任务型阅读学案.doc
Task-based reading
Learning objectives:
At the end of this period, you will be able to
1.get familiar with the proper steps to deal with task-based reading.
2.consolidate the knowledge of some useful expressions and sentence structures.
3.improve your skills of doing task-based reading practice.
Exercise One: Rewrite the following sentences.
(Different forms of a word)
The only answer to the problem is international cooperation.
—Solving the problem requires all the governments to 1..
Thus, it is difficult to catch criminals of cybercrime.
一Thus, to catch criminals of cybercrime is of great 2.?
(Phrase —Word)
Governments and private business must work together to stop this widespread problem. —Governments and private business must 3.to stop this widespread problem.
In addition, most countries don't have arrangements for dealing with suspects from other countries. —4., most countries don't have arrangements for dealing with suspects from other countries.
(Word — Phrase)
Thus, it is difficult to catch criminals of cybercrime.
—5.this way, to catch criminals of cybercrime is of great difficulty.
Considering how bad the situation has become, many people wonder why little is known about this. 一Taking into 6.how bad the situation has become, many people wonder why little is known about this.
(Based on the meaning of the original sentence or the context)
Cybercrime refers to any criminal offence related to the Internet.
—Any criminal offence related to the Internet 7.to cybercrime.
The Council lists crimes related to a lack of proper Internet security.
一 A lack of proper Internet security 8.to this type of crimes.
Although there are an increasing number of such cases against people, crime against large companies is a bigger problem.
一9.an increasing number of such cases against people, crime against large companies is a bigger problem.
—Crime against large companies is the 10.problem.
No institution can provide better education than life itself.
一Life provides the https://www.360docs.net/doc/0010102415.html,cation for us.
A survey conducted in 2010 showed many companies and agencies had their security systems broken into in the previous year.
—12.to a survey conducted in 2010, many companies and agencies had their security systems broken into in the previous year.
—A survey conducted in 2010 showed many companies and agencies had their security systems broken into in 13..
Only about 10% of solar energy is actually used.
一A(n) 14.amount of solar energy is actually used.
(Based on certain grammar points, including some sentence patterns)
As the Internet expands, the opportunities for crime expand as well.
—With the Internet 15.in recent years, the opportunities for crime expand as well.
The Council mentions websites which contain offensive information.
—The Council mentions websites 16.there is offensive information.
Cybercrime is so new that many governments have not yet passed laws against it, and there are many holes in their legal systems.
f Cybercrime is so new that many governments have not yet passed laws against it, there 17. many holes in their legal systems.
Governments must join forces to keep up with the advances in technology used by the criminals.
一Governments may fall behind the advanced technology used by the criminals 18- they join forces.
(Conclusive words)
People are enthusiastic, positive and concerned about the blood drive.
一19.towards the blood drive.
Unlike a letter you send through the mail, e-mail is NOT private
—20.of e-mail.
请归纳一些常用的概括性词，并想一想它们的正确运用:
主题__________________________________________________________________________________ 原因_________________________________________________________________________________ 结果__________________________________________________________________________________ 目的__________________________________________________________________________________ 方法__________________________________________________________________________________ 建议__________________________________________________________________________________ 态度__________________________________________________________________________________ 观点__________________________________________________________________________________ 异同__________________________________________________________________________________ 优劣__________________________________________________________________________________ 种类__________________________________________________________________________________ 特点__________________________________________________________________________________ 结论__________________________________________________________________________________
Exercise Two :Task-based reading ?
请阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。注意：每个空格只填一个单词。
The expression, 'everybody's doing it," is very much at the center of the concept of peer pressure. It is a strong influence of a group, especially of children, on members of that group to behave as everybody else does. It can be positive or negative. Most people experience it in some way during their lives.
People are social creatures by nature, and so it is hardly surprising that part of their self-respect comes from the approval of others. This instinct is why the approval of peers, or the fear of disapproval, is such a powerful force in many people's lives. It is the same instinct that drives people to dress one way at home and another way at work, or to answer "fine" when a stranger asks "how are you?" even if it is not necessarily true. There is a practical aspect to this: it helps society to function efficiently, and encourages a general level of self-discipline that simplifies day-to-day interaction.
For certain individuals, seeking social acceptance is so important that it becomes like an addiction: in order to satisfy the desire, they may go so far as to abandon their sense of right and wrong. Teens and young adults may feel forced to use drugs, or join gangs that encourage criminal behavior. Mature adults
A(73) ▲ function
of peer pressure
to society Influences of
peer pressure
一 on (75) ▲ may sometimes feel pressured to cover up illegal activity at the company where they work, or end up in debt because they are unable to hold back the desire to buy a house or car that they can't afford in an effort to "keep up with the Joneses.”
However, peer pressure is not always negative. A student whose friends are good at academics may be urged to study harder and get good grades. Players on a sports team may feel driven to play harder in order to help the team win. This type of influence can also get a friend off drugs, or to help an adult take up a good habit or drop a bad one. Study groups and class projects are examples of positive peer groups that encourage people to better themselves.
Schools try to teach kids about the dangers of negative peer pressure. They teach kids to stand up and be themselves, and encourage them to politely decline to do things that they believe are wrong. Similarly, it can be help fill to encourage children to greet the beneficial influence of positive peer groups.
?
Being social creatures^ people expect the approval from lheir fellow members. ? People around \\ ill atlect how one lives (74) ▲,
? Peer pressure helps society function efficiently; ? The desire to be socially accepted by one's peers is like a drug.
? Negative influences include lack of (76) ▲ sense, criminal
offences, and over-consumption. ? Positive inlluences are good grades, team (77) ▲ . and the
building-up of good (78) ▲ . etc-
? T 。avoid the danger of negative peer pressure, kids should learn to
be (79) ▲ when necessary, and say (80) ▲一 to anything that is
wrong or illegal
任务型阅读学案.doc
Task-based reading Learning objectives: At the end of this period, you will be able to 1.get familiar with the proper steps to deal with task-based reading. 2.consolidate the knowledge of some useful expressions and sentence structures. 3.improve your skills of doing task-based reading practice. Exercise One: Rewrite the following sentences. (Different forms of a word) The only answer to the problem is international cooperation. —Solving the problem requires all the governments to 1.. Thus, it is difficult to catch criminals of cybercrime. 一Thus, to catch criminals of cybercrime is of great 2.? (Phrase —Word) Governments and private business must work together to stop this widespread problem. —Governments and private business must 3.to stop this widespread problem. In addition, most countries don't have arrangements for dealing with suspects from other countries. —4., most countries don't have arrangements for dealing with suspects from other countries. (Word — Phrase) Thus, it is difficult to catch criminals of cybercrime. —5.this way, to catch criminals of cybercrime is of great difficulty. Considering how bad the situation has become, many people wonder why little is known about this. 一Taking into 6.how bad the situation has become, many people wonder why little is known about this. (Based on the meaning of the original sentence or the context) Cybercrime refers to any criminal offence related to the Internet. —Any criminal offence related to the Internet 7.to cybercrime. The Council lists crimes related to a lack of proper Internet security. 一 A lack of proper Internet security 8.to this type of crimes. Although there are an increasing number of such cases against people, crime against large companies is a bigger problem.
2020届二轮复习 任务型阅读 学案(江苏专用)
任务型阅读(一)[学生用书P151(单独成册)] (建议用时：25分钟) A (2019·江苏四星级学校联考)When you listen to artists like Jay-Z, or Common, just the thought of freestyle rap might be frightening enough to make your shy away. Scientific research shows that rap might offer you an opportunity for self-exploration and expression. Besides, freestyle rap might improve your brain’s creative power, too, and when it does, it can free you from boredom and relax you from everyday tasks. Here’s how. In a study, brain researcher Siyuan Liu and his colleagues compared freestyle rap and rehearsed rap of native English speakers to see how their brains operated under both conditions. When you perform a rehearsed act, the lateral prefrontal cortex(PFC)(额叶前皮层), which is instrumental in thought control and recall, is activated. But they found that for more spontaneous(自发的) singing, the lateral PFC is not activated because you rely more on strong emotions to find the right language without the distraction of prepared melodies. When trying to complete a task, your focused brain is essential. But for creativity, your brain must go into regrouping mode to avoid habits and form new ideas. Freestyle rap will train you to access this capacity in your brain. During this rap study, left-sided brain regions which are responsible for language and movement were also activated. These regions are usually activated by the act of speaking, so there was no surprise that rapping had the same effect. However, freestyle rap causes these regions to be activated above normal, which indicates that something special occurs. Freestyle rap requires you to find novel words and phrases that rhyme. This search for unique language patterns is a way to train your brain to become more creative. However, words are not all the same. By making freestyle rap part of your everyday routine, you will add emotional weight to your words, allowing you to communicate in a more effective and accurate way. The rehearsed and freestyle rappers in the study had no difference in movement. They produced the same number of syllables, and the primary movement areas in the brain were similar in both groups. However, there was greater involvement of secondary movement areas in freestyle
初中任务型英语阅读课教学设计新部编版
教师学科教案[ 20 – 20 学年度第__学期] 任教学科：_____________ 任教年级：_____________ 任教老师：_____________ xx市实验学校
初中任务型英语阅读课教学设计 安溪凤城中学刘敏祯 [提要] 本文简述任务型教学的心理学理论依据、目的、特点以及任务设计的原则,探讨任务在阅读课中的应用。笔者认为，任务型教学有助于提高学生的交际能力。 关键词：任务型教学阅读 《英语课程标准》（实验稿）中倡导“任务型”教学，避免单纯传授语言知识的教学方法，学生在做中学，学中用，通过思考、调查、讨论、交流和合作等方式，学习和使用英语，完成学习任务,培养学生语言运用能力。 一. 任务的定义;任务型教学的心理学理论依据、目的及特点 任务型教学研究始于20世纪80年代，于90年代在理论上逐步成熟。庞继贤教授认为，所谓“任务”，简言之就是“做事”。在“做事”的过程中，学习者始终处于一种积极的、主动的学习心理状态，任务参与者之间的交际过程也是一种互动过程。为完成任务，学习者以意义为中心，调动语言与非语言资源，进行意义共建，达到解决某种交际问题的目的。这个过程催化了一个有利于学习者语言内化的环境。 任务型语言教学的理论依据多来自于心理语言学。心理语言学认为，任务是提供给学生学习资料的有效途径，任务的设计能决定语言运用的类型和提供学习机会，从而对第二语言的习得产生影响。 任务型教学的目的主要是培养学生的语言交际能力，这不仅是指语法正确的说与写的能力，还包括社会语言能力、语域能力和策略能力。 任务型教学的特点是：（1）意义：表达是第一位的。以前大家首先注意学生表达的准确性、流利性，而在任务型教学中，首先关心的是表达的内容，而不是形式正确与否。（2）交际性原则：真实生活中会做出什么事，在任务中宜摸拟这些生活中的情景，而且设计任务材料多样，包括课本、报刊、歌曲、电视、电影、小说、互联网等。（3）关键是完成任务：我们最关心的是学生说出一句话，能不能表达出想要表达的东西，内容能不能表达清楚，能不能表达出想要了解的状况，而不仅仅是语言是否有错误。 二、初中英语阅读课任务的设计原则 在设计任务时应遵循以下原则：（1）趣味性；（2）针对性：任务应适合全体学生参与，而不仅仅是让优秀学生参加；最好设计成若干种形式，使不同水平的学生都能参与并完成；（3）循序渐进：一个大的任务有时可以分成几个小任务由易到难，分步完成；（4）以学生为主体：把他们从语言学习者（Language learner）转变成语言的使用者(Language user)，老师应是促进者、组织者、监督者或参与者；（5）启发性：设计的任务最好使学生在解决问题的过程发现新问题，进而解决问题；（6）渗透性：《标准》中说“活动应积极促进英语学科和其分学科间的相互渗透和联系，使学生的思维和想象力、审美情趣和艺术感受、协作和创新精神等综合素质得到发展”。 三、初中英语任务型阅读课教学模式 《标准》五级在阅读方面要求学生能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义；能理解段落中句子之间的逻辑关系；能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节，预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局；能读懂常见体裁的阅读材料；能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息；能利用字典等工具书进行学习。这就要求老师在平时教学中要教会学生单词构成法、猜词方法，理解所学的材料，还要进行阅读方法的指导和阅读技能的训练。按照上述任务型教学的基本理念，根据阅读教学的基本规律，初中英语阅读可分为三个阶段：第一阶段：任务前（Pre-task） 任务前活动如大脑风暴（Brain storming）可以将学生已有的经验和背景知识激活，
2019高考英语 考前30天之备战 专题四 任务型阅读 第一节 任务型阅读解题方法突破 能力摸底学案
专题四任务型阅读 第一节任务型阅读解题方法突破 （2019·江苏卷） When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not? Why Difficult? When we wrong someone we know, even not intentionally, we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation. But when we re acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. It is a performa nce in whic h every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. Refusing to apolo gize can be smart, or it can be stupid. So, readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness. A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony—while an apology that is too little, too late, or to o obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin. What, then, is to be done? How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly? Why Now? The que stion of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent. During the last decade or so, the Unite d States in particular has developed an apology culture—apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. More articles, cartoons, advice columns, and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies. Why Bother? Why do we apologize? Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult, embarrassing, and even risky? Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target. They ar e expected to appear strong and capable. And whenever they make public statements of any kind, their individual and institutional reputations are in danger. Clearly, then, leaders should not ap ologize often or lightly. For a leader to express apology, there nee ds to be a good, strong reason. Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they thi nk the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so. Why Refuse? Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize, even when a public apology seems to be in order? Their reasons can be individual or institutional. Because leaders are public figures, their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky. Leaders may also be afraid that the admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the o rganization for which they are responsible. There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations, as we shall see, but i t is a high risk strategy.
任务型阅读学案
英语中考专题复习--Task-based reading 南海中学陈国金 Learning aims ★To learn the steps and skills to finish a task-based reading. ★To improve the abilities of Locating（信息查找）, Transforming（信息转换）and Concluding （信息概括）in the task-based reading. Step1：Lead in Look back on the first mock examination. Step2：Analyze the result of a surveryon the students’ score and introduce the skills of task-based reading : 信息查找Locating, 信息转换Transforming,信息概括Concluding Task 1: 信息查找Locating, (中考链接）Starting a book club is easy—all you need is to love reading. Here’s how to get yours off to a flying start. When you set up your book club, the first thing is to get members for your club. They could be friends, family, or those you know through various activities, but they should all love to read. A small group of seven to ten people is usually an ideal size for a book club. Too many make Task 2: 信息转换Transforming Once you have a group, agree on how often you want to meet—usually clubs meet monthly. Pick a date and stick with it. That way, members can easily plan for it. Send out emails a week before the meeting to give people a written reminder. Set meeting time length. An hour is a good start. Two hours usually does the trick.(2016中考）
19-20高考英语总复习之任务型阅读导学案设计(无答案)
高三专题复习：高考任务型阅读解题策略 【导语】 1. 特色：语篇分析，语言综合运用(单拼，句转，语篇---表格) 2. 能力：获取信息access information 加工处理信息process information 综合概括信息summarize information 3. 忠告：不要放弃，学会珍惜。 【知识梳理】 一、考查形式(见课件) 1. 图表的样式(表格状；树状) 2. 图表框架的设定规律(段落大意提纲；每段的细节提炼；篇章的主题) 3. 图表框架与原文语篇的关系 (1) 图表框架布局和原文语篇段落按序对应且句式基本一致 (2) 图表框架对原文语篇段落重新布局但句式基本一致 (3) 图表和原文主题一致，但布局和句式都不一致 4. 图表设空的原则 (1) 兼顾三层次的能力考查 获取信息access information 原文词copy 加工处理信息process information 转化词change 综合概括信息summarize information 提炼词create/conclude (2) 兼顾词性、词形、搭配、句式等的语法考查 二、解题的步骤和策略 1. 先表后文– 略读
(1) 浏览表格和句子，分析表格框架并预测文章大意。（2019江苏高考） (2) 积累总结一些常见的提纲归纳性词汇并注意其区别和搭配。（见课件）2. 由表及文– 查读 (1) 根据表格框架，对照文章语篇。 (2) 带着表格句子，定位信息出处。
(3) 分析表格设空，研究词性搭配。 (4) 反复对比表文，保证逻辑一致。 The Cost of Thinking(2019江苏高考) Despite their many differences, all human beings share several defining characteristics. such as large brains and the ability to walk upright on two legs. The first unique human characteristic is that humans have extraordinarily large brains compared with other animals. It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains. Mammals（哺乳动物）weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm2. Modern man has a brain averaging 1200-1400 cm2. We are so fond of our high intelligence that we assume that when it comes to brain power, more must be better. Unfortunately, that is not the case. The fact is that a huge brain is a huge drain—consumption of energy—on the body. I's not easy to carry around, especially when boxed inside a massive skull（倾骨）. It's even harder to provides energy. In modern man, the brain accounts for about 2-3%of total body weight but it consumes 25% of the body's energy when the body is at rest. By comparison, the brains of apes(类人猿）require only 8%of rest-time energy. Early humans pad for their large brains in two ways. Firstly, they spent more time in search food. Secondly, their muscles grew smaller and weaker. It's hardly an obvious conclusion that this is a good way to survive. A chimpanzee(黑猩猩) can't win an argument with a modern man, but it can tear the man apart like a rag doll. Another unique human characteristic is that we walk upright. Standing up, it's easier to find food or enemies. In addition, their arms that are unnecessary for moving around are freed for other purposes, like throwing stones or signaling. As a result, humans can perform very complex tasks with their hands. Yet walking upright has its disadvantage. The bone structure of our ancestors developed for millions of years to support a creature that walked on all fours and has a relatively small head. Adjusting to an upright position was quite a challenge, especially when the bones had to support an extra-large skull. Humankind paid for its broad vision and skillful hands backaches and painful necks. We assume that a large brain makes huge advantages. It seems obvious that these have made humankind the most powerful animal on earth. But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during which they remained weak and marginal creature. Thus humans who lived a million years ago, despite their big brains and sharp stone tools, lived in constant fear of meat-eating animals.
2020高考英语 考前30天之备战 专题四 任务型阅读 第二节 任务型阅读基本功训练学案
专题四任务型阅读 第二节任务型阅读基本功训练 一、用括号中所给词的适当形式填空 1. A ban on the importation of drugs has been issued (recent). 2. The economic sanctions could not prevent the (develop) of that country. 3. An anonymous businesswoman (donation) one million dollars to the charity. 4. Alan is someone who always needs the (approve) of other people. 5. These old people are unaccustomed to the (press) of modern life. 6. The government’s actions had no (affect) on the trade imbalance. 7. The new policy was announced (official) this morning. 8. A lot of children at the school do not live in the town, but come from the (surround) countryside. 9. She's been feeling very (stress) since she started her new job. 10. (unfortunate) the restaurant he recommended fell far short of our expectations. 11. You would expect that there would be strong (disagree) about this. 12. What do you think were some of the more (persuade) arguments on the other side? 13. The main (functional) of the merchant banks is to raise capital for industry. 14. She sat up late that night to write a detailed account of the (forget) moment.
任务型阅读基础复习学案4
（共5小题；每小题2分，满分10分） 根据短文内荇，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中奋两项为多余选项。 Kids with special needs refer to any kid who might need extra help because of a medical, emotional, or learning problem. For example, kids who can not walk need wheelchairs. They not only need equipment that helps them get around, but they might need to have ramps (坡道) or elevators available. ____71____ Kids with an illness would have special needs, too. ____72____ Kids with sight problems might need Braille books to read. Kids with hearing problems might need hearing aids. ____73____ It might be harder to do normal things—like learning to read or just getting around the school. The good news is that parents, doctors, nurses, teachers, and others can help. The goal is to help kids be as independent as possible. Other kids also can be a big help. How? By being a friend. Kids who use a wheelchair or have lots of health problems want friends just as you do. But meeting people and making friends can be difficult. ____74____ Be sure to tell a teacher if you see someone being bullied (欺辱）or teased. ____75____ Being friendly to kids with special needs is one of the best ways to be helpful. As you get to know them, they may help you
高考英语 考前30天之备战 专题四 任务型阅读 第一节 任务型阅读解题方法突破 能力摸底学案
高考英语考前30天之备战专题四任务型阅读第一节任务型阅读解题方法突破能力摸底学案 第一节任务型阅读解题方法突破 （2011·江苏卷） When Should a Leader Apologize and When Not? Why Difficult? When we wrong someone we know, even not intentionally, we are generally expected to apologize so as to improve the situation. But when we re acting as leaders, the circumstances are different. The act of apology is carried out not merely at the level of the individual but also at the level of the institution. It is a performance in which every expression matters and every word becomes part of the public record. Refusing to apologize can be smart, or it can be stupid. So, readiness to apologize can be seen as a sign of strong character or as a sign of weakness. A successful apology can turn hate into personal and organizational harmony—while an apology that is too little, too late, or too obviously strategic can bring on individual and institutional ruin. What, then, is to be done? How can leaders decide if and when to apologize publicly? Why Now? The question of whether leaders should apologize publicly has never been more urgent. During the last decade or so, the United States in particular has developed an apology culture—apologies of all kinds and for all sorts of wrongdoings are made far more frequently than before. More newspaper writers have written about the growing importance of public apologies. More articles, cartoons, advice columns, and radio and television programs have similarly dealt with the subject of private apologies. Why Bother? Why do we apologize? Why do we ever put ourselves in situations likely to be difficult, embarrassing, and even risky? Leaders who apologize publicly could be an easy target. They are expected to appear strong and capable. And whenever they make public statements of any kind, their individual and institutional reputations are in danger. Clearly, then, leaders should not apologize often or lightly. For a leader to express apology, there needs to be a good, strong reason. Leaders will publicly apologize if and when they think the costs of doing so are lower than the costs of not doing so. Why Refuse? Why is it that leaders so often refuse to apologize, even when a public apology seems to be in order? Their reasons can be individual or institutional. Because leaders are public figures, their apologies are likely to be personally uncomfortable and even professionally risky. Leaders may also be afraid that the admission of a mistake will damage or destroy the organization for which they are responsible. There can be good reasons for hanging tough in tough situations, as we shall see, but it is a high risk strategy.
2020中考英语任务型阅读学案
2020中考英语专题复习：任务型阅读 【学习目标】 To learn the skills and methods of doing a task-based reading. 【课前预习】 (独立完成下面的阅读理解，在文中标记圈划出信息点) Thirty years in the future What's going to happen in the future? Will robots control our planet? Will computers become smarter than us? Not likely. But here are some things that scientists say are most likely to happen in 10 to 30 years from now, according to the BBC. Digital money We used to pay with cash for everything we bought. Now when we use a credit card to shop online, money is spent without us seeing it. That means we are already using digital money. Using a card is much easier than searching our pockets for change. It is also safer than carrying a lot of cash. When ATM cards were first introduced, they were not accepted everywhere. But now it's hard to live without them. It's reported that people in Sweden completely stopped using cash last year, and the US might be next. Bionic (仿生的) eye It's no longer something only in a science fiction movie. People who are blind may have a chance to get their sight back —by wearing bionic eyes. A blind eye can no longer sense light, but a bionic eye can use a camera to "see" the environment and send data (数据) to the mind. Now the bionic eye only allows patients to see lights and unclear shapes. A high resolution (高清的) image could be just a few years away. Self-driving cars Unlike a human driver, a self-driving car won't get distracted (分神) by a phone call, the radio or something outside the window. Sensors (探测器) and cameras on the car would allow it to stick strictly to the rules of the road and keep a safe distance from other cars. This would greatly reduce the number of road accidents. You could even take a nap while the car drives itself. In the future, driverless cars would be widely accepted.