拓扑优化,在O pt i s t r u c t 软件环境下通过MA T I N I T＝１．０命令定义迭代第０步的拓扑域单元密度为１,当取C ＝０．５,即体积分数V f r a c (X )ɤ０．５时,多次迭代收敛过程及最后一个迭代步的结果如图７所示.图６㊀多模型多目标拓扑优化流程图F i g ．６㊀T o p o l o g yp r o c e s s f o rm u l t i Ｇm o d e l o pt i m i z a t i o n 最后一个迭代步往往包含最有效的优化信息,优化后单元密度接近１的区域视为关键传力路径.由图７b 迭代收敛结果可以发现:拓扑域单元整体上向密度为０和１两端聚集,优化结果具有较好的离散性;区域①的单元密度均接近于１,说明此区域需要强化,在满足此区域螺栓安装功能的前提下,增强加强筋布置密度;区域②的关键传力路径从截面B 的内侧边延伸到外侧边;区域③的关键传力路径与后横梁成约３０ʎ夹角;区域④由于压缩机悬置壳体嵌入横梁内部,导致局部区域薄弱,此处需要从悬置壳体发散出加强筋,以提高局部区域刚度,确保三角梁模态㊁后横梁右悬５９６车身多性能约束下的一体压铸三角梁轻量化设计苏永雷㊀张志飞(a)拓扑优化迭代收敛过程(b)拓扑优化迭代第３０步结果图７㊀拓扑优化迭代过程及收敛结果F i g．７㊀I t e r a t i o na n d r e s u l t o f t o p o l o g y o p t i m i z a t i o n 置点Z向静刚度㊁截面C最大等效承载力;区域⑤关键传力路径与已有非设计域的侧边呈现整体贯通的特征;此外,为避让压缩机,前横梁悬置壳体区域较为薄弱,需要在悬置壳体附近增加加强筋,以增强前横梁整体刚度.根据图７b的拓扑结构特征,在工程设计上保持区域①②⑤的设计对称性,完善加强筋结构设计数据,结果如图８所示.图８㊀加强筋设计F i g．８㊀R e i n f o r c e m e n t b e a dd e s i g n３㊀基于组合代理模型的厚度优化通过拓扑优化,完善了三角梁的结构设计,但具体结构的厚度需要合理定义,以实现轻量化.为便于三角梁厚度优化并保持模型仿真精度,悬置及端头安装位置设定为非设计域,采用体单元网格建模,需要厚度优化的结构对象采用壳单元网格建模,体网格与壳单元在搭接区采用共节点连接.３．１㊀压铸结构厚度设计变量定义三角梁下表面由多个基面组成,每个基面厚度均匀,可以设定为独立的设计变量;拔模方向的各加强筋和侧面统称为拔模面,由于拔模斜度要求使得拔模面根部较厚,拔出端较薄,故无法直接对拔模面的厚度进行参数化定义.本文采用厚度等效方法来实现拔模面厚度参数化定义,等效方法及步骤如下:(１)在H y p e r m e s h软件环境下,基于有限元模型选取任一壳单元,通过b y f a c e的方式选择相邻单元低于３ʎ特征角度的所有单元,构建单独的零件组和属性组,并提取对应单元的体积和面积,则等效厚度由体积(V o l u m e,用V表示)和面积(A r e a,用A表示)决定,等效厚度T(X)＝V/A,属性信息中材料参数与原模型保持一致,厚度参数自动更新为等效厚度;(２)三角梁结构中所有壳单元单独显示,通过二次开发程序对所有壳单元批量进行厚度等效,将三角梁结构中关于X＝０平面完全对称的两组属性组合并为一个,将新构建的各属性组中的厚度参数定义为设计变量.３．２㊀组合代理模型构造及精度校验方法代理模型通过建立输入与输出的映射关系,可有效降低仿真模拟的计算成本,因此在工程优化设计中得到广泛应用,相比于单一代理模型,组合代理模型具有更好的鲁棒性[１９Ｇ２０].本文选取多项式响应面㊁径向基函数㊁K r i g i n g函数参与组合模型构造,采用交叉验证(c r o s sＧv a l i d a t i o n,C V)精度校验方法获得各代理模型的精度评估值,根据精度评估值计算权重系数,通过线性加权确定组合代理模型,表达如下:f^E N(x)＝ðM i＝１w i(x)f^i(x)(８)式中,M为参与构造组合代理模型f^E N(x)的单一代理模型f^i(x)的个数;w i(x)为权重系数.C V采用均方根误差(r o o t m e a n s q u a r e e r r o r,R M S E)准则评估单一代理模型近似精度,表达如下:e R M S,j＝１NtðN tj＝１(f j(x)－f^j(x))２(９)式中,f j(x)为样本点真实模型值;f^j(x)为代理模型值; N t为检验代理模型精度的样本点个数.本文权重系数计算仍然采用C VＧR M S E准则,以权系数w i为设计变量,以均方根误差最小为目标函数,则组合代理模型计算过程转化为f i n d w i(x)m i n e R M S,E N＝１NeðN ek＝１(f E N k(x)－f^E N k(x))２s．t．㊀w i(x)ȡ０㊀㊀ðm i＝１w i(x)＝１üþýïïïïïï(１０)６９６中国机械工程第３５卷第４期２０２４年４月式中,f E N k (x )为样本点真实模型值;f^E Nk (x )为组合代理模型值;N e 为检验组合代理模型精度的样本点个数.３．３㊀设计优化基于实验设计与代理模型开展压铸三角梁厚度优化,优化流程如图９所示,主要步骤描述如下.(１)采用压铸三角梁各学科建模理论建立高精度分析模型,并对其求解精度进行校验,明确目标函数㊁约束条件㊁设计变量及设计空间等基本信息,构造优化模型.其中,分析模型包括采用车身系统超单元建模的车身扭转刚度分析模型㊁悬置点静刚度分析模型㊁模态分析模型,以及碰撞等效静载分析模型.(２)采用实验设计方法在初始设计空间内获得无偏样本点,本文采用M a x i m i n 实验设计方法,具有设计空间内均匀分布的特征[２１].(３)集成各分析模型,进行多样本求解,并提取设计变量与性能结果,获得初始(新增)样本点处的响应值.(４)根据已有样本点的响应值,在当前设计空间内构造设计变量与性能之间的组合代理模型.(５)校验组合代理模型的精度,如果精度满足要求,则基于组合代理模型进行优化,并将近似图９㊀基于组合代理模型优化流程图F i g ．９㊀O p t i m i z a t i o nb a s e do n c o m b i n e d s u r r o ga t e m o d e l 最优解作为优化结果输出;否则,新增样本点并更新代理模型,直至满足精度要求.(６)判断输出的优化结果是否满足工程需求.若满足则停止优化,将优化结果作为最优设计方案;否则需要转入步骤(１),调整优化模型并重新进行优化.为满足结构设计与可制造性一体化,对步骤(１)中优化模型数学表达式施加制造约束,定义如下:㊀f i n d x ＝(x １,x ２, ,x n )m i n f －(x )s ．t ．㊀g L B j ɤg －j(x )ɤg U B j ㊀㊀j ＝１,２, ,M V a r i a b l e :x L B ɤx a ɤx b ɤx U B x i ɪ(x s p ,[x L B ,x U B ])üþýïïïïïï(１１)其中,f －(x )为设计变量的总质量;g －j (x )为基于代理模型的第j 项性能;g L B j ㊁g U Bj 分别为第j 项性能目标的上下限值,目标值设定参考表１;x L B ㊁x U B 分别为设计变量的上下限,根据三角梁压铸工艺要求,设定x L B ＝２．２mm ㊁x U B ＝７mm ,且每隔０．４mm 离散取值;x a 为远浇口设计变量厚度;x b 为近浇口设计变量厚度,为保证压力压铸过程具有良好的模流性能,定义x a ɤx b .为进一步识别并删除灵敏度较低的设计变量,额外将０．２mm 的离散厚度加入设计变量可取值范围,即拔模面厚度x s p＝０．２mm 时,对应的结构可以考虑删除.本文设计变量初始采样３００个,构造组合代理模型,精度均高于９９％,基于代理模型开展优化并迭代收敛,得到基面㊁拔模面的最优设计方案,删除厚度为０．２mm 的设计变量,厚度优化方案如图１０所示.图１０㊀优化后厚度分布结果F i g ．１０㊀T h e r e s u l t o f t h i c k n e s s o pt i m i z a t i o n 将图１０中等厚度的设计方案转化为变厚度的工程方案,各性能均采用有限元模型进行效果验证,性能结果如表４所示.由表４可以发现:①与厚度优化前对比,未达标性能如二阶弯曲模态㊁前横梁前悬置点静刚度㊁截面C 最大等效静载力,经过厚度优化均达标,且减重０．１k g;②与７９６车身多性能约束下的一体压铸三角梁轻量化设计苏永雷㊀张志飞初始方案三角梁(表１)对比,厚度优化后的方案各性能得到不同程度的提高,其中二阶弯曲模态提高１０７．９H z,等效静载承载能力提高约６０％,悬置点静刚度提高约３０％,在满足性能目标基础上减重０．６k g.表４㊀优化方案效果T a b．４㊀T h e p e r f o r m a n c e r e s u l t s o f o p t i m i z a t i o nd e s i g n典型性能初始方案厚度优化前厚度优化后目标值三角梁一阶弯曲模态(H z)１３０．２１９５．６１９３．５ȡ１４０．０三角梁翻转模态(H z)１５３．４２５８．８２５３．８ȡ１４０．０三角梁二阶弯曲模态(H z)３４３．２４３９．３４５１．１ȡ４５０．０车身扭转刚度(k N m/(ʎ))５２．１３０５２．６３２５２．６９１ȡ５２．００后横梁左悬置点Z向静刚度(N/mm)６５８．２８９７．８８８１．５ȡ７００．０后横梁右悬置点Z向静刚度(N/mm)１３５３．６１４０７．２１５３７．４ȡ７００．０前横梁悬置点Z向静刚度(N/mm)６３６．１６５５．７８３０．４ȡ７００．０截面A最大等效承载力(k N)１２５１７９１７５ȡ１６０截面B最大等效承载力(k N)４５６５７１ȡ６５截面C最大等效承载力(k N)４３５８６５ȡ６５截面D最大等效承载力(k N)４０８３６９ȡ６５压铸三角梁总成质量(k g)５．６５．１５．０ɤ５．２４㊀结论(１)针对连续的车体结构提出子系统划分原则和方法,支撑进一步开展模型降阶.采用超单元模型开展单轮次分析,在保证分析精度前提下,车身系统模型缩减可节省９７．３％的计算时间.(２)针对一体压铸三角梁的结构设计问题,本文同步考虑压铸结构单体性能和车身系统性能,开展多模型拓扑优化完成加强筋设计;同步考虑设计与可制造性,对压铸结构变厚度拔模面进行参数化定义,并基于组合代理模型对各型面厚度进行参数设计.优化方法最大限度地兼顾性能与轻量化:相较于初始设计方案,二阶弯曲模态提高１０７．９H z,等效静载承载能力提高约６０％,悬置点静刚度提高约３０％,实现减重０．６k g.(３)本文的优化方法不仅考虑压铸三角梁的单体性能,还兼顾相关的系统级性能,并且优化结果满足压铸成形工艺要求,不仅适用于压铸三角梁结构,也适用于车身其他铸件的设计开发.参考文献:[１]㊀苏永雷,张志飞．副车架静刚度修正方法及多层级拓扑优化[J]．汽车工程,２０２３,４５(１１):２１５７Ｇ２１６４．S U Y o n g l e i,Z HA N GZ h i f e i．C o r r e c t i o n M e t h o do fS t a t i cS t i f f n e s s a n d M u l t iＧl e v e lT o p o l o g y O p t i m i z aＧt i o nf o r S u b f r a m e[J]．A u t o m o t i v e E n g i n e e r i n g,２０２３,４５(１１):２１５７Ｇ２１６４．[２]㊀X UB,HA N YS,Z HA OL,e t a l．T o p o l o g y O p t iＧm i z a t i o no fC o n t i n u u m S t r u c t u r e s f o rN a t u r a lF r eＧq u e n c i e sC o n s i d e r i n g C a s t i n g C o n s t r a i n t s[J]．E n g iＧn e e r i n g O p t i m i z a t i o n,２０１９,５１(６):９４１Ｇ９６０．[３]㊀Z HA N GJY,WA N GSH,Z HA O H,e t a l．M a nＧu f a c t u r a b l e C a s t i n g P a r t s D e s i g n w i t h T o p o l o g yO p t i m i z a t i o no f S t r u c t u r a lA s s e m b l i e s[J]．P r o c e e dＧi n g s o ft h eI n s t i t u t i o n o f M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r s,２０２２,２３６(４):４０１Ｇ４１２．[４]㊀WA N GC,X U B,D U A N Z,e t a l．S t r u c t u r a lT oＧp o l o g y O p t i m i z a t i o nC o n s i d e r i n g b o t hP e r f o r m a n c ea n d M a n u f a c t u r ab i l i t y:S t r e n g t h,S t i f f n e s s,a n dC o n n e c t i v i t y[J]．S t r u c t u r a la n d M u l t i d i s c i p l i n a r yO p t i m i z a t i o n,２０２１,６３:１４２７Ｇ１４５３．[５]㊀马晶,亢战．一种基于附加重力场的铸件拓扑优化方法[J]．计算力学学报,２０２１,３８(４):４９８Ｇ５０４．MA J i n g,K A N G Z h a n．A n A d d i t i o n a l G r a v i t yF i e l d M e t h o df o r T o p o l o g y O p t i m i z a t i o n o f C a s tP a r t s[J]．C h i n e s eJ o u r n a lo f C o m p u t a t i o n a l M eＧc h a n i c s,２０２１,３８(４):４９８Ｇ５０４．[６]㊀WA N G Y,K A N GZ．S t r u c t u r a l S h a p e a n dT o p o l oＧg y O p t i m i z a t i o n o f C a s t P a r t s U s i n g L e v e l S e tM e t h o d[J]．I n t e r n a t i o n a l J o u r n a lf o r N u m e r i c a lM e t h o d s i nE n g i n e e r i n g,２０１７,１１１(１３):１２５２Ｇ１２７３．[７]㊀林佳武,李玄霜,陈宗明,等．真空高压铸造铝合金车身后纵梁轻量化设计[J]．汽车工程,２０２０,４２(３):３８３Ｇ３８９．L I NJ i a w u,L IX u a n s h u a n g,C H E N Z o n g m i n g,e ta l．L i g h t w e i g h tD e s i g no fB o d y R e a rL o n g i t u d i n a lB e a m o f V A H P D i eＧc a s t i n g A l u m i n u m A l l o y[J]．A u t o m o t i v eE n g i n e e r i n g,２０２０,４２(３):３８３Ｇ３８９．[８]㊀雷飞,韩旭,黄永辉．车身复杂结构大规模问题的缩减计算[J]．中国机械工程,２００９,２０(１７):２１２７Ｇ２１３１．L E IF e i,HA N X u,HU A N G Y o n g h u i．S t u d y o nR e d u c e d M e t h o d si n S o l v i n g C o m p l e xa n d M u l t iＧp a r a m e t e r i z e dL a r g eS c a l eP r o b l e m i n A u t o m o t i v eB o d y D e s i g n[J]．C h i n a M e c h a n i c a l E n g i n e e r i n g,２００９,２０(１７):２１２７Ｇ２１３１．[９]㊀雷飞,韩旭．基于分级自适应技术车身结构多参数大规模问题快速计算方法研究[J]．中国机械工程,２０１０,２１(６):６６８Ｇ６７１．L E IF e i,HA NX u．AS t u d y o fR a p i dE v a l u a t i o n f o rS t r u c t u r a l B e h a v i o r o f M u l t iＧp a r a m e t e r i z e d a n dL a r g eＧs c a l e P r o b l e m i n V e h i c l e B o d y D e s i g n[J]．C h i n aM e c h a n i c a lE n g i n e e r i n g,２０１０,２１(６):６６８Ｇ８９６中国机械工程第３５卷第４期２０２４年４月。

约克空气处理器样本

风量
H
J
K
型号 (m³/h) A
B
C
DE
F
G
ABCD 方方方方
式式式式
回新回新回新回新风风风风风风风风 44664466 排排排排排排排排
LMN
O
PQR
YSE02VD 2000 800 1120 620 150 232 262 - 90 90 85 85 110 110 110 110 83 83 138 138 310 33 155 500 390 648 65
江森自控的良好声誉和综合实力，赢得了众多客户的青睐。其中包括中国按照LEED绿色标准认证建筑的北京世纪财富中心，建成后将成为中国内地第一高楼的上海环球金融中心，以及拥有亚洲最大的冰蓄冷区域供冷系统的广州大学城等。2008北京奥运会的五大标志性项目 — 国家体育场、国家体育馆、北京奥运大厦、首都国际机场3号航站楼、以及中央电视台新台址，也都不约而同地选择了江森自控。
4 6
19 37 47 54 17 33 42 48 19 37 47 54 17 33 42 48
YSE08VD 8000
4 6
17 17
33 33
14
27
14
27
YSE10HD 10000
4 6
Ø60(2") Ø76(2-1/2") Ø89(3")
Ø76(2-1/2")
Ø89(3")
Ø89(3")
Ø89(3")
Ø89(3")
Ø76(2-1/2")
Ø89(3")
Ø89(3")
Ø89(3")
Ø89(3")