外文翻译初稿
外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿1. IntroductionOver the past two decades, organizations of all types have increasingly acknowledged the importance of customer satisfaction and loyalty. The marketing literature suggests that the long term success of a firm is clearly based on its ability to rapidly respond to changing customer needs and preferences (Narver &Slater, 1990; Webster, 1992). A key motivation for the increasing emphasis on customer satisfaction is that higher customer satisfaction can lead to have a stronger competitive position resulting in higher market share and profitability (Fornell, 1992), reduced price elasticity, lower business cost, reduced failure cost, and mitigated cost of attracting new customers (Chien, Chang, & Su, 2003).The principal focus of this study is on evaluating the efficiency of customer satisfaction and loyalty (CS&L) for existing mobile phone brands in Turkish mobile phone sector. Since the early1990s, with the launch of the mobile phones, there has been a remarkable development both in their product sophistication and their rapid and widespread adoption. With more than three billion subscribers around the world, the extent of mobile phone diffusion in emerging markets has been increasingly larger than that in developed countries (Kalba, 2008). Turkey, being one of the fastest emerging market economies in the world, adopted mobile phone technology in 1994. Since then, there has been a considerable increase in the level of mobile phone ownership, where the number of mobile phone users in the country is expected to reach around70 million by the end of 2013, representing a penetration rate of over 90% (RNCOS, 2010). The significant rise in mobile phone usage can partially be attributed to the fact that Turkey has the youngest population in Western Europe. Turkey currently has the 6th largest young mobile phone user base in the world, with more than 11million subscribers underthe age of 25, providing a very lucrative market for mobile phone companies (Euro monitor International,2010). It should however be noted that the penetration in this market at present is still below the EU average, indicating that the mobile phone sector is not saturated yet, and there is still space for new investors. Currently, there exist nearly more than 10 major mobile phone companies operating in the Turkish mobile phone sector, each having a relatively large product line. As of 2010, the top five mobile phone brands were Nokia, Samsung, LG, Motorola and Sony Ericsson and together they account for nearly 75% of overall market sales. As a new comer, phone is rapidly increasing its market share, but as of the start of this study, did not have a significantly large presence. In terms of market share, Nokia has been undisputedly the market leader (36.4% of sales) with Samsung featuring second (19.5%) and LG ranking third (10.1%) (Patron Turk,2010).Commensurate to its widespread diffusion globally, there has been a growing worldwide academic interest in mobile phone usage which focuses mainly on examining its contribution to social life, user preferences and its ergonomic features (Bag chi, Kirs, & Lopez, 2008). A number of empirical studies were also conducted within the context of Turkish mobile phone sector. The topics of these studies ranged from examining motivation of use (Dedeoglu,2004; Oscan & Kodak, 2003) to mobile phone selection (Isiklar &Buyukozkan, 2007), from customer satisfaction (Turkyilmaz &Ozkan, 2007) to brand loyalty (Simsek & Noyan, 2009).The methodology used in study to evaluate the relative CS&Lefficiency of mobile phone brands is based on data envelopment analysis (DEA). The traditional DEA technique has long been utilized as an invaluable tool in the field of operations research and management science to solve problems in wide range of industries(Hu, Lai, & Huang, 2009; Lee, 2009; Lin, Lee, & Chiu, 2009) as well as in not-for-profit organizations (Mahajan, 1991; Wu, Liang, &Chen, 2009; Zhang, Huang, Lin, & Yu, 2009); but its diffusion into the field of marketing and related disciplines has been relatively slow. For instance, in the marketing field, DEA has recently been employed as a powerful tool for data analysis in measuring efficiency in retailing sector (Charnes, Cooper, Learner, & Phillips,1985; Donthu & Yoo, 1998; Keh, 2000; Keh & Chu, 2003; Thomas,Barr, Cron, &Slocum, 1998), evaluating website marketing efficiency(Shuai & Wu, 2011), benchmarking marketing productivity(Donthu, Hershberger, & Osmonbekov, 2005; Kamakura, Ratchford,& Agrawal, 1988), and measuring relative market efficiency(Murthi, Srinivasan, & Kalyanaram, 1996) or service quality(Athanassopoulos, 1997; Soteriou & Staurinides, 1997). The assessment of CS&L has always been a major research item on the agenda of researchers in the marketing and related fields, because the issue of how efficiently a firm manages its marketing processes and their relationship with their customers is central to its ability to gain competitive edge vis-à-vis its rivals. The DEA approach adopted in this study illustrates how differences in CS&L efficiency between various mobile phone brands can be ascertained empirically, and thus helps management determine proper policies and courses of action.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. Section 2 reviews the recent literature on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty studies. Section 3 provides an in-depth description of our research methodology. Section 4 presents the results of our analysis. The last section (Section 5) summarizes our findings, describes managerial implications of the study and provides the concluding remarks.2. Background literatureWhile customer satisfaction has been defined in various ways, the high-level conceptualization that appears to have gained the widest acceptance states that satisfaction is a customer’s post purchase evaluation of a product or service (Cronin & Taylor,1992; Westbrook & Oliver, 1991). Customer satisfaction is also generally assumed to be a significant determinant of repeat sales, positive word-of-mouth, and customer loyalty. It has also long been considered as one of the key antecedents of creating brand loyalty (Cronin, Brady, & Hult, 2000; Dick & Basu, 1994; Fornell,Michael, Eugene, Jaesung, & Barbara, 1996; Syzmanski & Henard,2001). Satisfied customers return and buy more, and they tell other people about their experiences, both positive and negative (Fornellet al., 1996).Building on Hirschman’s (1970) exit-voice theory, weakly dissatisfied consumers would be of primary importance to a firm. While strongly dissatisfied consumers generally choose the exit option (i.e., they leave the firm), the weakly dissatisfied customers tendto stay loyal to the firm and rather employ the voice option, which implies overt complaints as an attempt to change the firm’practices or offerings (Fornell &Wernerfelt, 1988). Thereby, proper handling of customer complaints may ensure that weakly dissatisfied consumers remain loyal, and serve as an exit barrier (Fornell,1992; Halstead & Page, 1992). The impact of loyal customers is considerable; for many industries the profitability of a firm increases proportionally with the number of loyal customers and up to 60% of sales to new customers can be attributed to the word of mouth referrals (Reichheld & Sasser, 1990).Within the existing literature on customer satisfaction research, various customer satisfaction models were developed based on a cumulative view of satisfaction. To this end, a number of customer satisfaction indices (CSIs) were designed with most prominent of those being Swedish Customer Satisfaction Barometer (SCSB), the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) and European Customer Satisfaction Index (ECSI). Of these CSIs, we employed the ECSI model as the backbone of our CS&L efficiency model in this study due to its recent popularity in the literature and its comprehensiveness in CS&L coverage. The ECSI is a structural model based on the assumptions that customer satisfaction is derived by a number of factors such as perceived quality, perceived value, expectations of customers, and image of a firm. These factors are the antecedents of overall customer satisfaction (Turkyilmaz &Ozkan, 2007). The model also estimates the results when a customer is satisfied or not. The four antecedents of customer satisfaction may also have direct effects on customer loyalty(Johnson, Gustafson, Andreessen, Lervik, & Cha, 2001). Each construct in the ECSI model is a latent construct which is operational zed by multiple indicators (Chien et al., 2003; Fornell,1992). The underlying constructs of the ECSI model are explained as follows:The image construct evaluates the underlying image of the company. Image refers to the brand name and the kind of associations customers obtain from the product/company (Andreassen &Lindestad, 1998). Martensen, Kristiansen, and Rosholt (2000)argue that image is an important dimension of the customer satisfaction model. Image is a consequence of being reliable,professional and innovative, having contributions to society, and adding prestige to its user. It is anticipated that image has a positive effecton customer satisfaction, customer expectations and customer loyalty.Customer expectations are the consequences of prior experience with the company’s products (Rotondaro, 2002). This construct evaluates customer expectations for overall quality, for product and service quality, and for fulfillment of personal needs. The customer expectations construct is expected to have a direct and positive relationship with customer satisfaction (Anderson, Fornell, &Lehmann, 1994).Perceived quality is evaluation of recent consumption experience by the market served. This construct evaluates customization and reliability of a given product or service. Customization is the degree to which a product or service meets a customer’s requirements, and reliability is the degree to which firm’s offering is reliable, standardized, and free from deficiencies. Perceived quality is expected to have a positive effect on customer satisfaction (Fornellet al., 1996).Perceived value is the perceived level of product quality relative to the price paid by customers. Perceived value is the rating of the price paid for the quality perceived and a rating of the quality perceived for the price paid (Fornell et al., 1996). Perceived value structure provides an opportunity for comparison of the firms according their price-value ratio (Anderson et al., 1994). In the model, perceived value is expected to have a positive impact on satisfaction.Customer satisfaction construct indicates how much customers are satisfied, and how well their expectations are fulfilled. This construct evaluates overall satisfaction level of customers, fulfillment of their expectations, and company’s performance versus the ideal provider．Customer loyalty is the ultimate factor in the ECSI model. Loyalty is measured by repurchase intention, price tolerance and intention to recommend products or services to others. It is expected that better image and higher customer satisfaction should increase customer loyalty.3. MethodologyThis section presents the research methodology adopted in this study. The following subsections explain the survey instrument, the data collection procedure, and the DEA model.3.1. Survey instrumentThe DEA model of CS&L, which is shown in Fig. 1, consists of the aforementioned constructs which are based on previous research and prominent theories in the field of consumer behavior. The constructs of the CS&L model are unobservable (latent) variables indirectly described by a set of observable variables which are called manifest variables or indicators. The constructs and their constituent items are shown in Table 1. The use of multiple measures for each construct increases the precision of the estimate as compared to an approach of relying on a single measure. In our CS&L efficiency model, all four antecedents of customer satisfaction and loyalty which include image, customer expectations, perceived quality and perceived value were treated as input variables, while the two constructs, namely customer satisfaction and customer loyalty were considered as output variables.The survey questionnaire was designed using a three-step process. First, the consumer behavior literature was extensively reviewed for the manifest variables. Secondly, the questionnaire items were prepared in Turkish and refined through a series of discussions with two senior marketing managers of a prominent mobile phone company and a number of experienced academics in the field of consumer behavior. Finally, the survey questionnaire was subjected to extensive pre-testing and refinement based on a pilot study of 30 mobile phone users. Feedback from this pilot study indicated that some questions were ambiguous, difficult to understand,or irrelevant for mobile phone sector. This pilot study also served as a practical exercise for interviewers. The final questionnaire contained a total of 23 items pertaining to the CS&L. These23 items appeared to have face validity as to what should be measured. All the items were measured on 10-point scales, with anchors ranging from 1 denoting a very negative view and 10indicating a very positive view. Relying on 10-point scales enables customers to make better discriminations (Andrews, 1984).译文1．介绍在过去的二十年中，所有类型的组织都越来越多地承认了客户满意度和忠诚度的重要性。
外文文献翻译稿
Over recent years the international community has gained a new understanding of China’s reform and opening-up experience. A new concept has become popular among political figures and decision makers around the world. This concept is called the “China model.” The following essay asks and attempts to answer the question: Does China’s experience differ so significantly from other countries’ that its financial reform can also be incorporated into the so-called “China model”?As alluded to by Allen et al. (2005), if based solely on the mainstream development literature on law, institutions, finance and economic growth, China’s three-decade financial reform is likely to be a special “counterexample”in the history of world economic development. How, has an “emerging transitional”economy like China evolved its financial system, step by step, into its present state? Does a “China model”of financial system reform exist as distinct from other transitional countries such as Russia and Eastern European countries? If the answer is yes, why did China adopt such a special model of financial system reform, one not emulated by other countries? This article attempts to answer these questions by making a comparative analysis of different financial systems based on the history and reality of financial reform by transitional countries, including China.I. The financial system reform of transitional countries: A brief reviewIn a “classical”socialist economy, not only is the degree of economic monetization relatively low but “financial repression”is extremely pronounced as well (McKinnon, 1973; Shaw, 1973). The financial reform of a transitional country is in essence a process of eliminating “financial repression”and achieving financial development. In practice, there are many resemblances among transitional countriesin their financial system reform:First of all, the financial reform of transitional countries is a typical financial development process as far as scale is concerned in practice, the ratio of bank assets to GDP rose nearly 30% on average during 1995-2004 in the transitional countries of mid-Eastern Europe, while the ratio of equity market capitalization to GDP also climbed nearly 30% during the same period even though the overall equity market size of these countries is not large compared with that of banks.Secondly, at the beginning of reform, each Eastern European country and China chose the bank-led financial system as their target model, and when the “unified”system broke down, each country set up a central bank and multiple commercial banks. As a result, the banking system of transitional economies (except China) was restructured within a short period of time according to Western target models. A comparison of the bank loan scale/GDP ratio and the equity market capitalization/GDP ratio shows that the banking system almost controlled the funds flow of the entire society and exerted a very positive influence on economic development and stability.Additionally, in spite of the noticeable difference in their stock market development paths and starting points, each transitional country has since 1991 undergone a similar stock market development process of starting from scratch and growing to a sizablescale along with the furtherance of reform.Thirdly, the financial system reform of transitional countries is a process of financial liberalization. In the past two decades, the impact of the command and control thinking of planned economies has been weakened in transitional countries along with the deepening of reform. Under the enormous pressure from the external environment (particularly financial globalization), each transitional country has gradually taken a plethora of market-based financial liberalization measures, for example, reducing or eliminating restrictions on the scope of cross-border activity of financial institutions; relaxing or lifting interest rates and foreign exchange controls; and privatizingstate-owned banks.Fourthly, the financial system reform of transitional countries is a process of financial globalization or integration. The huge international capital inflow since 1995 has become one of the key drivers underpinning the financial development of each transitional economy. Along with the huge international capital inflow, transitional economies have been increasingly intertwined with the world economy, and foreign economic entities (such as foreign banks and enterprises) have played an increasingly important role in transitional economies.As a result, financial operating rules (especially financial regulation structures) and financial market participating entities have attained a relatively high level of internationalization (Lane et al, 2007).II. Is the China model special? A comparative analysis based on the financial transition practices of transitional countriesThere are numerous similarities among transitional countries in their financial system reforms. Yet from the perspective of target, motivation, path, sequential selection and strategic arrangement, we find significant discrepancies between China and other transitional countries such as Russia and mid-Eastern European countries. The most notable difference is China’s eschewing of “shock therapy”in favor of gradual transition (see Table 1).(I)The target of financial system reformUnder the guidance of Western economists, the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries proceeded from the outset with marketoriented economic and financial reform, with a focus on lifting price control, adopting floating exchange rates, advancing property privatization and pursuing decision-making diversification in economic and financial operations. By contrast, the Chinese government had no objective or roadmap at the outset of financial system reform. Instead, China set its market-oriented objective of financial system reform through continuous adjustments, stage by stage, along with the furtherance of reform and the change in the internal and external environments (see Table 2).(II)The forces driving financial system reformWith regard to system evolution, the special institutional starting point and economic background dictate that the financial system reform of each transitional economy starts with top-down institutional evolution led by government. In other words,political force becomes an important factor triggering and advancing financial system reform. The problem, however, is that once the wheels were set in motion, the role of government in financial system reform began to vary from country to country due to their different resource control capability under different political systems. At one extreme was China, which retained strong government control throughout the course of reform. In times of swift financial revenue decline, China was still capable of overcoming tax code limitations and pooling from diverse private sectors the ballooning savings, due to monetization through the state-owned banking system. As a result, the state still maintained price control over state-owned enterprises under traditional soft budgets and offered them strong financial support whenever necessary. At the other extreme were Russia and numerous other countries where state control over the economy and state-owned enterprises was severely weakeneddue to the drastic decline of the ruling (communist) party. In consequence, the governments were incapable of continuing to lead economic reform as they further weakened. Such a paradigm shift in government and market power gave rise to a signifi cant change in the sources of power for financial reform in China and other transitional economies. In China, reliable sovereign creditability relieved holders of state-owned bank savings certificates of any risk concerns. By offering appropriate interest rate policy incentives, the government maintained leadership over the financial transformation process. By contrast, the market force (from private financial innovation, including the force of innovation released from opening to the outside world) remained an auxiliary role in China. For other countries like Russia, however, government lacked sufficient resources for financial reform, and the extent of mutual infiltration between the banking industry and real economy was significantly elevated after lifting price controls in 1992. The state tax revenue capability was further weakened and the fiscal deficits ballooned along with the quickened pace of commercial bank privatization and opening further to the outside world. At that time, financial industry groups emerged to dominate domestic currency and credit operation and as a result the financial reform gradually broke away from government control and advanced along a highly market-oriented roadmap. In addition, as far as some Eastern European countries were concerned, an important driving force of financial reform (particularly for financial market development) came from the eastern expansion and integration of the EU.(III) The path and sequence selection of financial system reform1. Path selection(1) ChinaThe financial system reform path in China has distinctive “Chinese characteristics”: First, unlike reform in other economic sectors ,China’s financial sector reform began from within the system. In the event of meeting intra-system reform resistance, China attempted to form a unique “dual track system”through external system innovation. Secondly, the reform extended from piloting to spreading. Under the guideline of “feeling the stones to cross the river,”the Chinese government pushed forward national financial reform through foolproof measures of “piloting-success-spreading”or “piloting failure-cancellation.”Thirdly, China chose first to carry out price mechanism reform centered on interest rate and exchange rate deregulation before conducting ownership reform aimed at creating market entities.Fourthly, China followed the roadmap of innovation standardization institutionalization. A significant part of institutional innovation in China’s financial and economic sectors stemmed from the spontaneous institutional innovation in private sectors to boost social welfare or evade control. Once such innovations produced tangible results and proved to benefit financial system reform, they would be promptly recognized and regulated by government. Meanwhile, relevant statutes or laws were enacted to legalize such institutional innovations as soon as possible.(2) Russia and mid-Eastern European countriesAs referenced earlier, China adopted an incremental approach in financial system reform. Due to their different domestic political and economic environments, however, most transitional economies, represented by Russia, pursued a rather different path of “stock reform”in financial system reform. For Russia and Eastern European countries, “stock reform”implies the absence of any dual-track system and the irrelevance of “piloting”and “spreading”concepts. Taking Russia as an example, at the outset of reform it carried out bank ownership reform and broke up itsstate-owned bank monopoly. Meanwhile, it enhanced securities market development by way of large-scale privatization. Within a short period of time, it broke the yoke of the erstwhile regime and swiftly set up a single track, market-oriented financial operation system.2. Sequence selection(1) ChinaTo minimize reform costs wherever practical and pursue reform on an ongoing basis, China unfolded financial system reform by proceeding from ease to difficulty and moving from low-cost areas to high-cost areas:a: Financial system design conception. China pushed forward financial system reform under the sequence of carrying out financial institution reform before advancing financial market reform under the premise of“maintaining the leadership position of (state-owned) financial institution ns.”b: The sequence of financial institution reform. China embarked on a trajectory offirst setting up a diversified institutional system with the coexistence of banking and non-banking institutions, then configuring the division of work for different financial institutions under the line-by-line business segmentation framework, and ultimately reshaping market competition entities as of today.c: Financial marketplace. China underwent an incremental reform development process of proceeding from piloting to legislation, from dispersion (partition) to centralization, from disorder into standardization, from command and control to market orientation, and from reclusiveness into internationalization.d: The financial regulatory structure reform. As a result of financial landscape alteration and internal and external economic environment change, China also shifted its focus of financial oversight while drastically changing its regulatory structure from the monolithic regime of the People’s Bank of China in “leading and managingnational financial operations”at the inception of reform into the present landscape where banking, brokerage and insurance industries are regulated by three separate regulatory commissions under the stewardship of the People’s Bank of China.In particular, the People’s Bank of China has both changed its statutory functions and drastically restructured its institutional setup.e: The sequence of financial liberalization. The Chinese government adopted piecemeal advancement measures particularly with interest rate and exchange rate marketization and financial market opening (capital flow liberalization) while ensuring control and mitigating risk exposure.(2) Russia and Eastern European countriesRussia and Eastern European countries pursued “explosive”economic liberalization. This began with Poland in January 1990 when price controls were lifted and centrally-planned investment allocation suddenly stopped to allow freer trade with hard currency countries. Due to drastic output decline and runaway inflation at the outset of reform, these countries faced a different economic environment (compared with China) when financial reform was initiated. In such a situation, due more to political needs than to economic design, Western economists represented by Jeff rey D. Sachs still insisted on requesting these countries to lift price controls, adopt floating exchange rates, advance property privatization and pursue decision-making diversification before establishing fiscal and financial control for the national economy. It was exactly under such a reform guideline that Russia and Eastern European countries chose not to consider the sequential selection of reform when making reform design for different financial systems and different areas. In other words, it appears that reform architects believed they could help such countries do overnight what Western countries did over centuries (Bush, 1995, 1996).(IV) Strategic arrangement advanced through financial system reform1. ChinaTo ensure the stability and continuity of financial system reform, the Chinese government adopted the strategy of “spreading from point to area, making key breakthroughs and following them through.”This strategy garnered remarkable achievements over the past 30 years. Generally speaking, China’s financial system reform process since 1978 (when the reform and opening-up drive was initiated) can be divided into five stages:Stage 1 (1979-1984): Establishing a “dual-level banking system”and diversifying financial institutions at the primary level. At this stage, China tore down the “unified system”under its planned economy by way of institutional division and addition and established a “dual-level banking system”of state-owned banks led by the People’s Bank of China.Stage 2 (1984-1991): Financial institution diversification and marketization, and nitially realizing the co-existence of institutions and markets. At the early stage (1984-1988), the focus of financial reform was to accelerate bank incorporation through the creation and cross-operation of non-state-owned banks while expanding banking institutions; at the later stage (1988-1991), China strengthened regulation and reorganization of non-bank financial institutions (particularly trust companies),boosting state control over credit fund direction and flow control, taking stability measures and curbing inflation. As a result, the pace of market-oriented institutional reform was slowed for the time being.Stage 3 (1992-1997): Acceleration of the commercialization of state-owned banks and improvement of their position in the financial market and economy via a legislative framework. The most important result of reform at this stage was the preliminary formation of a legal framework for China’s market-oriented financial system. In 1995, The Law of the People’s Bank of China and The Commercial Bank Law were enacted to codify the regulatory concept of financial institution positioning and “operation and regulation by industry.”Stage 4 (1997-2002): Financial risk control and financial crisis prevention. Due to the ongoing effects of the Southeast Asian financial crisis during 1998-1999, the Chinese government paid unprecedented attention to the issue of financial security (particularly bank system security). During 1997-2001, the Chinese government was increasingly concerned with price bubbles and hidden risks as stock prices continued to surge. Therefore, regulating market investor behavior, enhancing market transparency and preventing market risks became the top priorities of financial market reform at that time. The Securities Law was enacted and implemented at this stage to lay an institutional foundation for legitimizing and regulating Chinese capital markets. Stage 5 (2002 onwards): Restructuring of financial institution ownership and reform of capital market equity allocation. At this stage, state-owned banks were restructured by “restructuring balance sheets, introducing strategic investors and going public.”As a result of equity allocation reform in 2005, China’s capital market underwent a fundamental institutional change as well.2. Russia and Eastern European countriesAs for Russia and other transition economies in Eastern Europe, explosive stock reform and scant state control cost governments their leading role in reform after institutional change was set in motion. With the internal force from the domestic marketplace and the external pressure from the outside world, the process of financial system reform as a whole was typical of pronounced exogeneity. At the early stage, such countries did not have any well-defined reform strategy; after the Southeast Asian financial crisis broke out in 1997, the IMF assistance plan based on “fiscal and monetary austerity policies aimed at curbing budget deficit and inflation”became the core part of Russia’s financial reform strategy. Other Eastern European countries such as Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic were not severely affected by the Southeast Asian financial crisis. In the early 1990s, however, they were not immune to the “acute pain”of multiple banking system reform crises (Caprio and Klingebiel, 1995). Amid the quickened pace of “the eastern expansion of the EU”and due to their avid thirst for joining the EU, these countries made every endeavor to meet the requirements for joining the EU in order to get out of quagmires. In the privatizationled and market-oriented banking system reform, such countries also had to subjugate their financial reform strategy and implementation to various EU treaties. In consequence, their financial reform was also characterized by pronounced exogeneity and explosive speed.近年来，国际社会有了新的认识中国改革开放的经验。
外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿The water level control circuit designWater source total ranks sixth in the world, per capita water resources is only a quarter of the world per capita consumption, and geographical distribution is very uneven, the vast region north of the Yangtze River, northin most parts of the medium-sized cities in the dry state, water shortage has become an important factor restricting China's economic development. Reasonable use of water resources has become an important issue for China is now facing. In order to achieve the rational use of water resources, in addition to in beefing water conservancy projects and enhance the people's awareness of water conservation efforts to improve. But more important is the application of new technical information, real-time to accurately understand and master a variety of hydrological information in order to make the right water scheduling and management, so that preventive measures to minimize water wastage . Coupled with long-standing water level measurement of water level has been an important issue in hydrology, water resources department. For the timely detection of the signs of the accident, precautionary measures in the future, economical and practical, reliable water level wireless monitoring systems will play a major role. The water level of dam safety, one of the important parameters for water drainage and irrigation scheduling, water storage, flood discharge.Provides a good foundation for the automation of monitoring, transmission and processing of the water level reservoir modernization. Need to monitor the water level in many areas of industrial and agricultural production. The site may not be able to close without the manpower to monitor, we can RMON, sitting in the control room facing the instrument can be monitored on-site, convenient and save manpower. In order to ensure the safe production of hydroelectric power station to improve power generation efficiency,Hydropower production process need to monitor the water level in the reservoir, trash rack, pressure drop and the tail water level. However, due to the different power plants with a different factual situations, have different technical requirements, and the measurement methods and location of the water level parameters and also the requirements of the monitoring equipment. This often results in the monitoring system equipment of a high degree of variety, interchangeability is not conducive to the maintenance of equipment will increase the equipment design, production, installation complexity. Therefore, on the basis of the actual situation and characteristics of the comprehensive study of hydropower water level monitoring, the use of modern electronic technology, especially single-chip technology and non-volatile memory technology, designed to develop a versatile, high reliability, easy maintenance, the applicable a variety of monitoring the environment, multi-mode automatic water level monitoring system has important practical significance. The subject according to the reservoir water level measurement needs, design a remote microcontroller water level monitoring system, the system automatically detects the water level, time processing, Data GPRS remote upload function. The design of the monitoring system will be significant savings in manpower and resources, low-power 24 hours of continuous monitoring and upload real-time control reservoir water level, to better adapt to the needs of the modern water level measurement, the safety of the dam reservoir, impoundment spillway to provide a basis.Microcontroller embedded microcontrollers are widely used in industrial measurement and control systems, intelligent instruments and household appliances. In real-time detection and automatic control of microcomputer application system, the microcontroller is often as a core component to use. The basic requirements of the water tower water level control system in the case of unattended automatic limit automatically start the motor to reach the water level in the water level in the water tower to the water tower water supply; water tower water level reached the water level upper limit is automatically off the motor to stop water supply. And unusual time to sound the alarm and troubleshooting in the water supply system at any time to ensure that the towers of the external normal water supply role. The water tower is often seen in daily life and industrial applications, water storage devices, external water supply through the control of its water level to meet the needs of its waterlevel control is universal. Regardless of socio-economic rapid water plays an important role in people's normal life and production. Once off the water, ranging from great inconvenience to the people's living standards, weight is likely to cause serious accidents and losses, and thus a higher demand of water supply system to meet the timely, accurate, safe and adequate water supply. If you still use the artificial way, the labor-intensive, low efficiency, safety is hard to guarantee the transformation of the automated control system, which must be carried out. In order to achieve sufficient amount of water, smooth water pressure, water towers, water level automatic control design low-cost, high practical value of the controller. The design uses a separate circuit to achieve high and low warning level processing, and automatic control, save energy, improve the quality of the water supply system.SCM is an integrated circuit chip, VLSI technology with data processing capability of the central processing unit CPU random access memory RAM, read only memory ROM, and a variety of I / O port and interrupt system, timers / timer other functions (which may also include a display driver circuit, pulse width modulation circuit, analog multi-channel converter, A / D converter and other circuit) integrated into a silicon constitute a small computer system. The basic features are as follows: the chip is small, but complete, SCM is one of the main features. Its internal program memory, data memory, a variety of interface circuit. Large processor speed is higher, the median more of the arithmetic unit, processing ability, but need to be configured in the external interface circuit; microcontroller clocked generally 100MHZ less suitable for small products for independent work, cited pin number from a few hundred. The application is simple, flexible, and free assembly language and C language development of SCM products. The working process of the microcontroller: microcontroller automatically complete the tasks entrusted to it, that is, single-chip implementation of the procedure for a section of the instruction execution process, the so-called directive requirements for single-chip implementation of the various operations used in the form of the command is to write down , which corresponds to a basic operation of designers assigned to it by the instruction set, an instruction; Full instructions can be executed by the microcontroller, the microcontroller instruction set, the different types of single-chip, and its instruction set is also different. So that the microcontroller canautomatically complete a specific task, the problem to be solved must be compiled into a series of instructions (these instructions must be selected microcontroller to the identification and implementation of the Directive), a collection of this series of instructions to become the program, the program need to pre- stored in the components - memory storage capabilities. Memory is composed by a number of storage units (the smallest unit of storage), like a large building has many rooms composed of the same, the instructions stored in these units, the instruction fetch unit and perform like the rooms of large buildings, each assigned to only a room number, each memory cell must be assigned to a unique address number, the address is known as the address of the storage unit, so as long as you know the address of the storage unit, you can find the storage unit that stores instructions can be removed, and then be executed. Programs are usually executed in the order, instruction program is a sequential storage, single-chip in the implementation of the program to be able to a section of these instructions out and be implemented, there must be a component to track the address of instruction where this part the program counter PC (included in the CPU), the start of program execution, endowed the address where the first instruction of the program to the PC, and then made for each command to be executed, the PC in the content will automatically increase, increase The amount is determined by the instruction length of this article may be 2 or 3, to point to the starting address of the next instruction to ensure the implementation of the instruction sequence.Microcontroller tower water level control system is the basic design requirements: inside the tower, we have designed a simple water level detection sensor used to detect the three water level, the low water level, the normal water level, water level. Low water to give a high single-chip, driven pumps and water, the red light; water level in the normal range, the pump add water, the green light; high water when the pump without water, the yellow light. The design process using the sensor technology, microcomputer technology, and light alarm technology and weak control the strong power of technology. Technical parameters and design tasks: 1, the use of the MCU to control the water level on the tower;, the water level in the water level detection sensor probe was the tower to give the microcontroller in order to achieve the water pump and water system and display system control; 3, the light alarm display system circuit, pumps and hydropower route relaycontrol;, analysis is drawn on the working principle of the system structure and a system block diagram using the microcontroller as a control chip, the main work process when the water in the tower low water level, water level detection sensor gave a high microcontroller, microcontroller-driven pump to add water and display system so that the red light lit; pump add water when the water level within the normal range, the green light, when the water level in the high-water mark, The microcontroller can not drive the water pump to add water, the yellow light. Light alarm circuit, the relay control circuit it works: When the water level in the low water, low water level detection sensor line is not +5 V power supply guide pass into the regulator circuit is treated in the output of the voltage regulator circuit has a high level, into the P1.0 port of the microcontroller, another high voltage circuit output of the microcontroller P1.1 port SCM After analysis, the P1.2 port outputs a low red light, drive, P1. 5 out a signal so that the optocoupler GDOUHE guide through so that the relay is closed, so that the water pump to add water; when the water level in the normal range, water pump plus P1.3 pin to a low level, so that the green light; when the water level in the high-water zone, the sensor of the two detection lines are conduction, are +5 power conduction into the SCM, SCM After analysis, the P1.4 pin out of a low yellow light, The optocoupler guide a low out of the P1.5-side can not pass, so that the relay can not be closed, the pump can not add water; failure when three flashing light indicates the system.译文水位控制电路设计中国水之源总量居世界第六位，人均占有水资源量仅为世界人均占有量的四分之一，并且在地域上分布很不平衡，长江以北的广大地区，特别是北方大、中城市大部分地区处于缺水状态，水资源短缺已成为制约我国经济发展的一个重要因素。
毕业设计外文文献翻译(原文+译文)
Environmental problems caused by Istanbul subway excavation and suggestionsfor remediation伊斯坦布尔地铁开挖引起的环境问题及补救建议Ibrahim Ocak Abstract：Many environmental problems caused by subway excavations have inevitably become an important point in city life. These problems can be categorized as transporting and stocking of excavated material, traffic jams, noise, vibrations, piles of dust mud and lack of supplies. Although these problems cause many difficulties,the most pressing for a big city like Istanbul is excava tion,since other listed difficulties result from it. Moreover, these problems are environmentally and regionally restricted to the period over which construction projects are underway and disappear when construction is finished. Currently, in Istanbul, there are nine subway construction projects in operation, covering approximately 73 km in length; over 200 km to be constructed in the near future. The amount of material excavated from ongoing construction projects covers approximately 12 million m3. In this study, problems—primarily, the problem with excavation waste(EW)—caused by subway excavation are analyzed and suggestions for remediation are offered.摘要：许多地铁开挖引起的环境问题不可避免地成为城市生活的重要部分。
英译中初稿
The film and television program packaging analysis at home and abroad The concept of a TV program, packagingTV channel packaging is a column of TV channel, and even the whole image of the television to an external form elements in specification and strengthening. TV packaging is defined as the television programs, columns regulate and strengthen the external form factor, these factors including voice, image, color, and many other factors. Show departments to meet the needs of TV media development rule and the audience ratings, the content and the characteristics of the channel, with distinct form, to overall introduction and publicity of channel, and the content are carefully edited and beautification. Channel package consists of the following parts: identify channel, channel image films, feature films, slogan and personalized music channel, trailers, subtitles, colour and substrate such as recognition elements. TV channel package is the television channel brand logo, the logo as enterprise CIS recognition system, is a design and build a perfect image of the channel. Is to include concept, behavior, and visual channel, standardize the external form factor, is the channel to improve the social reputation, expand the social influence and attract more audience has taken a whole rendering method.Second, the TV column packing element(a)image identificationConcept recognition system based on the positioning of the enterprise concept to convey enterprise tenet, spirit and goals. The recognition system is widely applied to the television column packing, such as CCTV's "inheriting civilization, pioneering and innovative", China central television (CCTV) - 3 "comprehension of art, cheerful heart", hunan satellite TV's "happy China".Through the enterprise behavior recognition system with foreign participation and internal organization, management, education and other activities to show the unique enterprise image. TV program application behavior recognition system, mainly reflected in the host and exit reporter packing, they face the camera every day represents the image of the column, the host the actual social and interpersonal sex with affinity, relates to the communication effect of column.Visual recognition system is one of the most important, TV channel in positioning, concept, purpose, under the domination by sticker, opening to show the image of the column. Both programs, columns, channels have a CI image design, also is the symbol of the most basic, it is an essential factor for a packaging. Symbol in different situations, there are all sorts of change, but the "packaging" constitute the elements of general is relatively stable. Good image logo design, can you'll never forget, that can quickly determine the audience to see what's the show, what channels, what platform, facilitate audience catch suddenly want to see the show, so the image of the logo design for TV packaging is very important. Such as China central television (CCTV) is the identity of the unified China central television (CCTV), and each channel with the serial number is arranged from 1 to 12; Although phoenix satellite TV channels are in the modelling of the basic identity, but information set and movies set in colour and form was deduced; Zhejiang satellite TV in a different color squares Z (" zhejiang ", the first letter is the representative of the qiantang river) as the basic identity, but each channel has its own representative colors, including education technology channel and a children's channel in "Z" word on the basis of the appropriate change, already so keep the channels and the unity of machine, also highlighted the independence of each channel.(b)the colorAccording to the channels, columns, positioning, determine the mass-tone attune of the packaging. Main colors can be monochrome, also may be composite color. As a news comprehensive channel of CCTV, so its mass-tone attune is given priority to with blue, highlight the image of a calm, objective; CNN is basic blue tone; Literariness of channels and columns in the general case is warm color to move, relatively gorgeous colour; Phoenix palace is the mass-tone attune of the gorgeous yellow for yourself; Beijing cable television recently launched channel of life, is a pale blue, yellow gives priority to tone, promoting pure static, fashion, based on the urban young viewers and audiences. So, is one of the basic elements of the TV packaging color design. Its basic requirements should be color coordination, distinctive, engaging, but not dazzling, with channel, column, or the tone of the whole program, can keep consistent with the style and programs, columns, channels or give effective supplement.(c)the voiceSound, including the element such as language, music, sound and sound effects. Sound on the TV packaging plays a very prominent role. In good packaging TV, music and image design, colour collocation organically as a whole, need not see the picture, what the audience can determine what channels and columns. To let you have a friendly feeling, let the audience feel my close friend is calling themselves. To do this, first is to conform to the channel or column in the design of positioning, strive to achieve high quality. Second it is to maintain a relatively long and stable, because time can cultivate the audience, can ultimately shape the image of the brand sound. Good TV channel, music image, but also should pay attention to highlight the characteristics of regional, ethnic, cultural, attention from many years of music essence, pay particular attention to the rhythm of the sound with his own channel programs, the unity of the style and rhythm. Melody as far as possible concise, strive to ear does not forget.Third, column packing problems and solutionsHave to say that in recent years, China's TV channel packaging cause made remarkable achievements, but the aura can cover up the flaws. At present, the domestic many television stations on the channel to the overall image packaging, no long-term planning, the sense that gives a person always happen overnight, "the pursuit of fast - basic is one year one or two change. And target blind television media to the not mature packaging company as a blind cat was caught in a dead mouse. For packaging and packaging, not for the brand packaging, not for the marketing and packaging, nor under the marketing target of packaging, this lack of expected planning and from the practice of marketing target, currently in the domestic television channel packing is very obvious, is also extremely to be solved problem.So in the column packing, should follow the following principles: (1) unified principle: with the unity of the overall image of CI design; Channel in each column, show packing elements in sound, image, color should be relatively uniform; The unity of the whole sets of each channel, a table may have several channels, each channel content have different positioning, but representing the whole image, voice and so on various channels should be unified. Based on the various channels according to their characteristics and positioning to highlight the characteristics of the channel. The Taiwan image than channel image, image channel image is greater than the program. (2) the principle of specification: want to have a relatively scientific and normative design, various aspects should have specific and detailed regulatory requirements; Enforce design specification, all the units must carry out compulsory means and clear requirements; Have the packaging standard formulation and implementation of institutions and the enforcement ofthe department. (3) the gradient principle: everything is not immutable, packing also is such. But this change is a gradual process, and is by no means a mutation. Gradient should be considered: to adopt new technology to make the original packaging form more modern and fashion, but don't change frequently, in do not lose the original design mode based on slightly more modern and more eye-catching deformation; New forms of packaging before use alternately can use the old and new, used to the new fully accepted by the audience recognition, in completely abolish the old. (4) advanced principle: the design concept and advanced technical means, advanced ideas and modern technical equipment, fully tap the computer non-linear editing system of talents, is the basic guarantee to realize a channel package. (5) characteristic principle: highlight their own characteristics, play TeSePai, can stand in many taichung. According to different location, different cultural background and ethnic folk to highlight their own characteristics.国内外影视栏目包装分析专业：数字媒体艺术学号：7033410032 学生姓名：郜孝旭指导老师：李和平一、电视栏目包装的概念电视频道包装是指对电视栏目、频道甚至是电视台的整体形象进行一种外在形式要素的规范和强化。
外文翻译样稿
外文翻译样稿AbstractThis article presents a sample translation of a foreign language text. The translation aims to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original text while maintaining a neat and coherent structure. The article follows a format commonly used for translating foreign language texts and adheres to academic writing style. The translation is provided without the use of any website links or irrelevant information.IntroductionThe following is a translation of a foreign language text titled "Title of the Original Text." The translation aims to faithfully convey the original content and meaning while ensuring a clear and concise presentation. The translation is structured in a manner that is commonly used for translating foreign language texts, adhering to academic writing standards.Translation[Translated text goes here]ConclusionIn conclusion, this article has presented a sample translation of a foreign language text. The translation follows a format commonly used for translating foreign language texts and adheres to academic writing style. The aim of the translation is to accurately convey the content and meaning of the original text while maintaining a neat and coherent structure. The translation does not include any website links or irrelevant information.。
外文文献翻译译稿
外文文献翻译译稿1可用性和期望值来自Willliam S.Green, Patrick W.Jordan.产品的愉悦：超越可用性根据人机工程学会（HFES）的观点，人机工程学着眼于“发现和共享可用于各种系统和设备设计的、关于人的特点的知识”。
人们通常只是把它作为生物力学和人体测量所关注的内容，实际上它是从更广泛的意义上的一种对人（产品用户）的全面和综合的理解。
HFES从二战中有军方从事的系统分析中发展而来。
其中的三种主要研究的是人体测量、复杂信息的解释和管理，以及在部队和装备调配中应用的系统分析。
系统分析在尺度和复杂性方面跨度很大，大的系统分析有类似于诺曼底登陆准备的大型系统规划，小到去理解如何从合理性和规模的角度才最佳的布置和装备人员。
诺曼底登陆是20世纪最复杂的事件之一。
他要求建立一个在战斗开始之前还不确定的庞大的人员和物资的合理分配系统。
在更小的规模上，装备和军事人物的布置意味着如何去组织、训练和安排战士，最大限度的发挥他们的长处。
士兵必须迅速地接受训练，并且能够有效地使用和维护在二战中发展起来的一系列技术装备。
其中，对于飞行员、潜艇人员和坦克驾驶员有神采的限制。
复杂的新装备的开发要求找到最好的税收、密码便医院、破译人员、雷达和声纳操作员、轰炸机驾驶员和机组人员。
在战后，随着公司及其产品在尺度、领域和复杂性方面的增长，很多系统分析人员在商用领域找到了发展机会。
尽管是战后的发展才导致了1957年人机工程协会（HFES）的建立，但人机研究的起源可以追溯到大批量生产方式的成型阶段，是当时提高生产效率的要求。
随着工作方式从手工生产和农业生产中的转移，新的工厂工作的概念逐步发展起来。
福特的流水生产线和泰勒的效率理论开始对生产的规划和教育产生影响。
即使在家庭生活中，妇女们也开始接受了现代家庭管理理论，并运用这些理论来组织和规划家庭。
在20世纪末，一种涵盖面更广的人机工程正在发展之中。
新的人机工程学是为了适应已经被广泛意识到的对用户行为模式更深入的需求而诞生的，它开始应用定型研究方法，并探索人的情感和认知因素。
黎君外文翻译初稿
毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译院系信息科学与技术系专业班级光信息科学与技术0803 班姓名黎君原文出处Integrator’s Guide Diamond TMGEM,G&K Lasers评分指导教师华中科技大学武昌分校20 年月毕业设计/论文外文文献翻译要求：1．外文文献翻译的内容应与毕业设计/论文课题相关。
2．外文文献翻译的字数：非英语专业学生应完成与毕业设计/论文课题内容相关的不少于2000汉字的外文文献翻译任务（其中，汉语言文学专业、艺术类专业不作要求），英语专业学生应完成不少于2000汉字的二外文献翻译任务。
格式按《华中科技大学武昌分校本科毕业设计/论文撰写规范》的要求撰写。
3．外文文献翻译附于开题报告之后：第一部分为译文，第二部分为外文文献原文，译文与原文均需单独编制页码（底端居中）并注明出处。
本附件为封面，封面上不得出现页码。
4．外文文献翻译原文由指导教师指定，同一指导教师指导的学生不得选用相同的外文原文。
宝石激光器设计指南光束传播前言本文并非旨在详尽彻底的讨论光学理论和光线传播理论。
这些相关信息及知识可在光学和激光类课本中悉数获得。
而本文所涉及的基本光学理论都是在为设计一个光束传输系统打下夯实的基础。
1.光束直径典型的连续CO激光光束非常接近高斯光束，即光束的峰值强度在其中心点。
如图213所示，图中展示截取了自理想状态下激光器发射光束的强度的分布。
对于这些光束，光束直径被定义为光束在峰值强度的13.5%处的宽度。
基于对光束的数学描述可以看出，这是光束直径的最好的近似值。
使用的信息是用来挑选激光器发射出的光束必须通过光孔的。
为了能够允许99%的激光光束通过光孔，这个孔径至少要是光束直径的1.5倍。
在实际试验中，这个光孔宽度应该比理论值大几毫米，这样才可使其与通过的光束相匹配。
表格中所提供的激光光束数据是基于特殊工具测量的光束直径。
图13 光束外形2.2M （光束衍射倍率因子）因子真实的激光光束在某种程度上是不同于理想高斯光束在图13中所展示的情况。
外文文献原稿和译文
（空一行）原□□稿（空一行） IntroductionThe "jumping off" point for this paper is Reengineering the Corporation, by Michael Hammer and James Champy . The paper goes on to review the literature on BPR. It explores the principles and assumptions behind reengineering, looks for commonfactors behind its successes or failures, examines case studies, and presents alternatives to "classical" reengineering theory . The paper pays particular attention to the role of information technology in BPR. In conclusion, the paper offers somespecific recommendations regarding reengineering. Old Wine in New BottlesThe concept of reengineering traces its origins back to management theories developedas early as the nineteenth century . The purpose of reengineering is to "make all your processes the best-in-class." Frederick Taylor suggested in the 1880's that managers use process reengineering methods to discover the best processes for performing work, and that these processes be reengineered to optimize productivity. BPR echoes the classical belief that there is one best way to conduct tasks. In Taylor's time, technology did not allow large companies to design processes in across-functional or cross-departmental manner. Specialization was the state-of-theart method to improve efficiency given the technology of the time.（下略）正文内容：新罗马“TimesNewRoman ”字体，小四号字。
外文文献翻译译稿和原文【范本模板】
外文文献翻译译稿1卡尔曼滤波的一个典型实例是从一组有限的，包含噪声的，通过对物体位置的观察序列(可能有偏差）预测出物体的位置的坐标及速度。
在很多工程应用（如雷达、计算机视觉）中都可以找到它的身影。
同时，卡尔曼滤波也是控制理论以及控制系统工程中的一个重要课题。
例如，对于雷达来说，人们感兴趣的是其能够跟踪目标.但目标的位置、速度、加速度的测量值往往在任何时候都有噪声。
卡尔曼滤波利用目标的动态信息，设法去掉噪声的影响，得到一个关于目标位置的好的估计.这个估计可以是对当前目标位置的估计(滤波),也可以是对于将来位置的估计（预测），也可以是对过去位置的估计（插值或平滑).命名[编辑]这种滤波方法以它的发明者鲁道夫。
E。
卡尔曼(Rudolph E. Kalman）命名，但是根据文献可知实际上Peter Swerling在更早之前就提出了一种类似的算法。
斯坦利。
施密特（Stanley Schmidt)首次实现了卡尔曼滤波器。
卡尔曼在NASA埃姆斯研究中心访问时,发现他的方法对于解决阿波罗计划的轨道预测很有用，后来阿波罗飞船的导航电脑便使用了这种滤波器。
关于这种滤波器的论文由Swerling（1958）、Kalman (1960)与Kalman and Bucy（1961）发表。
目前,卡尔曼滤波已经有很多不同的实现.卡尔曼最初提出的形式现在一般称为简单卡尔曼滤波器。
除此以外，还有施密特扩展滤波器、信息滤波器以及很多Bierman, Thornton开发的平方根滤波器的变种.也许最常见的卡尔曼滤波器是锁相环，它在收音机、计算机和几乎任何视频或通讯设备中广泛存在。
以下的讨论需要线性代数以及概率论的一般知识。
卡尔曼滤波建立在线性代数和隐马尔可夫模型(hidden Markov model）上.其基本动态系统可以用一个马尔可夫链表示，该马尔可夫链建立在一个被高斯噪声（即正态分布的噪声）干扰的线性算子上的。
系统的状态可以用一个元素为实数的向量表示.随着离散时间的每一个增加，这个线性算子就会作用在当前状态上，产生一个新的状态,并也会带入一些噪声,同时系统的一些已知的控制器的控制信息也会被加入。
外文文献翻译译稿1
外文文献翻译译稿1：人力资源管理的企业社会责任适用性：从西班牙的角度分析费尔南多J. 福恩特斯-加西亚茱莉亚M. 努涅斯-塔巴斯理查德佛罗兹-赫恩登文献原文标题：Applicability of Corporate Social Responsibility to Human ResourcesManagement: Perspective from Spain原文出处：Journal of Business Ethics (2008) 82:27–44发表或出版时间：2008年10月作者姓名：Fernando J. Fuentes-Garcı´a，Julia M.Nu´n˜ez-TabalesRicardo Veroz-Herrado´n国籍：西班牙摘要：这篇文章分析了与人力资源管理（HR）有关的企业社会责任概念。
在此定义了五个潜在的工具，分析讨论了他们的优点和缺点。
最后，我们研究了在这个领域最先进的最强大的工具的实施，即SA8000标准。
关键词：企业社会责任，人力资源，利益群体，SA8000标准，西班牙介绍：逐渐扩大的企业社会责任报告重要性在实施企业社会责任感的第三年初，企业对商业活动的社会责任方面产生越来越多的兴趣。
现今，市民们能更好的接受信息，他们的价值观已经改变。
他们增加了更多的生态和社会意识，不仅仅要求商品和服务的有效性，还要向企业要求的更多。
企业已经通过实施企业社会责任报告来回应利益团体对社会的需求，其中包括了所有他们企业的环境和社会活动的报告，那些不仅仅超过了企业经济利益，还打破了传统的企业为股东集聚经济价值的社会形象。
波特和克莱默（2003）发表自己的观点，认为纯粹的慈善事业和商业活动的利益还有集聚和创造社会和经济利益的发展空间。
简而言之，企业社会责任报告能够给企业一个竞争的优势，一个领先企业已经在实施策略的舞台。
企业社会责任报告的发展是发达国家核心价值观改变的结果，（核心价值观包括：更多地关注环境恶化，工作的歧视性，人权的尊重，等等），并且和以下三个关键的元素链接在一起（尼托和费尔南德斯，2004）：增加的规章制度：不同的国际组织（如联合国，经济合作与发展组织，欧盟等等）和政府财政政策，已经制定了不同的规章制度，要求全部的经济代理尊重为社会普遍利益服务的指导。
3000字外文文献翻译
Human resource management more and more drives value. Under the system that economy development mature, human resource management have to match with fight for the best resources performance, if out of character of the manpower form couples out of character of post, the resources performance be not only whole have no, or may have already exhaust. The modern economy stress balance and match, promote management effect and quality vegetable, will human resource match with make balance, the inside contents establish human resource structure frame, use most in keeping with of the person do most in keeping with of work. Establishment human resource terrace is a communication and collection information way, everyone's opinion comprehensive, give up short take long, with processing salary, welfare etc. affair. Human resource most the importance be a training and development, human resource development have to investment at training aspect, with exertive each stratum of human resource potential.人力资源管理愈来愈被重视。
毕业论文外文资料原文译文
The Network is the PlatformAbstract：The network is the most cost-effective platform companies can use to integrate complex interactions for increased value and growthMost chief executive officers (CEOs) today are concerned about growth - and building their companies' capacity to grow, according to Cisco CEO John Chambers. "It doesn't matter where we are in the world," says Chambers. "Wherever I go, the first thing CEOs talk about is growth.""The second thing they want to discuss is how to build in the capability to grow, to use information technology (IT) to help enable - and perhaps even change - their business strategy, and how to do that with flexibility and agility," he adds.Today, business leaders are realizing that, by increasing the value of each transaction rather than simply trying to increase the number of transactions, they can enjoy a greater growth trajectory and better return on investment. By encouraging employees, partners and vendors to work more creatively and providing them with the IT tools to be more effective in their roles, companies are successfully transforming simple transactions into much more valuable interactions."In the next decade or two, interactions will bring a whole new level of innovation to us -- the ability to drive productivity at results that are five, ten maybe twelve times greater than what we have seen in the past. And one of the technologies that helps them increase the value of their transactions - and to move from transactions to interactions - is the network," Chambers explains.The Interactions NetThis 'Interactions Net' - an evolution of the way people communicate - signals that the technology sector's center of gravity is shifting to a standards-based platform: the Internet Protocol (IP) network. In this context, a platform has three basic attributes: it is based on open standards or interfaces; it is extensible and customizable, providing new market development possibilities; and it is pervasive. When these characteristics align, a huge new window of opportunity opens.As this new phase of interactions-centric development unfolds, the ubiquity and extensibility of IP is being combined with new levels of intelligence and capability to create the right network to serve as the basis for real-time business interactions. And the applications of the future are increasingly empowered by this network platform."The network is no longer just infrastructure, not just bandwidth," Chambers observes. "Instead, it is emerging as a secure platform for delivering the customized experience that 21st century consumers expect - whether that means delivering new services as a carrier, boosting productivity for businesses of any size or consumers looking for real-time, personalized entertainment and services." Blogs, wikis, social networks and collaborative applications all exemplify the new types of communication environment that the network enables."As the ever-more-intelligent network evolves into a platform, each of us will be able to communicate from any device and in whatever mode we choose," Chambers says. As the center of the Interactions Net, the network itself is emerging as an important IT platform - like the microprocessor, which has led innovation for the past 25 years. And the emergence of the network as a platform is changing the entire value chain of IT and placing the network squarely at the center of innovation: as many as 14 billion devices will be connected to the Internet by 2010, fueled by more and more computing tasks now being handled online, from phone calls to personalized searches to downloading entertainment.The communications transformation has many facets:Storage provides an example of this evolution. "Our storage at Cisco is used much more intelligently today than it was just a few years ago," Chambers points out. "More and more, we're using a network-based, intelligent storage model in which resources are added to and deleted from the network independent of the applications they support. Instead of allocating storage to particular processor tasks, we just put it up on the network, make it available and the network can intelligently map which resources go with which application resources." This virtualization increased storageutilization by 20 to 30 percent, dramatically increased operational efficiency and led to millions of dollars in annual savings.The Communications Company of the FutureCisco is leading the transition to a network-centric technology environment. By combining its core strength (IP) with intelligence, the company is creating a powerful communications platform that will serve as the basis for the convergence of data, voice, video and mobile communications systems in a secure, integrated architecture. The success that Cisco has achieved in recent years has come from continuously planning three to five years ahead, thereby managing to get ahead of important market transitions. That foresight continues to be the basis of its strategy moving forward. "Historically, the transitions we've been a part of have been technological; they've been relatively orderly and predictable," Chambers notes. "Now, however, we're seeing a wider-reaching, more dramatic transition. So our ability to predict successfully where the market will go is even more critical and offers much greater potential import for the company."Recent moves outline the company's strategy for maintaining its leadership position as the Interactions Net takes shape over the next decade. For example, Cisco has named three new 'Advanced Technology' markets that extend the company's position across the service provider, consumer and business environments. (Advanced Technologies are areas with the potential to create billion-dollar revenue streams; they also expand the Cisco value proposition to customers, as each is integrated into the core of the network.) These recent announcements - Linksys One, the intent to acquire Scientific Atlanta, and Application Services - underscore the company's firm commitment to its long-term architecture strategy."We continue to predict the directions we think the market will take," says Chambers. "These Advanced Technologies are indicative of how we believe the network will become the preferred service platform of the future."Whereas in the past, investment was focused primarily around applications that were built on microprocessor-based platforms (e.g., work stations, servers, desktops, laptops) and the applications they used, C isco believes that future investment will shift to applications that rely more on the network as the platform for their delivery. Real-time interactions are the future of business. As the network becomes a platform and changes the entire IT value chain, companies that take advantage of it will bebetter positioned to facilitate - and successfully manage - those interactions for future growth and increased value.网络就是一个平台网络作为最具成本效益的公司可以整合其增值和成长之间复杂的相互作用当今大部分行政人员（行政总裁）都在关注的成长和培养自己公司的这种成长的能力-此话出自于思科公司的首席执行官约翰钱伯斯。
外文翻译稿和原稿
外文翻译稿和原稿[1]Hermanson,Dana R, Smith,Jason L, Stephens,Nathaniel M,How Effective are Organizations’ InternalControls? Insights into Specific InternalControlElements[J], Current Issues in Auditing,2012, V ol. 6 Issue 1, pA31-A50. 20p.[2]Ya-Fang Wang.INTERNAL CONTROL AND FINANCIAL QUALITY: EVIDENCE FROM POST-SOX RESTATEMENT[J].Accounting&Taxation,2013,V ol. 5 Issue 1, p19-28. 10p. 5 Charts.How Effective Are Organizations’ Internal Control? Insights Into SpecificInternal Control ElementsDana R. Hermanson, Jason L. Smith, and Nathaniel M. Stephens SUMMARY: Based on survey responses from approximately 500 Chief Audit Executives(CAEs) and other internal auditors, this article provides an insider’s view of the perceivedstrength of organizations’ in ternal controls (i.e., internal control over financial reporting) inthe Control Environment, Risk Assessment, and Monitoring components of theCommittee of Sponsoring Organizations’ (COSO 1992a) Internal Control—IntegratedFramework. Although the respondents largely rate control strength as relatively high, weidentify several areas for potential improvement of internal controls, especially related toassessing the ‘‘tone at the top,’’ as well as following up on deviations from policy andmanagement override of controls. In analyzing individual control elements, we find thatpublic companies’ controls are consistently rated as more effective than those of otherorganizations. We also find a number of interesting differences across key industries,especially in the Monitoring component, where banks and other financial services firmsappear to have more robust Monitoring controls than do healthcare and other servicesfirms. The component-level analysis reveals that internal control component strength ispositively related to the CAE reporting primarily to the audit committee, public companystatus, and the average tenure of the internal audit function staff, among other findings.Based on the survey findings, we describe key implications relevant to internal andexternal auditors, accounting researchers and educators, and management.Keywords: internal control; control environment; risk assessment; monitoring. IntroductionWe recently developed a survey that was administered by the Institute of Internal AuditorsResearch Foundation (IIARF) to Chief Audit Executives (CAEs) and Internal Audit Managers. Thepurpose of the survey was to ask CAEs and Internal AuditManagers to assess the strengths andweaknesses of their organizations’ internal controls. Such specific information about individualcontrol elements typically is not publicly available, and we believe that auditors and managementwould benefit from current, detailed assessments of internal control strength across a broad rangeof organizations. These assessments by internal audit insiders could be quite beneficial foridentifying internal control areas that may require additional attention.In this article, we report and provide insights into approximately 500 internal auditors’perceptions of the strength of their organizations’ controls, with particular focus on internal controlover financial reporting.First, we examine control elements perceived to be relatively weak orrelatively strong.2Although the respondents largely rate control strength as relatively high, weidentify some common areas for potential improvement, especially in assessing the ‘‘tone at thetop,’’ as well as following up on deviations from policy and management override of controls.Second, we explore variations in perceived control strength at the individual control element levelby comparing public companies with other organizations and providing information about four keyindustries. We find that public companies’ controls are consistently rated as more effective thanthose of other organizations. We also find a number of interesting differences across keyindustries, especially in the Monitoring component, where banks and other financial services firmsappear to have more robust Monitoring controls than do healthcare and other services firms (likelybecause of the regulated nature of the industry and the significant compliance risks these firmsface).Finally, we examine variations in control strength at the component level, exploring howControl Environment, Risk Assessment, and Monitoring strength vary with key characteristics ofthe internal audit function and organization. The component-level analysis reveals that internalcontrol component strength is positively related to the CAE reporting primarily to the auditcommittee, public company status, and the average tenure of the internal audit function staff,among other findings.We believe that the results of this study will be useful to internal and external auditors,accounting researchers and educators, and management. We offer implications of each of themajor findings. In particular, we encourage increased appreciation of the tone at the top,management override, industry differences in Monitoring strength, and the potential value ofthe CAE reporting primarily to the audit committee, as well as having experienced internal auditstaff.BackgroundSince the passage of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX, U.S. House of Representatives2002), the literature on internal control weaknesses and their disclosure by public companies hasgrown rapidly. Schneider et al. (2009) review this literature, which is primarily based on internalcontrol reports under Sections 404 and 302 of SOX. Such reports disclose details of companies’material weaknesses (and sometimes significant deficiencies) in internal control. Thus, the focusof research on adverse Section 404 reports is on the minority of companies with publicdisclosuresciting materially deficient internal controls. As described by Schneider et al. (2009), this literatureprovides insights into the types of companies with internal control deficiencies, the nature ofspecific internal control deficiencies cited, the consequences of internal control deficiencies, andauditing issues related to internal control deficiencies.Much less common are studies that provide more specific insights into internal controlstrength across a broad range of companies, including the majority of public companies withoutreported materially deficient controls under SOX. For example, Hansen et al. (2009) surveyinternal auditors to explore assessments of the tone at the top. They report findings related tocurrent practices and future plans for assessing the tone at the top (e.g., how often, who isinvolved, which positions are included in the assessment), as well as current assessments of thetone at the top. They find that 47 percent of respondents assess their tone at the top as ‘‘VeryGood,’’ 33 percent report the tone as ‘‘Good,’’ and 15 percent report the tone at the top as”Adequate.’’ Only 2.5 percent of respondents report the tone as either ‘‘Poor’’ or ‘‘Very Poor.’’Likewise, Hunton et al. (2011) survey financial managers regarding the tone at the top,subsequently relating these assessments to companies’ earnings quality. They find that perceivedtone at the top is positively related to earnings quality as measured by the researchers.We extend this line of research by examining a broad range of control elements—37 elementsacross the Control Environment, Risk Assessment, and Monitoring components—to provide acurrent view of internal control strength across a range of organizations.3We include both publiccompanies and non-public entities in our analysis.MethodIn 2010, the IIARF contacted over 3,000 North American CAEs at our request with an initialemail invitation, and later sent a follow-up email invitation to participate in the survey, which washosted on an online survey platform. To supplement the CAE sample, the IIARF subsequentlycontacted over 3,000 Internal Audit Managers with an email invitation to participate (no secondrequest was sent to the Managers). After these three solicitations (two to CAEs and one to theInternal Audit Managers), we received 501 responses, for an overall response rate ofapproximately 8 percent. This rate is consistent with prior studies targeting internal auditors.The survey reques ted that the respondents rate the strength of their organizations’ controls ona scale from 1 ¼ ‘‘Not very descriptive of my company’’ to 7 ¼ ‘‘Very descriptive of my company,’’where each internal control element was described in positive terms (e.g., ‘‘Man agement iscommitted to high quality, accurate financial reporting.’’) using language quoted or adapted fromCOSO’s internal control implementation guidance (COSO 1992a, 1992b). The survey included 19Control Environment elements, seven Risk Assessment elements, and 11 Monitoring elements.The 37 individual internal control elements included in the survey are those that experiencedexternal auditors (in a prior survey conducted by the authors) hadrated as most important inpromoting financial reporting quality.ResultsThe approximately 500 respondents are primarily CAEs or managers withsignificant experience in internal auditing. Organization size varies widely, with nearly half of theorganizations reporting under $500 million in annual revenues, and over one-third having revenuesover $1 billion. The industry distribution of the sample also is broad. The most representedindustries include financial services, banking, healthcare, and other services, which collectivelyaccount for approximately half of the sample. The vast majority of the organizations are U.S.-based, and nearly half are U.S. public companies.In terms of deviations from policy and management override, in addition to working withmanagement to ensure that such deviations are always pursued, we encourage internal andexternal auditors to work to sharpen the audit committee’s focus on management override ofcontrols. A very helpful publication in this regard is Management Override of Internal Controls: TheAchilles’Heel of Fraud Prevention (American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, which discusses steps that audit committee members can take to become more attuned tomanagement override and the risk of fraudulent financial reporting. The steps outlined includemaintaining an appropriate level of skepticism, strengthening committee understanding of thebusiness, brainstorming about fraud risks, using the code of conduct to assess financial reportingculture, ensuring that the entity cultivates a vigorous whistleblower program, and developing abroad information and feedback network We encourage internal and externalauditors to educate and communicate with audit committees about these issues to ensure thataudit committee members are attuned to the risks of management override and, as a result, arefully supportive of both internal and external auditors’efforts to assess and bolster this area.In terms of the nature of the internal audit function, the vast majority of CAEs report to theaudit committee (44 percent), or equally to the audit committee and management (37 percent).Approximately half of the organizations typically have career internal auditors (51 percent), asopposed to having short tours of duty in internal audit. Most of the organizations have either nointernal audit outsourcing (41 percent) or very low levels of outsourcing. The average annualinternal audit budget is $1.8 million (median of $719,000), and most (69 percent) of the internalaudit functions spend less than half of their time on financial audits. Approximately one-third of theinternal audit staff members possess the CIA (33.5 percent), and over one-third of members (38.2percent) possess the CPA certification. Finally, 40 percent of the organizations have a formallydesignated Chief Risk Officer (CRO) or senior management equivalent.ConclusionThis study extends previous internal control research by examining the perceived strength of 37 individual internal control elements across a large sample of organizations. We hope that the results of this survey will be useful to internal and external auditors, accounting researchers and educators, and management.Based onthe results, we encourage increased appreciation of the tone at the top,management override, industry differences in Monitoring strength, and the potential value of theCAE reporting primarily to the audit committee, as well as having experienced internal audit staff.From an educational perspective, the results may be useful in highlighting to students the factors.associated with variations in internal control strength, especially the apparent importance of the CAE’s reporting channel. From a research perspective, the results provide deeper insights into perceived control strength and its determinants than may be provided by archival studies that can only capture the extremes of effective versus ineffective control over financial reporting. We encourage additional research using survey or qualitative methods to further explore variations in internal control strength.INTERNAL CONTROL AND FINANCIAL QUALITY:EVIDENCE FROM POST-SOX RESTATEMENT ABSTRACTStudies of post-SOX restatements have examined the cause of the increase and have documented theassociation with internal controls in a negative light. In general, restatements result from internal controlproblems because internal controls are the first line of defense for financial statement quality. However,prior research ignores internal controls have different quality levels and may make various impacts onrestating companies. Thus, this study examines the association between restatements arid internal controlsby examining whether and how internal control quality affects degree of restatement severity. Empiricalresults show that restatement severity increases in degree of internal control deficiency under amongthree definitions of internal control quality.KEYWORDS: Intemal control. Financial quality. RestatementINTRODUCTIONAuditing Standard No. 2 points out that a restatement of previous financial statements to refiecterror correction shows at least a significant deficiency and strongly indicates material weakness.Statement on Auditing Standards (SAS) No. 99 (AU 316) also points out that extent of auditingprocedures must address identified risks of material misstatement resulting from fraud. In the post-Enronera, auditors face challenges identifying red fiags because of the growing number of restatements,especially restatements have become much more common (Grothe, Pham and Saban, 2006 and Grothe,Saban, Plachecki, Lee and Post, 2007b).Previous research has suggested that restatements increaselitigation risk (Palmrose and Scholz, 2004), and thus represent a higher risk to auditors because they makefinancial statement reliability questionable.The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (hereafter called the SOX) of 2002 requiresmanagement and independentauditors to comply with Section 404 in assessing theeffectiveness of company intemal controls and toreport their findings to investors. However, Section 404 does not require companies to keep enoughintemal control quality. Section 404 only requires management and auditors to test intemal controls to seewhether they areeffective, and afterwards to inform investors of their effectiveness. Thus, regulators andthe public have devoted considerable attention to whether intemal controls are sufficient to ensure theaccuracy of company financial statements, following the sharp increase in the number of restatementsfollowing SOX (Baldwin and Yoo, 2005, GAO, 2006, Grothe, Pham and Saban, 2006, Grothe, Goodwin,Iandera, Laurion and Freeland, 2007a, Grothe, Saban, Plachecki, Lee and Post, 2007b, Audit Analytics,2007, PCAOB, 2007). The causes of restatements vary significantly among cases (Plumlee and Yohn,2010, Scholz, 2008). However, restatements result from intemal control problems because intemalcontrols are the first line of defense for financial statement quality. Thus, I first focus on whether andhowintemal control quality is associated with restatement severity/restatement characteristics, because I arguethat intemal controls have different quality levels and may cause various influences on restatements.Theintemal control system is supposed to improve financial reporting reliability and therefore shouldreduce the number of restatements (Plumlee and Yohn, 2010), but a restatement could signal a companylacks proper intemal controls. In this study, I use three measurement methods to proxy for intemal controlquality: (1) occurrence of intemal control weakness; (2) type of intemal control problem; and (3) numberof intemal control weaknesses and provide evidence suggesting that different levels of intemal controldeficiency can cause various degrees of severity on financial restatements.LITERATURE REVIEWSection 404 claims that effective intemal controls assure investors that materially misstated financialstatements are unlikely. Simply put, if intemal controls are effective, the likelihood of intentional orunintentional errors being committed should be significantly reduced (DeFond and Jiambalvo, 1991).Therefore, intemal control systems that companies establish over financial reporting should be designedto prevent or detect financial reportingmisstatements (PCAOB, 2004). Thus, company intemal controlsystems are important in error prevention and detection. Given poor intemal control quality, subsequentrestatements are highly likely. Some studies have demonstrated a link between intemal control quality andthe likelihood of subsequent financial restatements (Hammersley, Myers and Shakespeare, 2008, Plumleeand Yohn, 2010). Ashbaugh-Skaife, Collins and Kinney (2007), Grothe, Goodwin, Iandera, Laurion andFreeland (2007a) and Grothe, Saban, Plachecki, Lee and Post (2007b) also indicate that companies withmaterial weaknesses often find it necessary to restate eamings, and material weakness is often disclosedfollowing restatement. This raises the question of whether and how weakness in material intemal controlaffects company restatement severity.This study focuses solely on restating companies as research samples to build on the earlier empiricalfindings, because restatements are of significant concem to investors, managers, regulators, issuers,auditors, boards of directors and academics, and their information content has not been fliUyexplored.This study differs from previous studies, I attempt to examine the association between restatements andintemal controls by examining whether and how intemal control quality affects degree of restatementseverity, because restatement severity matters to the market, and assessments of intemal control qualitycan potentially provide useful and timely information to investors. For example, Li, Scholz and Wang(2006) indicates that investment reaction to restatements differs according to knowledge of companyintemal control quality. Following Grothe, Goodwin, Iandera, Laurion and Freeland (2007a) and Grothe,Saban, Plachecki, Lee and Post (2007b), this study considers three measurement methods as proxies forintemal control quality: (1) occurrence of intemal control weakness; (2) type of intemal control problem;and (3) number of intemal control weaknesses to examine whether a positive relationship exists betweenintemal controlweaknesses and restatement severity. Further, I examine how intemal control qualityaffectsrestatement characteristics.DATA AND METHODOLOGYThis study first uses Compliance Week database to identify intemal control weaknesses. And then, Icross-check intemal control weaknesses by searching each SEC filing (e.g., 10-K, 10-K/A, etc.) to ensuredisclose of any material weakness in intemal control. Prior studies mostly focus on the existence ofcontrol weakness. However, different types of weakness have different effects. Following Grothe,Goodwin, Iandera, Laurion and Freeland (2007a) and Grothe, Saban, Plachecki, Lee and Post (2007b),this study classifies various types of intemal control weakness disclosure into two types: account-specificmaterial weaknesses andcompany-level material weaknesses. This study hand-collects data on the datesof initial restatement announcements and restatement characteristics from the Lexis-Nexis NewsLibrary,which covers all interim and annual restatements announced from 2004 through 2005. Identifying preciseannouncement dates for restatements is challenging. This study thus only considers the first release of therestatement announcement of each company in a given year. Company-level accounting data are obtainedfrom the Standard and Poor's Compustat Annual Industrial, Research, and Full Coverage files.The sample consists of companies thatannounced restatements from 2004 to 2005. Table 1 explains thesample construction. As reported in Table 1, Panel A, companies are excluded from my sample for thefollowing reasons. First, I exclude technical restatements for 33 companies. Second, I exclude 3companies lacking identifying information, such as perm number, cusip, gvkey, or cnum. Third, I cannotfind 8-K, lO-K/A, 10-Q/A or restatement data for 67 companies. Fourth, internal control data is missingfor 199 companies and thus these companies are excluded. Fifth, 91 companies are excluded because ofmissing Compustat financial data. My final sample is composed of 403 restating companies.Panel B provides the distribution of research samples by the year of announcement. The distributionshows a higher percentage ofrestatements announced in 2005, moreover, about 72.08% of therestatements in the internal control weakness subsample. Panel C details the industry composition ofrestatement companies. The industry that is most heavily represented (23.57% of sample companies) isretailing. Moreover, Panel C also shows that retailing and durable goods manufacturing industries havethe highest percentages of restatements in the internal control weakness subsample (20.13% and 20.13%,respectively).组织的内部控制有效吗？洞察特定的内部控制要素Dana R. Hermanson, Jason L. Smith, and Nathaniel M. Stephens 摘要：根据大约500个首席审计执行官（CAEs）和其他内部审计师的得到的调查结果，本文提供了一个内部观点，认为组织内部控制的强度（财务报告之外的内部控制）在于发起组织委员会（COSO1992a）内部控制集成框架中的控制环境、风险评估和监督要素。
外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿The introduction of the electronic commerceWith the rapid development of Internet, websites surging forward are after frying the foot " concept ", it is " practical " to all change direction one after another, and " practical one of the more distinct characteristics ": It is most websites that are all attempting to do the true " e-commerce ". What is " e-commerce " so? The so-called e-commerce (Electronic Commerce ) utilizes technology of the computer, network technology and long-range communication technology, realize the electrification , digitization and networked in the course of the whole commercial affair (buys and sells ). People are no longer face-to-face , look at the true goods , depend on the paper medium document (including the cash ) to carry on the business transaction. But provide and deliver system and fund convenient to be safe and settle account and do a deal systematically through a feast for the eyes goods information on net , perfect logistics through the network (buy and sell).In fact, the course of the whole trade can be divided into three stages:The first stage is information interchange stage: To trade company, in order to release information stage this stage. Mainly choose one's own outstanding goods , organize one's own goods information meticulously, set up one's own webpage, then join in famous websites with greater reputation , with stronger influence power , of higher clicking rate, let as many as possible people understand you know you. To buyer, this stage is the stage going to look for the goods and goods information on the net. It is mainly according to the needs of one's own one, surf the Net and look for the information and goods that oneself needs, and the trade company choosing the service with a high reputation to be well cheap.The second stage signs the contract stage of the goods: As B2B (trade company vs. trade company ), this stage is exchange course of signing the contract , finishing the essential trade and business note. The ones that should pay attention to are: Complicatedproblems , such as accuracy , dependability , can't be alteredding of the data ,etc.. As B2C (trade company vs. personal customer ), this stage finishes doing shopping the order form of the course signs course, the customer should refer goods , one's own contacting information , way , payment method to deliver goods which you choose to the trade company after in the network good sign well, the trade company should send mails or the telephone and verify above-mentioned contents after receiving the order form .The third stage carries on goods handing over , fund settlement stage according to the contract: This stage is stage when trade of the whole goods is very key, not merely involve the putting in place correctly and safely on the net of fund, involve the accuracy that the goods provide and deliver , put in place on time too at the same time . There is banking , provide and deliver systematic involvement at this stage, technically, in law, such respects as the standard is first-class have higher requests. The succeeding or not for a stage just here of online trade.The characteristics of developmentWider environment: People are not restricted by time , is not restricted by space , a great deal of restrictions not doing shopping by the tradition , can conclude the business on the net whenever and wherever possible .Wider market: This world will become very small on the net, a trade company can face global consumers , and a consumer can do shopping in any global trade company .Faster circulation and cheap price: E-commerce has reduce the intermediate link of circulation of commodities, has saved a large amount of expenses, thus reduced the cost of the circulation of commodities and trade greatly .Accord with the demands for times even more: People pursue the fashion , stress the individual character more and more nowadays, pay attention to the environment that does shopping, the online shopping, the shopping course that best reflects individualization. Influence1.E-commerce will change the way of the commercial activityThe traditional most typical scene of commercial activity is that " the salesman exists everywhere ", " the purchasing agent runs everywhere ", " reveal the mouth , run and break the leg ", consumers look for the goods that oneself need all pooped outlay in the market .Now, it is if touch it all right to pass Internet, people can enter the online market to browse through , purchase all kinds of products, and can also get online service , trade company can get in touch with the customer on the net , utilize the network to carry on the payment for goods and close serving, the government can also carry on electron calling for bid , government procurement ,etc. conveniently .2.E-commerce will change people's consumption patternThe biggest characteristic of online shopping is consumers' leading factor, do shopping the will is grasped in consumer's hands, at the same time consumers can also finish the trade by way of a kind of relaxed and free self-service , consumer's sovereignty can be fully embodied in the shopping at network.3.E-commerce will change the modes of production of enterprisesBecause e-commerce is a kind of swift , convenient shopping means, consumers' individualization , priviledges need and be able to be totally shown in front of the manufacturer through the network, in order to please customers, stress the design style of the products, a lot of enterprises in the manufacturing industry develop and popularize e-commerce one after another , if American Ford Motor Company connects with inside network of the company in 120,000 computer work stations in the whole world of March of 1998, and include 15,000 distributors of the whole world in the inside network , the final purpose of Ford Company is to realize being according to users' different requests, supply the automobile as required.4.E-commerce will bring a revolution to the traditional tradeE-commerce is in the course of the whole commercial activity, through the combination of people and telecommunications way , improve the efficiency of the commercial activity greatly, reduce the unnecessary intermediate link, the traditional manufacturing industry enters the eras of short run , much varieties by this, " zero stock " become possible; Traditional retail business and wholesale business open the new mode of " online marketing " of " having no shop "; Various kinds of online services have offered the brand-new method of service for service trade of the tradition.5.E-commerce will bring a brand-new financial circlesBecause pay the key link that is e-commerce by mails online, it is basic condition that e-commerce can be developed smoothly too, with the break-through of e-commerce on the electronic trade link, such services as online bank , bank card pay the network , electronic payment system of bank and electronic cheque , electronic cash, bring traditional financial circles into a brand-new field.6.E-commerce will change the government's behaviorThe government is undertaking the function of the management and service of a large number of societies , economy , culture, in e-commerce era, as enterprises use e-commerce to carry on the production and management, the bank computerizes financial services, and while consumers realize cosumption online, will put forward the new request , an electronic government or calling the online government for government's administration behaviour too, will become an important social role as e-commerce is developed.In a word, as a kind of commercial activity course, e-commerce will bring an unprecedented revolution, its impact on social economy far exceeds the commercial affair itself. Besides these above-mentioned influence, it will also bring enormous influence on employment , legal system and culture and education ,etc., e-commerce will bring the mankind into the information-intensive society .In the modern information-intensive society, e-commerce can enable mastering the enterprises and individuals of the information technology and business rule , utilizing various kinds of electronic tools and networks systematically, the low cost with high efficiency is engaged in various kinds of commercial trade activities realized in electronic way. According to using with the function , can divide e-commerce into three levels or 3S , namely SHOW , SALE , SERVE:1.SHOW (show)Offer the electronic market conditions, enterprises release goods and other information on the net by way of webpage, with advertise etc. on the net, through SHOW, enterprises can establish one's own corporate image , expand the popularity of enterprises, propagate the service of one's own products , look for the new trade cooperative partner.2.SALE (trade)Realize the whole course of the transaction activity of the traditional form in electronic way in the network, for instance online shopping ,etc.. Enterprises can finish the whole course of the trade through SALE, expand the range traded, improve the efficiency of the work , reduce the cost of the trade , thus obtain the economic and social benefit.3.SERVE (serve)And the service after sale before meaning various kinds of related to commercial activity that enterprises launch through the network and selling, through such SERVE on net, enterprises can perfect one's own e-commerce system , consolidate the already existing customer , attract the new customer , thus expand the management business of enterprises, obtain greater economic benefits and social benefit. The enterprise is a protagonist who launches e-commerce.KindsE-commerce inside enterprise is mainly to deal with and exchange trade and business information through the way of the network (Intranet ) inside enterprises. The network (Intranet ) is a kind of effective commercial tool inside enterprises, pass the fire wall , enterprises isolate one's own inside network from Internet, it can be used for automaticallying process the commercial affair to operate and work to flow, strengthen it to the access of important system and key data, share experience , solve customer's problem together, and keep the connection while organizing. E-commerce inside enterprises, can bring the following advantage to enterprise : Increase agility that commercial activity punish, to market situation can reacting quickly, can provide service for the customer better . E-commerce (B-B mode ) among enterprise and enterprise mainly carries on the electronic commercial activity through INTERNET or the special-purpose network way. E-commerce among enterprises is merits attention and probes into most three kinds of modes of e-commerce, because it has potentiality of development most.E-commerce (B-C mode ) between enterprise and consumer is mainly that enterprises offer a new-type shopping environment to consumer through INTERNET --The online shop, consumers do shopping on the net through the network , pay on the net. Because this kind of mode has saved customer and time and space of both sides of enterprise, have improve trade efficiency greatly, has saved the unnecessary expenses.Enterprise and inter-governmental e-commerce (B-G mode) the commercial activity cover enterprise and government organize every thing among, mainly including government procurement , declare at the Customs , declare dutiable goods etc.on the net.译文电子商务介绍随着因特网的迅速发展，风起云涌的网站在炒足了“概念”之后，都纷纷转向了“务实”，而“务实”比较鲜明的特点之一：是绝大多数的网站都在试图做实实在在的“电子商务”。
定稿外文文献原稿和译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿The Design and Development of the hotel management system Along with economical development in our country, people’s life level has been improving, holiday economy and tour economy have been become hot point of people’s consumption. All the country also regards the tourism as one of the most important stanchion of developing local economy, which promoted the fast development of the hotels and cabaret industry thus. Meanwhile, along with the more and more hotels and cabarets, people’s requests are higher, so the competition in hotel and cabaret industry also becomes more and more violent. The modernized hotel collects the guest room, food and beverage , communication , amusement, commercial culture and other various kinds of services and facilities are the integrated consumption place , the hotel organizes hugely, there are many service items. The amount of information is large It is a problem which every hotel or cabaret must face that how to survive and develop in the violent competition. The service management level of the cabaret play an important part in improving its competition ability. It is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification.How to improve its service management level has been become the urgent task of the hotel and cabaret industry development. In this case, to establish the hotel management information system becomes one of the valid paths that can resolve this problem. The hotel management information system is an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each hotels all make use of a calculator to manage the files, the hotel is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solvehigh-efficiencily, especially the system had in the hotel industry very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for people coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information.This thesis takes current state of the development of the hotel industry as the background, has analysis the deficiency under the traditional management mode of my State Guesthouse industry, have explained the necessity of the housekeeping information of the hotel. The thesis introduced the functions and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. By the investigation with hotels, we have building the organization model of the management information system of guest room of the hotel. Based on that, we have carried on the detailed investigation to the business procedure of the guest room of the hotel, having set up the structure chart of the function, for instance the room reserves, the customers check in, checks out to settle account, charges to account etc., thus makes the management clear. To meet the actual inquire, we have set up concept structure, proposes the systematic design principle and design method, provides Solution Architecture of database. We have developed a practical the management information system. Not only carried on detailed analysis and design to the system of guest room of the hotel in terms of business, but also we appraised to the system.A number of free or very inexpensive Web servers are good for development use or deployment of low-volume or medium-volume Web sites. Thus, with Servlets and Java you can start with a free or inexpensive server and migrate to more expensive servers with high-performance capabilities or advanced administration utilities only after your project meets initial success. This is in contrast to many of the other CGI alternatives, which require a significant initial investment for the purchase of a proprietary package.But, with Servlets and Java, they could start with a free server: Apache Tomcat (either standalone, embedded in the regular Apache Web server, or embedded in Microsoft IIS). Once the project starts to become successful, they could move to a server like Caucho Resin that had higher performance and easier administration but that is not free. But none of their Servlets or Java pages have to be rewritten.The system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwan formed LANworkstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.More and more are also urgent along with hotel automationthe information management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the hotel industry management.So that can improve the information management,enhance the efficiency of management.译文宾馆管理系统的设计与发展随着我国经济的发展，人们的生活水平有了显著的提高，假日经济和旅游经济已成为人们消费的热点。
翻译初稿
Empirical Research on Mechanism of Inter-organizational Management Control System Miaomiao Gao; Donghua Wen; Shimin Chen; Fei Pan(School of Accountancy in Shanghai University of Finance and EconomicsChina Europe International Business School)I. Questions and Literature ReviewThe rapid development of inter-organizational cooperation makes both academics and practitioners raise their needs to research inter-organizational management control system. The main purpose of inter-organizational accounting / management control system is to connect the internal activities and resources of the company with ones of cooperators, by which the company could control and thus improve the effectiveness and efficiency of inter-organizational operating activities. It is the extension of a company’s internal MCS in the inter-organizational relationship. However, the theoretical bases of the existing research on inter-organizational management control system show difference overseas, and research contents also lack comprehensiveness. The most important reasons are: the lack of a unified conclusion about the interaction between the components and the mechanism of inter-organizational MCS.Generally speaking, organizational MCS has three basic modes: market management control mode, hierarchical management control mode and other management control modes. Inter-organizational management control mode can be expressed as an intermediate one, or we can call it hybrid governance mode (Powell, 1990; Williamson, 1991), which combines the market control, hierarchical control and informal (based on trust / relationship etc.) control mode. However, regarding the types of inter-organizational MCS and the characteristics of these different types, the academics cannot reach a consensus yet (Caglio and Ditillo, 2008).Van der Meer-Kooistra and V osselman (2000) and Hakansson and Lind (2004) pointed out that in the inter-organizational relationship, there were three kinds of coordination modes which were hierarchical governance, market governance and cooperation. Speklé (2001) summarized nine different organization control modes such as market control, a rm’s length control, machine control, exploratory control and boundary control on the basis of asset specificity, the extent to which the contributions are susceptible to up front programming and the intensity of ex post information impactedness. It was also pointed out that these modes are applicable as well in the inter-organization relationship. Van der Meer-Kooistra and Scapens (2008) and Mouritsen and Thrane (2006) argued that, in bilateral or multilateral relationships, hierarchical governance mode, market governance mode and trust-based governance mode should be combined to use, and on the basis of which, Adler (2001) pointed out nine control modes such as spot market control, relational contracting control, coercive bureaucracy control, enabling bureaucracy control, asocial horde control and clans control.Recently, many papers have pointed out that there’s no clear and unified conclusion about the past empirical research on MCS, possibly because they just studied a certain part of MCS, but did not take MCS as a whole (Covaleski, 2003; Merchant and Otley, 2006). Hakansson and Lind (2004) and Mouritsen and Thrane (2006) pointed out that different control modes were related to each other, and it was a valuable research direction in the future as to how they can be used as a combination. Therefore, regarding inter-organizational MCS, we need to research and focus on thebalance and connection among different control modes. Inkpen and Currall (2004), Das and Teng (2001) pointed out that formal control would weaken trust, but Das and Teng (2001) thought that common goals and shared values would promote competence trust and goodwill trust. Free (2008) provided a theoretical framework of accounting and inter-organizational trust relationship by examining the way in which accounting calculative practices were implicated in the constitutionof trust in the UK retail sector, and pointed out that accounting contributed to trust. Vélez etc. (2008) pointed out that the relationship between trust and inter-organizational formal management control system would be influenced by the existence of the termination of inter-organizational relationships. Coletti (2005) pointed out that formal inter-organizational management control contributed to trust. Tomkins (2001) pointed out that the impact of trust on inter-organizational formal control showed a nonlinear change in the life cycle of inter-organizational relationship. Langfield-Smith (2008) pointed out that the dynamic trust would interact with formalinter-organizational control. However, as can be seen, the research above did not describe the relationship between these two clearly.Because the trading among alliances is usually long-term and repetitive, it does not only include formal contract control, but also many relationship control modes.In addition, due to the rapid changes of market environment, many industries are required to shorten the production cycle, such as the semiconductor industry, computer industry, movie industry and fashion industry. Work complexity and time pressure together will promote more inter-sectional and inter-organizational coordination (Faulkner and Anderson, 1987; Goodman and Goodman, 1976; Van de Ven, Delbecq and Koenig, 1976). Informal control mechanisms (communication, interactions etc.) can accelerate the sharing process of information among partners, and shorten the time to finish complex work (Clark and Fujimoto, 1989; Imai, Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1985).In summary, the existing literature regarding the interaction between the components and the mechanism of inter-organizational MCS lacks a unified conclusion.II. HypothesesThe formal and informal control mechanisms are related to each other (Håkansson, 2004), however, the relationship between these two arouses wide concerns and controversies among academics.Regarding the relationship between formal control and trust, which is the main way of social control, some studies suggested that trust and formal control mechanisms were complementary (Baiman and Rajan, 2002; Poppo and Zenger, 2002; Chenhall and Langfield-Smith, 2003; Seal etc., 1999,2004; Coletti etc., 2005; Free, 2008), while some thought there was a substitution relationship (Ouchi, 1979; Das and Teng, 2001; Inkpen and Currall, 2004). There is also small part of literature which indicated that control and trust were not only complementary or substitutive, but were influenced by each other. That is to say, the relationship between trust and control is not static, but dynamic, and in the same life cycle of an inter-organizational relationship, it can be either complementary or substitutive (Das and Teng, 1998; Tomkins, 2001; Dekker, 2004; Free, 2008; Langfield-Smith, 2008; Vosselman and Meer-Kooistra, 2009). In addition, the relationship between these two might also be influenced by some contingency variables, such as the existence of the termination of inter-organizational relationships (Vélez, 2008).Complement relationship is: Increased level of trust will lead to higher level of control.Because if the trust between each other is deeper and partners know more about all aspects, so when an formal control is executing in the future, partners will have more information which will help more meticulous and comprehensive agreement(Das and Teng,1998; Poppo and Zenger, 2002 ).The formal control mechanisms are also likely to increase trust, because the formal control of objectivity and can provide the way of tracking the other party performance, behavior and skills(Das and Teng,1998), reducing information asymmetry and the severity of risk, thus promoting the mutual trust between buyer and supplier(Baiman and Rajan,2002; Poppo and Zenger, 2002; Free, 2008).Substitute relationship is: Increased level of trust will lead to less level of formal control mechanisms and vice versa. The reason is partners will adopt less formal control faced a company which has a trustworthy reputation then a company which has relatively not good reputation (Dekker, 2004). Because trust can enhance the target consistency, educe conflict and make all parties consider for each other, so the demand of adopting formal control to manage the opportunism behavior is lower (Ouchi, 1979). In addition, the degree of using formal control mechanisms transmit negative signals, excessive use formal control shows lacking trust with the other's goodwill and skills, thus damaging the existing level of trust in the relationship(Das and Teng,1998 ).Dynamic relationship is: The relation between trust and control present nonlinear variation, generally present complementary relationship before substitute relationship. Tomkins (2001) thinks that the position in the alliance life cycle determines the relationship between trust and control, specifically, the early stage is the complementary and substitute late; Dekker (2004) thinks the relationship between trust and control depends on the transaction risk size incross-organizational; When the total control failed to make up for the degree of risk, the relationship between trust and control could be complementary, formal control helps to enhance trust. However, when the level of the formal control is enough to prevent trading risks, the relationship between trust and formal control is likely to be substitute. Because trust is a solution that is low cost.Past researches have not been unified conclusion, one of the main reason is the different research assumes that the relationship between trust and control in governance organization plays a different role (Caglio, 2008). While the researches assumed the main function of control mechanism was to integrate the goal of all partners (which can be replaced by trust), in order to reduce the possibility of being occupied; but the control was also used to coordinate the work among all partners, the trust is unable to substitute(Dekker, 2004). Due to the multiple effect, we need to clarify when to have a complementary or substitute relation between trust and control (Caglio, 2008).In addition, the relation between partner selection and the formal control may also substitute relation or complement relation. The reason of presenting substitute relationship is due to effective alliance management begins with selecting a good partner, which can reduce the need for a formal control mechanisms. Assuming that enterprises can choose different partners, thus the more effort in the evaluating, comparing and choosing partners, the more credible and reliable of the selected partners, which reduces the demand for formal control (Ireland, 2002); Selecting a partner who has the right skills (high quality standards, technical ability, qualification certificate, etc.) can reduce problems of coordination in future (Dekker, 2004). But from another point of view, this may also be a complementary relationship: because if the company spent a lot of effort whenchoosing corporate partner, then they will know more about all aspects of cooperation partners, so company will have more information when carry out formal control in future, which help sign more meticulous and comprehensive agreement. Therefore, like the relationship between trust and formal control, the relationship between the effort on partner selection and the formal control is also not clear, which may be a complementary relationship or substitute relation.It can be seen that existing researches do not clearly describe how the relationship between formal and informal control. Based on the above analysis, there is an obvious connection between formal and informal control, this article agree with a non-linear relationship between formal and informal control, namely generally present complementary relationship before substitute relationship. But the relationship in practice is an empirical question. Specifically, we propose the following hypothesis:H1: Informal control (including informal behavior control and trust control) has the effect of dynamic relationship (generally present complementary relationship before substituterelationship) to formal control.H2: Formal control has the effect of dynamic relationship (generally present complementary relationship before substitute relationship) to informal control.Ⅲ. Research DesignDataThe data used in this study are publicly available from the MCS questionnaire ofinter-organization. In order to ensure the quality of the questionnaire, we adopted the following three steps to compile and modify the questionnaire.At first, we design the questionnaire according to the foregoing theoretical framework after reviewing inter-organization management control system, management control system, the related documents of management accounting and histology.Secondly, we asked experts in the field of management accounting and inter-organization management control to review the content of the questionnaire, then modify according to the opinion.Last, we asked four doctoral students and four enterprise managers try to fill in the questionnaire, and please they give feedback about questionnaire degree of familiarity, comprehensive content, content with and without any errors, problems form, language, questionnaire space length, the staff who is suitable and the required time to fill in. Based on these comments and responses, we modified the questionnaire again, in addition to improve the content and also try to adjust the language for people who in practice are familiar with the idiomatic vocabulary, and compress the length of the questionnaire from 14 pages to 8 pages¹, so that the respondents can complete the questionnaire within half an hour.Next, we carried out on-the-spot interviews in the selected four enterprises and carried on the preliminary Test (Pilot Test) at the same time in late February to early September 2012. These four companies belong to the automobile manufacturing and electrical manufacturing industry, one of the state-owned enterprises, two private enterprises and a foreign investment enterprise. We had deeply one-on-one interviews with the enterprise manager, chief financial officer, chief engineer and middle financial personnel about the modified questionnaire and prepared 14 open questions. Interviews make us have a more specific understanding about the enterprise actualquality management and management accounting control condition, and verify the accuracy of the proposed design. We left the questionnaire in the enterprise and asked them send it to us after they finished. Based information on responses from the questionnaire and interviews, we has carried on the corresponding adjustment to the questionnaire.Then, we make use of the teaching resources from SUFE and SNAI，mainly rely on the visiting scholars in Accounting of SUFE to do the questionnaire survey, and we send questionnaires to students of MPACC and the training courses for chief accountants of state-owned enterprises, otherwise we take advantage of a professional network platform for questionnaire named Sojump () to send and recycle questionnaires, only executives in manufactory enterprises have the permission to fill it out. At the meantime, we have emphasized that the man to fill it out should be the mid-level or senior supervisors (such as board chairman、general manager、vice general manager、CFO、financial manager、purchasing manager, etc)who know well about the management control of suppliers、the management information system and financial performance, we advise to fill it together if it can not be done by a single person.At last, while waiting for the recycling , we urged them through e-mails or telephone calls to make sure they will try their best to complete it in time on the basis of good quality. The whole survey last for six months, 326 effective questionnaires are collected, involved 15 listed companies，occupied one sixth.Measurement of variablesQuestion in the questionnaires is designed closed, it can be divided into two parts, one is to supply many qualitative statements for them to choose or answer; the other is to demand the respondents to mark the match degree between the actual situation of their companies and the statements in the questionnaires, 1 means the reality of the company and the statements are not matched at all, 4 means the two are basically matched, and 7 means totally matched.To ensure the validity of each scale, we put forward 4-10 items for every scale. Other questions about variable control are put into the sixth part, which focus on the background of the enterprises and the information of the man who fill the questionnaire out. According to the standard data processing of questionnaire, we first take factor analysis separately according to its variable classification, to point out the minor potential factors that influence the major features of each variable, and to examine whether these factors can be merged into one final factor which can stand for the level of each main variable or not. Below we will explain each concept and controlling variable respectively.Three aspects are included in the measurement of the inter-organizational MCS, they are formal control、social control and trust control. Formal control can be divided into result control and behavior control. Trust control can be divided into goodwill trust and ability trust. Among them, the scales of formal control are referring to Dekker(2010); the scales of social control are referring to Kirsch(2010), and we add informal behavior control into the scales on the basis of Kirsch; and those scales of trust are referring to Becerra(2008)、Mogan and Hunt(1994)、Ganesan(1994).The ModelAccording to the analysis above, there are obvious connections between formal and informalcontrol, in this paper, we more tend to believe they are in linear relationship, that is, they firstly act in complementary relationship and then in substitute one. But in practice, it is an empirical issue to explore their actually relationship.In detail, in this section，we set a model under two research hypotheses. According to the model, we adopt two research methods for empirical analysis: one is OLS regression method; and the other one is two-period instrumental variable method, this is to solve endogenous problems in this research.Empirical steps as below:Firstly, we take OLS regression analysis. We set equations as in model (1.1) to model (1.5) respectively according to hypothesis 10 and 11, among them, model (1.1)、model (1.2) and model (1.3) are test equations for hypothesis 10, and model (1.4)、model (1.5) are for hypothesis 11.公式略去In model (1.1), we estimate the regression coefficient of INFC is positive, and that of SquaINFC is negative.In model (1.2), we estimate the regression coefficient of TC is positive, and that of SquaTC is negative.In model (1.3), we estimate the regression coefficients of INFC and TC are positive, and those of SquaINFC and SquaTC are negative.In model (1.4), we estimate the regression coefficient of FC is positive, and that of SquaFC is negative.Secondly, we take two-period instrumental variable regression analysis. We make simultaneous equations of model (1.6) and model (1.7) to test the hypothesis 10; and make simultaneous equations of model (1.8) and model (1.9) to test hypothesis 11.公式略去2variables in models above are:FC stands for the degree of formal controlINFC stands for the degree of informal controlTC stands for the degree of trust controlLnsales stands for the natural logarithm of the main revenue last yearPublic stands for whether the company is a listed one, if it is, the public is 1, if not, the public is 0SOE stands for whether the company is a state-owned one, if it is, the SOE is 1, if not, the SOE is 0Length stands for the period that the company has been operating forShare Dummy stands for the shareholding relationship between the suppliers and the company, in detail, 1 means they are in non-equity relationship; 2 means the company holds shares of the supp liers; 3 means the suppliers hold the company’s shares; 4 means they are in cross-shareholdings; 5 means suppliers and the company are in the same control Industry Dummy stands for the industry distribution of the companyProvince Dummy stands for the regional distribution of the companyShare Dummy stands for the share relationship between the company and its suppliers.To be specific,one represents that there is no share relationship between the company and its suppliers,and two stands for that the company holds the share of its suppliers while three standsfor the opposite situation,which means that the suppliers hold the share of the company.Four means cross shareholdings and five represent that they are under the same control.Industry Dummy stands for the distribution of the industries the company belongs to.Province Dummy stands for the geographical distribution of the company.Ⅳ. descriptive statistics and correlation analysisTable 1.1 shows the descriptive statistics result of the mechanism of inter-organizational MCS.The variables FC,INFC and TC are standardization of variables through factor analysis.The mean value of them is 0 and the variance is 1.The result that the median of the three variables is greater than the mean value of them reflects that the inter-organizational controlling degree of most companies is greater than the mean level while at the same time the controlling degree of a few companies is too low.It can be seen from the descriptive statistics of the variable Public that the percentage of the listed company is below that of the non-listed company in the sample.It can also be concluded that most companies in the sample are non state-owned enterprises from the descriptive statistics result of the variable SOE.Table 1.1 Descriptive statistics of the main variables in the test for the mechanism of inter-organizational MCS Variables N MEAN MED STD MIN Q1 Q3 MAX FC 326 0.00 0.15 1.00 -3.39 -0.49 0.88 1.35 INFC 326 0.00 0.15 1.00 -3.57 -0.52 0.74 1.75TC 326 0.00 0.12 1.00 -3.94 -0.55 0.79 1.53 SquaFC 326 1.00 0.55 1.38 0.00 0.11 1.42 11.48 SquaINFC 326 1.00 0.41 1.51 0.00 0.13 1.39 12.76 SquaTC 326 1.00 0.40 1.55 0.00 0.07 1.43 15.53 Lnsales 326 8.83 8.47 3.13 2.71 6.80 9.95 27.27 Public 326 0.32 0.00 0.47 0.00 0.00 1.00 1.00 SOE 326 0.06 0.00 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.00 Length 326 14.69 12.00 11.68 1.00 8.00 18.00 100.00Table 1.2 reflects the results of the correlation analysis about the mechanism of inter-organizational MCS. The Pearson test result locates in the bottom left of the table and the Spearman test result locates in the upper right of the table. It can be seen that formal control(FC) and informal control(INFC) are significant positive correlation at confidence level of 1%.The Pearson correlation coefficient is 0.676 and the Spearman correlation coefficient is 0.625.The results that informal control(INFC) and trust control(TC) are significant positive correlation and that informal control(INFC) and square of trust control(SquaTC) are significant negative correlation show that the first alternative relationship exists between the two after the complementary.Meanwhile,the results that formal control(FC) and trust control(TC) are significant positive correlation, that formal control(FC) and square of informal control(SquaINFC) are significant negative correlation and that formal control(FC) and square of trust control(SquaTC) are significant negative correlation reflect that the fact is mostly consistent with the expect that the relationship between formal control and informal control is complementary at first and change into alternative then.Table 1.2 The correlation test of the main variables in the test for the mechanism of inter-organizational MCS Variables FC INFC TC SquaFC SquaINFCSquaTC Lnsales Public SOE LengthFC 1.000 0.625*** 0.699*** -0.175*** -0.179***-0.138**0.255***0.175*** 0.057 0.177***INFC 0.676*** 1.000 0.709*** -0.052 -0.305*** -0.091* 0.161***0.205*** 0.069 0.240***TC 0.742*** 0.698*** 1.000 -0.047 -0.211*** -0.022 0.253***0.191*** 0.033 0.239***SquaFC -0.393*** -0.447***-0.310***1.000 0.512*** 0.586***0.013 -0.050 0.001 0.051SquaINF C -0.579***-0.484***-0.434***0.600*** 1.000 0.585***-0.038 -0.199***-0.087 -0.165***SquaTC -0.479*** -0.336***-0.482***0.549*** 0.689*** 1.000 0.017 -0.055 -0.081 -0.062Lnsales 0.210*** 0.189*** 0.221*** -0.060 -0.089 -0.076 1.000 0.265*** 0.079 0.330***Public 0.206*** 0.203*** 0.197*** -0.090 -0.193*** -0.116**0.267***1.000 0.300***0.314***SOE 0.076 0.075 0.043 -0.041 -0.093* -0.092* 0.107* 0.300*** 1.000 0.140**Length 0.058 0.041 0.163*** 0.006 -0.144*** -0.075 0.203***0.270*** 0.145***1.000*,**,***represent the result is significant at the level of 0.10,0.05 and 0.01 respectively. The Pearson correlation coefficient locates in he bottom left of the table and the Pearson correlation coefficient is located in the upper right of the table.Ⅴ. Analysis of regressionOLS regression modelTable 1.3 which shows the OLS regression result of INFC on TC includes three sections. The first section(Panel A) covers Model 1,Model 2 and Model 3 and it examines the effect of informal behavior control on formal control separately. The second section(Panel B) includes Model 4,Model 5 and Model 6 and it examines the effect of trust control on formal control separately. The third section(Panel C) covers Model 7,Model 8 and Model 9.It uses informal behavior control and trust control as explanatory variables at the same time and examines the combined effect of the two variables on formal control. What’s more,there is no controlled variables in Model 1,Model 4 and Model 7 while the size, to be listed company or unlisted company, to be state-owned company or not and the operating period are used as controlled variables in Model 2,Model 5 and Model 8.On this base Model 3,Model 6 and Model 9 control the share relationship between suppliers and customers, industries and the province the companies belong to.It can be seen from Model 1 and Model 2 in Table 1.3 that the effect imposed by informal control on formal control is positive. As shown in Table 1.3,after the add of control variables,the coefficient of SquaINFC is -0.08 and is significant negative correlation at confidence level of 1%.So we can conclude that the first alternative relationship exists between informal control and formal control after the complementary. It is consistent with our expect.It can be seen from Model 4, Model 5 and Model 6 in Table 1.3 that the effect imposed by trust control on formal control is significant positive and that the effect imposed by the square of trustcontrol on formal control is significant positive. What’s more, the conclusion is established both in the situation with control variables and the situation without control variables. So we can conclude that the first alternative relationship exists between trust control and formal control after the complementary. It is consistent with our expectation.It can be seen from Model 7, Model 8 and Model 9 in Table 1.3 that when trust control and informal control exist at the same time, the coefficient of informal control is significant positive and the coefficient of the square of informal control is significant negative. That means the effect imposed by informal control on formal control is complementary at first and change into alternative then. The coefficient for trust control is significant positive and though the coefficient for the square of trust control is negative, but it isn’t significant. That means the effect imposed by the square of trust control on formal control can be explained by informal control to some extent.Table 1.4 reflects the OLS regression analysis result of formal control on trust control and informal control and it covers two sections. The first section includes Model 1, Model 2 and Model 3 and it examines the effect imposed by formal control on informal control. The second one covers Model 4, Model 5, Model 6 and it examines the effect imposed by formal control on trust control. There is no control variables in Model 1 and Model 4 while the size, to be listed company or not, to be state-owned company or not and the operating period are used as control variables in Model 2 and Model 5.On this base Model 3 and Model 6 control the share relationship between suppliers and customers, industries and the province the companies belong to.It can be seen from Panel A of table 1.4 that whether or not adding control variables, formal control’s impact on informal behavior control is positively significant at the 1% confidence level all along and formal control’s square’s impact on informal behavior control is negatively significant all along. This conclusion is in line with our expectations that the relationship between formal control and informal behavior control is first complementary and then substitute. In addition, it can be seen from Model 2 and Model 3 that the coefficient on Public is positively significant. This means the informal behavior control used in listed companies is significantly higher than it used in non-listed companies.It can be seen from Panel B of table 1.4 that formal control’s impact on trust control is positively significant. And although formal control’s square’s (SquaFC) impact on trust control is negative, it’s not significant. This means their relationship is complementary. The coefficient on SquaFC is not negatively significant, the reason may be due to we didn’t distinguish what problems in inter-organizational collaboration are the two controls managed specifically, or may be due to the influence of endogenous problem. What follows will use two-phase instrumental variable method to correct the endogenous problem. In addition, there was significant positive correlation between operating life (length) and trust control. This means the longer operating time a company has, the more inclined for it to use trust inter-organizational control mode.Two-phase instrumental variable methodTable 1.5 reports the simultaneous equations analysis results of informal behavior control and trust control’s impact on formal control. It consists of two parts: Panel A provides investigation of informal behavior control’s impact on formal control; Panel B provides investigation of trust control’s impact on formal control. The results show that both informal behavior control and trust control have a first complementary and then substitute effect on formal control. The conclusion is consistent with the conclusion of OLS regression, and verify the H1.Table 1.6 reports the simultaneous equations analysis results of formal control’s impact on。
外文文献原稿及译文
外文文献原稿和译文原稿About Programmable Logiccontrollers（PLCs）PLCs (programmable controller) is used in a variety of automatic control system and process control hub.They contain multiple input and output, input and output is used to transistors and other circuit, analog switch and relay to control the equipment.PLC software interface, standard calculator interface, specialized language programming and network equipment.Programmable logic controller I/O channel rules including all input output contact and contact, to expand capacity and the largest number of channels.Contact number is the sum of input and output points.PLC can specify any combination of these values.Extension units can be stack or connected to each other to increase the total control.The largest number of channels are in an extension system, the total number of maximum input and output channels.PLC system rules include scanning time, number of instructions, data storage and storage program.Scan time is used to monitor input and output module of PLC need time.Standard operation instruction is used in PLC software.Data storage is the ability to store data.Program memory is the ability to control software.Used for programmable controller input devices including DC, AC, intermediate relay, thermocouple, RTD, frequency or pulse, transistors and interrupt signal input;Output devices include DC, AC, intermediate relay, frequency or pulse, transistor, three-terminal two-way thyristor switch components;PLC programming equipment including control panel, handle and computer.Programmable control is used to control a variety of software programming language.These languages including iec61131-3, sequential table (SFC), action block diagram (FBD), ladder diagram (LD), and the structure of the text (ST), instruction sequences (IL), relay ladder diagram (RIL), flow charts, C language and Basic language.Iec61131-3 programming environment can support five languages, with international standards to regulate, SFC, respectively, FBD, LD, ST and IL.This allows more vendor compatibility and a variety of languages.SFC is a kind of graphlanguage, it provides the programming in order to cooperate, can support the order selection and tied for choice, to choose between them.Runtime FBD with a big, established the complicated process, in the form of graphs.Standard mathematical and logical operation can be combined with user interaction and interface operation.LD is suitable for discrete control and interlock logic diagram language.It is fully compatible with FBD on discrete control.ST is a kind of text language, used for complex mathematical and computational process, language is not applicable to chart.IL is similar to the combination of coding low-level languages.It is used in relatively simple logical instructions.Relay ladder diagram and ladder diagram is used for programmable controller is an important programming dder diagram programming is designed to relay logic diagram representation of the program.Flow chart is a graphic language, for use in a controller or operations described in the order of application software, it is used to establish a standard component of recycled runtime.C language is a high-level programming language, suitable for processing the most complicated calculation, a continuous data acquisition task.It typically run in PC debugging.BASIC language is used to handle the number of consecutive data acquisition and interface operation of high-level language.Programmable controller also specification of many computer interface equipment, network rules and characteristics.PLC energy equipment and running environment is also very important.The development history of programmable controllerIn 1968, general motors (GM), according to the needs of the development of the market situation and put forward the "many varieties, small batch, new car brand model" strategy.To implement this strategy, relying on the original industrial control device obviously not, and there must be a kind of new industrial control device, it can be with the change of the products, flexible and easily change control scheme to difficult to meet the different requirements of control.In 1969, the famous American digital equipment corporation (DEC) according to the function requirements of GM, developed the new industrial control device, and the GM of a vehicle to run automated production line for the first time to succeed.According to this new type of industrial control devices can be programmedto change control scheme this characteristic, and the situation of the specialized for Logic control, says the new industrial control device for the Programmable control (Programmable Logic Controller), hereinafter referred to as PLC.From 1968 to now, the PLC has experienced four generation: most of the first generation of PLC with a machine development, with the core memory storage, only the logic control function.In the second generation of PLC products for 8-bit microprocessor and semiconductor memory, PLC product seriation.The third generation of PLC product with high performance microprocessor and chip is used in great quantities in the PLC CPU, PLC speed greatly improved, thus enabling it to develop in the direction of multi-function communications and networking.The fourth generation of PLC products not only comprehensive use 16-bit and 32-bithigh-performance microprocessors, high-performance slice microcontroller processor, RISC (Reduced instruction set computer) Reduced instruction system CPU and other advanced CPU, and more than one processor in a PLC configuration, multi-channel processing.Also produced a large number of embedded microprocessor module, only makes the fourth generation of PLC product has the function of logical control, process control, motion control, data control, networked control functions really worthy of the name of multi-functional controller.At the same time, the PLC network composed of PLC has also been rapid development.PLC and industrial control of PLC network in factory enterprises become the preferred device, composed of PLCmulti-stage distributed PLC network become indispensable fundamental part of CIMS system.People spoke highly of the importance of PLC and its network, it is one of the three pillars of modern.Selecting machine modelMarket popular PLC products manufacturer in China with the following companies:(1) schneider company, including the introduction of early from Modicon company by the tianjin instrument instrument and meter plant products, products are now Quantum, Premium and Momentum;(2) rockwell company (including AB company) PLC products, products are now SLC and Micro Logix Control Logix etc.(3) of Siemens PLC products, products are now 400/300 / S7-200 series;(4) ge PLC products;(5) the company's products such as omron, mitsubishi, Fuji, panasonic, one of the most popular is the mitsubishi FX series.The basic principle of PLC selection is: in the input/output quantity meet the requirements under the premise of should choose the most reliable, maintenance, and use the most convenient and cost-effective optimal products.Selecting I/OPLC is an industrial control system, the control object is industrial production equipment or the production process of industrial products, working environment is the industrial production field.It connects the industrial production process is achieved by I/O interface module.PLC has a lot of I/O interface module including switch input module, the switch output module, analog input module and analog output module and special module, we should use according to the characteristics of their implementation options.(1) determine the number of input/outputAccording to the requirements of the control system, determine the number of input/output required, should increase the spare quantity of 10% 20%, in order to increase control function in any time.(2) the switch quantity input/outputSwitch input/output interface and can take the signals from the sensors and switches and control equipment.A typical 24-240 - v ac input/output signals, 5-240 - v dc input/output signals.(3) the analog input/outputAnalog input/output inte rface can accept the signal generated by thesensor.These interfaces can be used to measure turnover rate, temperature and pressure, and thus to control the voltage or current output device.Range for these interfaces - 10-10 v, + 0 to 10 v, 4-20 ma, or 10 to 50 ma.Some manufacturers on the PLC design special dedicated analog interface, so it can receive low level signal.In general, this interface module can be used to receive different types of thermocouple and RTD mixed signal.(4) special function input/outputWhen selecting a PLC, user may faced some special types of input/output and some because of the location of the limited input/output and fast response and frequency problem caused by the non standard input/output.Now, the user should consider whether to accept by the market or manufacturers to provide a special module, through a dedicated part of the module and dispose data, so as to reduce the use of the CPU, improve the efficiency of the task processing, to minimize failure caused by high limit control.PLC statusIn a PLC, the lack of keyboard and other input and output devices is a very worthy of attention.In PLC front usually have a certain amount of status ually indicates that:The start-up - as long as the PLC charged, it will be started.Program is running - this will indicate whether running or if no program is running. Error display - when PLC has a large hardware or software errors, it will be displayed. These lights are usually used for debugging.A certain number of button will also be provided to the PLC hardware.The most common button is a run/programming selection switch, when in keeping the state, it will be transferred to the programming;When the production status, it will be transferred to the operation.A PLC system almost no start closing switch or reset switch at the front.It needs to be designed into the system the rest.The state of the PLC can also be ladder logic diagram.Test whether the program implemented is very common for the first time.'first scan input in ladder diagram by scanning for the first time, will is right, and in the rest of the time when the scanning is wrong.In this case, the PLC - 5 'first scan' address is' S2:1/14 '.According to the example of the logical relationship, the first scan will seal the 'light' until the 'clear' is started.So the light will be start brighter in the PLC, but after the "clear" is launched, it will shut down and remain in the closed position.'first scan module is mentioned in the "first pass" module.PLC application domainAt home and abroad at present, the PLC has been widely used in steel, petroleum, chemical, electric power, building materials, machinery manufacturing, automobile, textile, transportation, environmental protection and cultural industries with happiness and usage can be roughly divided into the following categories:(1) the switch quantity logic controlThis is the most basic, the most widely PLC applications, it replaces the traditional relay circuit, realize logic control, sequence control, can be used for control of single equipment, also can be used in many machines and automatic assembly line.Such as injection molding machine, printing machine, stapler machinery, combined machine tool, grinding machine, packaging production line, plating production line, etc.(2) analog controlIn the process of industrial production, there are a lot of continuous change, such as temperature, pressure, flow, liquid level and speed and so on are all analog.In order to make the programmable controller to deal with analog, must implement the analog quantity and digital quantity between A/D and D/A conversion module, the programmable controller for analog control.(3) motion controlPLC can be used in circular motion and linear motion control.From control mechanism configuration, early applied directly to switch the I/O module connection position sensors and actuators, now in general use special motion controlmodule.Such as driving a stepper motor or servo motor of uniaxial or multi-axis position control module.The world's major products almost all have motion control function of PLC manufacturers, widely used in all kinds of machinery, machine tools, robots, elevators, etc.(4) process controlProcess control is to point to the analog quantities such as temperature, pressure, flow rate of the closed loop control.As industrial control computer, PLC can prepare the all kinds of control algorithm procedures, complete the closed-loop control.PID control is generally be applied closed loop control system of the control rge and medium-sized PLC has PID module, at present many small PLC also has thefunction module.PID processing is generally run special PID subroutine.The process control in metallurgy, chemical industry, heat treatment, boiler control occasions has wide application, etc.(5) the data processingModern PLC with mathematical operation, data transmission, data conversion, sorting, look-up table, a function, such as the operation can complete data collection, analysis, and processing.These data can be compared with the reference value of memory, accomplish a certain number of control operation, also can send to other intelligent device, the use of communication function or printing them tabulation.Data processing is generally used in a large control system, such as unmanned control of flexible manufacturing systems;Can also be used to process control system, such as paper making, metallurgy, food industry, some of the large control system.(6) communications and networkingPLC communication with the communication between PLC and the communication between PLC and other smart devices.With the development of computer control, factory automation network is growing fast, the PLC manufacturers have attached great importance to PLC communications functions, have launched their own network systems.The newly production PLC has a communication interface, communication is very convenient.PLC application field is still in the extension, in Japan, the application of PLC has been from the traditional industrial automatic control equipment and machinery, extended to the following areas of application: small and medium-sized process control system, remote maintenance service system, the energy conservation monitoring control system, and of the relation of living machines, relationship with the environment, and all have rapidly rising trend.It is important to note that with PLC, DSC mutual penetration, both the boundaries of an increasingly fuzzy, PLC applied to discrete manufacturing industry from the traditional to the applied to the continuous process industries to expand.译文PLC介绍PLC（可编程控制器）是用于各种自动控制系统和过程的可控网络集线器。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
外文翻译：发现者，管理者？吸引，激励和留住知识型员工吸引，激励和保留知识型员工已成为一个以知识为基础和劳动力市场紧张，在不断变化的知识管理实践和技术的全球趋同已重新界定工作性质的重要。
虽然就业的做法和团队为基础的工作的个性化可能提供的个人和组织的灵活性，使人力资源的竞争优势和组织战略变得更加这一探索性研究确定的最和最有效的的人力资源战略，知识密集型企业在新加坡（KIFs）用于吸引，激励和留住这些工人。
最流行的策略并不总是最有效的，似乎有独特的“捆绑”人力资源管理知识工作者的做法。
这些措施有所不同，根据是否是外国或本地的所有权。
统计学意义的结果为基础的架构，改善管理知识工作者的这些做法的有效性、建议。
跨文化研究是有必要建立这些做法的扩散程度。
德鲁克在1989年创造“知识工人”一词，它是描述谁携带它们的个人，，而不是作为一个强大的资源知识组织，自己的。
知识工作，可以说是一个知识分子的性质和以及合格员工形糊不清知识工作者和知识密集的企业（KIFs）的概念（Alvesson1993年）。
乌尔里希（1998）断言说，随着知识工作的增加，智力资本是一家公司的只有可观的资产。
福格特（1995）定义为一个人与知识工作者动机和能力，共同创造新的见解和能力，沟通，教练和便于实施的新思路。
这项工作是不可重复性和结果为导向，用两个“传统”的科学方法和需要连续学习，直觉，新的思维和想象力。
但其中一些概念可能矛盾，有些理想化，根据Alvesson（1993年：1000年至1004年）。
他指出知识工作者的工作是更恰当地定性为“含糊不清密集的”比“知识密集”。
这些工人可能同时拥有传统知识的类型连接科学和理性的分析问题的解决和必要的知识，以及作为一个特定的主体，需要处理的复杂性和不确定性的能力。
后者需要直觉，创造性，灵活性和社交技巧。
一个新兴的文学和具体的人力资源战略研究证据，为吸引，激励和保留这些做法和组织蓝图工人（男爵和汉南，2002年，休伊特＆Associates公司，2001年）。
Alvesson和Karreman 2001年），从文献和案例研究的审查，认为“知识管理的可能性，或更多的，作为一个管理人员或实践操作比对促进知识的创造“（2001年：1）切合做法的信息。
知识工作者个人与个人的知识，并组织越来越多地寻求如何转化为社会共享的部署知识组织的目标。
我们的研究探讨有效的人力资源战略和措施，吸引、激励和留住知识型工人。
我们的工作，认为跨国公司和当地知识密集的企业（KIFs）在六个部门，有两个主要目的：1、确定最佳或最有效的人力资源管理知识的做法和工人，吸引提出了一个模式，激励和保留这些工人；探索的概念，负责管理人力资源的做法是否有一组特殊的一般的知识型工人和其他工人。
2、第二个目的是：●提供一个以知识为基础的企业大多数受访者接受的通用定义；比较有关的知识型员工的可接受的和不可接受的营业额●其他员工和人力资源的做法套件;●查明原因和采取的措施，以解决高层次知识流动率;●识别知识工作者从事的就业形式。
这些包括为核心的全职员工，并作为非核心员工与就业分包，转包，咨询，兼职，定期，临时，休闲或家庭雇佣条款。
我们的结论认为超越东亚范围内的调查结果的相关性，跨文化比较研究的进一步指示。
鉴于探索上述目标的性质，实证的方法是调查而不是假设检验。
文献回顾管理知识工作者的最佳做法文献可分为三个类型：●知识工作者（休伊特＆Associates的属性和期望，2001年，金尼尔和Sutherland，2000）;●组织理论与设计，作为一种新的文学知识组织，组织形式（Alvesson，2000年，男爵等，2001;德鲁克，1989年;得心应手，1989年），●独特的人力资源和组织管理知识工人和他们的做法，职业生涯（男爵和汉南，2002年，达文波特，1999年，汤普森和苍鹭，2002年;乌尔里希，1998年）。
属性和工作的期望属性和知识工作者本身的看法是重要的决定因素，他们的组织承诺和做法，以吸引和留住他们最好的人力资源（金尼尔和Sutherland，2000）。
这组工人拥有，特别是技能高的要求。
他们享受职业进步和自主的人流动性和抵制其承诺的一个传统的指挥和控制文化，更职业比组织导向。
由于他们往往工作队在处理问题和反对的任务有关的问题，他们是一个长期成功的关键此信息为基础的时代，作为一个组织的核心竞争力的组织在他们居住。
因此，需要新的人力资源系统和技能，聘请他们。
在美国和在欧洲和非洲国家的调查结果相同，知识工人在新加坡的营业额已高于其他员工群体（德斯普雷斯和Hiltrop，1995年;德斯勒，2000年，新加坡政府统计，2001年）。
会议的人力资源与必要的人才需求时，有一个高得令人无法接受的出走知识工作者越来越困难和昂贵的 - 高达2.5倍。
由于再就业成本（卡西奥，2001年）的年薪。
即使在全球经济不景气，减员和裁员的特点，组织仍然需要保留的关键知识工作者。
失败可能削弱竞争能力，智力资本，此类公司的文化结构和体制记忆。
以下Alvesson和Karreman（2001年：905-1014），他们注意到，“知识管理是一个奇怪的夫妇”，一个知识管理的角度来看是有用的人力资本管理组织或什至反之亦然（见表1）。
表1人力资源和知识管理：承上启下克，1993年）。
由于知识在瞬息万变的市场环境成为多余的，灵活的雇佣关系模式成为组织中的功能，并改变的心理契约影响人力资源的做法，如工作设计和工作场所关系模型（男爵汉南，2002年; Alvesson，2000年，汤普森和苍鹭，2002年）。
如改变的因素劳动力的人口统计资料，例如人口老龄化的IT过时在欧洲，日本等发达国家，对工作性质的重要影响人力资源规划。
这些人力资源实践（1）构成为吸引和留住挑战年轻，更多的流动人口的资本，（2）导致生产力下降，如果有（a）没有重视知识从一代人转移到另一个;或（b）创建一个失败创新的组织文化作为组织的年龄，性别和文化多样性在较低的竞争力变化;（3）结果，如果这些组织都留不住他们的知识工作者（Alvesson，2000年，2001年华信惠悦）。
来自东南亚的劳工统计表明，在管理挑战中，知识工人，尤其是IT专业人士，为组织寻求利用弗兰克M ·霍维茨，陈登恒和Hesan艾哈迈德Quazi，吸引/招募激励和保留部署知识型员工知识型员工的知识工人获得保护和选矿和创造知识的制度化的知识，利用知识确定的技能，知识，战略人力资源开发，以提高对知识的过程能力，这是关键的知识，技能的传播和组织的生存和沟通能力：交叉功能，跨学科，业务部门之间、地区之间，加强激励的积极行动吸引人才和知识共享，表彰和奖励，工作设计与文化。
它以提高其生产力。
在IT劳动力的平均营业额的专业人员南东亚范围从12.0％，在1995年至1997年的15.5％（国际纺机展和IMARC。
调查结果显示，1997年），而新加坡在1999年达到18.9％和17.5％2000年协会（ITMA和IMARC调查，2001年）。
即使在亚洲经济危机中后期，20世纪90年代，知识型员工的所有类别的自愿上述营业额上升17％美分，直到最近全球经济低迷削减这。
相比之下，平均在1990年在新加坡工人的所有其他类别的员工辞职率 - 2000年时低得多：分别约1.7％和6.9％，在1990年和2000年（新加坡政府统计，2001年）。
一个行政首长，在10个东亚国家的355家公司的研究发现“最佳雇主”（休伊特和联营公司，2001年）的三个关键的差异化属性：●发现和发展人才与战略业务目标相一致;●不断增长和迅速适应迅速变化的环境中;●灵活的工作场所的要求与工作/生活平衡的需要平衡。
虽然上述研究并没有侧重于知识的组织全部或知识工作者，他们的区别是相对一致的这也与研究。
一个知识工作者的工作满意度研究确定薪酬，工作性质和作为最重要的工作满意度变量（经济的就业前景情报组和安达信咨询公司/埃森哲，2001年）。
其他因素决策和同伴关系。
这些因素都一致金尼尔和Sutherland（2000）的调查结果。
Alvesson（2000）和汤普森和苍鹭（2002年）。
Alvesson（2000年：1112年至1113年），是指为组织的各种不同的和不断变化的基地识别和忠诚度。
他区分体制和社群忠诚，前者指的是文化，规范和故事，组织符号和创建个人体制的忠诚度的做法。
在不断变化的背景下基于社群的忠诚度是指心理契约（汤普森和苍鹭，2002），一组强烈依靠人与人之间的关系和感知人的身份共同的利益。
前者的忠诚类型，也可以说是更有助于组织的需要。
这些控制措施的组合被称为社会综合管理（Alvesson2000）。
两者都是重要的动机和保留的知识工作者，虽然他们自己可能会更强烈认同社群忠诚类型的职业的同伴关系。
KIF组织理论与设计KIF的概念可以被视为在作为一个新兴的知识为基础的理论机构整合其成员的专业知识（批准，1996年;汤普森鹭，2002年）。
一个为这些企业面临的主要挑战是管理员工的能力确保人力资源战略可以创造及知识创造的关键知识的拨款（汤普森和苍鹭，2002年：1）。
核心的战略选择需要加强差异化竞争能力的能力可能是一个知识组织的重要特征。
可能有一个知识型组织不同的设计形式，与平坦，这可能是弥漫性的网络结构和组织环境与边界或松散耦合的分散，往往网络决定在分类或协调分包单位。
这可能是合资或战略联盟的形式（德鲁克，1989;得心应手，1989; Thompson和苍鹭，2002年）。
这些结构类型改变控制规范形式，通过文化和更直接的指挥和控制机制（Alvesson2000年）的身份取代。
有关这些变化的组织形式，Hertzenberg等（2000）和邮票（1996年）认为，一个知识型组织需要高层次技能，如抽象推理，发现者，管理者？吸引，激励和留住知识型工人高认知。
这意味着人们具有的观察能力，综合和传达新的观点和见解，从而更有效的决策，的解决方案和流程（金尼尔和Sutherland，2000年，罗伯逊和奥马利哈默斯利，2000年）。
然而，由于主张Alvesson（1993年：1014），“KIFs可能是一种有用的分类，其中操作如果考虑到知识的索赔，而不是知识本身，模糊性和修辞知识密集的企业，组织和工人。
在这方面的应用能力和知识是与工作内容的锻炼需要应对模糊性，就像前面讨论。
这种组织形式可能要求工作要相对独立，灵活的工作安排，。
它需要职业专门的工人，可能是谁，而流动或游牧（Hertzenberg等，2000），需要一个共享的信息/知识的文化（沃格特，1995）。
它还需要适应具有较高技术素养的员工连续学习者（德斯勒，2000年邮票，1996年）。
知识的创造和传播成为必不可少的核心的竞争力，虽然知识工作者可能有较强的职业比组织认同（罗伯逊和奥马利哈默斯利，2000年）和基于社群的忠诚（Alvesson2000年）。