Improved properties of carbon fiber paper as electrode for fuel cell by coating pyrocarbon via
Composites Science and Technology
Carbon nanotube–polymer composites: Chemistry, processing, mechanical and electrical properties Review ArticleProgress in Polymer Science, Volume 35, Issue 3, March 2010,Pages 357-401Zdenko Spitalsky, Dimitrios Tasis, Konstantinos Papagelis, Costas GaliotisShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles Purchase $ 41.95541 The influence of sterilization processes on the micromechanical properties of carbon fiber-reinforcedPEEK composites for bone implantapplications Original Research ArticleActa Biomaterialia, Volume 3, Issue 2, March 2007, Pages209-220A. Godara, D. Raabe, S. GreenShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 41.95542 Composite resin reinforced with pre-tensioned glassfibers. Influence of prestressing on flexuralproperties Original Research ArticleDental Materials, Volume 26, Issue 2, February 2010,Pages 118-125Luís Henrique Schlichting, Mauro Amaral Caldeira deAndrada, Luiz Clóvis Cardoso Vieira, Guilherme Mariz deOliveira Barra, Pascal MagneShow preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 31.50543 An experimental study on static behavior of a GFRPbridge deck filled with a polyurethane foam OriginalResearch ArticleComposite Structures, Volume 82, Issue 2, January 2008,Pages 257-268Goangseup Zi, Byeong Min Kim, Yoon Koog Hwang,Young Ho LeeClose preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractThe static behavior of an orthotropic bridge deck made of glass fiber reinforcedpolymer (GFRP) and polyurethane foam was investigated experimentally. Thebridge deck consisted of GFRP unit modules with rectangular holes filled withPurchase$ 31.50foam to improve the structural behavior in the transverse direction. It was found that, although the elastic modulus of the foam compared to the homogenized modulus of the GFRP deck was about the order of 10−3, the structural behaviors in the transverse direction such as the nominal strength, stiffness, etc. were greatly improved when the GFRP bridge deck was filled with foam. Because of the low mass density of the foam used in this study, the bridge deck was still light enough while the structural properties were improved significantly. Webs of the foam-filled modules did not significantly contribute to strength development of the deck. However, propagation of a crack initiated in a module was caught by the webs so as to limit the crack to the inside of that cell only. This made the load–displacement behavior of the foam-filled GFRP deck less brittle. The longitudinal response of the GFRP deck was improved with the foam. The strength was increased about 20% but the elastic modulus was not improved.Article Outline1. Introduction2. The failure behavior of a GFRP deck with rectangular holes3. Test specimens and the experimental methods3.1. Selection of foam3.2. Types and preparation of the specimens3.3. The test procedure4. Experimental results and discussion4.1. The reference specimens, specimen type AH4.2. The GFRP deck filled with a foam inside, specimen types AFH and AFL 4.3. The foam-filled GFRP deck with partial removal of webs, specimen types BFH4.4. The foam-filled GFRP deck without webs, specimen types CFH5. ConclusionsAppendix A. The behavior of the foam-filled GFRP deck loaded in the longitudinal directionReferences544 Effect of sintering techniques on the microstructureand tensile properties of nano-yttria particulatesreinforced magnesium nanocomposites OriginalResearch ArticleJournal of Alloys and Compounds, Volume 509, Issue 11,17 March 2011, Pages 4341-4347S.F. Hassan, Khin Sandar Tun, M. GuptaClose preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractIn the present study, magnesium nanocomposites were fabricated usingmagnesium as matrix and nano-yttria as reinforcement. Nanocomposites with0.2 and 0.7 vol.% of Y2O3 particulates with an average size of 29–50 nm were synthesized blend-press-sinter powder metallurgy technique followed by hotextrusion. Conventional slow heating and microwave assisted rapid heatingsintering techniques were used. Microstructural characterization of thematerials revealed fairly uniform distribution of reinforcement with thepresence of minimal porosity in all of the processed materials, while significantgrain refinement in the cases of conventionally sintered materials. Tensileproperties characterization of the conventional and microwave sintered nanocomposites revealed that significant and resembling increase in the 0.2%yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of magnesium matrix with theincreasing presence of reinforcement. The ductility and work of fracture ofmagnesium matrix increased significantly in the case of conventionallysintered nanocomposites when compared to the microwave assisted sintered nanocomposites.Purchase$ 41.95Article Outline1. Introduction2. Experimental procedures2.1. Materials2.2. Processing2.3. Density measurements2.4. Microstructural characterization2.5. X-ray diffraction studies2.6. Tensile characteristics3. Results3.1. Macrostructural characteristics3.2. Density3.3. Microstructural characteristics3.4. X-ray diffraction studies3.5. Tensile characteristics3.6. Fractography4. Discussion4.1. Synthesis of Mg and Mg/Y2O3 nanocomposites4.2. Microstructural characteristics4.3. Tensile characteristics4.4. Fracture characteristics5. ConclusionsReferencesResearch highlightsTwo sintering techniques were studied to synthesize Mg/Y2O3 nanocomposite. Microwave rapid heating sintering and conventional slow heating sintering. Microwave sintering effectively exploited ofstrengthening effect of reinforcement. Formability and fracture resistance of magnesium improved by traditional sintering.545 Investigation of cladding and coating strippingmethods for specialty optical fibers Original ResearchArticleOptics and Lasers in Engineering, Volume 49, Issue 3,March 2011, Pages 324-330Jung-Ryul Lee, Dipesh Dhital, Dong-Jin YoonClose preview | Supplementary content | Related articles | Relatedreference work articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractFiber optic sensing technology is used extensively in several engineeringfields, including smart structures, health and usage monitoring,non-destructive testing, minimum invasive sensing, safety monitoring, andother advanced measurement fields. A general optical fiber consists of a core, cladding, and coating layers. Many sensing principles require that the claddingor coating layer should be removed or modified. In addition, since differentsensing systems are needed for different types of optical fibers, it is veryimportant to find and sort out the suitable cladding or coating removal methodfor a particular fiber. This study focuses on finding the cladding and coatingstripping methods for four recent specialty optical fibers, namely: hardpolymer-clad fiber, graded-index plastic optical fiber, copper/carbon-coatedoptical fiber, and aluminum-coated optical fiber. Several methods, includingnovel laser stripping and conventional chemical and mechanical stripping,were tried to determine the most suitable and efficient technique. Microscopic investigation of the fiber surfaces was used to visually evaluate the mechanical reliability. Optical time domain reflectometric signals of the successful removalcases were investigated to further examine the optical reliability. Based on ourresults, we describe and summarize the successful and unsuccessfulPurchase$ 39.95methods.Article Outline1. Introduction2. Fiber configurations2.1. Hard polymer-clad fiber2.2. Plastic optical fiber2.3. Copper/carbon-coated optical fiber2.4. Aluminum-coated optical fiber3. Cladding stripping methods used for hard polymer clad fiber3.1. Chemical stripping3.1.1. Sulfuric acid (99%)3.1.2. Propylene glycol3.1.3. Other chemicals3.2. Mechanical stripping3.3. Laser stripping4. Cladding removal methods used for plastic optical fiber4.1. Chemical stripping4.2. Mechanical stripping5. Chemical method for coating removal of copper/carbon-coated fiber6. Chemical method for coating removal of aluminum-coated fiber7. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences546 Polymers for flexible displays: From material selectionto device applications Review ArticleProgress in Polymer Science, Volume 33, Issue 6, June2008, Pages 581-630Myeon-Cheon Choi, Youngkyoo Kim, Chang-Sik HaClose preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesPurchase$ 41.95Abstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractWith digitalization, plenty of information is being exchanged through electronic media, and consumers are demanding high quality, convenient, and portable digital devices. Currently, flat panel displays, such as liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and plasma display panels (PDPs), satisfy them with regard to quality. Convenience and portability will be realized with flexible displays in the future. Polymers are very promising materials for flexible displays with many advantageous charateristics including transparency, light weight, flexibility, and robustness. They are also some of the least expensive materials and are suitable for mass production via roll-to-roll processes. In this review, we will discuss the kinds of polymers that are used, where and how polymer materials are used and the challenges to overcome in developing flexible displays. Article OutlineNomenclature1. Introduction2. Polymer substrates2.1. Potential polymer candidates for flexible substrates2.2. Property requirements that apply to flexible substrates2.2.1. Clarity2.2.2. Thermal stability2.2.3. Surface properties2.2.4. Chemical resistance2.2.5. Mechanical properties3. Barrier coatings3.1. Mechanisms of device failure3.2. Theories of gas permeation3.3. Barrier coatings on polymer substrates3.4. Permeation rate measurements4. Transparent electrodes4.1. Transparent conducting oxides (TCOs) 4.2. TCO–metal–TCO (TMT) multilayers 4.3. Conducting polymers4.4. Carbon nanotube (CNT) thin films5. Electro-optic materials5.1. Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)5.2. Electronic papers (e-papers)5.3. Polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) 5.3.1. Electron injection/transport materials 5.3.2. Hole injection/transport materials 5.3.3. Electroluminescent polymers5.3.4. Patterning technologies6. Thin-film transistors (TFTs)6.1. Amorphous silicon TFTs6.2. Low-temperature poly-silicon TFTs 6.3. Organic thin-film transistors6.3.1. Organic semiconductors6.3.2. Gate dielectric materials6.4. Others7. Encapsulation8. Roll-to-roll (RTR) processes9. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferences547 Load and health monitoring in glass fibre reinforced composites with an electrically conductivenanocomposite epoxy matrix Original Research ArticleComposites Science and Technology , Volume 68, Issues 7-8, June 2008, Pages 1886-1894Lars Böger, Malte H.G. Wichmann, Leif Ole Meyer, Karl Schulte Close preview | Related articles | Related reference work articles Abstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractFibre reinforced polymers (FRPs) are an important group of materials in lightweight constructions. Most of the parts produced from FRPs, like aircraft wings or wind turbine rotor blades are designed for high load levels and a lifetime of 30 years or more, leading to an extremely high number of load cycles to sustain. Consequently, the fatigue life and the degradation of the mechanical properties are aspects to be considered. Therefore, in the last years condition monitoring of FRP-structures has gained importance anddifferent types of sensors for load and damage sensing have been developed. In this work a new approach for condition monitoring was investigated, which, unlike other attempts, does not require additional sensors, but instead is performed directly by the measurement of a material property of the FRP. An epoxy resin was modified with two different types of carbon nanotubes and with carbon black, in order to achieve an electrical conductivity. Glass fibre reinforced composites (GFRP) were produced with these modified epoxies by resin transfer moulding (RTM). Specimens were cut from the produced materials and tested by incremental tensile tests and fatigue tests and the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) was measured. During the mechanical tests the electrical conductivity of all specimens was monitored simultaneously, to assess the potential for stress/strain and damage monitoring.The results presented in this work, show a high potential for both, damage and load detection of FRP structures via electrical conductivity methods, involvingPurchase $ 41.95a nanocomposite matrix. Article Outline1. Introduction2. Materials3. Experimental4. Results and discussion4.1. Interlaminar shear strength 4.2. Incremental tensile tests4.3. Dynamic tensile tests5. Conclusions Acknowledgements References548 Fiber-reinforced dental composites in beamtesting Review ArticleDental Materials, Volume 24, Issue 11, November 2008,Pages 1435-1443Céleste C.M. van Heumen, Cees M. Kreulen, Ewald M. Bronkhorst, Emmanuel Lesaffre, Nico H.J. CreugersClose preview | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to systematically review current literature on invitro tests of fiber-reinforced composite (FRC) beams, with regard to studiesthat followed criteria described in an International Standard. The reportedreinforcing effects of various fibers on the flexural strength and elastic modulusof composite resin beams were analyzed.Purchase$ 31.50SourcesOriginal, peer reviewed papers, selected using Medline from 1950 to 2007, on in vitro testing of FRC beams in comparison to non-reinforced composite beams. Also information from conference abstracts (IADR) was included. DataWith the keywords (fiber or fibre) and (resin or composite) and (fixed partial denture or FPD), the literature search revealed 1427 titles. Using this strategy a broad view of the clinical and non-clinical literature on fiber-reinforced FPDs was obtained. Restricting to three-point bending tests, 7 articles and 1 abstract (out of 126) were included. Finally, the data of 363 composite beams were analyzed. The differences in mean flexural strength and/or modulus between reinforced and unreinforced beams were set out in a forest plot.Meta-regression analyses were performed (single and multiple regression models).ConclusionsUnder specific conditions we have been able to show that fibers do reinforce resin composite beams. The flexural modulus not always seems to increase with polyethylene-reinforcement, even when fibers are located at the tensile side. Besides, fiber architecture (woven vs. unidirectional) seems to be more important than the type of fiber for flexural strength and flexural modulus. Article Outline1. Introduction2. Materials and methods2.1. Statistics3. Results4. Discussion5. Conclusions References549 Position control of an Ionic Polymer Metal Composite actuated rotary joint using Iterative Feedback Tuning Original Research ArticleMechatronics, Volume 21, Issue 1, February 2011, Pages 315-328 D. Liu, A.J. McDaid, K.C. Aw, S.Q. XieClose preview | PDF (1459 K) | Related articles | Related reference work articlesAbstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractIonic Polymer Metal Composites (IPMCs) are a novel material that has been the subject of considerable interest over recent decades because of their unique electrochemical and mechanical properties which allow them to be used as smart transducers. However, there has been insufficient research to determine if the electro-active polymer can reliably actuate common engineering mechanisms due to its nonlinear and time-variant nature. This paper explores a model-free approach for controlling the position of an IPMC actuated rotary linkage for micro-manipulation. The mechanism was developed based on the mechanical characteristics of the IPMC actuators. A Proportional, Integral (PI) controller was initially developed and tested to control the tip displacement of the mechanism. Test results show that this classical controller is capable of actuating the rotary mechanism to microscopic deflections but would not completely stabilise at the steady state position. An adaptive, nonlinear tuning method called Iterative Feedback Tuning (IFT) was developed to tune the performance of the PI controller. Empirical results show that the new control scheme improved the steady state response. However, the enhancement of the transient response could not be definitively validated as solely the work of the IFT algorithm due to the time-variant and variable response behaviour of IPMCs.Article Outline1. Introduction2. IPMC modelling and control2.1. State of art2.2. Iterative Feedback Tuning2.3. Development of IFT algorithm3. Experimental setup3.1. Rotary mechanism design4. Empirical modelling5. Controller development5.1. Control objectives5.2. Baseline PI controller5.3. IFT controller design and simulation6. Experimental results6.1. Baseline PI controller6.2. IFT controller7. ConclusionsAcknowledgementsReferencesResearch highlights► Successfully demonstrated a model free approach for position control of an IPMC actuator driving an external single DOF rotary mechanism. ► We have successfully implemented an IFT as an adaptive tuning technique to improve the position control of an IPMC actuator. ► We have successfully demonstrated the position control of micrometer range using the IFT technique in a PI controller.55On the reduce of interfacialshear stresses in fiberreinforced polymer plateretrofitted concretebeams Original Research ArticleMaterials & Design , Volume 31,Issue 3, March 2010, Pages1508-1515A.S. Bouchikhi, A. Lousdad, A. MegueniClose preview | Related articles | Relatedreference work articles Abstract | Figures/Tables | ReferencesAbstractOne major problem when using bonded fiberreinforced polymer (FRP) plate is the presenceof high interfacial shear stresses near the endof the composite (edge effect) which mightgovern the failure of the strengtheningschedule. It is known that the decrease of platethickness reduces the magnitude of stressconcentration at plate ends. Another way is touse a plate end tapering. In this paper, theanalytical solution of interfacial shear stressesobtained has been extended by a numericalprocedure using the modal analysis of finiteelement method (FEM) in a retrofitted concrete(RC) beam with the FRP plate with taperedend, which can significantly reduce the stressconcentration. This approach allows taking intoconsideration the variation of elastic propertiesof adhesive and plate as well as thecomplicated geometrical configurations andeffects of thermal loads.Purchase $ 41.95Article Outline1. Introduction1.1. Aims and scope2. Geometrical model2.1. Hypothesis3. Governing differential equation3.1. Interfacial shear stresses without taper3.2. Application of boundary conditions4. Interfacial shear stresses of RC beam with taper end plate4.1. Formulation of problem4.2. Algorithm in Matlab routines describing5. Materials properties6. Results and analysis6.1. Verification of the method6.2. Effect of thickness of uniform plate on interfacial shear stresses6.3. Effect of taper6.4. Effect of type of mechanical loading on shear stresses6.5. Effect of adhesive layer thickness6.6. Effect of elasticity modulus of adhesive layer6.7. Effect of thermal loading7. Summary and conclusion AcknowledgementsReferences< Pr evi ous pageNext page >results 526 - 550547,950 articles found for: pub-date > 2006 and tak(Application or steel or materials or about or new or design or construction or reinforced or fiber or metal or Nano or Polymer)Edit this search | Save this search | Save as search alert | RSS Feed•Home•Browse•Search•My settings•My alerts•Shopping cart•Help•About ScienceDirect•o What is ScienceDirecto Content detailso Set upo How to useo Subscriptionso Developers•Contact and Support•o Contact and Support•About Elsevier•o About Elseviero About SciVerseo About SciValo Terms and Conditionso Privacy policyo Information for advertisers。
英文介绍碳纤维作文
英文介绍碳纤维作文Carbon fiber is a revolutionary material that has transformed various industries due to its exceptional properties. It is incredibly strong and lightweight, making it an ideal choice for applications that require high strength and low weight. This material has revolutionized the automotive industry, allowing for the production of lighter and more fuel-efficient vehicles. Additionally, carbon fiber is extensively used in aerospace, sports equipment, and even in the construction of buildings and bridges.The strength of carbon fiber is one of its most remarkable characteristics. It has a higher tensile strength than steel, making it incredibly durable and resistant to damage. This strength allows carbon fiber to withstand high impact forces, making it an excellent choice for applications that require a strong and reliable material. It is commonly used in the construction ofaircraft wings, where its strength ensures the safety andintegrity of the aircraft.In addition to its strength, carbon fiber is also known for its lightweight nature. It is significantly lighter than traditional materials such as steel or aluminum, making it an attractive option for industries thatprioritize weight reduction. The use of carbon fiber in the automotive industry, for example, has led to the production of lighter vehicles that consume less fuel and emit fewer emissions. This lightweight characteristic also benefits athletes, as carbon fiber sports equipment allows forbetter performance due to reduced weight.Another advantage of carbon fiber is its corrosion resistance. Unlike metals, carbon fiber does not rust or corrode, making it suitable for applications in harsh environments. This resistance to corrosion ensures the longevity and durability of carbon fiber components, reducing maintenance costs and increasing their lifespan.Furthermore, carbon fiber is highly customizable and can be molded into various shapes and sizes. Thisflexibility allows for the creation of complex andintricate designs, making it a popular choice in industries such as architecture and interior design. Carbon fiber can be used to create unique and aesthetically pleasing structures, adding a touch of modernity and sophistication to any project.In conclusion, carbon fiber is a game-changing material that has revolutionized numerous industries. Its exceptional strength, lightweight nature, corrosion resistance, and versatility make it a top choice for applications that require high-performance materials. Whether it is in the automotive, aerospace, sports, or construction industry, carbon fiber continues to push the boundaries of what is possible, enabling innovation and advancement in various fields.。
碳纤维纸基复合材料研究进展
《中国造纸》2020年第39卷第7期·碳纤维纸基复合材料·碳纤维纸基复合材料研究进展吴锦涵1郭大亮1，*刘涛2，*杨家万2田晨辉1裘佳欣1刘蓓1（1.浙江科技学院环境与资源学院，浙江杭州，310023；2.浙江山鹰纸业有限公司，浙江嘉兴，314304）摘要：碳纤维纸基复合材料是使用短切碳纤维与植物纤维或含有羟基等功能基团的纤维，通过湿法造纸工艺制备的具有特殊性能的功能复合材料，在导电、电磁屏蔽，导热，摩擦及电极等领域均已得到应用。
随着应用推广的不断深入，引入碳纳米管/石墨烯的碳纤维纸基复合材料的研究和开发也逐渐成为研究热点。
本文对近年国内外碳纤维纸基复合材料的研究进展进行了归纳总结，以期为碳纤维纸基复合材料的研究开发提供参考。
关键词：碳纤维；纸基复合材料；碳纳米管；石墨烯中图分类号：TS7；TK6文献标识码：ADOI ：10.11980/j.issn.0254-508X.2020.07.011Research Progress of Carbon Fiber Paper -based CompositesWU Jinhan 1GUO Daliang 1，*LIU Tao 2，*YANG Jiawan 2TIAN Chenhui 1QIU Jiaxin 1LIU Bei 1（1.School of Environmental and Natural Resources ，Zhejiang University of Science and Technology ，Hangzhou ，Zhejiang Province ，310023；2.Zhejiang Shanying Paper Co.，Ltd.，Jiaxing ，Zhejiang Province ，314304）（*E -mail ：08guodaliang@ ；liut@ ）Abstract ：Carbon fiber paper -based composite material is a kind of functional composite material with special properties ，which is prepared by wet process with chopped carbon fiber and plant fiber or fibers containing functional groups such as hydroxyl groups.It has been applied in the fields of electric conduction ，electromagnetic shielding ，heat conduction ，friction and electrode.With the development of application ，the research and development of carbon fiber paper -based composites containing carbon nanotubes/graphene has gradually become a research hotspot.In this paper ，the research progress of carbon fiber paper -based composites at home and abroad in recent years was summarized ，inorder to provide some references for the research and development of carbon fiber paper -based composites.Key words ：carbon fiber ；paper -based composite ；carbon nanotube ；graphene近年来，碳纤维等高性能材料的需求日益提升，应用领域也逐渐拓展[1]。
北京化工大学硕士学位论文碳纤维增...
(a)65℃(b)95"C
图3—24不同温度10%NaOH水溶液浸泡1680h后VE树脂浇注体表面的电镜照片Fig.3~24SEM photographs ofVE resin casts surfaces after immersion for1680h in
10%NaOH aqueous solution at different temperatures
14.Apicella A.Migliaresi C.Nicolais L.Iaccarino L Roccotelli S The water ageing of unsaturated polyester-based composites:influence of resin chemical structure 1983(04)
6.Somjai Kajorncheappunngam The effects of environmental aging on the durability of glass/epoxy composites 1999
7.Halpin J C Role of the matrix in fibrous composite structures 1983
12.Apicella A.Tessieri R.de Cataldis C Sorption modes of water in glassy epoxies 1985
13.Li Rong Bao.Albert F Yee.Charles Y C Lee Moisture absorption and hygrothermal aging in a bismaleimide resin[外文期刊] 2001(17)
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面向3D打印的连续碳纤维上浆工艺及其对复合材料性能的影响
㊀第３９卷㊀第５期２０２０年５月中国材料进展ＭＡＴＥＲＩＡＬＳＣＨＩＮＡＶｏｌ ３９㊀Ｎｏ ５Ｍａｙ２０２０收稿日期:２０１９－１０－１５㊀㊀修回日期:２０２０－０１－１４基金项目:国家重点研发计划项目(２０１６ＹＦＦ０２０２００４)ꎻ基础加强项目(２０１７－ＪＣＪＱ－ＺＤ－０３５)第一作者:张曼玉ꎬ女ꎬ１９９４年生ꎬ博士研究生通讯作者:田小永ꎬ男ꎬ１９８１年生ꎬ教授ꎬ博士生导师ꎬＥｍａｉｌ:ｌｅｏｘｙｔ＠ｍａｉｌ ｘｊｔｕ ｅｄｕ ｃｎＤＯＩ:１０ ７５０２/ｊ ｉｓｓｎ １６７４－３９６２ ２０１９１０００３面向３Ｄ打印的连续碳纤维上浆工艺及其对复合材料性能的影响张曼玉ꎬ刘腾飞ꎬ田小永ꎬ李涤尘(西安交通大学机械工程学院ꎬ陕西西安７１００４９)摘㊀要:对连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料(ＣＦＲＴＰＣｓ)进行３Ｄ打印能够实现无模具快速制造ꎬ扩展增材制造的实际应用ꎮ为进一步提高３Ｄ打印连续碳纤维增强复合材料制件的性能ꎬ采用热塑性上浆剂对干碳纤维进行上浆处理ꎬ以尼龙６(ＰＡ６)为基体打印连续碳纤维增强复合材料ꎬ对比了上浆前后碳纤维表面性质及复合材料力学和界面性能ꎮ结果表明ꎬ上浆后碳纤维表面极性官能团增加ꎬ纤维与树脂浸润性改善ꎻ纤维表面粗糙度增加ꎬ纤维与树脂的机械结合力增强ꎻ上浆后碳纤维增强ＰＡ６复合材料较原始碳纤维增强ＰＡ６复合材料层间剪切强度提高４２ ２％ꎬ层间结合增强ꎬ弯曲强度提高了８２％ꎬ弯曲模量提高２ ４６倍ꎻ３Ｄ打印的上浆后碳纤维增强ＰＡ６复合材料试样断面上有明显纤维拔出现象ꎬ界面性能显著改善ꎮ关键词:３Ｄ打印ꎻ碳纤维ꎻ上浆ꎻ界面ꎻ力学性能ꎻ复合材料ꎻ尼龙６基体中图分类号:ＴＢ３３２ꎻＴＱ３２７ ３㊀㊀文献标识码:Ａ㊀㊀文章编号:１６７４－３９６２(２０２０)０５－０３４９－０７ＳｉｚｉｎｇＰｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆＣｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓＣａｒｂｏｎＦｉｂｅｒｆｏｒ３ＤＰｒｉｎｔｉｎｇａｎｄＩｔｓＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｎｔｈｅＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓＺＨＡＮＧＭａｎｙｕꎬＬＩＵＴｅｎｇｆｅｉꎬＴＩＡＮＸｉａｏｙｏｎｇꎬＬＩＤｉｃｈｅｎ(ＳｃｈｏｏｌｏｆＭｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇꎬＸｉ ａｎＪｉａｏｔｏｎｇＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬＸｉ ａｎ７１００４９ꎬＣｈｉｎａ)Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ:Ｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｆｉｂｅｒｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｌａｓｔｉｃｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ(ＣＦＲＴＰＣｓ)ｂｙ３Ｄｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇｔｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙｃａｎｒｅａｌｉｚｅｔｈｅｒａｐｉｄｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｃｏｍｐｌｅｘｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｐａｒｔｓｗｉｔｈｏｕｔｍｏｌｄａｎｄｐｒｏｍｏｔｅｔｈｅｐｒａｃｔｉｃａｌａｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎｏｆａｄｄｉｔｉｖｅｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇ.Ｉｎｏｒｄｅｒｔｏｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｔｈｅｓｅｒｖｉｃｅｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆ３Ｄｐｒｉｎｔｅｄｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓꎬｔｈｉｓｐａｐｅｒａ￣ｄｏｐｔｅｄｔｈｅｒｍｏｐｌａｓｔｉｃｓｉｚｉｎｇａｇｅｎｔｔｏｓｉｚｅｄｒｙｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒꎬａｎｄｐｒｉｎｔｅｄｃｏｎｔｉｎｕｏｕｓｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓｗｉｔｈｎｙ￣ｌｏｎ６(ＰＡ６)ａｓｔｈｅｍａｔｒｉｘꎬａｎｄｃｏｍｐａｒｅｄｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒｂｅｆｏｒｅａｎｄａｆｔｅｒｓｉｚｉｎｇａｎｄｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌａｎｄｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆｔｈｅｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ.Ｔｈｅｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｓｈｏｗｅｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｐｏｌａｒｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎａｌｇｒｏｕｐｓｏｎｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｏｆｓｉｚｅｄｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｆｉｌｔｒａｔｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｆｉｂｅｒａｎｄｒｅｓｉｎｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄ.Ｔｈｅｓｕｒｆａｃｅｒｏｕｇｈｎｅｓｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌａｄｈｅｓｉｏｎｂｅｔｗｅｅｎｆｉｂｅｒａｎｄｒｅｓｉｎｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄ.ＴｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｌａｍｉｎａｒｓｈｅａｒｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆｔｈｅｓｉｚｅｄｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄＰＡ６ｃｏｍｐｏｓ￣ｉｔｅｓｗａｓ４２ ２％ｈｉｇｈｅｒｔｈａｎｔｈａｔｏｆｔｈｅｎｏｎ￣ｓｉｚｅｄｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄꎻｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｌａｍｉｎａｒｂｏｎｄｉｎｇｗａｓｅｎｈａｎｃｅｄꎬｔｈｅｂｅｎ￣ｄｉｎｇｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｗａｓｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｂｙ８２％ꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｂｅｎｄｉｎｇｍｏｄｕｌｕｓｗａｓｉｎｃｒｅａｓｅｄｂｙ２ ４６ｔｉｍｅｓ.Ｂｙｃｏｍｐａｒｉｎｇａｎｄａｎａｌｙｚｉｎｇｔｈｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｍｉｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆ３Ｄｐｒｉｎｔｅｄｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓꎬｉｔｉｓｆｏｕｎｄｔｈａｔｔｈｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｓｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅｓｉｚｅｄｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒｒｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄｃｏｍ￣ｐｏｓｉｔｅｓｈａｄｏｂｖｉｏｕｓｆｉｂｅｒｐｕｌｌｏｕｔｐｈｅｎｏｍｅｎｏｎꎬａｎｄｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅｐｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｗａｓｓｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｌｙｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄ.Ｋｅｙｗｏｒｄｓ:３ＤｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇꎻｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒꎻｓｉｚｉｎｇꎻｉｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅꎻｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙꎻｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓꎻＮｙｌｏｎ６ｍａｔｒｉｘ1㊀前㊀言碳纤维因其具有高比强度和高模量的优异性能ꎬ已迅速发展成为重要的增强体纤维材料ꎮ在碳纤维增强复合材料中ꎬ树脂基复合材料具有轻质高强及可设计性等优势[１]ꎬ使其能够作为重要的承力部件ꎬ大大减轻产品的质量ꎬ降低成本ꎬ减少能耗ꎬ因而被广泛应用在航空航天㊁汽车以及军事工业等领域[２]ꎮ相比于热固性树脂基复合材料ꎬ热塑性树脂基复合材料更加具有竞争优势ꎬ中国材料进展第３９卷比如韧性大㊁损伤容限性好㊁易成型加工等[３]ꎬ因此纤维增强热塑性复合材料发展迅猛ꎮ与短纤维和长纤维增强热塑性复合材料相比ꎬ连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料具有更加优异的力学性能ꎬ能够作为结构材料使用ꎬ再加上轻质㊁耐腐蚀等优点ꎬ能够有效替代钢材ꎬ进一步扩大了复合材料的应用领域[４]ꎮ然而ꎬ传统的连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料成型工艺复杂㊁制作成本高且无法实现复杂构件的快速制造ꎬ在很大程度上限制了这种材料的应用范围[５]ꎮ随着３Ｄ打印技术发展成熟及应用领域的不断扩大ꎬ３Ｄ打印技术被创新应用到连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料的制造中ꎮ连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料３Ｄ打印是一种３Ｄ打印工艺与复合材料工艺交叉融合的创新技术ꎬ该技术同时集成了复合材料制备与成形工艺ꎬ继承了３Ｄ打印摆脱模具自由成形的特性ꎬ降低了复合材料的加工成本ꎬ是一种具有突破性意义的新型复合材料制造技术ꎮ２０１６年ꎬ美国ＭａｒｋＦｏｒｇｅｄ公司提出了以纤维预浸丝为原材料的连续碳纤维增强热塑性树脂复合材料３Ｄ打印工艺与装备ꎬ实现了连续纤维增强尼龙复合材料制造[６]ꎮ同年ꎬ西安交通大学田小永教授团队提出了基于原位熔融浸渍与成形一体化的连续纤维增强热塑性复合材料(ＣＦＲＴＰＣｓ)３Ｄ打印工艺方法ꎬ原理如图１所示ꎮ该工艺以纤维和树脂丝材为原料ꎬ连续纤维被熔融树脂浸渍包覆形成复合材料预浸丝后从３Ｄ打印机喷嘴处挤出ꎬ冷却固化ꎬ层层累积成型[７]ꎮ２０１６年ꎬ东京理科大学研究人员进行连续碳纤维增强聚乳酸(ＰＬＡ)的３Ｄ打印工艺研究ꎬ所制备复合材料试样拉伸强度达２００ＭＰａꎬ弹性模量达２０ＧＰａ[８]ꎮ２０１８年ꎬ上海大学张海光研究团队将纤维与熔融树脂在过螺杆挤出机的压力下浸渍形成预浸丝ꎬ然后制备３Ｄ打印连续纤维增强树脂复合材料[９]ꎮ图１㊀３Ｄ打印ＣＦＲＴＰＣｓ工艺原理图[５]Ｆｉｇ １㊀Ｓｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔａｔｉｏｎｏｆ３ＤｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｆｏｒＣＦＲＴＰＣｓ[５]现阶段的研究主要集中在对３Ｄ打印工艺参数优化方面ꎮ以３Ｄ打印连续碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料为例ꎬ可以通过对工艺参数如温度㊁层厚㊁扫描间距的调控ꎬ获得宏观层面力学性能较高的制件ꎮ然而ꎬ从复合材料界面结构分析ꎬ影响３Ｄ打印复合材料构件力学性能的主要原因在于ꎬ碳纤维丝束内部并没有与树脂进行充分浸润(如图２)ꎬ形成了弱界面结合ꎬ使得复合材料的实际力学强度远小于理论强度ꎮ碳纤维与树脂的界面问题很难通过改变３Ｄ打印工艺参数来改善ꎬ采用熔融预浸工艺和３Ｄ打印技术制备的连续纤维复合材料界面和力学性能有所改善ꎬ但未解决界面结合的根本问题ꎬ且制备预浸丝工艺复杂㊁成本高ꎬ降低了３Ｄ打印复合材料技术优势ꎮ图２㊀３Ｄ打印碳纤维/ＰＬＡ复合材料断面ＳＥＭ照片Ｆｉｇ ２㊀ＳｅｃｔｉｏｎＳＥＭｉｍａｇｅｏｆ３Ｄｐｒｉｎｔｅｄｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒ/ＰＬＡｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ文献调研表明ꎬ对碳纤维增强树脂基复合材料界面改善主要通过碳纤维表面处理来实现[１０]ꎮ碳纤维的表面处理方法大致可以归结为涂层法㊁热处理法㊁氧化法㊁接枝法㊁上浆法等[１１ꎬ１２]ꎮ上浆法具有碳纤维表面易于处理㊁环境限制小等优势而被广泛采用ꎮ上浆剂可提高纤维的集束性ꎬ改善纤维表面的浸润性能ꎬ缩短树脂浸润时间ꎬ同时也能起到类似偶联剂作用ꎬ提高纤维与树脂之间的化学与机械结合水平ꎬ在碳纤维与树脂基体间形成良好的过渡界面区域ꎬ改善复合材料界面性能ꎬ使得碳纤维增强复合材料的综合性能得到极大提高[１３ꎬ１４]ꎮ因此ꎬ针对３Ｄ打印连续纤维增强尼龙６(ＰＡ６)复合材料界面结合不足的缺点ꎬ本文提出一种适用于３Ｄ打印的碳纤维上浆工艺ꎬ系统研究了上浆工艺对碳纤维表面形态结构及３Ｄ打印连续碳纤维增强复合材料力学性能的影响规律ꎮ2㊀实㊀验2 1㊀碳纤维上浆工艺及复合材料制备目前商业化碳纤维材料表面涂覆热固性环氧类上浆剂ꎬ这种环氧类上浆剂与３Ｄ打印所用热塑性基体材料无法兼容ꎬ增强体与基体不能良好地结合在一起ꎬ在受力时碳纤维轻易地从树脂基体上脱落ꎮ本研究采用一种乳液型上浆剂(型号ＨｙｄｒｏｓｉｚｅＰＡ８４５Ｈꎬ美国麦可门公司)ꎬ其主要成分是尼龙(ＰＡ８４５Ｈ)颗粒ꎬ与基体是同族物质ꎬ满足化学层面的 相似相容 ꎮ采用日本东丽公司Ｔ３００Ｂ碳纤维ꎬ其表面涂覆环氧类上浆剂ꎮ要解决碳纤维的上０５３㊀第５期张曼玉等:面向３Ｄ打印的连续碳纤维上浆工艺及其对复合材料性能的影响浆及后续与树脂的界面结合ꎬ首先需要去除环氧类上浆剂ꎬ为后续碳纤维的上浆工艺做准备ꎮ丙酮是环氧类材料的良好溶剂ꎬ将原始碳纤维(ＶＣＦ)在丙酮溶液充分浸泡４８ｈ后ꎬ以去离子水清洗数次去除碳纤维表面残留的丙酮ꎮ将清洗后的碳纤维放置在电鼓风干燥箱内恒温１００ħ干燥２ｈꎮ最后在乳液型上浆剂中浸泡２４ｈꎬ使碳纤维充分挂浆后在室温下固化成型ꎬ得到３Ｄ打印专用上浆纤维(ＳＣＦ)ꎬ其制备过程如图３所示ꎮ采用陕西斐帛科技有限公司ＣＯＭＢＴ￣１型连续纤维复合材料３Ｄ打印机ꎬ分别打印ＶＣＦ和ＳＣＦ增强ＰＡ６复合材料样件ꎬ采用如表１所示的工艺参数ꎬ打印出纤维体积含量为１５ ８％的连续碳纤维/ＰＡ６复合材料力学性能测试标准件ꎮ图３㊀碳纤维上浆工艺及复合材料制备示意图Ｆｉｇ ３㊀Ｓｃｈｅｍａｔｉｃｏｆｓｉｚｉｎｇｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｏｆｃａｒｂｏｎｆｉｂｅｒａｎｄｐｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｍａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ表１㊀连续碳纤维/ＰＡ６复合材料３Ｄ打印参数Ｔａｂｌｅ１㊀Ｐａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓｏｆ３ＤｐｒｉｎｔｉｎｇｆｏｒＣＦ/ＰＡ６ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓＰａｒａｍｅｔｅｒｓＰｒｉｎｔｉｎｇｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅꎬＴ/ħＦｅｅｄｒａｔｅꎬＦ/(ｍｍ/ｍｉｎ)ＨａｔｃｈｓｐａｃｉｎｇꎬＨ/ｍｍＬａｙｅｒｔｈｉｃｋｎｅｓｓꎬＬ/ｍｍＶａｌｕｅ２５０１５００.３１2 2㊀性能表征２ ２ １㊀上浆碳纤维表面性质测试采用美国ＴｈｅｒｍｏＦｉｓｈｅｒＳｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ公司ＮｉｃｏｌｅｔｉＳ５０型红外光谱仪研究ＶＣＦ和ＳＣＦ的表面化学成分ꎬ红外光谱波数区域为４００~６０００ｃｍ－１ꎮ将ＶＣＦ在索氏提取装置中７５ħ沸腾丙酮回流７２ｈꎬ提取ＶＣＦ表面上浆剂ꎬ将其制成透射溴化钾压片ꎬ后测试红外光谱ꎮ利用全反射红外光谱法直接测试ＳＣＦ的表面化学成分ꎮ采用美国ＴｈｅｒｍｏＦｉｓｈｅｒＳｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃ公司ＥＳＣＡＬＡＢ２５０Ｘｉ型号Ｘ射线光电子能谱(ＸＰＳ)仪ꎬ对上浆前后碳纤维束样品进行全谱扫描ꎬ确定样品表面的元素种类ꎬ并分析各元素含量变化ꎮ采用美国ＩＮＮＯＶＡ型号原子力显微镜(ＡＦＭ)对上浆前后碳纤维表面形貌进行观测ꎬ将碳纤维单丝固定在试样台上ꎬ采用非接触式方法表征纤维表面三维形貌ꎬ扫描范围为１μｍˑ１μｍꎮ２ ２ ２㊀上浆碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料力学性能测试采用深圳世纪天元公司ＣＭＴ４３０４型多功能静力学实验机对３Ｄ打印复合材料样件进行拉伸性能测试ꎬ根据ＧＢ/Ｔ１４４７ ２００５采用挤塑塑料拉伸性能的测试方法进行测试[１５]ꎬ每组测试样件５个ꎬ拉伸速度为２ｍｍ/ｍｉｎꎮ弯曲性能测试根据国标ＧＢ/Ｔ１４４９ ２００５每组测试样件５个[１６]ꎬ压头速度为２ｍｍ/ｍｉｎꎮ层间剪切强度(ＩＬＳＳ)测试根据国标ＪＣ/Ｔ７７３ ２０１０进行[１７]ꎮ采用河北承德金和仪器公司ＸＪＪ￣５０简支梁冲击试验机进行冲击试验ꎬ根据国标ＧＢ/Ｔ１０４３３ １９９３采用挤塑冲击性能的测试方法[１８]ꎬ每组测试样件５个ꎮ以上测试的样件如图４所示ꎮ２ ２ ３㊀上浆碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料断面形貌表征为研究上浆前后复合材料界面性能ꎬ将力学破坏后复合材料断面喷金ꎬ采用日立公司ＳＵ￣８０１０型场发射扫描电子显微镜观测断面组织形貌ꎮ3㊀实验结果与分析3 1㊀上浆工艺对碳纤维表面性质影响影响树脂基复合材料力学性能的重要因素是碳纤维与树脂基体的界面微观结构及界面结合强度ꎬ而碳纤维１５３中国材料进展第３９卷图４㊀３Ｄ打印连续纤维/ＰＡ６复合材料样件:(ａ)拉伸性能测试件ꎬ(ｂ)弯曲性能测试件ꎬ(ｃ)层间剪切强度测试件ꎬ(ｄ)冲击性能测试件Ｆｉｇ ４㊀３ＤｐｒｉｎｔｅｄｓｐｅｃｉｍｅｎｓｏｆＣＦ/ＰＡ６ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ:(ａ)ｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｐｒｏｐ￣ｅｒｔｙｔｅｓｔꎬ(ｂ)ｂｅｎｄｉｎｇｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙｔｅｓｔꎬ(ｃ)ＩＬＳＳｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙｔｅｓｔꎬ(ｄ)ｉｍｐａｃｔｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｙｔｅｓｔ表面性质包括表面活性官能团和表面粗糙度等影响界面结合强度ꎮ图５为碳纤维上浆处理前后的红外光谱ꎬ在２９２０和２８５０ｃｍ－１附近的吸收峰分别对应甲基和亚甲基的伸缩振动ꎬＶＣＦ的红外光谱在１２５０ꎬ９１５和８３０ｃｍ－１处吸收峰表明环氧化合物的存在ꎬ在３４２０ｃｍ－１处的峰值为Ｏ Ｈ键的伸缩振动ꎮＳＣＦ的红外光谱出现两个强峰ꎬ分别为１６４０ｃｍ－１处的Ｃ Ｏ的伸缩振动和１５４０ｃｍ－１处的Ｎ Ｈ的弯曲振动ꎬ３３００ｃｍ－１处吸收峰对应着Ｎ Ｈ的伸缩振动ꎬ这些吸收峰为酰胺基官能团的特征峰ꎬ表明ＳＣＦ表面成功涂覆ＰＡ８４５Ｈ上浆剂ꎮ图５㊀碳纤维上浆前后的红外光谱Ｆｉｇ ５㊀ＩｎｆｒａｒｅｄｓｐｅｃｔｒａｏｆｔｈｅＶＣＦａｎｄＳＣＦ从图６的ＸＰＳ谱图和表２的统计可以看出ꎬ上浆后碳纤维表面的Ｏ含量由１７ ３８％降低到９ ４６％ꎬＮ含量由０ ５％升高到７ ３８％ꎬ初步确定是因为ꎬ在上浆处理的过程中用丙酮浸泡去掉了纤维表面的环氧类热固性上浆剂ꎬ导致Ｏ元素含量下降ꎻ在经过上浆剂ＰＡ８４５Ｈ浸泡后ꎬ碳纤维表面引入了酰胺基使得Ｎ元素含量升高ꎮ上浆后的碳纤维表面酰胺基含量升高ꎬ表明表面活性官能团含量升高ꎬ将增加碳纤维与树脂基体的界面结合力ꎮ图６㊀碳纤维上浆前后ＸＰＳ谱图Ｆｉｇ ６㊀ＸＰＳｓｐｅｃｔｒａｏｆｔｈｅＶＣＦａｎｄＳＣＦ表２㊀碳纤维上浆前后主要元素含量变化Ｔａｂｌｅ２㊀ＣｏｎｔｅｎｔｓｏｆｍａｉｎｅｌｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｆｔｈｅＶＣＦａｎｄＳＣＦＥｌｅｍｅｎｔｓＣ１ｓ/％Ｏ１ｓ/％Ｎ１ｓ/％ＶＣＦ８２.１１１７.３８０.５ＳＣＦ８３.１６９.４６７.３８上浆前后碳纤维的ＡＦＭ照片(图７)显示ꎬ丙酮浸泡除去了原始纤维表面的环氧上浆剂ꎬ经上浆处理后纤维束表面上浆剂附着使纤维表面沟壑变浅ꎻ纤维表面粗糙度增大ꎬ可能是因为上浆剂中存在无机粒子ꎬ从图６可以看出上浆后引入Ｓｉ元素ꎮ这有利于纤维与基体的浸润和机械啮合ꎬ减少纤维与基体之间的空隙ꎬ提高界面结合力ꎮ3 2㊀上浆工艺对复合材料力学性能的影响３ ２ １㊀对层间剪切强度的影响层间剪切强度是复合材料界面结合性能的综合宏观体现ꎬ既能反映树脂与纤维间的粘结界面结合性能ꎬ又能反映层间界面结合性能ꎮ两种复合材料层间剪切强度测试结果如图８ａ所示ꎬＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６平均层间剪切强度为１８ ０４ＭＰａꎬＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６的平均层间剪切强度增加到２５ ６５ＭＰａꎬ提升４２ ２％左右ꎮ图８ｂ为两种复合材料短梁剪切试验中的应力￣应变曲线ꎬ对比发现ＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６的具有更大的斜率ꎬ在同一应力条件下发生的应变更小ꎬ说明ＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６传递外部载荷的效率增加ꎬ纤维能更加有效地起到增强的作用ꎬ样件抵抗变形的能力提高ꎮ此外ꎬＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６样件在承载过程中首先发生线弹性变形ꎬ当应变超过６ ５％左右时开始出现屈服变形ꎬ应力增加速度变２５３㊀第５期张曼玉等:面向３Ｄ打印的连续碳纤维上浆工艺及其对复合材料性能的影响图７㊀碳纤维上浆前后的ＡＦＭ照片:(ａ)ＶＣＦꎬ(ｂ)ＳＣＦＦｉｇ ７㊀ＡＦＭｉｍａｇｅｓｏｆＶＣＦ(ａ)ａｎｄＳＣＦ(ｂ)缓ꎬ可能的原因是复合材料内部开始逐渐发生纤维拔出现象ꎻ而ＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６的应力￣应变关系都近似为线弹性关系ꎬ说明树脂与纤维之间的脱粘程度比较小ꎮ两种复合材料的应力￣应变曲线末端都存在一段锯齿状的变化趋势ꎬ这是由于样件发生了层间分离破坏ꎬ不同的是ＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６在发生第一次层间破坏后ꎬ在很短的时间内就发生了彻底的断裂失效ꎻ而ＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６样件发生了多次层间破坏ꎬ但样件并没有立即失效ꎬ而是仍能够以几乎相同的趋势保持应力继续增加ꎮ这说明ＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６的层间结合性能也得到了改善ꎬ局部的层间分离破坏并未导致整体的失效ꎬ未发生破坏的区域仍能够继续承担外部载荷ꎬ而ＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６的层间分离严重ꎬ可能发生了应力集中等现象ꎬ加剧了裂纹的扩展ꎮ综上所述ꎬ短梁剪切试验结果初步验证了上浆表面处理工艺对３Ｄ打印的ＣＦＲＴＰｓ复合材料层间结合性能和树脂与纤维之间的界面性能都有所改善ꎮ３ ２ ２㊀对其他力学性能的影响对两种３Ｄ打印复合材料的弯曲性能㊁拉伸性能及无缺口冲击强度也分别进行测试对比ꎬ结果如图９所示ꎮ采用上浆处理后的碳纤维ꎬ平均拉伸强度由２３５ ６２提高到３０４ １１ＭＰａꎬ平均拉伸模量由２５ ２１提高到３９ ０８ＭＰａꎻ平均弯曲强度由２２９ ３２提高到４１７ ４７ＭＰａꎬ提高了８２％ꎻ平均弯曲模量从９ ９提高到３４ ２３ＧＰａꎬ提高了２４６％ꎻ图８㊀３Ｄ打印ＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６和ＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６复合材料短梁剪切试验结果:(ａ)层间剪切强度(ＩＬＳＳ)ꎬ(ｂ)应力￣应变曲线Ｆｉｇ ８㊀Ｔｈｅｓｈｏｒｔｂｅａｍｓｈｅａｒｔｅｓｔｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｏｆ３ＤｐｒｉｎｔｅｄＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６ａｎｄＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ:(ａ)ｉｎｔｅｒｌａｍｉｎａｒｓｈｅａｒｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈꎬ(ｂ)ｓｔｒａｉｎ￣ｓｔｒｅｓｓｃｕｒｖｅｓ图９㊀３Ｄ打印ＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６和ＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６复合材料的力学性能:(ａ)拉伸性能ꎬ(ｂ)弯曲性能ꎬ(ｃ)冲击强度Ｆｉｇ ９㊀Ｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆ３ＤｐｒｉｎｔｅｄＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６ａｎｄＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ:(ａ)ｔｅｎｓｉｌｅｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓꎬ(ｂ)ｆｌｅｘｕｒａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓꎬ(ｃ)ｉｍｐａｃｔｓｔｒｅｎｇｔｈ３５３中国材料进展第３９卷平均冲击强度由３０ ０７提高到３２ ９２Ｊ/ｍ２ꎮ综上ꎬ采用上浆处理后的碳纤维的３Ｄ打印复合材料力学性能普遍提高ꎮ纤维增强复合材料在加载时除了纤维与基体受力外ꎬ界面起到了非常重要的作用ꎬ只有通过界面的应力传递才能使纤维与基体两相起到协同作用ꎮ上浆工艺处理使碳纤维表面活性官能团增加ꎬ使得纤维与树脂浸润性增加ꎬ界面结合力增加ꎮ同时ꎬ碳纤维表面上浆剂的附着填补了纤维与树脂的空隙ꎬ减少复合材料内部缺陷ꎬ减少复合材料在受力时的应力集中ꎮ3 3㊀上浆工艺对复合材料界面性能的影响图１０为上浆工艺处理前后的碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料的断面ＳＥＭ照片ꎮ图１０ａ~１０ｃ为ＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６的断面形貌ꎬ从图１０ａ可以看出ꎬ由于打印过程中压力不足以及纤维与基体浸润时间短ꎬ树脂并未进入原始碳纤维束内部ꎬ基体与增强体之间只是形成了部分原始接触面ꎬ且ＶＣＦ表面环氧上浆剂与热塑性树脂不相容ꎬ从而导致复合材料界面处产生大量空隙ꎬ层间结合性能差ꎬ在受力时发生层间剥离ꎮ从图１０ｂ中可以看出复合材料纤维束内部并没有树脂进入ꎬ基体与纤维体之间的浸润性不足ꎬ且纤维束相对独立ꎬ在外载荷作用下应力无法在界面处传递ꎬ导致复合材料力学性能差ꎮ图１０ｃ显示ＶＣＦ表面光滑㊁无残留树脂ꎬ纤维与树脂间的粘接力不足ꎬ在受力过程中基体所受的力无法传递到增强体上ꎮ图１０ｄ~１０ｆ为ＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６的断面形貌ꎮ图１０ｄ显示复合材料中纤维束内部浸润充足ꎬ很大程度上减少纤维束内部空隙的存在ꎬ提高复合材料层间结合性能ꎮ从图１０ｅ可以更清晰地看出树脂充分包裹纤维单丝ꎬ纤维与树脂间形成良好界面ꎬ外载荷作用在复合材料上时ꎬ应力通过界面传递到增强体上ꎬ大大提高了复合材料的力学性能ꎮ图１０ｆ显示纤维束上有残留的树脂ꎬ纤维与树脂界面处形成化学键与物理吸附的协同作用ꎬ界面结合力增强ꎬ在复合材料变形过程中起到传递应力和阻碍裂纹扩展的作用ꎮ图１０㊀３Ｄ打印ＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６(ａ~ｃ)和ＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６(ｄ~ｆ)复合材料的断面ＳＥＭ照片Ｆｉｇ １０㊀ＴｈｅｆｒａｃｔｕｒｅｄｓｕｒｆａｃｅＳＥＭｉｍａｇｅｓｏｆ３ＤｐｒｉｎｔｅｄＶＣＦ/ＰＡ６(ａ~ｃ)ａｎｄＳＣＦ/ＰＡ６(ｄ~ｆ)ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ㊀㊀对上浆前后的碳纤维增强复合材料的断面形貌对比可知ꎬ上浆后碳纤维增强的复合材料中ꎬ纤维与树脂浸渍良好且纤维与树脂间结合力增大ꎮ碳纤维经上浆处理后去除了原始纤维表面热固性上浆剂ꎬ引入热塑性上浆剂ꎬ其与基体相似相容ꎬ有利于纤维与树脂良好浸渍ꎻ同时ꎬ在打印过程中碳纤维表面热塑性上浆剂融化可填补碳纤维束内部空隙ꎬ增强了层间结合ꎮ4㊀结㊀论对碳纤维用含尼龙颗粒的热塑性上浆剂处理后ꎬ去除了其表面的热固性上浆剂且引入极性酰胺基ꎬ碳纤维表面热塑性上浆剂与基体相似相容ꎬ有助于提高纤维与树脂的浸润性ꎬ表面粗糙度增加ꎬ有利于纤维与树脂的机械啮合ꎮ３Ｄ打印制备的上浆后碳纤维增强尼龙复合材料层间剪切强度提高４２ ２％ꎬ复合材料层间结合性能及纤维与树脂粘接性能改善ꎬ力学性能普遍提高ꎬ弯曲力学性能提高最为明显ꎮ上浆后碳纤维增强复合材料的断面组织照片显示ꎬ纤维与树脂充分浸润ꎬ复合材料断面有明显纤维拔出现象ꎬ纤维与树脂界面结合力增加ꎮ参考文献㊀References[１]㊀徐秋红ꎬ谭臻ꎬ闫烨.工程塑料应用[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１４ꎬ４２(０７):１２２－１２６.４５３㊀第５期张曼玉等:面向３Ｄ打印的连续碳纤维上浆工艺及其对复合材料性能的影响ＸＵＱＨꎬＴＡＮＺꎬＹＡＮＹ.ＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＰｌａｓｔｉｃｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１４ꎬ４２(０７):１２２－１２６.[２]㊀益小苏ꎬ张明ꎬ安学锋.工程塑料应用[Ｊ]ꎬ２００９ꎬ３７(１０):７２－７６.ＹＩＸＳꎬＺＨＡＮＧＭꎬＡＮＸＦ.ＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＰｌａｓｔｉｃｓＡｐｐｌｉｃａｔｉｏｎ[Ｊ]ꎬ２００９ꎬ３７(１０):７２－７６.[３]㊀田振生ꎬ刘大伟ꎬ李刚.玻璃钢/复合材料[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１３ꎬ１０(Ｓ２):１１９－１２４.ＴＩＡＮＺＳꎬＬＩＵＤＷꎬＬＩＧ.ＦｉｂｅｒＲｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄＰｌａｓｔｉｃｓ/ＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅＭａ￣ｔｅｒｉａｌ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１３ꎬ１０(Ｓ２):１１９－１２４.[４]㊀张瑜ꎬ张伟ꎬ胡天辉.电力机车与城轨车辆[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１５ꎬ３８(Ｓ１):７０－７３.ＺＨＡＮＧＹꎬＺＨＡＮＧＷꎬＨＵＴＨ.ＥｌｅｃｔｒｉｃＬｏｃｏｍｏｔｉｖｅａｎｄＣｉｔｙＲａｉｌＶｅｈｉｃｌｅ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１５ꎬ３８(Ｓ１):７０－７３.[５]㊀ＴＩＡＮＸꎬＬＩＵＴＦꎬＹＡＮＧＣＣꎬｅｔａｌ.ＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓＰａｒｔＡ:ＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ＆Ｍａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１６ꎬ８８:１９８－２０５.[６]㊀ＫＬＩＦＴＦＶＤꎬＫＯＧＡＹꎬＴＯＤＯＲＯＫＩＡꎬｅｔａｌ.ＯｐｅｎＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＣｏｍ￣ｐｏｓｉｔｅＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１６ꎬ６(１):１８－２７.[７]㊀田小永ꎬ刘腾飞ꎬ杨春成.航空制造技术[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１６(１５):２６－３１.ＴＩＡＮＸＹꎬＬＩＵＴＦꎬＹＡＮＧＣＣ.ＡｖｉａｔｉｏｎＭａｎｕｆａｃｔｕｒｉｎｇＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１６(１５):２６－３１.[８]㊀ＭＡＴＳＵＺＡＫＩＲꎬＵＥＤＡＭꎬＮＡＭＩＫＩＭꎬｅｔａｌ.ＳｃｉｅｎｔｉｆｉｃＲｅｐｏｒｔｓ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１６ꎬ６(１):２３０５８.[９]㊀ＨＵＱꎬＤＵＡＮＹꎬＺＨＡＮＧＨꎬｅｔａｌ.ＪｏｕｒｎａｌｏｆＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１８ꎬ５３(３):１８８７－１１９８.[１０]ＫＡＲＧＥＲ￣ＫＯＣＳＩＳＪꎬＭＡＨＭＯＯＤＨꎬＰＥＧＯＲＥＴＴＩＡ.ＰｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｉｎＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓＳｃｉｅｎｃｅ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１５ꎬ７３(１):１－４３.[１１]张雅璐.国产碳纤维二次上浆工艺及性能研究[Ｄ].天津:天津工业大学ꎬ２０１６.ＺＨＡＮＧＹＬ.ＴｈｅＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙａｎｄＰｅｒｆｏｒｍａｎｃｅｏｆＣｈｉｎａＣａｒｂｏｎＦｉｂｅｒＳｅｃｏｎｄａｒｙＳｉｚｉｎｇ[Ｄ].Ｔｉａｎｊｉｎ:ＴｉａｎｊｉｎＰｏｌｙｔｅｃｈｎｉｃＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬ２０１６. [１２]马小龙.乳液型碳纤维上浆剂的制备与性能研究[Ｄ].济南:济南大学ꎬ２０１６.ＭＡＸＬ.ＰｒｅｐａｒａｔｉｏｎａｎｄＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓｏｆＥｍｕｌｓｉｏｎＴｙｐｅＣａｒｂｏｎＦｉｂｅｒＳｉｚｉｎｇＡｇｅｎｔ[Ｄ].Ｊｉｎａｎ:ＪｉｎａｎＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬ２０１６.[１３]刘赋瑶ꎬ董余兵ꎬ傅雅琴.复合材料学报[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１７ꎬ３４(１０):２１５６－２１６３.ＬＩＵＦＹꎬＤＯＮＧＹＢꎬＦＵＹＱ.ＡｃｔａＭａｔｅｒｉａｅＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔａｅＳｉｎｉｃａ[Ｊ]ꎬ２０１７ꎬ３４(１０):２１５６－２１６３.[１４]张焕侠.碳纤维表面和界面性能研究及评价[Ｄ].上海:东华大学ꎬ２０１４.ＺＨＡＮＧＨＸ.ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈａｎｄＥｖａｌｕａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣａｒｂｏｎＦｉｂｅｒＳｕｒｆａｃｅａｎｄＩｎ￣ｔｅｒｆａｃｅＰｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ[Ｄ].Ｓｈａｎｇｈａｉ:ＤｏｎｇｈｕａＵｎｉｖｅｒｓｉｔｙꎬ２０１４. [１５]中国国家标准化管理委员会(标准制定单位).纤维增强塑料拉伸性能试验方法:ＧＢ/Ｔ１４４７ ２００５[Ｓ].北京:中国标准出版社ꎬ２００５.ＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＰｅｏｐｌｅ ｓＲｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｏｆＣｈｉｎａ.Ｆｉｂｅｒ￣ＲｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄＰｌａｓｔｉｃｓＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ ＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＴｅｎｓｉｌｅＰｒｏｐ￣ｅｒｔｉｅｓ:ＧＢ/Ｔ１４４７ ２００５[Ｓ].Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ:ＣｈｉｎａＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｓＰｒｅｓｓꎬ２００５. [１６]中国国家标准化管理委员会(标准制定单位).纤维增强塑料弯曲性能试验方法:ＧＢ/Ｔ１４４９ ２００５[Ｓ].北京:中国标准出版社ꎬ２００５.ＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＰｅｏｐｌｅ ｓＲｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｏｆＣｈｉｎａ.Ｆｉｂｅｒ￣ＲｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄＰｌａｓｔｉｃｓＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ ＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＦｌｅｘｕｒａｌＰｒｏｐ￣ｅｒｔｉｅｓ:ＧＢ/Ｔ１４４９ ２００５[Ｓ].Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ:ＣｈｉｎａＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｓＰｒｅｓｓꎬ２００５. [１７]中国国家标准化管理委员会(标准制定单位).纤维增强塑料短梁法测定层间剪切强度:ＪＣ/Ｔ７７３ ２０１０[Ｓ].北京:中国标准出版社ꎬ２０１０.ＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＰｅｏｐｌｅ ｓＲｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｏｆＣｈｉｎａ.Ｆｉｂｅｒ￣ＲｅｉｎｆｏｒｃｅｄＰｌａｓｔｉｃｓＣｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｓ ＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＡｐｐａｒｅｎｔＩｎ￣ｔｅｒｌａｍｉｎａｒＳｈｅａｒＳｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｂｙＳｈｏｒｔ￣ＢｅａｍＭｅｔｈｏｄ:ＪＣ/Ｔ７７３ ２０１０[Ｓ].Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ:ＣｈｉｎａＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｓＰｒｅｓｓꎬ２００５.[１８]中国国家标准化管理委员会(标准制定单位).硬质塑料简支梁冲击试验方法:ＧＢ/Ｔ１０４３ １９９３[Ｓ].北京:中国标准出版社ꎬ１９９３.ＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｉｚａｔｉｏｎＡｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｏｎｏｆｔｈｅＰｅｏｐｌｅ ｓＲｅｐｕｂｌｉｃｏｆＣｈｉｎａ.Ｐｌａｓｔｉｃｓ ＤｅｔｅｒｍｉｎａｔｉｏｎｏｆＣｈａｒｐｙＩｍｐａｃｔＳｔｒｅｎｇｔｈｏｆＲｉｇｉｄＭａｔｅｒｉａｌｓ:ＧＢ/Ｔ１０４３ １９９３[Ｓ].Ｂｅｉｊｉｎｇ:ＣｈｉｎａＳｔａｎｄａｒｄｓＰｒｅｓｓꎬ１９９３.(编辑㊀惠㊀琼)５５３。
碳陶复合材料英文专著
碳陶复合材料英文专著Carbon Ceramic Composite Materials: An English MonographAbstract:Carbon ceramic composite materials have attracted significant attention in various industries due to their unique properties and potential applications. This monograph provides a comprehensive overview of carbon ceramic composite materials in terms of their structure, properties, synthesis methods, and applications. The aim is to provide readers with insights into the advancements and future prospects of these materials.1. IntroductionCarbon ceramic composite materials, also known as carbon-carbon composites or C/C composites, are a class of materials that combine carbon fibers with a ceramic matrix. These composites exhibit exceptional mechanical, thermal, and chemical properties, making them suitable for a wide range of applications. This chapter introduces the background and significance of carbon ceramic composites, outlining their unique properties and potential applications.2. Structure of Carbon Ceramic CompositesThis chapter discusses the structure of carbon ceramic composites, focusing on the arrangement and orientation of carbon fibers within the ceramic matrix. The microstructure and macrostructure of these composites are explored, highlighting the role of fiber architecture in determining their mechanical properties and performance.3. Properties of Carbon Ceramic CompositesIn this section, the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of carbon ceramic composites are discussed in detail. The exceptional strength, stiffness, and wear resistance of these materials, along with their high thermal stability and low thermal expansion, make them ideal for applications in aerospace, automotive, and energy industries. The electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding properties of carbon ceramic composites are also addressed.4. Synthesis Methods of Carbon Ceramic CompositesVarious synthesis methods for carbon ceramic composites are presented, including chemical vapor infiltration (CVI), liquid silicon infiltration (LSI), and pyrolysis. Each method is described, highlighting the advantages, limitations, and challenges associated with their implementation. The effect of processing parameters on the microstructure and properties of carbon ceramic composites is also discussed.5. Applications of Carbon Ceramic CompositesThis chapter reviews the applications of carbon ceramic composites in different industries. Aerospace applications, such as aircraft brakes and thermal protection systems, are discussed, along with automotive applications in brake discs and engine components. The use of carbon ceramic composites in the energy sector, including nuclear fusion reactors and fuel cells, is also explored. Furthermore, potential future applications and emerging trends in the field are presented.6. Challenges and Future PerspectivesThe final chapter addresses the challenges and future perspectives of carbon ceramic composites. The limitations of current synthesis methods, such as high costs and complex processing requirements, are identified. The need for further research in areas such as interfacial bonding improvement, scalability, and recycling strategies is emphasized. Lastly, the future prospects of carbon ceramic composites in terms of advanced applications and market growth are discussed.Conclusion:Carbon ceramic composite materials exhibit exceptional properties and have diverse applications in various industries. This monograph provides a comprehensive overview of these materials, including their structure, properties, synthesis methods, and applications. Through understanding the advancements and challenges, it is evident that carbon ceramic composites have great potential for future development and innovation in materials science and engineering.Acknowledgements:The author would like to acknowledge the contributions of researchers and scientists in the field of carbon ceramic composites. Their valuable work and insights have greatly enriched the content of this monograph.。
碳纤维表面上浆处理
• Chemical structure
• Surface enegy and wettability
• Thermal stability and IFSS
Results
A number of longitudinal streaks dispers on the C-1-sized carbon fibers surface, The longitudinal streaks in the C-2 and C-3-sized carbon fibers almost disappeared .A few granular substances appeared on C-3-sized carbon fibers .there was no bundle between C-2-sized carbon fibers, and the fiber bundle had uniform dispersibility. However, some C-3-sized carbon fibers adhered together which did not satisfactory processability and other workability for further application. As a result, we chose C-2 with the concentration of 0.5 wt % as the sizing agent for the following investigation. The results of this study revealed that sizing agent with thermoplastic PPEK resin improved carbon fibers surface and interfacial properties of carbon fiber composites. XPS results confirmed that the main component of sizing agent on T700M CF was PPEK resin. T700M CF performed better thermal stability than that of T700 CF. Because of more functional groups on surface, T700M CF showed higher polar component and surface energy than T700 and T700T carbon fibers. Surface energy of T700M CF was 49.96 mJ m-2, improving 59.26% compared to T700T CF. The wetting performance of T700M was best with the contact angle of 57.01°, and the values were 73.11° and 97.05° for T700 and T700T carbon fibers, respectively. IFSS of T700M CF/PPEK composite was 51.49 MPa and improved 30.32% compared to 700T CF/PPEK composite. Carbon fiber sizing with PPEK can distinctly improve their thermal stability, surface energy, wetting performance, and IFSS.
碳纤维英文版2
carbon fiber carbonization process
Organic compounds in an inert gas heating to 1000 in a 1500 degrees, all the carbon atoms (nitrogen and hydrogen, oxygen, etc) will gradually be deported, carbon content gradually to increase, as the carbon atoms excluded, and solid alternate with in a series of dehydrogenation, cyclization, hand in chains and polycondensation,chemicalreaction, form carbon fiber.
7
Second, carbon fiber materials conductive energy-saving performance is good, no impact on the current. Metal fever in the start or closed cable, because of the metal itself to material, can produce a moment when the most high power, can achieve maximum power rating of more than two times. At the same time in the start, in a certain time in the not to rated condition, its power will be constant and continuous growth, until to rated state, would restore rated power. Carbon fiber heating cable with no impact current, in the start off to keep rated power, won't produce the moment of maximum power, so the energy saving effect than metal cable.
碳纤维上浆剂的研究进展
为分散剂形成的一种水溶性上浆剂ꎬ 具有污染小、 成
小颗粒的纤维表面ꎬ 增加了纤维的表面粗糙度ꎬ 改性
本少、 低残留的优点ꎮ 上浆剂使用是根据基体树脂的
后 ＣＦ 的润湿性明显改善ꎮ Ｅ－１ 型和 Ｆ－１ 型 ＣＦｓ 的接
性质来选择的ꎬ 本文综述了近年来碳纤维增强不同基
体树脂复合材料的上浆剂以及上浆剂的改性处理方法
和相对应复合材料的综合力学性能提升情况ꎮ
１ 碳纤维上浆剂的种类
上浆剂使用是根据基体树脂的性质来选择的ꎬ 基
体树脂可划分为热固性树脂 ( 环氧树脂、 乙烯基树
脂等) 和热塑性树脂 ( 聚酰胺、 聚碳酸酯、 聚醚醚
触角与脱纤后相比分别降低了 ３３％ 和 ３６％ ꎮ 此外ꎬ Ｅ
－１ 型 ＣＦ / ＥＰ 复合材料的界面剪切强度 ( ＩＦＳＳ) 从
得到 ＰＥＧ￣ＣＯＯＨꎬ 并 将 其 接 枝 到 环 氧 树 脂 分 子 上ꎬ
酮等) ꎮ 上浆剂分子与树脂基体的化学键合在一定程
通过自乳化的方法制备了水性环氧树脂乳液作为碳纤
性树脂的结构差异大ꎬ 适用于热固性树脂与热塑性树
浆纤维后含氧活性官能团由 ２８ ９９％ 提升至 ４２ ４４％ ꎬ
度上有益于复合材料界面的改善ꎬ 由于热固性与热塑
合力学机械性能下降ꎮ 在特定的碳纤维与基体树脂复
以上的无机非金属纤维材料ꎬ 具有高比强度、 高比模
合情况下ꎬ 界面连接对碳纤维增强复合材料的整体性
量、 耐高温、 耐腐蚀、 导电导热和电磁屏蔽性好等一
能起着至关重要的作用ꎮ 一个良好的界面可以确保较
系列优异性能
[１－２]
ꎮ 由于碳纤维增强树脂复合材料
( ＣＦＲＰ) 具有良好的刚度 － 重量比和强度 － 重量比ꎬ
复合材料负泊松比结构力学性能数值研究——拉压力学性能
第38卷第4期2020年11月江苏师范大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Jiangsu Normal University (Natural Science Edition )Vol38 ，No4Nov ，2020文章编号：2095-4298(2020)04-0061-04复合材料负泊松比结构力学性能数值研究——拉压力学性能赵昌方］，朱宏伟］，仲健林"，任 杰1，马 威2（1南京理工大学 机械工程学院，江苏 南京210094； 2.江西洪都航空工业有限责任公司，江西南昌H0024）摘要：复合材料负泊松比结构实现了材料特性和结构特性的叠加，其力学特性值得关注.建立碳纤维复合材料的各向异性本构模型，并推导层合板弹性力学计算方法.针对内凹六边形负泊松比单层结构，通过有限元软件开展拉压 力学的数值研究.结果表明：横向和垂向的拉压加载情况都体现出交叉承载的特性，且应力在棱边集中，然后发生破坏；拉压条件下都实现了负泊松比效应.关键词：负泊松比结构；复合材料;碳纤维；拉压力学；有限元分析中图分类号：0343 文献标识码：A doi ： 10. 3969/j. issn. 2095-4298. 2020. 04. 016Numerical study on the ngative Poisson's ratio structure withcomposite materials : tension and compression mechanicsZhao Changfang 1, Zhu Hongwei 1 , Zhong Jianlin 1* , Ren Jie 1, Ma Wei 2收稿日期：2020-10-19基金项目：国家自然科学基金资助项目（12002169）江苏省自然科学基金资助项目（BK2O17O8I7）作者简介：赵昌方，男，博士研究生，主要从事兵器科学与技术的研究.*通信作者：仲健林，男，博士，讲师，主要从事复合材料力学的研究，-mail :158505711l2@16l. com.(1. School of Mechanical Engineering , Nanjing University of Science & Technology ,Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu , China ；2 JiangxiHongdu AviationIndustryGroupCompanyLtd ，Nanchang330024，Jiangxi ，China )Abstract : The negative Poisson's ratio structure with composite materials realizes the superposition of material and structuralcharacteristics ， anditsmechanicalcharacteristicsdeservea t ention Theanisotropicconstitutivemodelofcarbonfibercompositeswasestablished ，andthecalculationmethodofelasticmechanicsoflaminatedplateswasde- rived Thenumericalstudyoftensionandcompression wascarriedoutbyfiniteelementsoftwarefortheconcavehexagonal negative Poisson's ratio single-layer structure. The results show that the transverse and vertical tension andcompressionloadingshowsthecharacteristicsofcross-load ， andthestressisconcentratedattheedgeandthen destroyed , the negative Poisson's ratio effect is realized under the condition of tension and compression.Key words : negative Poisson's ratio structure ； composite material ； carbon fiber ； tension and compression mechan ics ；finiteelementanalysis0引言负泊松比材料是一种典型的力学超材料1,以其优秀的能量吸收性能、抗剪切承载能力、抗断裂性 能、抗压痕性、曲面同向性，在航空、航天、航海、武器、医疗等设备中得到广泛应用［一3］.负泊松比行为 不受尺度的影响，既有宏观整体现象，也有微观内部 现象，如内凹六边形蜂窝结构、黄铁矿晶体［］.目前, 负泊松比现象的研究可归纳为两个层级：微观材料层级和宏观结构层级.微观材料层级基本上取决于 材料本身,通常称之为负泊松比材料;宏观结构层级的负泊松比效应主要取决于结构的造型，通常称之为负泊松比结构（negative Poisson's ratio struc ture, NPRS ）. 负泊松比结构更加容易生产制造、控制泊松比的值，备受学者关注.近年来，关于负泊松比结构的研究层出不穷，从 二维到三维,从单胞到多胞，从简单到复合，从力学 性能到其他性能.Gibson 等［］提出了一种二维内凹 六边形蜂窝结构;Evans 等6设计出了三维正交的内凹蜂窝负泊松比结构；Wan 等7研究了大变形情 况下多胞蜂窝结构的负泊松比行为；张梗林等聞研 究了宏观负泊松比蜂窝夹芯的隔振性能；Hiller 等［］采用铝和丙烯酸两种材料组合构建了一种多重负泊松比材料;Nkansah 等［10］通过采用两种不同泊 松比的胞元组合，改善了结构的刚度；贺燕飞等［11］ 通过经典层合板理论，分析了复合材料中铺层带来62江苏师范大学学报(自然科学版)第38卷的负泊松比弹性性能•然而，对于负泊松比结构的研 究，其胞元材料大多基于金属，且结构较为单调，这导致所得结构的质量大、性能差•基于此，本文采用 具有比吸能、比刚度、比强度等优异特性的碳纤维复 合材料［12一13］作为胞元材料,以内凹六边形结构为单 元构造负泊松比结构，研究其拉压条件下的负泊松比效应(negative Poisson's ratio effect ,NPRE).1复合材料弹性力学材料的力学性能对负泊松比结构的力学性能有 着重要影响.负泊松比结构受面内压缩载荷时，结构的内壁发生变形，当载荷超过材料的承受极限时，壁 面会失效，结构的刚度发生改变.因此，复合材料负泊松比结构的内壁材料的力学性能尤为重要.设有0厚度理想层间粘结和铺层数量为n 的层合板，单层厚度为儿结构见图1根据经典层合理论［14］,对 处于平面应力状态的横观各向同性单层复合材料,若应力为內，应变为,，折减刚度系数矩阵为犙犼，则本构关系可简化为犈11 犈22，犙22 —1 — ^12^21 1 — ^12^21‘61'犙110,210、,11'G 22=Q 12犙220,22612烎00G ]2烎,12烎其中：犙ii1如犈11 ，码为单层复合材料的弹性模量 狏 为单1—狏12狏21层复合材料的泊松比，犌12为单层复合材料的剪切模量图1层合板结构及几何参数Fig. 1 Structure and geometric parameters of laminate取转换缩减刚度系数矩阵犙犻、变换矩阵八则全局坐标系下的单层本构关系为6狓，狓、，狓、6y=0，y = T0T —，y 、T 狓y烎Y y 烎Y 狓丿其中'cos 20T = sin 20sin 0cos 0sin 20 cos 2 0 —sin 0cos 0―2sin 0cos 02sin 0cos 0 cos 20一 sin 20设刚度系数矩阵为G ,则层合板的应力-应变 本构关系可表示为其中，对于前k 层单层板组合而成的层合板［11］,有” ”犃=工(犙‘)令，B =工 *Q )(k + 1)52 , 犇 =k =i k =i 2工 1 (')k(3k 2 — 3k + 1)»k = i3设柔度系数矩阵気=C —1，则层合板弹性模量犈狓犈狔,剪切模量G 狓狔，泊松比狏的计算公式为E =1 •丄 E =1 •丄狓” S 11'狔”犛2‘1 1 — _ 犛12G xy —・丁，V xy ―一no 犛33 犛112有限元仿真分析2.1仿真模型及材料参数采用ANSYS/DYNA 有限元商业软件进行低 速压缩分析，单元类型为She ll_163,算法为Belytschko-Tsay 材料 的 弹 性 本 构 见 第 1 部 分， 失 效判据采用Chang-Chang 准则［15］,模型为* MAT_54复 合材料模型.壁厚1mm,厚度方向3个积分点，按照 ［0790°］的规则铺7层.几何尺寸见图2,夹角56. 3°采用四边形网格进行离散，网格数量12万.仿真中 采用的单层碳纤维复合材料参数见表1图2几何结构及尺寸Fig. 2 Geometric structure and dimensions表1碳纤维单层复合材料力学性能参数山]Tab. 1 Mechanical properties of carbon fibersingle-layer composites力学性能参数单位数值纤维方向弹性模量GPa 135垂直纤维方向弹性模量GPa 10面内剪切模量GPa5主泊松比0. 3纤维方向拉伸强度MPa 1500垂直纤维方向拉伸强度MPa 50纤维方向压缩强度MPa 1200垂直纤维方向压缩强度MPa 250剪切强度MPa70第4期赵昌方，等：复合材料负泊松比结构力学性能数值研究一一拉压力学性能632.2单层结构的拉压力学特性单层负泊松比内凹六边形结构的横向拉压仿真结果见图3.由图3a可知，拉伸时结构的应力从运动端向固定端传递，并呈现出交叉分布的特点.结构的破坏出现在固定端附近，接着运动端也出现了较3b).垂向拉压仿真结果见图4.加载初期应力也体现出交叉分布的特征.随着拉压载荷的继续增大，结构的棱边出现应力集中，随后失效，使得各单胞结构之间的板出现分离.因此，可以判定，内凹六边形单层负泊松比结构的横向和垂向拉压力学特性都具有大的变形.压缩时结构表现出与拉伸同样的特性(图等效应力/MPa等效应力/MPa 固定端2.040x10-2-|等效应力/MPa3.813x10-2-.交叉传载的特点等沁力/MPa1.007x10-'"j9.067x10-2-Id.拉伸图3单层结构的横向拉压仿真结果等效应力/MPa等效应力/MPa破坏a.拉伸Fig.3Simulation results of transverse tension and compression of single layer structure图4单层结构的垂向拉压仿真结果Fig.4Simulation results of vertical tension and compression of single layer structure2.3负泊松比效应讨论横向和垂向拉压时，提取结构的力-时间曲线、节点位移曲线及拉伸能量变化曲线，见图5—8.由图5可知，垂向拉压时结构的力更大，说明该结构垂向承载性能更好;横向拉压时,结构的横向位移具有均匀的传递规律，即运动端的单元先运动，接着牵引下一单元运动，以此类推到最后一个固定的单元.由图6可知，当每个单元都发生位移后，最后一个单元位移继续增大，直到破坏;其他的单元位移则保持之前的反向传递规律;横向拉伸时垂向位移对称变化,呈张开趋势，说明单层碳纤维复合材料的内凹六边形胞元具有负泊松比效应.由图7可知，垂向拉压时，横向位移也对称变化且体现出拉胀和压缩的特点.这都证明了碳纤维复合材料的内凹六边形结构具有拉压负泊松比效应.进一步地，通过关键字调出的能量曲线如图8所示.可以看出，在发生破坏前内能和动能基本相等，沙漏能和侵蚀能很低，几乎为零，说明能量是守恒的，从而验证了仿真的有效性.图5力-时间曲线Fig.5Force-timecurves64江苏师范大学学报（自然科学版）第38卷1020 30 40 50 60时间/阴—垂向压缩左端—垂向压缩右端垂向拉伸左端2 10100 200300400 500时间/pis图6位移-时间曲线Fig. 6 Displacement-time curves图7垂向加载位移曲线Fig. 7 Vertical loading-displacement curveL o u *揺7-----------—A 内能6 E 动能-一C 沙漏能5- D 侵蚀能100 200 300 400 500时间/|1S图8拉伸能量变化曲线Fig. 8 Tensile energy variation curve3结论根据经典层合板理论建立了纤维复合材料的弹 性力学本构，并通过有限元仿真进行了单层碳纤维复合材料负泊松比内凹六边形结构的横向和垂向拉 压力学分析,得到以下结论：1）横向拉压时，负泊松比结构的应力体现出交叉传递的分布特征，且破坏先在固定端发生;垂向拉 压时,应力在棱边出现集中，同样也体现出交叉分布的特性，破坏同样先发生在固定端.应力交叉分布,逐步传递载荷是单层内凹六边形负泊松比结构的一个力学特性2)单层内凹六边形负泊松比结构的垂向承载能力大于横向承载能力，横向和垂向拉压都体现出了负泊松比效应，即拉伸膨胀和压缩收缩的反常特性.参考文献：[I ] Zhao C F , Zhou Z T , Liu X X , et al . The in-planestretching and compression mechanics of negativePoisson's ratio structures : concave hexagon, star shape, and their combimatiom [J ]. J Alloys Comp. ht tps : //doi. org/10. 1016/j. jallcom . 2020. 157840.[]任鑫，张相玉，谢亿民.负泊松比材料和结构的研究进展[J ].力学学报,2019,51(3):656.[]史炜，杨伟，李忠明，等.负泊松比材料研究进展[].高分子通报,003(6)：48.[4]杨智春，邓庆田.负泊松比材料与结构的力学性能研究及应用[J ].力学进展,2011,41(3):335.[5] GibsonLJ , Ashby M F . Cellular solids [ M ]. Cam bridge :Cambridge University Press, 1997.[6] Evans K E , Nkansah M A , Hutchinson I J. Auxeticfoams ： modelling negative Poisson's ratios [J ]. ActaMeta ll et Mater, 1994,42(4) ： 1289.[7]Wan H,0htaki H,Kotosaka S, et al. A study of negativePoisson'sratiosinauxetichoneycombsbasedonalargede-flection model[J]. Eur J Meeh-A/Solids ,004 ,3(1) : 95.[]张梗林，杨德庆.船舶宏观负泊松比蜂窝夹芯隔振器优化设计[J].振动与冲击,2013,32(22):68.[9]Hi l erJ ，Lipson H Tunable digital material properties for 3D voxel printers]J]. Rapid Prototyp J,2010,16(4)：241.[10] Nkansah M A, Evans KI J. Modellingthe effects of negative Poisson's ratios in comtimuous- fibrecomposites [J ] J MaterSci ，1993，28(10) 2687[II ] 贺燕飞，邓庆田，尹冠生.负泊松比复合材料弹性性能分析[C]//第25届全国结构工程学术会议论文集(第I 册)2016:202 — 208.[12]ZhaoCF ，ZhouZ T ，ZhaoC X ，etal Researchoncom pression properties of unidirectional carbon fiber rein forced epoxy resin composite (UCFREP ) [J]. J ComposMater, https ： //doi. org/10. 1177/0021998320972176.[13] Zhao C F , Zhou Z T , Ren J , et al. Investigation ofcompression mechanics of strain rate-dependent ： forged/laminated carbon fiber-epoxy resin composites[J]. Compos Meeh Comput Appl,2020,11 (4) ： 341.[14] Hull D . An Introduction to composite materials [M ].London ：CambridgeUniversityPress ，1981[15] Chang F,Chang K. A progressive damage model forlaminatedcompositescontainingstressconcentrations[J ] JCompos Mater ，1988，19(4) 329[16] Ataabadi P B ?Karagiozova D, Alves M. 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纤维方向对碳纤维复合材料加工性能的影响
工业技术科技创新导报 Science and Technology Innovation Herald44DOI：10.16660/ki.1674-098X.2008-5640-1855纤维方向对碳纤维复合材料加工性能的影响①霍秀兵 徐强 王赵阳 王宁(北京卫星制造厂有限公司 北京 100089)摘 要：近年来，经济和技术的发展使得人们的生活水平得到了很大的提升，高强度、韧性好、耐低温、轻质的碳纤维复合材料在交通、建筑、化工、电气以及航空等很多领域显现出了重要的地位，由于碳纤维复合材料各向异性的性能，其纤维方向是影响其加工工艺的重要因素，本文介绍了碳纤维复合材料及其具有的广阔发展空间，以纤维方向为研究对象，通过从切削方向、角度、切面粗糙度等方面进行探究，以期为碳纤维复合材料的性能和质量的改善提供理论基础。
关键词：纤维方向 碳纤维复合材料 特点性能影响 质量改善中图分类号：TB33 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1674-098X(2020)11(c)-0044-03Effect of Fiber Orientation on Processing Properties of CarbonFiber CompositesHUO Xiubing XU Qiang WANG Zhaoyang WANG Ning (Beijing Satellite Manufacturing Co., Ltd., Beijing, 100089 China)Abstract: In recent years, With the development of economy and technology, people's living standard has been greatly improved. High strength,Good toughness, low temperature, lightweight carbon fiber composites in traffic, build, chemical industry, electrical and aviation and many other fields have shown an important position. Due to the anisotropic properties of carbon fiber composites, The fiber direction is an important factor affecting its processing technology, this paper introduces the carbon fiber composite and its broad development space, taking the fiber direction as the research object, through the cutting direction, angle, section roughness and other aspects to explore, in order to provide a theoretical basis for improving the properties and quality of carbon fiber composites.Key Words: Fiber orientation; Carbon fiber composites; Characteristic performance inf luence; Quality improvement①作者简介：霍秀兵（1987—），女，汉族，河北保定人，本科，工程师，研究方向为星船结构机械加工工艺。
碳纤维 干碳 压力
碳纤维干碳压力英文回答：Carbon fiber is a type of material that is known forits high strength and light weight. It is composed of thin strands of carbon atoms that are tightly woven together to form a strong and durable structure. The use of carbonfiber has become increasingly popular in various industries, including aerospace, automotive, and sports.One of the main advantages of carbon fiber is its exceptional strength-to-weight ratio. This means that it is much stronger than other materials of the same weight, such as steel or aluminum. For example, a carbon fiber component can be up to five times stronger than a steel component of the same weight. This makes carbon fiber ideal for applications where weight reduction is crucial, such as in the aerospace industry where every ounce matters.In addition to its strength, carbon fiber also offersexcellent stiffness and rigidity. This means that it does not deform or flex easily under load, making it suitablefor applications that require high precision and stability. For instance, carbon fiber is commonly used in the construction of racing bicycles, where the stiffness of the frame is essential for efficient power transfer and handling.Moreover, carbon fiber is highly resistant to corrosion and fatigue. Unlike metals, carbon fiber does not rust or degrade over time, even when exposed to harsh environmental conditions. This makes it a reliable choice forapplications that require long-term durability, such as in the construction of wind turbine blades that are constantly exposed to the elements.Furthermore, carbon fiber is an excellent conductor of electricity. This property makes it suitable for applications that require electrical conductivity, such as in the aerospace industry where it is used in the construction of lightning strike protection systems. Carbon fiber can effectively dissipate electrical charges,preventing damage to sensitive electronic components.中文回答：碳纤维是一种以高强度和轻质著称的材料。
The Properties of Carbon Fibers and Composites
The Properties of Carbon Fibers andCompositesCarbon fibers and composites are a type of material that have become increasingly popular in recent years due to their unique properties. These materials are made from carbon fibers that are bonded together with a polymer matrix, resulting in an incredibly strong and lightweight material. In this article, we will explore the properties of carbon fibers and composites in more detail.1. High Strength and StiffnessOne of the most significant properties of carbon fibers and composites is their high strength and stiffness. Carbon fibers themselves are incredibly strong, with tensile strength of up to 700 ksi. When bonded together with a polymer matrix, the resulting composite material is even stronger, making it an ideal choice for applications where strength and stiffness are critical, such as aerospace and automotive industries.2. LightweightCarbon fibers and composites are also incredibly lightweight. Carbon fibers have a specific gravity of 1.75 g/cm3, which is much lower than other high-strength materials such as steel or aluminum. When combined with a polymer matrix, the resulting material is even lighter, making it a popular choice for applications where weight is a concern, such as in sports equipment or in the construction of airplanes.3. High Thermal ConductivityAnother property of carbon fibers and composites is their high thermal conductivity. Carbon fibers are excellent conductors of heat, allowing them to quickly dissipate any heat generated within the material. This property makes carbon fiber composites an ideal choice for applications where heat dissipation is critical, such as in electronic equipment or in the construction of heat sinks.4. Low Thermal ExpansionCarbon fibers and composites also have a low coefficient of thermal expansion. This property means that the material remains dimensionally stable even when subjected to changes in temperature. This characteristic makes carbon fiber composites ideal for use in applications where dimensional stability is important, such as in the construction of satellites or in precision instruments.5. Corrosion ResistanceCarbon fibers and composites are highly resistant to corrosion. Unlike metals, which are prone to rust and other forms of corrosion, carbon fibers and composites can withstand exposure to harsh chemicals and other corrosive substances. This property makes carbon fiber composites an ideal choice for use in harsh environments, such as offshore oil rigs or chemical processing plants.In conclusion, carbon fibers and composites are a type of material that possess unique properties that make them an ideal choice for a variety of applications. Their high strength and stiffness, lightweight nature, high thermal conductivity, low coefficient of thermal expansion, and corrosion resistance make them a popular choice for use in industries such as aerospace, automotive, sports equipment, electronics, and more. With ongoing research and development, it is likely that we will see even more innovations in carbon fiber and composite technology in the future.。
碳纤维弯曲强度
碳纤维弯曲强度引言碳纤维是一种重要的纤维增强材料，因其高强度、低密度和良好的耐腐蚀性能而广泛应用于航空航天、汽车、体育器材等领域。
在碳纤维的应用中，其弯曲性能是十分重要的指标之一。
本文将从碳纤维的特性、影响碳纤维弯曲强度的因素和提高碳纤维弯曲强度的方法等方面展开探讨。
碳纤维的特性碳纤维是由柔软的有机聚合物高度纯化后通过高温炭化而成。
相比于金属材料，在拉伸方向上，碳纤维具有更高的强度和模量。
在压缩和剪切方向上，碳纤维的强度较低。
此外，碳纤维还具有抗腐蚀性好、热膨胀系数低、导电性能良好等优点。
影响碳纤维弯曲强度的因素1. 纤维方向碳纤维的弯曲强度随着纤维方向的改变而变化。
在纤维平行于弯曲方向的情况下，碳纤维的弯曲强度最高；而在纤维垂直于弯曲方向的情况下，其弯曲强度最低。
这是因为碳纤维的主要力学性能是沿纤维方向的。
2. 纤维排列密度纤维的排列密度是指碳纤维布料中纤维的单位面积内的数量。
排列密度越高，纤维间的连接越紧密，弯曲时产生的应力能够更好地传递，从而提高碳纤维的弯曲强度。
3. 纤维长度碳纤维的长度对其弯曲强度也有一定影响。
一般来说，纤维越长，其弯曲时的应力分布越均匀，弯曲强度越高。
4. 树脂基体性能碳纤维常常与树脂基体共同构成复合材料。
树脂基体的性能对碳纤维的弯曲强度有重要影响。
树脂基体的粘结强度、硬度等性能会直接影响到碳纤维与基体之间的结合状态，从而影响碳纤维的弯曲性能。
提高碳纤维弯曲强度的方法1. 优化纤维方向为了提高碳纤维的弯曲强度，可以通过优化纤维的方向来实现。
例如，在设计复合材料结构时，可以使纤维方向与受力方向保持一致，以充分发挥碳纤维的高强度特性。
2. 提高纤维排列密度通过调整碳纤维布料中纤维的密度，可以增加纤维间的连接数量，提高碳纤维的弯曲强度。
这可以通过改变纤维的编织方式、使用更高密度的纤维布料等方法来实现。
3. 使用更长的纤维选择更长的碳纤维可以促进应力的均匀分布，从而提高碳纤维的弯曲强度。
碳纤维英文版2学习资料
The carbon fiber three-dimensional structure schematic drawing.
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Carbon fiber material performance First,carbon fiber materials electric conversion efficiency, save electric energy. Carbon fiber electrothermal body is a full blackbody materials, electric heat efficiency of conversion 30% higher than metal fever, electric heat efficiencyabout 100%.
400~600℃
Removing the hydrogen
600~130℃ Removing the
nitrogen
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The requirements of Graphitization
1
2500-3000℃
2 tension
3 Protective gases （Ar or He ）
4 Sealing device （water or mercury ）
批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
碳纤维——Carbon Fiber
Abstract of Content ：
一、The structure and properties of carbon fiber 二、Preparation of carbon fiber 三、The use, present situation and development prospect
碳纤维的电学性能英文版
Electrical Conductivity of the Carbon FiberConductive ConcreteHOU Zuofu 1,2, LI Zhuoqiu 1*, WANG Jianjun 1(1.School of Sciences, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China; 2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China)Abstract: This paper discussed two methods to enhance the electrical conductivity of the carbon fi ber(CF) electrically conductive concrete. The increase in the content of stone and the amount of water used to dissolve the methylcellulose and marinate the carbon fi bers can decrease the electrical resistivity of the electrically conductive concrete effectively. Based on these two methods, the minimum CF content of the CF electrically conductive concrete for deicing or snow-melting application and the optimal ratio of the amount of water to dissolve the methylcellulose and marinate the carbon fi bers were obtained.Key words: carbon fiber; electrical resistivity; conductive concreteDOI 10.1007/s11595-005-2346-x1 IntroductionCF electrically conductive concrete is a newtype of concrete made by adding carbon fibers into conventional concrete. After adding the carbon fi bers, the electric resistivity of concrete can reduce to a necessary value for various applications such as self-monitoring [1], electromagnetic interference shielding [2], thermistor [3], lateral guidance in automatic highways [4], traffic monitoring and weighing in motion [5], deicing or snow-melting [6-11],etc . For example, the conductive concrete mixture containing 0.73% carbon fibers (by volume) and 20% silica fume(SF) has a good electrical conductivity and a superior mechanical strength when the ratio of cement to sand to stone is 1 1 1[12]. But in practical application, the price of conventional concrete can be decreased effectively by increasing the content of the sand and stone. At the same time, the rational content of the coarse aggregates can also enhance the mechanical properties of the hardened concrete. Reza et al had discussed the effect of the water-cement and sand-cement ratio on the electrical resistivity of CF reinforced mortar [13]. But the effect of the stone-cement ratio on the electrical resistivity is uncertain. Accordingly, the the properties of the electrically conductive concrete was discussed in this paper.Furthermore, in order to disperse the carbon fibers effectively, methylcellulose must be dissolved in water at fi rst. Then carbon fi bers and defoamer were added into water and stirred. It is found that the amount of water in this stage affects the final electrical resistivity of the conductive concrete and there is no report dealing with this problem.2 Experimental2.1 Materials and specimensCarbon fi bers of 7 μm in diameter and 5-10 mm in nominal length were used as the conductive filler. The carbon fibers were isotropic PAN-based and unsized. Other properties of CF are given in Table 1. SF, a by-product in the manufacture of ferro-silicon, was used as fiber dispersant. The chemical compositions and granularities of SF are given in Table 2. Methylcellulose was used as primary dispersant in the amount of 0.4 % by weight of binder (cement + SF). Standard river sand was used as fine aggregates, defoamer was added to accompany methylcellulose. The defoamer-cement ratio was 0.14% (by volume). The ratio of the high-range water-reducing agent to cement was 1% (by weight). The water-cement ratio was 0.55-0.60 (by weight) for CF conductive concrete and 0.45 for plain concrete, respectively.The thickness of all samples was 40 mm in the tests. Obviously, it is unsuitable to adopt coarse aggregateswas 15 mm, the smallest stone size was 5 mm, and the average stone size was 12 mm. The dimensions of the compressive specimens were 40 mm×40 mm×40 mm. The three points flexural tests were conducted using 160 mm×40 mm×40 mm bar specimens. The loading speed was 454 kg/min. Four specimens of each group were tested. The dimensions of the specimens for the electrical resistance measurement was 160 mm×130 mm×40 mm, three specimens of each group were tested.2.2 Electrode con fi gurationElectrode configuration is a very important aspect in the making of electrically conductive concrete for deicing or snow-melting. The electrode must be laid in the concrete and it must be protected from rusting. Therefore, the 0.3 mm thick perforated stainless steel strip was used as the electrode. The diameter of the holes must be greater than or equal to the maximum aggregate size of 15 mm to allow concrete to fl ow through to ensure a good bond between the electrode and the concrete. 2.3 Mixing procedureMethylcellulose was first added into water while stirring and left for approximately 20 min. to allow it to dissolve completely. Carbon fibers and defoamer were then added into water and stirred gently. The rest of the mixing water was poured into the mixer followed by the high-range water-reducing agent. Then the cement and SF were added and stirred by a rotary mixer for 3 min. The mixer was stopped and the carbon fi bers were poured into the mixer. When the mixer was run for 1 min, the sand was added and stirred for 3 min. Finally the stones were added and stirred for 3 min. After the mixture was poured into an oiled mold, the electrode (if applicable) was laid in fresh concrete. Then an external vibrator was used to facilitate compaction and decrease the amount of air bubbles. The samples were demolded after 24 hours and then cured at room temperature (temperature: +25℃; relative humidity: 70%).2.4 The electrical resistance measurementIn general, the four-probe method is found to be an effective method for measuring the volume electricalresistivity of the concrete samples. As the CF conductive concrete being discussed in this paper will be used in deicing or snow-melting, the electrode will be embedded in the concrete and the two-probe method will be used to determine the output power in practical application. Moreover, the contact resistance can also generate heat when the conductive concrete is connected to a power source. So it is unnecessary to distinguish the contact resistance from the total electrical resistance in this paper. Therefore, the electrical resistance measurements in this paper were all conducted using the two-probe method.If the electrical resistivity of CF conductive concrete used in deicing or snow melting is high, it will not generate heat effectively. Yehia et al illustrated that the electrical resistivity must be lower than 103 Ω·cm for the deicing application [11]. This paper suggests the threshold must be lower than 102 Ω·cm to ensure the CF conductive concrete generates heat effectively with 36 V safe voltage.3 Results and Discussion3.1 The influence of the ratios of cement to sand to stoneAccording to the previous study, the electrical resistivity of the conductive concrete mixture containing 0.73% carbon fibers (by volume) and 20% SF when the ratio of cement to sand to stone is 1 1 1 can meet the requirement for deicing or snow-melting [12]. Based on this result, four kinds of mixture that maintained the w /c at 0.55-0.58 and the fi ber volume at 0.73% (adding 20% SF) were designed and studied when the ratios of cement to sand to stone were 1 1 1, 1 2 1, 1 1 2, 1 2 2, respectively. All tests were taken after 28 days. The results are listed in Table 3.Table 3 Effects of different ratios on properties of CF conductive concreteProperties The ratio of cement to sandto stone(by weight)1:1:11:2:11:1:21:2:2Electrical resistivity /(Ω·cm)85.90579.0038.30210.30Flexural strength /MPa 5.69 5.10 5.81 3.19Compressive strength /MPa 44.70 41.5039.90 33.80As shown in Table 3, the electrical resistivity for the ratio of 1 1 2 is the lowest among the four mixtures. In other words, a proper increase of stone can decrease the electrical resistivity. Because the CF content was held constant, the increase of stone will lead to a more accumulation of CF in the matrix. Thus the matrix resistivity will decrease and lead to an overall decrease of the composite resistivity. Although a proper additionTable 1 Properties of CFTensile strength Tensile Density Electrical Content of /MPa modulus/GPa /(g/cm 3) resistivity/(μΩ·m) carbon/ % 2000-3000 175-215 1.74-1.77 30 =93Table 2 Chemical compositions and granularities of SF Chemical compositions SiO 2 Al 2O 3 MgO CaO Fe 2O 3 ig. loss Percent/% 91-93 0.98-0.2 0.9-0.2 0.47 0.15-1.6 2.0-5.0Particle size/μm 10 1-10 0.5-1 0.1- 0.5 <0.1Percent/% 2.3 8.6 14.2 61.5 11.3of the sand can enhance the electrical conductivity of the carbon fiber cement-based composites[14], but when the sand-cement ratio increases up to 2, the composite resistivity will obviously increase. That is to say, the excessive sand affects the formation of the carbon fi ber networks and then leads to an increase in the composite resistivity. This result is also consistent with the result of Reza’ s study[13]. The fl exural strength and compressive strength decrease with the increase of the sand-cement and stone–cement ratio because the increase of the aggregates will lead to a higher CF content in the matrix and increase the amount of air bubbles in the matrix. At the same time, the increase of the sand-cement and stone–cement ratio will also result in the decrease of the amount of cement in an unit volume of concrete and also affect the fi nal fl exural strength and compressive strength.Summing up the four ratios in the Table 3, at a certain CF content, when the ratio of cement to sand to stone is 1 1 2 (by weight), the properties of the CF conductive concrete are the best as a whole, with the exception of a slight decrease in compressive strength.Based on the aforementioned analysis, a further study was finished and the minimum CF content of the CF electrically conductive concrete for deicing or snow-melting was obtained. As seen in Fig.1, while the ratio of cement to sand to stone is 1 1 1, the electrical resistivity of the CF conductive concrete with 0.73% carbon fi bers can be reduced to 100 Ω·cm after regarding the size effect[13]. That is to say, 0.73% CF content can meet the lowest requirement for deicing or snow-melting application. But while the ratio of cement to sand to stone is increased to 1 1 2, the CF content can be reduced to about 0.58%.3.2 The influence of the amount of water in the beginning stageAlthough the water-cement ratio does not have a signifi cant effect on the electrical resistivity at a high CF content[13], but it was observed that the amount of water used to dissolve the methylcellulose and marinate the carbon fibers in the beginning stage affected the final electrical resistivity when the water-cement ratio was held constant. Three mixture designs with the water-cement ratio at 0.58, the fi ber volume at 0.58% and the ratio of cement to sand to stone at 1 1 2 were studied, while the ratio of the amount of water in the beginning stage to the total amount of water was 0.43, 0.57 and 0.71, respectively.As seen in Fig.2, there is a decrease in the electrical resistivity with the increasing water in the beginning stage. For example, when the ratio varies from 0.43 to 0.57, the electrical resistivity has a decrease of 40.1%. Of course, when the ratio varies from 0.57 to 0.71, there is only a slight decrease in the electrical resistivity. It is concluded that the large amount of water in the beginning stage improves the dispersion of the carbon fi bers when the fi ber volume and water-cement ratio are held constant. But while the percentage of the amount of water in the beginning stage is high enough to saturate the carbon fibers sufficiently, this effect is neglectable. So there is an optimal ratio of the amount of water in the beginning stage to the total amount of water in the making of CF electrically conductive concrete. In this paper, this ratio is presumed to be 0.6-0.7.4 ConclusionsThe conductive concrete mixture containing 0.58% CF (by volume) and 20% SF shows a good electrical conductivity and a superior mechanical strength while the ratio of cement to sand to stone is increased to 1 1 2. Furthermore, increasing the percentage of water used to dissolve the methylcellulose and marinate the carbon fibers in the beginning stage can also improve the dispersion of the carbon fi bers and then enhance the electrical conductivity of the CF electrically conductive concrete. In this paper, 60%-70% of the total water was suggested to be used to marinate the carbon fibers inthe beginning stage. These two methods can reduce thevolume fractions of CF and then decrease the cost of the CF electrically conductive concrete for deicing or snow-melting.References[1] M Chiarello, R Zinno. Electrical Conductivity of Self-monitoringCFRC[J]. Cement & Concrete Composites, 27(2005): 463-469 [2] X L Fu, D D L Chung. Submicron Carbon Filament Cement-MatrixComposites for Electromagnetic Interference Shielding[J]. Cem.Concr. Res., 1996, 26(10):1467-1472[3] S H Wen, D D L Chung. Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Cement asa Thermistor[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 1999, 29(6):961-965[4] X.L Fu, D D L Chung. Radio-Wave Refl ecting Concrete for LateralGuidance in Automatic Highways[J]. Cement and Concrete Research, 1998, 28(6): 795-801[5] Z Q Shi, D D L Chung. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Concrete forTraffi c Monitoring and Weighing in Motion[J]. Cem. Concr. Res., 1999, 29(3):435-439[6] P Xie, J J Beaudoin. Electrically Conductive Concrete and ItsApplication in Deicing. Advances in Concrete Technology[C].In:Proceedings. Second CANMET/ACI International Symposium, SP-154, American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, Mich., 1995:399-417[7] C Y Tuan. Electrical Resistance Heating of Conductive ConcreteContaining Steel Fibers and Shavings[J]. ACI Materials Journal, 2004, 101(1): 65-71[8] C Y Tuan, S Yehia. Evaluation of Electrically Conductive ConcreteContaining Carbon Products for Deicing[J]. ACI Materials Journal, 2004, 101(4): 287-293[9] S Yehia, C Y Tuan. Conductive Concrete Overlay for Bridge DeckDeicing[J]. ACI Materials Journal, 1999, 96(3):382-390[10] S Yehia, C Y Tuan. Thin Conductive Concrete Overlayfor Bridge Deck Deicing and Anti-icing[J]. Journal of the Transportation Research Board, Material and Construction, Concrete 2000, No.1698, Transportation Research Council, Washington D C, 45-53[11] S Yehia, C Y Tuan, D Ferdon and Bing C. Conductive ConcreteOverlay for Bridge Deck Deicing: Mixture Proportioning, Optimization and Properties[J]. ACI Materials Journal, 2000, 97(2):172-181[12] Z F Hou, Z Q Li, S L Hu, et al. Infl uence of Silica Fume onProperties of Carbon Fiber Electrically Conductive Concrete[J].Concrete. 2003, 160(2):26-28[13] F Reza, G B Batson, J A Yamamuro, et al. V olume ElectricalResistivity of Carbon Fiber Cement Composites[J]. ACI Materials Journal, 2001, 98(1):25-35[14] P W Chen, D D L Chung. Improving the Electric Conductivityof Composites Comprised of short Carbon Fiber in a Nonconducting Particulate Filler[J]. J. of Electronic Mat., 1995, 24(1):47-51。
ptfe碳纤维复合材料摩擦学的英语
ptfe碳纤维复合材料摩擦学的英语Tribology of PTFE Carbon Fiber Composite MaterialsPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) is a widely used material in various industrial applications due to its unique properties, such as low coefficient of friction, chemical inertness, and thermal stability. However, the inherent weakness of PTFE, such as poor mechanical properties and low wear resistance, has led to the development of PTFE-based composite materials. One such composite material is PTFE reinforced with carbon fibers, which has gained significant attention in the field of tribology.The tribological behavior of PTFE carbon fiber composite materials is influenced by a complex interplay of factors, including the composition, microstructure, and surface characteristics of the composite. The addition of carbon fibers to PTFE can significantly improve the mechanical properties, wear resistance, and thermal conductivity of the material, making it suitable for applications where high-performance tribological properties are required.One of the key advantages of PTFE carbon fiber composites is their low coefficient of friction. The presence of carbon fibers in the PTFEmatrix can create a lubricating layer on the surface of the material, reducing the friction between the composite and the mating surface. This low coefficient of friction is particularly beneficial in applications such as bearings, seals, and sliding components, where reducing friction and wear is crucial for improving efficiency and extending the service life of the system.Moreover, the incorporation of carbon fibers can also enhance the wear resistance of PTFE. The carbon fibers act as reinforcing elements, increasing the overall strength and stiffness of the composite material. This improved mechanical performance can help to mitigate the wear of the PTFE matrix, leading to a longer lifespan of the tribological components.The tribological performance of PTFE carbon fiber composites can be further enhanced by optimizing the composition and microstructure of the material. The type and content of carbon fibers, as well as the manufacturing process, can significantly influence the tribological properties of the composite. For instance, the orientation and distribution of the carbon fibers within the PTFE matrix can affect the wear behavior and friction characteristics of the material.Extensive research has been conducted to understand the underlying mechanisms governing the tribological behavior of PTFE carbon fiber composites. Studies have shown that the formation of a transfer filmon the counterpart surface is a crucial factor in determining the friction and wear characteristics of the composite. The transfer film, which is composed of PTFE and carbon fiber debris, can provide a low-shear interface, reducing the friction and wear between the composite and the mating surface.In addition to the transfer film formation, the role of the PTFE matrix and the carbon fibers in the tribological performance of the composite has been extensively investigated. The PTFE matrix provides a low-friction surface, while the carbon fibers enhance the mechanical strength and thermal conductivity of the material. The interaction between these two components, as well as the interfacial bonding between them, can significantly influence the overall tribological behavior of the PTFE carbon fiber composite.Furthermore, the environmental conditions, such as temperature, humidity, and the presence of lubricants, can also affect the tribological performance of PTFE carbon fiber composites. Understanding the influence of these factors is essential for optimizing the design and application of these materials in various industrial settings.In conclusion, the tribological behavior of PTFE carbon fiber composite materials is a complex and multifaceted topic that has been extensively studied. The incorporation of carbon fibers into thePTFE matrix can significantly improve the mechanical properties, wear resistance, and thermal conductivity of the composite, making it a valuable material for a wide range of tribological applications. Ongoing research in this field aims to further enhance the tribological performance of PTFE carbon fiber composites through the optimization of composition, microstructure, and manufacturing processes, as well as the understanding of the underlying mechanisms governing their tribological behavior.。
提高纤维增强塑料制品效果的方法
提高纤维增强塑料制品效果的方法Fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) have gained significant importance in various industries due to their exceptional mechanical properties. However, there is always room for improvement in terms of enhancing the performance of FRP products. In this response, I will discuss several methods to improve the effectiveness of fiber-reinforced plastic products.One of the key aspects to consider when aiming to enhance FRP products is the selection of suitable reinforcing fibers. Different types of fibers, such as carbon, glass, and aramid, possess distinct mechanical properties and characteristics. By carefully choosing the appropriate fiber type and aligning it in the desired orientation, the strength and stiffness of the FRP product can be significantly improved. This selection process should be based on the specific application requirements, ensuring that the chosen fiber offers optimal performance.Another method to enhance FRP products is by optimizing the fiber-matrix interface. The adhesion between the reinforcing fibers and the matrix material plays a crucial role in determining the overall mechanical properties of the composite. Various surface treatment techniques, such as chemical etching or plasma treatment, can be employed to enhance the interfacial bonding. Additionally, the use of coupling agents or adhesion promoters can further improve the compatibility between the fiber and matrix, resultingin enhanced load transfer and improved mechanical performance.Incorporating nanomaterials into the FRP matrix is another approach to enhance the effectiveness of fiber-reinforced plastic products. Nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes or graphene, can be dispersed within the matrix material to improve its mechanical properties. The high aspect ratio and exceptional mechanical properties of these nanomaterials allow for enhanced reinforcement and increased strength. Furthermore, the addition of nanoparticles can also improve the thermal and electrical conductivity of FRP products, expanding their potentialapplications.To further enhance the performance of FRP products, advanced manufacturing techniques can be employed. One such technique is automated fiber placement (AFP), which enables precise control over fiber orientation and placement during the manufacturing process. By ensuring uniform fiber distribution and alignment, the mechanical properties of the FRP product can be optimized. Additionally, AFP allows for the production of complex shapes and structures, providing design flexibility and expanding the range of potential applications.In addition to the material and manufacturing aspects, design optimization is crucial for improving the effectiveness of fiber-reinforced plastic products. By utilizing advanced computer-aided design (CAD) and finite element analysis (FEA) techniques, engineers can optimize the shape, thickness, and fiber orientation of FRP components. This enables the reduction of unnecessary material usage, leading to lightweight yet structurally efficient products. Design optimization also allows fortailoring the mechanical properties of FRP products to specific application requirements, further enhancing their effectiveness.Lastly, continuous research and development in thefield of fiber-reinforced plastics are essential for improving their effectiveness. By exploring new fiber types, matrix materials, and manufacturing techniques, researchers can continuously push the boundaries of FRP technology.This ongoing innovation can lead to the development ofnovel materials and processes that offer superior mechanical properties, improved sustainability, and expanded application possibilities.In conclusion, there are several methods to enhance the effectiveness of fiber-reinforced plastic products. These include the selection of suitable reinforcing fibers, optimization of the fiber-matrix interface, incorporationof nanomaterials, utilization of advanced manufacturing techniques, design optimization, and continuous researchand development. By considering these aspects, FRP productscan be further improved in terms of strength, stiffness, durability, and overall performance.。
碳纤维与碳纤维复合材料
碳纤维与碳纤维复合材料摘要本文讨论了碳纤维和碳纤维复合材料，首先介绍了碳纤维的性能和结构，以及碳纤维复合材料的属性和应用，接着介绍了碳纤维制造工艺，从而更好地理解碳纤维和碳纤维复合材料的特点。
最后，简要介绍了碳纤维复合材料的未来发展前景，以及在未来可能的应用领域。
关键词：碳纤维，碳纤维复合材料，制造工艺，应用IntroductionCarbon fiber is a material made up of thin strands of carbon. It has several properties that make it ideal for constructionand engineering applications, including high tensile strength, low weight, low thermal expansion, and resistance to chemical corrosion. Carbon fiber also has excellent electrical andthermal conductivity, low electrical losses, and good fatigue resistance. Because of these properties, carbon fiber has been used extensively in the aerospace, automotive, and sportinggoods industries, as well as in high-end consumer electronics.Carbon Fiber Characteristics and StructureCarbon fiber is made of extremely thin strands of carbon atoms that are spun into a yarn. These yarns are then twisted together to form individual filaments that are then woven into a fabric or molded into the desired shape. The properties ofcarbon fiber depend on the type of carbon atoms used in the yarn,the arrangement of those atoms, and the manner in which they are spun together.Carbon Fiber Manufacturing ProcessThe manufacturing process for carbon fiber involves several steps. First, the desired yarns are created by twisting together strands of PAN-based carbon fiber. The yarns are then heated in an oven to carbonize the molecules and create a strong, lightweight carbon fiber. The resulting fabric is then woven together to form the desired shape. Finally, the fabric is “cured” in an oven at high temperatures, which gives thefabric its final strength and stability.Conclusion。