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山西省朔州市怀仁市第一中学2024-2025学年高三上学期摸底考试英语试题

2024~2025学年怀仁一中高三年级摸底考试英语全卷满分150分，考试时间120分钟。

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第一部分听力(共两节，满分30分)第一节(共5小题；每小题1.5分，满分7.5分)听下面5段对话。

每段对话后有一个小题，从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。

听完每段对话后，你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。

每段对话仅读一遍。

例：How much is the shirt?A. £19.15.B. £9.18.C. £9.15.答案是C。

1. Whose birthday is it today?A. Cassie’s.B. John’s.C. Ashley’s.2. What does the man think of Allan’s paintings?A. Funny.B. Terrible.C. So- so.3. What does the woman mean?A. David often eats his words.B. Her party was a success.C. Dr. Andrew put off his lecture.4. How do the speakers sound?A. Fine.B. Relaxed.C. Worried.5. What happened to Josh’s sister yesterday?A. She served the wrong dish.B. She got lost with her brother.C. She failed to behave herself in public.第二节(共15小题；每小题1.5分，满分22.5分)听下面5段对话或独白。

武汉大学新闻学院专业英语题库有答案喔讲解

Chapter 11.The communication process is initiated（开始）by the:A)message B)receiver C)source D)channel2.The interpretation解释of physical message into a form that has eventual最后的meaning for a receiver is called:A)coding B)recoding C)decoding D)encoding3.Receivers can be:A)a group B)a single person C)an institution机构D)all of these4.An increase in noise _________ message fidelity保真度，精确.A)increases B)decreases C)does not affect D)expands5.In machine-assisted机器辅助interpersonal communication人际传播:A)source and receiver can be separated by time and spaceB)messages can have permanence永久性C)messages can be amplified扩大的or transmitted传输over large distancesD)all of these6.Mass communication refers to the process by which a complex organization with the aid of one or more machines produces and transmits public messages that are directed at large, scattered分散的audiences that are:A)heterogeneous多样性B)homogenous同质的C)related有关联的D)specific 特定特殊7.Message termination is easiest in:A)interpersonal communicationB)mass communicationC)machine-assisted interpersonal communicationD)none of these8.Mass communication organizations:A)have multiple gatekeepersB)require little money to operateC)exist regardless of profitD)are non-competitive9.The following is an example of a media vehicle工具，媒介:A)newspapers and magazines B)radio stations C)TV networks D)All of these10 Disintermediation eliminates theA) source B) middleman C) customer D) seller10.In a communication setting, encoding may take place only once.A)True B)False11.Encoding becomes less important in machine-assisted interpersonal communication.A)True B)False12.Interpersonal communication can occur between two people without being in each other's physical presence.A)True B)False13.The receiver in the machine-assisted setting can be a single person only.A)True B)False14.The term mass media refers to the messages carried to the public by vehicles such as TV, radio, and magazines, and the Internet.A)True B)False15.Examples of user-generated content include YouTube, MySpace, Flickr, and Wikipedia.A)True B)False16.The emerging trends新兴趋势in mass communication are audience segmentation分割, convergence聚合融合, disintermediation非居间化脱媒, increasing audience control, and multiple platforms.A)True B)FalseChapter 21.An advantage of the functional approach功能学说to studying mass communication is that it:A)provides a perspective 远景，观点to examine mass communication relaxation放松缓和B)generates 生成concepts that are helpful in understanding media behaviorC)makes us aware of the diversity of gratifications满意喜悦provided by the mediaD)all of these2.Harmful or negative consequences of the functions of mass media are called:A)afflictions 苦难折磨B)ramifications分叉C)dysfunctions机能障碍D)displacement取代3.Which of the following is an important factor in determining which news medium people find most believable?A)convenience B)comfort C)credibility D)format格式4.The concept representing the idea that if the audience believes you really matter, you will be the focus of media attention, and if you are the focus of media attention, then you really matter is known as:A)hype（皮下注射理论）B)status conferral 地位授予C)primacy/latency首要性/潜伏期D)priming启动效应5.When reading the Washington Post, a person is most likely utilizing利用the ________ function of the media.A)surveillance 监测B)interpretation 解释，翻译C)linkage D)transmission of values6.Telethons, eBay, and chat rooms are examples of:A)surveillance B)linkage C)interpretation D)transmissionics连环画, puzzles游戏拼图, horoscopes星座, games, advice, gossip, humor, and general entertainment account for which percentage of newspaper content?A)6 B)12 C)18 D)248.___________ is a form of diversion.A)stimulation刺激鼓舞B)relaxation放松消遣C)emotional release情绪缓解D)all of these9.Developing feelings of kinship 亲属关系with media characters is known as a __________ relationship.A)social B)parasocial类社会性的C)cathartic泻剂D)paranormal超常的10.The creation of unstable superior不稳定的优势and inferior positions 劣势that are continuously being negotiated 商谈through interpretations解释of meaning is known as:A)culture B)ideology意识形态C)hegemony 霸权D)ascendancy优势，支配地位11.The four categories of the uses and gratifications model are（使用与满足理论的四个方面）:A)cognition认知, diversion转移, sociality utility社会功能, and withdrawal撤退B)function, dysfunction, malfunction, and cognitionC)surveillance, consequences, credibility, and interpretationD)none of these12.The news and information role of the media is known as surveillance.A)True B)False13.The media sometimes consciously try to instill灌输values and behavior in the audience through their portrayal of society社会写照.A)True B)False14.At the individual or micro level, the functional approach is called the uses-and-gratifications model.A)True B)False15.Feminist scholars are more likely to be drawn to the functional approach than to the critical cultural approach.A)True B)False16.The critical/cultural approach is interested in the meaning of media content for audiences.A)True B)False14 The critical/cultural studies approach is based on asking people questions, tabulating their results, and enumerating characteristics of media content.批判研究是基于问人问题,制表结果分析,列举媒体内容的特征A) true B) false15 The critical/cultural approach is more useful than the functional approach in understanding the complicated relationship between mass communication and its audience.批判研究比功能更有用的方法理解大众传播与观众之间的复杂关系A) true B) falseChapter 31.The following is an example of an early form of paper:A)clay tablets 泥版B)papyrus纸莎草C)parchment羊皮纸D)all of these2.During the feudal period封建时期in Europe, bookmaking became centered in:A)libraries B)tax offices C)monasteries修道院D)wineries3.The moveable metal type printing press was developed by:A)Martin Luther B)Samuel Morse C)Matthew Brady D)Johann Gutenberg4.The first medium to use digital communication was:A)radio B)television C)printing press D)telegraph5.The invention of the ____________ led to the development of what we would today call news.A)radio B)television C)printing press D)telegraph6.Which invention was the first to be called "the great annihilator歼灭者of time and space?"A)radio B)television C)printing press D)telegraph occupies more time than any other activity outside of work and sleep with the average set on for:A)four hours a day B)eight hours a day C)twelve hours a day D)sixteen hours a day8.The long-range impact of the motion picture lay mainly in the areas of:A)news and reporting B)business and the law C)entertainment and culture D)all of these9.The first mass medium that brought sports, music, talk, and news into the living room was the:A)telegraph B)radio C)telephone D)newspaper10.The technology behind television received a substantial boost from which war's efforts?A)The Civil War B)WWI C)WWII D)all of these4 Most early books were written inA) Latin B) English C) French D) German7 The inventor that helped the development of photography was:A) Louis Daguerre B) William Fox Talbot C) George Eastman D) All of the above11.Digital technology encodes information such as sound, text, data, graphics, and video into a series of on and off pulses that are usually denoted as ones and twos（应该是0和1）.A)True B)False12.The telegraph was revolutionary because it enabled people to communicate in real time over vast distances.A)True B)False13.Technological determinism 技术决定论is the belief that technology drives historical change.A)True B)False14.The Civil War was the first American war to be photographed intensely.A)True B)False15.The characteristics of mobile media include wireless technology available virtually everywhere, and interconnectivity.A)True B)False16.The seven milestones in the development of human communication are: printing, telegraph and telephone, photography and motion pictures, radio and television, digital media, mobile media, and social media.A)True B)FalseChapter 41.The first American newspaper was:A)the Boston News Letter B)Publick Occurrences both Foreign and DomestickC)New England Courant D)Pennsylvania Gazette2.Benjamin Franklin is credited with:A)starting the Pennsylvania Gazette宾夕法尼亚公报B)running the first editorial cartoonC)demonstrating that journalism could be an honorable profession D)all of these3.The freedom of the press is protected by:A)the First Amendment B)the Fifth AmendmentC)the original Constitution D)the Declaration of Independence4.The first penny press paper, the New York Sun, was popular because it contained:A)political debates and an aggressive editorial policy B)a sports page and a financial pageC)local stories of sex, violence, features, and human interest stories D)all of these5.The Penny Press changed:A)the basis of economic support for newspapers B)the pattern of distributionC)the definition of what constituted news and how it was collected D)all of these6.The idea of a newspaper chain was pioneered by:A)Joseph Pulitzer B)E.W. Scripps C)William Randolph Hearst D)Horace Greeley7.Although the onset of yellow journalism in the U.S. was not the proudest moment in American newspaper history, it did help bring about:A)aggressive reporting and investigative stories B)more enthusiasm and verve in the professionC)the onset of more professional writing D)all of these8.Jazz journalism is characterized by which of the following features?A)most centrally located in New York, B)were tabloid size,C)made lavish浪费的，丰富的use of photographs, D)all of these9.Characteristics of online newspapers include:A)can be continuously updated B)interactive and feature user-generated contentC)limited by newshole sizeD)can be continuously updated and interactive and feature user-generated content.7Although the onset of yellow journalism in the U.S. was not the best moment in American newspaper history, it did help bring aboutA)aggressive reporting and investigative storiesB) the use of layout布局and display devicesC) wide exposure form many prominent突出的authorsD) all of the above8 Jazz journalism is characterized by which of the following featuresA) the use of tabloids B) an abundance 充裕，丰富of photographsC) both A and B D) none of the above9 According to the text, one result of a credibility scandal in newspapers, such as the Jayson Blair saga was thatA) editors refuse to reveal 揭露泄露their ethical guidelines to the publicB) online news reporting becomes more reliableC) newspapers stiffened加强their requirements for quotes引用from unnamed sourcesD) college journalism programs decline to teach ethics to students10 Newspapers are trying to attract more readers byA) using more colorB) creating highlighted synopses概要within long storiesC) printing more lifestyle and fashion featuresD) all of the above10.In journalism, a newshole新闻版面is the amount of news that a paper prints in each edition. It remains the same until the publisher decides to change it.A)True B)False11.Increased competition, credibility crisis危机, and changing social and economic conditions have contributed to the decline 衰退in newspaper circulation流通，发行量.A)True B)False12.In addition to the Internet, newspapers are distributing分散，分配news via mobile media such as Internet-enabled授权，激活cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and laptops.A)True B)False13.Gannett甘尼特is the biggest newspaper group.A)True B)False14."Blog" is short for "web log" and exists in the "blogosphere."A)True B)False15.A blog is a website that contains an online personal journal with reflections, comments, and hyperlinks.A)True B)False16.A replica复制品edition of a newspaper has the same design as the print edition.A)True B)FalseChapter 51.The number of magazines produced increased from 1860—1900 because of:A)money from investors投资者B)better printing techniquesC)the Postal Act of 1879 邮政法案D)all of these2.A popular magazine that began publishing in the late 1930s and continued to publish until it expired过期失效in 1972 was:A)Look B)Leslies C)The San Francisco Wasp D)all of these3.Between WWI and WWII, the shift in economic development and change in lifestyles influenced the development of the:A)digest文摘B)news magazine C)pictorial magazine 画报D)all of these4.Magazines use their websites for all of the following except:A)to provide additional information about stories B)subscriptions订阅，捐献，服务C)production D)e-commerce电子商务5.According to the text, magazines are distinguished 杰出from other media in that they:A)attract the highest number of consumersB)attract the most specialized audiencesC)give the most in depth news coverageD)provide the most content for the cost6.The magazine industry is divided by the following function categories except:A)production B)distribution C)retail零售D)advertising7.Controlled circulation magazines gain most of their revenue收益from:A)subscriptions订阅B)advertising C)e-commerce D)single-copy sales8.The following division heads report to the circulation director 发行量主管except:A)Managing Editor 总编辑B)Subscription订阅ManagerC)Single-Copy Sales Manager 单份销售D)Subscription Fulfillment Director订阅实现9.In addition to ancillary附属品，助手services such as e-commerce, custom publishing定向出版, and database assistance辅助, which of the following is another basic source of magazine revenue?A)subscriptions B)single-copy sales C)advertising D)all of these10.Data on the total audience for magazines gathered by conducting personal interviews with individuals to get an exposure score风险评分is provided byA)Audit Bureau of Circulation (ABC)B)Business Publication Audit (BPA)C)Mediamark Research Inc (MRI)D)Nielsen/NetRatings11.A magazine's rate base is the number of buyers guaranteed by a magazine.A)True B)False12.Hemispheres, an in-flight magazine, is an example of a controlled circulation magazine.A)True B)False13.Most adults read at least one magazine a month.A)True B)False14.A magazine dummy样本，仿制品is the schedule drawn up to ensure that articles get to the printer in time for the forthcoming issue下期预告.A)True B)False15.Mobile magazines can be read on laptops笔记本电脑, cell phones, and PDAs.A)True B)False16.Magazines publishers have turned their attention to increasing circulation in other countries, targeting trends, and looking for creative ways to deliver magazines electronically.A)True B)False11 Magazine readers are usually loners.A) true B) false12 Benjamin Franklin published the first American magazine.A) true B) false13 Custom publications are often offered for free at business locations.A) true B) false15 Newsletters时事通讯are characterized by their general readership, large circulation, and low prices.A) true B) falseChapter 61.In 1455, the first book Johann Gutenberg printed on a moveable metal type press was a(n):A)dictionary B)encyclopedia 百科全书C)bible圣经D)atlas地图2.The commercialization of publishing was brought about by: P133A)agents negotiating 谈判the best bottom lineB)houses publishing popular works of fictionC)a sluggish萧条economy forcing houses to depend on banksD)all of these3.Digital books are known as:A)MyBooks B)e-books C)iBooks D)digital books4.An advantage of printing on demand按需印刷is: P136A)the elimination消除，除去of expensive production and shipping 运输costsB)publishers can make money on books that sell only a few hundred copiesC)special interest books can now be printed that would have been too expensive to publish with the traditional methodD)all of these5.The book publishing industry is divided into 3 segments:A)publishers出版人, distributors配销商, and retailers零售商B)trade, religious, and professionalC)mail order, college, and audiovisualD)fiction, nonfiction, religious6.The world's largest educational publisher is:A)McGraw Hill B)Time-Warner Publishing C)Pearson Publishing D)Thompson/Wadsworth7.Type style, composition, paper, printing, and binding are the responsibility of which publishing department?A)editorialB)productionC)marketingD)general administration (or business)8.Editors acquire books from the following source:A)agents B)authors C)their own ideas D)all of these9.The main source of publishing income is:A)book sales and subsidiary rights 附属法例B)foreign marketsC)e-commerceD)marketing and editorial production10.The most important form of audience feedback反馈in the book industry comes from:A)BPA B)MRI C)Best-Seller Lists D)Niesen BookScan11.Studies show that book reading is not tied to相关联income or education.A)True B)False12.The paperback平价本boom of the 1880s prompted the adoption of a new copyright law.A)True B)False13.After World War II, expanded leisure闲暇time and more disposable可任意处理的income made book reading a popular means of recreation娱乐.A)True B)False14.Books are one of the most "mass" of the mass media.A)True B)False15.Advances and acquisition rights are two of the big expenses in publishing.A)True B)False16.A recent survey found the biggest increase in literary reading was among 18- to 24-year-olds.A)True B)FalseChapter 71.The first radio station was developed by:A)Heindrich HertzB)Reginald FessendenC)David SarnoffD)Frank Conrad2.The idea to sell broadcasting time on the radio for advertising is credited to:A)A T&T B)RCA C)Westinghouse D)NBC3.The first network was:A)Westinghouse B)AT & T C)NBC D)CBS4.Established by the Radio Act of 1927, the Federal Radio Commission (FRC):A)defined the AM broadcast bandB)standardized channel designationsC)minimized interferenceD)all of these5.Frequency modulation radio (FM) was invented by:A)David SarnoffB)Edwin Howard ArmstrongC)Frank ConradD)Edward R. Murrow6.A characteristic of digital radio broadcasting will be:A)ability to broadcast multiple programs simultaneously同时地B)static-free signals不受静电干扰的信号C)compatibility兼容性with analog模拟signalsD)all of these7.Noncommercial stations are supported by all of the following, except:A)listener donationsB)Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB)C)advertisementsD)endowments and grants from foundations8.The person responsible for the sound of the station through music and other material is called the:A)acoustics manager音响B)resonance technician 共振技术C)frequency programmer频率程序员D)program director9.Which source of advertising income represents the largest portion of revenue?A)national ads B)national spot ads C)local ads D)international ads10.The major company that measures radio audiences is:A)BPA B)Arbitron C)MRI D)Nielsen Media Research8The people responsible for the sound of the station through music and other material are part of the following department:A)sales B)program C)news D)engineering9Which source of advertising income represents the largest portion部分of revenue?A)national B)regional C)local D) none of the above11.Many early radio stations were not owned by broadcasters.A)True B)False12.Radio was able to weather经受the Depression with relatively little hardship.A)True B)False13.Radio was not financially affected by the development of television.A)True B)False14.Many conservative保守的talk show hosts have been successful in radio.A)True B)False15.Clear Channel Communications is the largest radio company in terms of advertising revenue.A)True B)False16.The rise of IPods and MP3 players has led to a new form of content called "podcasting."A)True B)False13Radio was unaffected不受影响的by the development of television.A) trueB) false14Many liberal talk show hosts have been successful in radio.A) trueB) false15Infinity is the largest radio company.A) trueB) falseChapter 81.The first disk player 唱片机designed to look like a piece of furniture was the:A)Electro-Magnetic PhonographB)gramophoneC)VictrolaD)phonautograph2.The Beatles are credited with:A)introducing the harmonica 口琴as a rock instrumentB)changing the shape of the music business and American popular cultureC)paving the way for the "British Invasion"铺平道路D)all of these .3.Once the recording industry switched from __________ technology, it became vulnerable to illegal file-sharing.A)broadcast to Internet B)analog to digital 模拟C)broadcast to satellite 卫星D)analog to electronic4.Some of the effects the iPod has had include:A)podcasts 播客B)a cultural impactC)empowering the audience member to take more control of the mass communication experienceD)all these5.The greatest number of total sales in the record industry is accounted for by:A)country B)r&b C)rap D)rock6.The "Talent" category of the recording industry includes all of the following except:A)singers B)sound technicians C)songwriters D)musicians7.Of all the outlets for tape and CD distribution, retail stores and rack jobbers account for which percentage of all sales?A)80 B)60 C)40 D)208.The symbol used in the Billboard charts, the most important channel of feedback in the sound recording industry, is:（答案不一样）A)stars B)triangles 三角铁C)bullets 子弹D)all of these9.Which percentage of households in the country has some means of playing a record唱片, tape 磁带, or CD?A)100 B)90 C)80 D)7010.Buyers under 30 account for the majority of record purchases.A)True B)False11.During the Depression years, sound recording was bolstered 支撑with the help of coin-operated 投币record players called jukeboxes.A)True B)False12.A demonstration 示范tape, or demo, needs to sound as good as the finished product released by the studio.A)True B)False13.The recording industry is one of the most concentrated of all media industries.A)True B)False14.The Billboard charts play an important part in the feedback mechanism for sound recording.A)True B)False15.The four companies that dominate控制the recording industry are UMG, BMG, EMI, and Warner Music.A)True B)False12After the repeal of Prohibition, sound recording was bolstered with the help of coin-operated record players called jukeboxes.A) trueB) false14A new artist generally receives a royalty rate of about 25 per cent of the suggested retail price ofa CD or cassette.A) trueB) False3.Since the beginning of the 21st century, the recording industry has tried to stifle file-sharing services by all the following means exceptA) threatening to sue file sharersB) discouraging artists from using band websitesC) setting up their own digital music servicesD) exploring technical devices that make it difficult to copy files4MP3 is an abbreviation forA) Music Production Audio Layer 3B) Movie Production Group Audio Layer 3C) Motion Pictures Engineering Group Audio Layer 3D) none of the above8In the process of making a CD, the next step after the recording session isA) laying down tracksB) reproducing the masterC) the mixdownD) promotionChapter 91.What happens when a person sees one light source go out while another one close to the original is illuminated照明启发is referred to as:A)phiphenomenon 似动现象B)persistence of vision 持续视觉？C)perception phenomenon D)extra-Sensory Perception 第六感2.The first practical motion picture camera and viewing device was developed by:A)George and Noble JohnsonB)Joseph Niepce and Louis DaguerreC)Thomas Edison and William DicksonD)Reginald Fessenden and Lee De Forest3.The Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) was formed in order to:A)create filmmaker bill of rightsB)create new innovations in movie making technologyC)restrict moviemaking to just nine companiesD)censor salacious content4.The first film that featured sound was:A)A Trip to the Moon B)Birth of a NationC)The Great Train Robbery D)The Jazz Singer5.The film industry fought back against television by:A)refusing to advertise their films on televisionB)withholding old films for showing on televisionC)forbidding their stars from appearing on televisionD)all of these6.The main disadvantage of digital distribution is:A)picture and audio qualityB)the loss of "movie feel"C)most theaters are not yet equipped for it due to costD)that filmmakers are against it7.Which division of the film industry is responsible for supplying prints of films to theaters?A)production B)distribution C)exhibition D)postproduction后期制作8.The average shooting schedule for the typical film is:A)30 days B)70 days C)100 days D)130 days9.Frequent moviegoers are usually all of the following except:A)young B)middle class C)married D)from an urban area10.Movie attendance declined drastically剧烈throughout World War II.A)True B)False11.Cinemascope, Panavision宽荧幕电影, and Vistavision全景are credited with saving Hollywood's loss of money to television.A)True B)False12.Revenues from the sale and rental of videocassettes and DVDs, and from pay-per-view and premium cable have been greater than revenues from movie theater admissions.A)True B)False13.Motion pictures are the most expensive media product to produce.A)True B)False14.At some theaters, concession sales represent up to 90 percent of the profits.A)True B)False15.The biggest concern facing the motion picture industry is illegal file sharing.A)True B)FalseChapter 101.In 1945 there were only eight television stations and 8,000 homes with TVs. How many years did it take for there to be 100 stations and 35 million TV households?A)40 B)45 C)35 D)102.Television's early programming structure was modeled after:A)early film newsreels and shortsB)vaudevilleC)radioD)the newspaper3.Until 1956, television programming was always broadcast live from New York or filmed in California. By 1960 most programs had switched to tape. What company developed the videotape?A)DuMont B)Ampex C)UHF D)VHF4.In the __________, television underwent a period now referred to as the golden age of television,with much growth and experimentation including programs such as Ed Sullivan's Toast of the Town, Gunsmoke, and Milton Berle's Texaco Star Theater.A)1950s B)1930s C)1940s D)1920s5.What decade is known for its growing public concern with regard to television programming and its effects?A)1950s B)1980s C)1960s D)1970s6.In the 1960s, network news was praised for its coverage for what events?A)the Civil Rights movementB)the Watergate ScandalC)Women's RightsD)all of these7.Which of the following statements in not true about the VCR?A)it encouraged time shiftingB)it allows the viewer to zap or zip by commercialsC)it allowed viewers to record and view content whenever they chose to do soD)it went virtually ignored by the American public8.Much happened in the 1990s involving television. What did not?A)The Telecommunications Act of 1996B)direct broadcast by satelliteC)the sharp increase in popularity of cable networksD)TiV o reaching 90 percent of the population9.All of the following is true about contemporary broadcast television except:A)audiences continue to growB)advertising dollars are going to the webC)broadcasters are relying more on reality shows and less on scripted showsD)the Big Four broadcast networks have moved to newer distribution channels10.Digital television (DTV) has many advantages including:A)fuzzier pictures, more white noise, and a triangular pictureB)clearer pictures, improved sound, and ability for several simultaneous programs from a single channelC)a more rectangular format and high definition (HDTV) capabilitiesD)none of these11.Big networks are using broadband to offer special-interest content that wouldn't be successful on their broadcast channels.A)True B)False12.PBS, the Public Broadcasting Service, is a form of commercial television.A)True B)False13.When a local station signs a contract to be part of a network, the station becomes an affiliate of that network.A)True B)False14.Stations get programming from three types of sources. Which of the following isn't one of themA)local productionB)cable networksC)network programs。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷(带答案)试题号：100

2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析AB卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Russia’s economy — until recently one of the fastest growing in Europe — is in dire straits. Traditional industries such as steel are hurting badly. The decade-long consumer boom has turned into a slump as unemployment soars. The government has cash to spend after years of sensible budget policies, but the central bank will be forced to keep interest rates high as long as inflation is stuck in double digits and trust in the ruble remains shaky.The reversal in Russia’s economic fortunes is particularly pain ful. Since 1998 — the year of Russia’s last financial crisis —the economy has expanded eight-fold. As oil prices rocketed, so did the country’s self-confidence. Not content with presiding over the economic boom, the President Vladimir Putin vowed to resto re his country’s great power status. Talks about a partnership with the West gave way to belligerent statements about a new Cold War. In the summer of 2008, Russian tanks trundled into Georgia. In early 2009, a dispute with neighboring Ukraine led Russia to cut off gas flows, leaving people in some European Union countries freezing and factories idle. Most Europeans want to see Russia stable and well-off. But they also believe that the economic crisis might bring opportunities for a political rapprochement. Some hope that the recession might just make the Russian leadership a little more humble or at least trigger reforms that would make it easier for the E. U. to strengthen trade and investment links.But while Russia’s relations with the U. S. have been th awing since Barack Obama took over the White House, E. U.-Russia relations remain frosty. Talks about a new bilateral treaty on political and economic cooperation have made little headway. Hopes for a free trade agreement between Brussels and Moscow have withered after Russia put its application for membership in the World Trade Organization on ice. E. U. -Russia energy cooperation remains stuck, which increases the risk of yet another gas crisis. Europeans have responded to Moscow’s ideas about constructin g a “new European security architecture” with a distinct lack of enthusiasm. Most importantly, perhaps, Russia is incensed about E. U. efforts to draw the countries that lie between the E. U. and Russia closer into its orbit. Russia has traditionally regarded Ukraine, Belarus, Moldova and other former Soviet states along its border as its “privileged sphere of influence”,in the words of President Dmitry Medvedev. The E. U.’s new “Eastern Partnership” initiative, launched in May, offers these countries econo mic integration and stronger political ties. Although the E. U. has shied away from talking about the prospect of membership,however distant, it hopes to help its eastern neighbors to become richer, more stable and more democratic. This would leave them better equipped to withstand Russian meddling and bullying.Moscow is particularly unhappy about the E. U.’s offer to include Belarus — traditionally a staunch Moscow ally —in the Eastern Partnership, albeit on the condition that Minsk improve its shoddy human-rights record. When the E. U. recently offered a multibillion-dollar loan to help modernize the Ukrainian pipeline system — conduit for 70% of Russian gas sales to Europe 一 Russian leaders were furious. Moscow has also tried to foil European attempts to build stronger energy links with Azerbaijan. Potential for conflict exists in Georgia, where E. U. observers are the only ones left after Russia force Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and United Nations’ monitors to leave Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Wary of ceding influence to Europe, the Russians have stepped up efforts to maintain their traditional fighting weight in the region. They have given large loans to neighbors hit by the economic crisis and sought to strengthen regional security and economic organizations that tie their neighbors closer to Moscow. They have also taken a more hands-on approach to “frozen conflicts” in Moldova and the Caucasus to keep neighboring governments on their toes.E. U. officials like to insist that its eastern policy does not clash with Russian interests in their common neighborhood. They have asked Russia to take part in some regional initiatives such as an effort to strengthen energy security. So far, though, Russia has refused to play ball. But the E. U. cannot simply pull back and allow Russia to dominate Eastern Europe. It must stick firmly to its objective of helping its neighbors to decide their own destiny. If Europe is to remain credible, there is no other course worth pursuing.1.Which of the following titles would best describe this article?2.Which of the following words best describes the tone of the passage?3.For the author, which of the following adjectives best describes President Putin’s attitude?4.What does the phrase “on their toes” m ean?5.For the author, which of the following should be considered a top priority to ensure peace and stability in Eastern Europe?问题1选项A.Europe and Russia’s Continental Rift.B.Russia’s Geopolitical Role.C.Financial and Economic Mayhem in Russia.D.Crisis Averted between Russia and E .U.问题2选项A.Argumentative.B.Satirical.C.Objective.D.Critical.问题3选项A.Diplomatic.B.Pugnacious.C.Pusillanimous.D.Infantile.问题4选项A.To render neighboring governments impotent.B.To weaken the resolve of the neighboring governments.C.To keep the neighboring governments on a state of constant alert.D.To gain the support of the neighboring governments.问题5选项A.The E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B.Russia’s new se curity and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B.Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B.Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C.Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B. Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C. Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D.E.U. should acknowledge Russia’s pan European initiatives.B. Russia’s new security and energy initiatives will foster pan European cooperation.C. Russia must agree to promote bilateral, multilateral and regional economic cooperation.D. Bilateral contacts between Russia and individual E.U. member states reinforce rather than undermine common E .U. objectives.【答案】第1题:A第2题:A第3题:B第4题:C第5题:C【解析】第1题:1.主旨大意题。

初三英语哲学思考问题单选题40题

初三英语哲学思考问题单选题40题1. When we think about the nature of reality, which of the following statements is correct?A. Reality is only what we can see.B. Reality is determined by our thoughts.C. Reality is independent of human perception.D. Reality changes based on our feelings.答案：C。

本题主要考查对现实本质的哲学理解。

选项A 过于局限，现实不仅仅是我们能看到的。

选项B 是主观唯心主义观点，不符合客观事实。

选项C 符合唯物主义观点，现实是独立于人类感知而存在的。

选项D 现实不会仅仅因为我们的感受而改变。

2. What is the essence of philosophy according to the basic concepts?A. The study of history.B. The exploration of science.C. The reflection on fundamental questions of life and existence.D. The analysis of language.答案：C。

哲学的本质是对生命和存在的基本问题进行反思。

选项 A 历史研究并非哲学的本质。

选项 B 科学探索也不是哲学的本质核心。

选项D 语言分析只是哲学的一个方面，而非本质。

3. In the philosophical view, which one is true about truth?A. Truth is relative and changes over time.B. Truth is absolute and never changes.C. Truth depends on personal belief.D. Truth is something that cannot be known.答案：A。

2024年同等学力申硕英语考试真题及答案

2024年同等学力申硕英语考试真题及答案全文共10篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: The 2024 Graduate Entrance Examination for English (Same Level as Primary School Students)Hello everyone! Today, I want to share with you the questions and answers for the 2024 Graduate Entrance Examination in English, which is at the same level as what we study in primary school. Let's have some fun and test our English skills together!Question 1:Fill in the blank with the correct words:My father __________ (cook) delicious meals for us every Sunday.Answer: cooksQuestion 2:Choose the correct answer:She __________ (is/are) painting a beautiful picture in the art class.Answer: isQuestion 3:Rewrite the sentence in the past tense:I play with my friends in the park every evening.Answer: I played with my friends in the park every evening.Question 4:Fill in the blank with the correct preposition:We are going __________ (to/on) a picnic this weekend.Answer: onQuestion 5:Complete the sentence with the correct form of the verb:She __________ (study) hard for her exams tomorrow.Answer: is studyingThese are just a few examples of the questions you may encounter in the 2024 Graduate Entrance Examination in English. Remember to study hard and practice your English skills everyday. Good luck to all the future test-takers! Let's keep learning and growing together. Have fun!篇2Title: 2024 Same Level of Education Examination for Master's Degree in English Exam Questions and AnswersHey guys! I'm here to help you prepare for the 2024 Same Level of Education Examination for Master's Degree in English. I have the questions and answers for you, so let's get started!Part 1: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1:What is the main idea of the passage?A) The importance of learning EnglishB) The benefits of studying abroadC) The history of the English languageD) The impact of technology on language learningAnswer: A) The importance of learning EnglishQuestion 2:According to the passage, why is English considered a global language?A) Because it is easy to learnB) Because it is spoken by people all over the worldC) Because it is the official language of many countriesD) Because it is the most beautiful languageAnswer: B) Because it is spoken by people all over the worldQuestion 3:What does the author suggest about the future of English as a global language?A) It will become less importantB) It will continue to grow in importanceC) It will be replaced by another languageD) It will only be spoken in a few countriesAnswer: B) It will continue to grow in importancePart 2: Grammar and VocabularyQuestion 4:Choose the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence: "She _____ (to study) English for ten years."A) studiesB) studiedC) has studiedD) will studyAnswer: C) has studiedQuestion 5:Which of the following is a synonym for the word "difficult"?A) easyB) hardC) simpleD) challengingAnswer: D) challengingQuestion 6:Choose the correct preposition to fill in the blank: "I am interested _____ learning new languages."A) inB) atC) onD) byAnswer: A) inPart 3: WritingQuestion 7:Write a short paragraph explaining why it is important to learn English in today's world.Answer:Learning English is important in today's world because it is a global language spoken by millions of people around the world. It opens up opportunities for communication, travel, and career advancement. By learning English, we can connect with people from different cultures, access a wealth of information on the internet, and compete in the global job market. In short, learning English is a valuable skill that can enhance our personal and professional lives.That's it for the 2024 Same Level of Education Examination for Master's Degree in English. I hope you found these questionsand answers helpful for your preparation. Good luck, and happy studying!篇3Title: The 2024 Same-Level Admissions Exam for a Master's Degree in EnglishHello everyone! Today, I'm going to share with you the questions and answers for the 2024 same-level admissions exam for a master's degree in English. Let's get started!Question 1: Reading ComprehensionRead the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Passage: In recent years, technology has changed the way we communicate with each other. Social media platforms like Facebook and Twitter have become popular ways to stay connected with friends and family. However, many people argue that these platforms can also lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness.Question 1: What are some of the ways in which technology has changed communication in recent years?Answer: Technology has changed communication by providing new platforms like social media to connect with others.Question 2: What are some of the possible negative effects of using social media platforms?Answer: Some possible negative effects of using social media platforms include feelings of isolation and loneliness.Question 2: Listening ComprehensionListen to the audio clip below and answer the questions that follow.(Audio clip: a conversation between two friends discussing their plans for the weekend)Question 1: What are the friends planning to do this weekend?Answer: The friends are planning to go to the beach this weekend.Question 2: Why does one of the friends suggest going to a movie instead?Answer: One of the friends suggests going to a movie instead because it might rain at the beach.That's all for the questions and answers for the 2024same-level admissions exam for a master's degree in English. I hope this helps you prepare for your exam. Good luck, everyone!篇4Hello everyone! Today, I'm going to share with you the real questions and answers for the 2024 same level graduate entrance exam in English. Are you ready? Let's get started!Question 1:Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow.Passage:In the year 2024, people relied heavily on artificial intelligence for various aspects of their daily lives. Robots could be seen everywhere, from serving in restaurants to assisting with household chores. While many welcomed this technological advancement, others worried about the impact it would have on society.Questions:1. What did people rely on heavily in 2024?2. Where could robots be seen in 2024?3. How did some people feel about the use of artificial intelligence in society?Answers:1. People relied heavily on artificial intelligence in 2024.2. Robots could be seen everywhere in 2024.3. Some people welcomed the technological advancement, while others were worried about its impact on society.Question 2:Read the sentences below and choose the correct word to complete each sentence.1. I _____ my homework when the power went out.a) was doingb) doc) did2. My sister is _____ than me.a) more tallb) tallestc) taller3. Could you please _____ me the salt?a) passb) passedc) passingAnswers:1. a) was doing2. c) taller3. a) passI hope you found these questions and answers helpful for your exam preparation. Good luck and keep studying hard!篇5Title: 2024 Entrance Exam for Master's Degree in English (TESOL) - A Park Taron's ExperienceHey guys, I wanna tell you about my experience taking the entrance exam for the Master's Degree in English (TESOL) in 2024. It was super cool and I wanna share the questions and answers with you guys!Question 1: Define the term "TESOL" and explain its significance in today's world.Answer:TESOL stands for Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages. It's super important because there are lots of people around the world who want to learn English to communicate with others and improve their lives. TESOL teachers help them learn English in fun and exciting ways!Question 2: Discuss the role of technology in language learning and teaching.Answer:Technology is so cool for learning languages! We can use apps, videos, and games to practice English and improve our skills. Teachers can also use technology to make their lessons more interesting and interactive.Question 3: How can teachers create an inclusive and diverse learning environment in the English language classroom?Answer:Teachers can include activities and materials that represent different cultures and backgrounds. They can also encouragestudents to share their own experiences and stories in the classroom. This way, everyone feels welcome and valued.Question 4: Describe a lesson plan you would use to teach English to young learners.Answer:I would start the lesson with a fun song or game to get the kids excited. Then, I would introduce some new words and phrases using flashcards or puppets. We would practice speaking, listening, and writing in English through activities like role-plays and storytelling.Overall, the exam was a blast and I had so much fun answering the questions. I hope this helps you guys prepare for your own exams in the future. Good luck and keep studying hard!篇6Oh my goodness! The 2024 postgraduate entrance exam for the same academic qualification is going to happen soon! Are you ready to rock it? Let's take a sneak peek at the English exam questions and answers!Part 1: Listening comprehensionQuestion 1:Listen to the following conversation and choose the correct answer.A: Did you finish your homework?B: No, I forgot to bring it home!A: Oh no, don't worry. You can do it now.Question 2:Listen to the following passage and fill in the blanks.The (1)______ is an important tool for communication. It helps us to connect with others and share our thoughts and feelings. Without it, we would be lost in a world of silence.Part 2: Reading comprehensionQuestion 1:Read the following passage and answer the questions.The importance of education cannot be overstated. It is the key to a better future for individuals and societies alike. Without education, we would not have the knowledge and skills to succeed in life.Question 2:Read the following passage and fill in the blanks.Learning a new language can be challenging, but it is also (1)______. It opens up new opportunities and allows us to communicate with people from different cultures.Part 3: WritingQuestion:Write a short essay (200-300 words) on the topic: "My dream job". Describe what your dream job is, why you are passionate about it, and how you plan to achieve it.Answer:My dream job is to become a teacher. I have always loved helping others learn and grow, and being a teacher would allow me to do just that. I am passionate about education and believe that every child deserves a quality education. I plan to achieve my dream by studying hard and gaining the necessary qualifications to become a teacher. I want to inspire and empower students to reach their full potential and make a positive impact on the world.So there you have it, the 2024 postgraduate entrance exam for the same academic qualification in English! Good luck, and may the odds be ever in your favor!篇7Title: 2024 Same Level English Postgraduate Entrance Exam Questions and AnswersHey guys, are you ready for the 2024 Same Level English Postgraduate Entrance Exam? Here are the questions and answers to help you prepare:Question 1:Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions:1. I am interested _____ studying abroad.2. She is good _____ English.3. The party is ______ Saturday.Answer:1. in2. at3. onQuestion 2:Choose the correct answer:1. The boy _____ playing video games.a) likesb) likec) likings2. He _____ play basketball every Sunday.a) doesn'tb) don'tc) doesn'tsAnswer:1. a) likes2. a) doesn'tQuestion 3:Write a short paragraph about your favorite hobby and why you enjoy it.Answer:My favorite hobby is drawing. I love drawing because it allows me to be creative and express myself. I enjoy using different colors and exploring new techniques to create beautifulartwork. Drawing relaxes me and makes me happy. It is a great way to spend my free time.Question 4:Translate the following sentence into English:。

社会认知 Social Cognition(中英文)

社会认知社会认知的特征包括社会认知职业理论社会认知与评价方法社会认知神经科学社会认知的特征社会认知偏差物联网社会认知调查社会认知论社会认知的基本观点
Chapter 3 Social Cognition（社会认知）
1. The manner in which we interpret, analyze, remember, and use information about the social world. （我们解释、分析、记忆和使用社会世界信息的方式） 2. The study of how people form inferences from the social information in the environment.（研究人们如何根据环境中的社会信息形成推理）
I. Social inference 2. Making judgments（做判断） Integrating information into judgments: The human judgment process does not closely follow the principles of a rational model. However, human decision makers have great faith in their abilities to make decisions.(人们的判断过程并不严格遵循理性模型的原理。然而人类决策者非常相信他们做决策的能力） Social judgments are usually based on incomplete information （社会判断通常基于不完全的信息）. Judgments of covariation（共变判断）: Covariation means what goes with what in social life. Framing effects（表述效应）: Terms used to calculate decision alternatives strongly influence people’s judgments. Motivation influences the direction, accuracy of judgment（动机影响判断的方向和准确性）. Inference is strongly influenced by emotion（情绪也影响推论过程）.

华师大网络教育公共英语三平时作业答案

大项 1 of 6 - Part I Vocabulary and Structure 20.0 得分1.0 得分题目 1 of 50They were _________ leave their country.A.requiredpelledC.madeD.forced to答案关键: D1.0 得分题目 2 of 50The police haven’t been able to __________the mysterious bank robbery.A.solveB.solutionC.answerD.settle with答案关键: A1.0 得分题目 3 of 50Children learn from their ________.A.weaknessesB.faultsC.mistakesD.responses答案关键: C1.0 得分题目 4 of 50Neither of us __________ to undertake the responsibility.A.were wantingB.wantsC.wantD.have wanted答案关键: B1.0 得分题目 5 of 50He __________ live in the country than in the city.A.prefersB.has betterC.likes toD.would rather答案关键: D1.0 得分题目 6 of 50It is important that you __________ immediate action in this matter.A.would takeB.could takeC.should takeD.took答案关键: C1.0 得分题目7 of 50You will be __________ if you hide in that cave.A.safeB.noisyC.securityD.living答案关键:A1.0 得分题目8 of 50Madam Curie is a very famous __________.A.heroB.scienceC.scientificD.scientist答案关键:D1.0 得分题目9 of 50“I’m afraid I can’t come after all.” “Well, in that __________ I’m not going either.”A.matterB.situationC.occasionD.case答案关键:D1.0 得分题目10 of 50Your composition is almost perfect __________ a few spelling mistakes.A.except forB.exceptC.butD.besides答案关键:A1.0 得分题目11 of 50I haven’t seen you for quite some time. What __________ lately?A.did you doB.were you doingC.have you been doingD.had you done答案关键: C1.0 得分题目12 of 50__________ was the center of our planetary system was difficult concept to grasp in the Middle Ages.A.It was the sun and not the earthB.Being the sun and not the earthC.That the sun and not the earthD.The sun and not the earth答案关键: C1.0 得分题目13 of 50Mr. Brown is a very __________ speaker.A.currentB.forcefulC.driftingD.continental答案关键: B1.0 得分题目14 of 50She __________ her voice on the phone.A.pretendedB.disguisedC.coveredD.wrapped答案关键: B1.0 得分题目15 of 50The young lady __________ for help when a man robbed her of her bag.A.burstB.crashedC.clippedD.screamed答案关键:D1.0 得分题目16 of 50Your picture is good __________ some of the colours.A.besidesB.in addition toC.exceptD.except for答案关键: D1.0 得分题目17 of 50It is not a popular belief. __________, I think it is true.A.NeverthelessB.As a resultC.In effectD.In fact答案关键: A1.0 得分题目18 of 50Mary couldn’t open the front door because she __________ the key.A.has forgottenB.was forgettingC.had forgottenD.forgets答案关键: C1.0 得分题目19 of 50The relation between the two countries is __________ of improvement.A.ableB.canC.capableD.like答案关键:C1.0 得分题目20 of 50The FBI has __________ the criminal to Chicago.A.afterB.searchedC.tracedD.run答案关键:C大项 2 of 6 - Part II Use of English 10.0 得分1.0 得分题目21 of 50--Thank you for your nice gifts.--_____________________A.I'm glad you like it.B.No thanks.C.It's very kind of you.D.I'm sorry to hear that.答案关键: A1.0 得分题目22 of 50--Could I borrow your car for a few days？--_____A.Yes, you may borrow.B.Yes, go on.C.Sure, here you are. Enjoy your journey.D.It doesn't matter.答案关键: C1.0 得分题目23 of 50--I missed yesterday's football final.-- _____________________A.It's a good idea.B.What a pity!C.Remember to bring it next time.D.I'm glad to hear that.答案关键: B1.0 得分题目24 of 50--How soon will your father fly to New York?--_____________________A.At 7.00 am.st week.C.In three days.D.Twice a year.答案关键: C1.0 得分题目25 of 50--Hi, haven't seen you for ages! You look fine.-- _______. You look well, too.A.GreatB.ThanksC.Oh, noD.Not at all答案关键:B1.0 得分题目26 of 50-- Would you be able to go to the party?--______.A.I don't expectB.I'm afraid notC.I don't think soD.I believe not答案关键: B1.0 得分题目27 of 50-- You speak English well.-- _________.A.Thank you for saying soB.I don't think soC.No, I don't speak well enoughD.Certainly答案关键: A1.0 得分题目28 of 50-- Well done, Jim. You did very well in the high jump.-- _________.A.I'm glad to hear thatB.That's rightC.Thank youD.The same to you答案关键: C1.0 得分题目29 of 50--Will you please give the note to him?-- ______________.A.Certainly, I'll give it to himB.No, please notC.Sorry, I don'tD.Yes, please do答案关键: A1.0 得分题目30 of 50--What is your eldest sister like?-- ______________.A.She is happyB.She is illC.She is tallD.She is at home答案关键: C大项 3 of 6 - Part III Reading Comprehension (1) 5.0 得分The world is so bright with color everywhere we turn that it’s hard to imagine that other creatures don’t see it as we do. But how can we find out whether animals can see color when they can’t tell us?Scientists have done many experiments to get the answer. The bee has been the subject ofhundreds of these tests, because we have been curious to know whether the bee tells flowers apart by their colors. In one of those tests, a bit of syrup was put in front of a blue card, and no syrup in front of a red card. After a while, the bees would come to the blue card, no matter where it was placed, and even if it had no syrup in front of it. This proved they could tell colors apart.The animal that is probably closest of all to man as a friend, the dog, is color-blind! So far all experiments that have been done prove that the dog can’t tell one color from another. Many times when we think the dog is responding to a color, he is really responding to some other clue or sign—smell, size, shape. Dog lovers should not b e too disappointed by this because the dog’s sense of smell is so great that it probably compensates for the inability to see in color.The reason for color-blindness in some animals is connected with the fact that most of them hunt by night and don’t depend on color, and also that they themselves are usually dull in color, so it isn’t important in their lives.1.0 得分题目31 of 50It’s difficult for humans to imagine that ________.A.man cannot see all colorsB.other animals have bad eyesightC.some animals are color-blindD.bees are color-blind答案关键: C1.0 得分题目32 of 50Scientists have found that bees can see colors by ________.A.observing bees natural habitsB.being extremely curious about beesC.doing hundreds of tests involving beesD.watching bees’ behavior around flowers答案关键: C1.0 得分题目33 of 50In one test involving bees, the bees ________.A.learned to always go to a blue cardB.were only attracted to syrupC.went to both red and blue cardsD.could not see the difference between red and blue答案关键: A1.0 得分题目34 of 50According to the passage, which of these statements is true?A.Dogs can sometimes respond to colors.B.Dog lovers are sometimes disappointed by their pets.C.A dog’s ability to smell is very good.D.It is inconvenient for dogs to be color-blind.答案关键: A1.0 得分题目35 of 50One reason that some animals are color-blind is that ________.A.their eyesight is very poorB.they sleep during the dayC.they don’t depend on lightD.they don’t rely on color答案关键: D大项 4 of 6 - Reading Comprehension (2) 5.0 得分Have you ever suddenly felt that someone you knew was in trouble—and he was? Have you ever dreamed something that came true later? Maybe you have ESP(超感官知觉).ESP stands for Extrasensory Perception. It may be called a sixth sense. It seems to let people know about events before they happen, or events that are happening some distance away.Here’s an example: A woman was ironing clothes. Suddenly she screamed “My father is dead! I sawhim sitting in the chair!” Just then, a telegram came. The woman’s father had died of a heart attack. He had died sitting in a chair.There are thousands of stories like this one on record. Scientists are studying them to find out what’s behind these strange mental messages. Here’s another example—one of hundreds of dreams that have come true:A man dreamed he was walking along a road when a horse and carriage came by. The driver said, “There’s room for one more.” The man felt the driver was Death, so he ran away. The next day, the man was getting on a crowded bus. The bus driver said, “There’s room for one more.” Then the man saw th at the driver’s face was the same face he had seen in the dream. He wouldn’t get on the bus. As the bus drove off, it crashed and burst into flames. Everyone was killed!Some people say stories like these are lies or “coincidences”. Others, including some scientists, say that ESP is real. From studies of ESP, we may someday learn more about the human mind.1.0 得分题目36 of 50The best title for this passage is ________.A.The Human MindB.A Big LieC.A Horrible DreamD.A Sixth Sense答案关键: D1.0 得分题目37 of 50ESP lets people know ________.A.about their dreamsB.about events after they happenC.about events before they happenD.about heart attacks答案关键: C1.0 得分题目38 of 50The studies of ESP could be an important way to ________.A.understand the human mindB.predict deathC.understand the five sensesD.avoid accidents答案关键: A1.0 得分题目39 of 50The example of the man shows an ability to ________.A.avoid traffic accidentsB.judge the good and evil of a personC.know about events that are happening some distance awayD.sense a danger that will actually happen later on答案关键: D1.0 得分题目40 of 50In this passage, “coincidences” probably means ________.A.things which do not happenB.things which happen by accident without necessary connectionC.things which are only dreamsD.things dreamed of only by sick people答案关键: B大项 5 of 6 - Reading Comprehension (3) 5.0 得分“Equal pay for equal work” is a phrase used by the American women who complain about what they feel is unjust treatment by society. Clearly it is unfair, they say, for women to be paid less than men for the same work.People who hold the opposite view (mainly men) have an answer to this. They say that men have more responsibilities than women: a married man is expected to earn money to support his familyand to make the important family decisions, and therefore it is right for men to be paid more. There are some people who hold even stronger views than this and are against married women working at all. When wives go out to work, they say, the home and children are neglected. If women are encouraged by equal pay to take full-time jobs, they will be unable to do the things they are best at doing: making a comfortable home and bringing up children. They will have to give up their traditional position in society.This is exactly what they want to give up, the women who disagree say. They want to escape from the limited place which society expects them to fill, and to have freedom to choose between a career or home life, or a mixture of the tow. Women have the right not only to equal pay but also to equal opportunities.These women have expressed their opinion forcefully by using the famous statement about human rights made in the American Declaration of Independence in 1776:”all men are created equal.” They point out that the meaning of this sentence was “all human beings are created equal.”1.0 得分题目41 of 50The women use the phrase “equal pay for equal work” to make an appeal that __________.A.men should be paid less than womenB.women’s work should not be harder than men’sC.women’s rates of pay should not differ from men’sD.men should be kinder to women at work.答案关键: C1.0 得分题目42 of 50Some people are against married women working at all because they say that __________.A.women are only suited to working at homeB.men cannot take care of childrenC.women will not take good care of their homes and childrenD.all men will lose their traditional role in society答案关键: C1.0 得分题目43 of 50People who disagree with “equal pay for equal work” believe that __________.A.men have to do more in the home than womenB.men have to work much harder than womenC.men can earn money more easily than womenD.men’s responsibilities are different from women’s答案关键: D1.0 得分题目44 of 50The women who disagree say that __________.A.women need opportunities to get out of the house more oftenB.women want more freedom in deciding the kind of life they leadC.women are no longer interested in taking care of their homesD.If women are given equal pay, their opportunities will be greater答案关键: B1.0 得分题目45 of 50The women use the statement “all men are created equal” to show that __________.A.a basic principle of American society is that men and women are equalB.the position of women has improved a little in modern timesC.men and women had equal power in early American societyernments always consider men’s tight more important than women’s答案关键: A大项 6 of 6 - Reading Comprehension (4) 5.0 得分We have known for a long time that flowers of different plants open and close at different times of day. This is so familiar that there seems to be no need to ask the reason for it. Yet no one really understands why flowers open and close like this at particular times. The process is not as simple as we might think, as recent experiments have shown. In one experiment, flowers were kept in constant darkness. We might expect that the flowers, without any information about the time of day,did not open as they normally do. In fact, they continued to open at their usual time. This suggests that they have some mysterious way of knowing the time. Their sense of time does not depend on information from the outside would; it is, so to speak, inside them, a kind of “inner clock”.This discovery may not seem to be very important. However, it was later found that not just plants but animals--- including man--- have this “inner clock” which controls the working of their bodies and influences their activities. Human beings, then, are also influenced by this mysterious power. Whether we wish it or not, it affects such things in our life as our need for sleep, our need for food, and our ability to concentrate.In the past, this did not matter very much because people lived in natural conditions. In the modern world, things are different: now there are spacemen, airplane pilots and, in ordinary life, a lot of people who have to work at night. It could be very useful, then, to know more about the “inner clock”.1.0 得分题目46 of 50Why do flowers open and close at different times?A.It depends on the time of day.B.They open and close automatically.C.It depends on the amount of light they have.D.Nobody has really a clear understanding why.答案关键: D1.0 得分题目47 of 50According to the passage, the “inner clock” __________.A.was an unimportant discoveryB.is only found in animalsC.is now clearly understoodD.has an effect on human life答案关键: D1.0 得分题目48 of 50Further study of the “inner clock” will be useful because __________.A.for many people today, living conditions are unnaturalB.we do not yet understand plants and animals well enoughC.the number of astronauts and airplanes pilots is rapidly increasingD.we should try to live more naturally than we do now答案关键: A1.0 得分题目49 of 50According to the passage, a recent experiment showed that __________.A.different flowers open and close at different times of dayB.for their opening and closing, flowers do not need information from the outside wouldC.flowers are influenced by weak light even when they are in a dark roomD.flowers can be used for telling the time答案关键: B1.0 得分题目50 of 50Which of the following statements about man’s “inner clock” is NOT true?A.It affects our ability to think clearly.B.It influences our eating and sleeping habits.C.It depends on information from the outside world.D.It is an important discovery.答案关键: C。

教学设计3：Reading and Comprehension

Unit 1 Great scientistsSection 2 Reading & ComprehensionⅠ. Teaching aims 教学目标Knowledge goal: Master the use of key words of the text(知识目标)Ability goal: Enhance students’ self-learning ability and reading ability.（能力目标）Important point : the use of key words and phrases of this unit; understanding the important （教学重点）sentences pattern and try to use them.Difficult point: the use of key words and short phrases.（教学难点）Ⅱ. Preview before class 预习导学单词拼写1．The farmers in this area had a good harvest last year thanks to the ________ (科学的) farming.2．I think you are too ________ (严厉的) on the boy.3．Britain ________ (议定) a trade agreement with China.4．The most important thing is not to admit ________(失败)．5．If you ________ (分析) something, you consider it carefully or use some methods in order to fully understand it.6．As a nurse in the war she was ________(暴露) to many dangers.7．Water and salt are ________ (吸收) into our blood stream every day.8．If a doctor or a medical treatment ________(治愈) someone's illness, they make the people well again.9．It is difficult to ________ (操纵) the machine.10．You should not ________ (拒绝) the invitation from your old friend, because it will make him disappointed.Ⅲ. Inquiry learning and practice 问题探究与练习内化Requirements: You need to find out the origin sentence of the words and phrases from the text, try to translate the sentences if necessary. Then collecting their relative short phrases or other knowledge points.Relative short phrases:Practice: 介、副词填空①If you have finished with those tools，please put them .②They had to call the police in order to put the riot (骚乱)．③ A suitable answer has already been put by the chairman.④Owing to the state of the ground，the match has been put .Relative short phrases:Practice:(2013·厦门外国语学校期中)From facts, scientists have________ that more energy is being absorbed from the sun, throwing the earth's energy “out of balance”．A．confirmed B．concludedC．concentrated D．centredRelative short phrases:Practice:选词填空：attend, join, take part in①My father a revolutionary organization in 1938.②We'll social activities during the summer vacation.③He will an important meeting tomorrow.Relative short phrases:Practice:In 1971 people in Bangladesh ________ every kind of danger — flood, famine, disease and war.A．were exposed to B．were exposing toC．exposed to D．exposedRelative short phrases:Practice:根据汉语提示，用treat和cure的相关短语完成下列小片段医生用一种新药给迈克治疗头痛，但没治好。

语言学名词解释和问答题答案（只供参考）

语言学名词解释和问答题答案（只供参考）四、名词解释：1)Parole话语：①it refers to the realization of langue in actual use.②it is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules.③it is concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events.④it varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.2)Applied linguistics应用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often beapplied to the solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability.The study of such applications is known as applied linguistics.3)Reference（所指）语义: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4)Illocutionary act言外行为：the act of expressing the speaker’s intention,it is th eact preformed in saying something.5)Regional dialect地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in thesame geographical region. It has been found that regional dialect boundaries often coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers and swamps.6)LAD(Language Acquisition Device)语言习得机制：It was described as animaginary "black box" existing somewhere in the human brain.7)CA（Contrastive Analysis）对比分析：starting with describing comparablefeatures of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter.8)Neurolinguistics（神经语言学）：it is the study of two related areas：languagedisorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language.9)Predication analysis述谓结构分析：①It is proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech.②The basic unit is call ed predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.③This applies to all forms of a sentence.④ A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.10)Cross-cultural communication(intercultural communication)跨文化交流：itis communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.11)Cross-association互相联想：In English we sometimes may come across wordswhich are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the twoleads to confusion. Such interference is often referred as cross-association.12)CPH（Critical Period Hypothesis）临界期假说：a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.①The strong version of CPH suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.②The weak version holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor’s and Genie’s case s)13) Prescriptive（grammer）规定语法：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard " behaviour in using language to ell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.14) Performance语言运用；言语行为：the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication .15)Duality双重性(double articulation)：language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is of sounds, which are meaningless. The higher level can be meaningful.五、问答题：Chapter 11.How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientificstudy of language?Linguistics studies not any particular language,but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observelanguage facts,which are found to display some similarities ,and generalizations are made about them,then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.6. How is Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky’sdistinction between competence and performance?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious studyThey are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.On one hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic system shared by all themembers of a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue in actual use.Chomsky d efines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can see that langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge, and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use.On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinks linguists should study the ideal speaker’s competence, not his performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociologicalview of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.8.What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockettto show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1)Arbitrariness:this means that there is no logical connection between meanings andsounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language.2)Productivity:Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals of its users.3)Duality:language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. Atthe lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system.4) Displacement: Language can be use to refer to things which are present or not present, realor imagined matters in the past ,present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5) Cultural transmission:Language is passed on from one generation to next through teachingand learning rather than by instinct.Chapter 23.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrowone transcription differ? Broad transcription—one letter symbol for one sound.Narrow transcription—diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound [l]8.what’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?① A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].② A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].③Allophone—the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environmentsPhone is different from phoneme,The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/1.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1)The naming theory命名论was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. Thelinguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things. The semantic relationship holding between words and things is the relationship of naming.2)The conceptualist view概念论: This view holds that there isno direct link between alinguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they are linked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by the semantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards:3)Contextualism语境论: Representatively proposed by the British linguist J. R. Firthwho had been influenced by the Polish anthropologist Malinowski and the German philosopher Wittgenstein.It holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context-elements closely linked with language behavior. …the meaning of a word is its use in the language.4)Behaviourism行为主义论: Based on contextualist view by Bloomfield who drew onbehaviorist psychology in defining “meaning”.Behaviorists attempted to define the meaning of a language from as the “situation in which th e speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, is linked with psychological interest.6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处？In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features, a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and its these sound features that distinguish different sounds.5. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. Let's look at an example: "You have left the door wide open."The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the wo rds “you”, “have”, “door”, “open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how floutingthese maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes asfollows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle:(1) The maxim of quantity数量原则E.g. A: When is Susan's farewell party?B: Sometimes next month.It is flouting the maxim of quantity(2) The maxim of quality质量原则E.g. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I'm afraid I have got a class on Sunday.(3) The maxim of relation相关原则E.g. A: How did the math exam go today, Tom?B: We had a basketball match with the other class.(4) The maxim of manner方式准则E.g. A: Shall we got something for the kids?B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Chapter92.What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.Sapir-Whorf believe that language filters people's perception and the way they categorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. There are mainly two different interpretations about Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that language patterns determine people’s thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influences the later.I agree with the weak one. Here is an example, the word snow. For Eskimo snow is extremely important and so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditions is named. In English-speaking cultures, snow is far less important and simple word snow usually suffices the need. When some needs become more specific, however, longer phrases can be made up to meet these needs: “corn snow”, “fine powder snow”, and “drifting snow”.Chapter102.Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.1)Behaviourist view---language is behavior ,language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.In this theory,imitation and practice are preliminary(开始),discrimination （识别）and generalizaition are key to language development.2)An innatist (语法天生主义者)view----In the human brain, there is an imaginary “black box”called Language acquisition device which is said to contain principles that are universal to all language.Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language's structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular /doc/2b1619803.html,ter Chomsky prefer this innate endowment as UG and hold that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language make use of these principles and the variations in those principles which may exist in the particular language they are learning.3) An interactionist(互动主义者)view----language develops asa result of the complex interplay,between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which child develops.In a word,Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects,the innatist accounts most reasonable in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactionist description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment.Chapter111、To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experience?(please list your own experience.) The studies on the first language acquisition have influenced enormously those on the second language acquisition at both theoretical and pratical levels. Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and undrerstanding new facts about second language learning.2.Try to observe yourself and pay attention to your own learning experience, what conclusion can you reach about the role of Chinese in your English learning? On what occasions are you more likely to use or depend on Chinese in learning and using English? Chinese plays an inseparable role in our Englishlearning and people can't afford to ignore it. Hence, the role of Chinese in our English learning is worth careful examination. In addition, English learning have been influnenced by Chinese learning at both theoretical and practical levels.(1)Theoretically, the new findings and advanced in Chinese acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminate (helping) in understanding English acquisition.(2)The techniques used to collect and analyze data in Chinese learning also provides insights and perspectives in the study of English learning.Occasion: Recent studies have discovered that there are three interacting factors in determining language transfer in second language learning:1)a learner's psychology, how a learner organizes his or her native language;2)a learner's perception of native-target language distance,3)a learner's actual knowledge of the target language.。

英语专八2017年真题和答案解析

You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.
7. A. Knowing previous success stories.
B. Being brave and willing to take a risk.
C. Being sensitive to business data.
D. Being aware of what is interesting.
B. Considering a starting point.
C. Establishing the focal point.
D. Examining the future carefully.
10. A. A media agency.
B. An Internet company.
C. A venture capital firm.
each multiple choice question, there are four suggested answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.
D. A behavioral study center.
PART Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSIOM（45 MIN）

乡村振兴英语介词练习30题

乡村振兴英语介词练习30题1. In the countryside, the harvest is usually in ____ autumn.A. aB. anC. theD. /答案：D。

in autumn 表示“在秋天”，季节前不用冠词，A 选项“a”和B 选项“an”是不定冠词，C 选项“the”是定冠词，都不符合此处用法。

2. The new school was built ____ the east of the village.A. inB. onC. atD. to答案：A。

“in the east of...”表示“在......的东部（内部）”，学校在村子内部的东边，B 选项“on the east of...”表示“在......的东边（接壤）”，C 选项“at”通常表示小地点，D 选项“to the east of...”表示“在......的东边外部）”，均不符合题意。

3. The flowers come out ____ spring.A. atB. inC. on答案：B。

“in spring”表示“在春天”，A 选项“at”用于具体时刻，C 选项“on”用于具体某一天，D 选项“of”表示“......的”，不符合此处语境。

4. The farmers are busy working ____ the fields.A. inB. onC. atD. to答案：A。

“in the fields”表示“在田地里”，是固定搭配，B 选项“on”用于表面，C 选项“at”用于小地点，D 选项“to”表示方向，均不符合。

5. The changes of the countryside happened ____ the past few years.A. inB. onC. atD. during答案：D。

“during the past few years”表示“在过去的几年里”，A 选项“in”通常接一段时间，不强调过程，B 选项“on”用于具体某一天，C 选项“at”用于具体时刻，都不符合此处表达。

新视野大学英语3版3册2单元语言知识点汇总B3Unit2

Enhancing your skills Language focus
Language highlighting
4. pathetic (Para. 5) 2) useless or not effective in an annoying way 没用的；无效的
I know it sounds pathetic, but I can’t ride a bike. Translation: 我知道这听起来挺窝囊，但我就是不会骑自行车。
Language focus
突然猛力地冲进/ 扑向/跳到/扑倒等
Practical phrases
短语逆译
throw oneself into / at / on / down
短语应用小男孩一见到自己的母亲，马上扑进了她的怀抱。意群提示 (threw oneself into sb’s arms) Seeing his mother, the boy threw himself into her arms.
Translation: 她爷爷年迈体弱，只能够靠轮椅走动。
to be continued
Enhancing your skills Language focus
Language highlighting
1. feeble (Para. 3) 2) not very good or effective 蹩脚的；无效的；站不住脚的 Students who gave feeble excuses for their missing assignments annoyed their teachers very much.
Translation: 那些没交作业的学生给出的理由很蹩脚，这让老师十分生气。

国家开放大学电大本科《人文英语4》期末题库及答案1(试卷号：1390)

国家开放大学电大本科《人文英语4》期末题库及答案1（试卷号：1390）题库一一、交际用语(共计10分，每小题2分)1-5题:阅读下面的小对话，选择恰当的答语。

1.一Do you think I can borrow your bike for a few hours?A. I'm sorry, but I really need it this af ternoonB.I don' t think soC.I am afraid you can2. - Excuse me，could you tell the time?A. You' d better buy a watch.B. Can you see the clock?C. It' s three thirty by my watch.3.一Would you like a tea?A. Yes, pleaseB.I like green teaC. Yes，I prefer coffee4. - How long will you be away from Italy?A. Yes，I'll be in ItalyB. About a monthC. Yes，it' s along way to Italy5.- Have you ever been to Tokyo?A.No，I didn't go there last yearB.No，but I hope to go there next yearC. Tokyo is a busy city1.一你觉得我可以借你的自行车几个小时吗?A.对不起，我今天下午真的需要B.我不这么认为C.恐怕你可以.2.一对不起，你能告诉时间吗?A.你最好买一块手表。

.B.你能看到时钟吗?C.我的表已经三点三十分了。

3.-要喝茶吗?A.是的，请B.我喜欢绿茶C.是的，我更喜欢咖啡4.一你会离开意大利多久?A.是的，我会在意大利B.大约一个月C.是的，在去意大利的路上5.一你去过东京吗?A.不，我去年没去那里B.没有，但我希望明年去那里C.东京是一个繁忙的城市二、词汇与结构(共计30分，每小题2分)6-20题:阅读下面的句子，从三个选项中选出一一个能填入空白处的最佳选项，并将正确答案选项填写在答题纸上。

新高考英语题型精析精练与话题拓展：话题拓展02.人工智能(解析版)

02.人工智能养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题，书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

一、阅读理解1Some are concerned that AI tools are turning language learning into a weakening pursuit. More and more people are using simple, free tools, not only to decode text but also to speak. With these apps’ conversation mode, you talk into a phone and a spoken translation is heard moments later; the app can also listen for another language and produce a translation in yours.Others are less worried. Most people do not move abroad or have the kind of on-going contact with a foreign culture that requires them to put in the work to become fluent. Nor do most people learn languages for the purpose of humanising themselves or training their brains. On their holiday, they just want a beer and the spaghetti without incident.Douglas Hofstadter, an expert in many languages, has argued that something profound (深刻的) will disappear when people talk through machines. He describes giving a broken, difficult speech in Chinese, which required a lot of work but offered a sense of satisfaction at the end.As AI translation becomes an even more popular labor-saving tool, people can be divided into two groups. There will be those who want to stretch their minds, expose themselves to other cultures or force their thinking into new pathways. This group will still take on language study, often aided by technology. Others will look at learning a new language with a mix of admiration and puzzlement, as they might with extreme endurance (耐力) sports: “Good for you, if that’s your thing, but a bit painful for my taste.”But a focus on the learner alone misses the fundamentally social nature of language. It is a bit like analysing the benefits of close relationships to heart-health but overlooking the inherent (固有的) value of those bondsthemselves. When you try to ask directions in broken Japanese or ruin a joke in broken German, you are making direct contact with someone. And when you speak a language well enough to tell a story with perfect timing or put delicate differences on an argument, that connection is more profound still. The best relationships do not require a medium.1. What is the first two paragraphs mainly about?A. Communicating through apps is simple.B. Apps provide a one-way interactive process.C. Using apps becomes more and more popular.D. AI tools weaken the needs of language learning.2. What is Douglas’ attitude to language learning?A. Favorable.B. Objective.C. Doubtful.D. Unclear3. What do we know about the second group mentioned in paragraph 4?A. They are keen on foreign culture.B. They long to join in endurance sports.C. They find Al tools too complex to operate.D. They lack the motivation to learn language.4. How does the author highlight his argument in the last paragraph?A. By providing examples.B. By explaining concepts.C. By stating reasons.D. By offering advice.【答案】1. D 2. A 3. D 4. A【解析】这是一篇说明文。

information 可数吗？_名词英语语法.doc

information 可数吗？_名词
不可数名词，可用量词修饰，或修饰不可数名词的词比如：a piece of information 一条消息some information
例句与用法
1.The police haven’t got enough information to catch the criminal.
警方还未得到可捉拿这个罪犯的足够情报。

2.Can you give me any information on this matter?
关于此事，你能给我提供什么消息吗？
3.Your information is inaccurate and your conclusion is therefore wrong.
你的信息不准确，所以你的结论是错误的。

4.The information industry is an infant industry in our country.
信息产业在我国是新兴产业。

5.The development of the information technology is the greatest technological advance of the 20th century.
信息技术的发展是二十世纪工业技术上的最大进步。

6.A good encyclopaedia is a mine of information.
一部好的百科全书是一座知识宝库。

7.He succeeded in eliciting the information he needed from her.
他从她那里问出了他所需要的信息。

Summarizing Scientific Articles Experiments with Relevance and Rhetorical Status

The MIT Press Journals/journalsThis article is provided courtesy of The MIT Press.To join an e-mail alert list and receive the latest news on our publications, please visit: /e-mailSummarizing Scientiﬁc Articles:Experiments with Relevance andRhetorical StatusSimone Teufel∗Marc Moens†Cambridge University Rhetorical Systems and University ofEdinburghIn this article we propose a strategy for the summarization of scientiﬁc articles that concentrates on the rhetorical status of statements in an article:Material for summaries is selected in such a way that summaries can highlight the new contribution of the source article and situate it with respect to earlier work.We provide a gold standard for summaries of this kind consisting of a substantial corpus of conference articles in computational linguistics annotated with human judgments of the rhetorical status and relevance of each sentence in the articles.We present several experiments measuring our judges’agreement on these annotations.We also present an algorithm that,on the basis of the annotated training material,selects content from unseen articles and classiﬁes it into aﬁxed set of seven rhetorical categories.The output of this extraction and classiﬁcation system can be viewed as a single-document summary in its own right;alternatively,it provides starting material for the generation of task-oriented and user-tailored summaries designed to give users an overview of a scientiﬁcﬁeld.1.IntroductionSummarization systems are often two-phased,consisting of a content selection step followed by a regeneration step.In theﬁrst step,text fragments(sentences or clauses) are assigned a score that reﬂects how important or contentful they are.The highest-ranking material can then be extracted and displayed verbatim as“extracts”(Luhn 1958;Edmundson1969;Paice1990;Kupiec,Pedersen,and Chen1995).Extracts are often useful in an information retrieval environment since they give users an idea as to what the source document is about(Tombros and Sanderson1998;Mani et al.1999), but they are texts of relatively low quality.Because of this,it is generally accepted that some kind of postprocessing should be performed to improve theﬁnal result,by shortening,fusing,or otherwise revising the material(Grefenstette1998;Mani,Gates, and Bloedorn1999;Jing and McKeown2000;Barzilay et al.2000;Knight and Marcu 2000).The extent to which it is possible to do postprocessing is limited,however,by the fact that contentful material is extracted without information about the general discourse context in which the material occurred in the source text.For instance,a sentence describing the solution to a scientiﬁc problem might give the main contri-∗Simone Teufel,Computer Laboratory,Cambridge University,JJ Thomson Avenue,Cambridge,CB3OFD,England.E-mail:Simone.Teufel@†Marc Moens,Rhetorical Systems and University of Edinburgh,2Buccleuch Place,Edinburgh,EH89LS, Scotland.E-mail:marc@c 2002Association for Computational LinguisticsComputational Linguistics Volume28,Number4 bution of the paper,but it might also refer to a previous approach that the authors criticize.Depending on its rhetorical context,the same sentence should be treated very differently in a summary.We propose in this article a method for sentence and con-tent selection from source texts that adds context in the form of information about the rhetorical role the extracted material plays in the source text.This added contextual information can then be used to make the end product more informative and more valuable than sentence extracts.Our application domain is the summarization of scientiﬁc articles.Summariza-tion of such texts requires a different approach from,for example,that used in the summarization of news articles.For example,Barzilay,McKeown,and Elhadad(1999) introduce the concept of information fusion,which is based on the identiﬁcation of re-current descriptions of the same events in news articles.This approach works well because in the news domain,newsworthy events are frequently repeated over a short period of time.In scientiﬁc writing,however,similar“events”are rare:The main focus is on new scientiﬁc ideas,whose main characteristic is their uniqueness and difference from previous ideas.Other approaches to the summarization of news articles make use of the typical journalistic writing style,for example,the fact that the most newsworthy information comesﬁrst;as a result,theﬁrst few sentences of a news article are good candidates for a summary(Brandow,Mitze,and Rau1995;Lin and Hovy1997).The structure of scientiﬁc articles does not reﬂect relevance this explicitly.Instead,the introduction often starts with general statements about the importance of the topic and its history in theﬁeld;the actual contribution of the paper itself is often given much later.The length of scientiﬁc articles presents another problem.Let us assume that our overall summarization strategy isﬁrst to select relevant sentences or concepts,and then to synthesize summaries using this material.For a typical10-to20-sentence news wire story,a compression to20%or30%of the source provides a reasonable input set for the second step.The extracted sentences are still thematically connected, and concepts in the sentences are not taken completely out of context.In scientiﬁc ar-ticles,however,the compression rates have to be much higher:Shortening a20-page journal article to a half-page summary requires a compression to2.5%of the original. Here,the problematic fact that sentence selection is context insensitive does make a qualitative difference.If only one sentence per two pages is selected,all information about how the extracted sentences and their concepts relate to each other is lost;with-out additional information,it is difﬁcult to use the selected sentences as input to the second stage.We present an approach to summarizing scientiﬁc articles that is based on the idea of restoring the discourse context of extracted material by adding the rhetorical status to each sentence in a document.The innovation of our approach is that it deﬁnes principles for content selection speciﬁcally for scientiﬁc articles and that it combines sentence extraction with robust discourse analysis.The output of our system is a list of extracted sentences along with their rhetorical status(e.g.sentence11describes the scientiﬁc goal of the paper,and sentence9criticizes previous work),as illustrated in Figure1.(The example paper we use throughout the article is F.Pereira,N.Tishby,and L.Lee’s“Distributional Clustering of English Words”[ACL-1993,cmp lg/9408011];it was chosen because it is the paper most often cited within our collection.)Such lists serve two purposes:in themselves,they already provide a better characterization of scientiﬁc articles than sentence extracts do,and in the longer run,they will serve as better input material for further processing.An extrinsic evaluation(Teufel2001)shows that the output of our system is al-ready a useful document surrogate in its own right.But postprocessing could turn 410Teufel and Moens Summarizing Scientiﬁc Articles A IM10Our research addresses some of the same questions and uses similar raw data,but we investigate how to factor word association tendencies into associationsof words to certain hidden senses classes and associations between the classesthemselves.11While it may be worthwhile to base such a model on preexisting sense classes(Resnik,1992),in the work described here we look at how to derive the classesdirectly from distributional data.162We have demonstrated that a general divisive clustering procedure for probabilitydistributions can be used to group words according to their participation inparticular grammatical relations with other words.B ASIS19The corpus used in ourﬁrst experiment was derived from newswire text auto-matically parsed by Hindle’s parser Fidditch(Hindle,1993).113The analogy with statistical mechanics suggests a deterministic annealing pro-cedure for clustering(Rose et al.,1990),in which the number of clusters isdetermined through a sequence of phase transitions by continuously increasingthe parameter EQN following an annealing schedule.C ONTRAST9His notion of similarity seems to agree with our intuitions in many cases,but it isnot clear how it can be used directly to construct word classes and correspondingmodels of association.14Class construction is then combinatorially very demanding and depends onfrequency counts for joint events involving particular words,a potentially un-reliable source of information as we noted above.Figure1Extract of system output for example paper.0This paper’s topic is to automatically classify words according to their contexts of use.4The problem is that for large enough corpora the number of possible joint events is muchlarger than the number of event occurrences in the corpus,so many events are seen rarelyor never,making their frequency counts unreliable estimates of their probabilities.162This paper’s speciﬁc goal is to group words according to their participation in particulargrammatical relations with other words,22more speciﬁcally to classify nouns accordingto their distribution as direct objects of verbs.Figure2Nonexpert summary,general purpose.the rhetorical extracts into something even more valuable:The added rhetorical con-text allows for the creation of a new kind of summary.Consider,for instance,the user-oriented and task-tailored summaries shown in Figures2and3.Their composi-tion was guided byﬁxed building plans for different tasks and different user models, whereby the building blocks are deﬁned as sentences of a speciﬁc rhetorical status. In our example,most textual material is extracted verbatim(additional material is underlined in Figures2and3;the original sentences are given in Figure5).Theﬁrst example is a short abstract generated for a nonexpert user and for general information; itsﬁrst two sentences give background information about the problem tackled.The second abstract is aimed at an expert;therefore,no background is given,and instead differences between this approach and similar ones are described.The actual construction of these summaries is a complex process involving tasks such as sentence planning,lexical choice and syntactic realization,tasks that are outside the scope of this article.The important point is that it is the knowledge about the rhetorical status of the sentences that enables the tailoring of the summaries according to users’expertise and task.The rhetorical status allows for other kinds of applications too:Several articles can be summarized together,contrasts or complementarity among411Computational Linguistics Volume28,Number4 44This paper’s goal is to organise a set of linguistic objects such as words according tothe contexts in which they occur,for instance grammatical constructions or n-grams.22More speciﬁcally:the goal is to classify nouns according to their distribution as directobjects of verbs.5Unlike Hindle(1990),9this approach constructs word classes andcorresponding models of association directly.14In comparison to Brown et al.(1992),the method is combinatorially less demanding and does not depend on frequency countsfor joint events involving particular words,a potentially unreliable source of information.Figure3Expert summary,contrastive links.articles can be expressed,and summaries can be displayed together with citation links to help users navigate several related papers.The rest of this article is structured as follows:section2describes the theoretical and empirical aspects of document structure we model in this article.These aspects include rhetorical status and relatedness:•Rhetorical status in terms of problem solving:What is the goal andcontribution of the paper?This type of information is often marked bymetadiscourse and by conventional patterns of presentation(cf.section2.1).•Rhetorical status in terms of intellectual attribution:What information is claimed to be new,and which statements describe other work?This typeof information can be recognized by following the“agent structure”oftext,that is,by looking at all grammatical subjects occurring in sequence(cf.section2.2).•Relatedness among articles:What articles is this work similar to,and in what respect?This type of information can be found by examiningﬁxedindicator phrases like in contrast to...,section headers,and citations(cf.section2.3).These aspects of rhetorical status are encoded in an annotation scheme that we present in section2.4.Annotation of relevance is covered in section2.5.In section3,we report on the construction of a gold standard for rhetorical status and relevance and on the measurement of agreement among human annotators.We then describe in section4our system that simulates the human annotation.Section5 presents an overview of the intrinsic evaluation we performed,and section6closes with a summary of the contribution of this work,its limitations,and suggestions for future work.2.Rhetorical Status,Citations,and RelevanceIt is important for our task toﬁnd the right deﬁnition of rhetorical status to describe the content in scientiﬁc articles.The deﬁnition should both capture generalizations about the nature of scientiﬁc texts and also provide the right kind of information to enable the construction of better summaries for a practical application.Another requirement is that the analysis should be applicable to research articles from different presentational traditions and subject matters.412Teufel and Moens Summarizing Scientiﬁc Articles For the development of our scheme,we used the chronologicallyﬁrst80articles in our corpus of conference articles in computational linguistics(articles presented at COLING,ANLP,and(E)ACL conferences or workshops).Because of the inter-disciplinarity of theﬁeld,the papers in this collection cover a challenging range of subject matters,such as logic programming,statistical language modeling,theoreti-cal semantics,computational dialectology,and computational psycholinguistics.Also, the research methodology and tradition of presentation is very different among these ﬁelds;(computer scientists write very different papers than theoretical linguists).We thus expect our analysis to be equally applicable in a wider range of disciplines and subdisciplines other than those named.2.1Rhetorical StatusOur model relies on the following dimensions of document structure in scientiﬁc articles.Problem structure.Research is often described as a problem-solving activity(Jordan 1984;Trawinski1989;Zappen1983).Three information types can be expected to occur in any research article:problems(research goals),solutions(methods),and results.In many disciplines,particularly the experimental sciences,this problem-solution struc-ture has been crystallized in aﬁxed presentation of the scientiﬁc material as introduc-tion,method,result and discussion(van Dijk1980).But many texts in computational linguistics do not adhere to this presentation,and our analysis therefore has to be based on the underlying logical(rhetorical)organization,using textual representation only as an indication.Intellectual attribution.Scientiﬁc texts should make clear what the new contribution is,as opposed to previous work(speciﬁc other researchers’approaches)and back-ground material(generally accepted statements).We noticed that intellectual attribu-tion has a segmental character.Statements in a segment without any explicit attribution are often interpreted as belonging to the most recent explicit attribution statement (e.g.,Other researchers claim that).Our rhetorical scheme assumes that readers have no difﬁculty in understanding intellectual attribution,an assumption that we veriﬁed experimentally.Scientiﬁc argumentation.In contrast to the view of science as a disinterested“fact factory,”researchers like Swales(1990)have long claimed that there is a strong social aspect to science,because the success of a researcher is correlated with her ability to convince theﬁeld of the quality of her work and the validity of her arguments.Au-thors construct an argument that Myers(1992)calls the“rhetorical act of the paper”: The statement that their work is a valid contribution to science.Swales breaks down this“rhetorical act”into single,nonhierarchical argumentative moves(i.e.,rhetorically coherent pieces of text,which perform the same communicative function).His Con-structing a Research Space(CARS)model shows how patterns of these moves can be used to describe the rhetorical structure of introduction sections of physics articles. Importantly,Swales’s moves describe the rhetorical status of a text segment with re-spect to the overall message of the document,and not with respect to adjacent text segments.Attitude toward other people’s work.We are interested in how authors include refer-ence to other work into their argument.In theﬂow of the argument,each piece of other work is mentioned for a speciﬁc reason:it is portrayed as a rival approach,as a prior approach with a fault,or as an approach contributing parts of the authors’own solution.In well-written papers,this relation is often expressed in an explicit way.The next section looks at the stylistic means available to the author to express the connection between previous approaches and their own work.413Computational Linguistics Volume28,Number4 2.2Metadiscourse and AgentivityExplicit metadiscourse is an integral aspect of scientiﬁc argumentation and a way of expressing attitude toward previous work.Examples for metadiscourse are phrases like we argue that and in contrast to common belief,we.Metadiscourse is ubiquitous in scientiﬁc writing:Hyland(1998)found a metadiscourse phrase on average after every 15words in running text.A large proportion of scientiﬁc metadiscourse is conventionalized,particularly in the experimental sciences,and particularly in the methodology or result section(e.g., we present original work...,or An ANOV A analysis revealed a marginal interaction/a main ef-fect of...).Swales(1990)lists many suchﬁxed phrases as co-occurring with the moves of his CARS model(pages144,154–158,160–161).They are useful indicators of overall importance(Pollock and Zamora1975);they can also be relatively easily recognized with information extraction techniques(e.g.,regular expressions).Paice(1990)intro-duces grammars for pattern matching of indicator phrases,e.g.,the aim/purpose of this paper/article/study and we conclude/propose.Apart from this conventionalized metadiscourse,we noticed that our corpus con-tains a large number of metadiscourse statements that are less formalized:statements about aspects of the problem-solving process or the relation to other work.Figure4, for instance,shows that there are many ways to say that one’s research is based on somebody else’s(“research continuation”).The sentences do not look similar on the surface:The syntactic subject can be the authors,the originators of the method,or even the method itself.Also,the verbs are very different(base,be related,use,follow). Some sentences use metaphors of change and creation.The wide range of linguistic expression we observed presents a challenge for recognition and correct classiﬁcation using standard information extraction patterns.With respect to agents occurring in scientiﬁc metadiscourse,we make two sug-gestions:(1)that scientiﬁc argumentation follows prototypical patterns and employs recurrent types of agents and actions and(2)that it is possible to recognize many of these automatically.Agents playﬁxed roles in the argumentation,and there are so •We employ Suzuki’s algorithm to learn case frame patterns as dendroid distributions.(9605013)•Our method combines similarity-based estimates with Katz’s back-off scheme,which is widely used for languagemodeling in speech recognition.(9405001)•Thus,we base our model on the work of Clark and Wilkes-Gibbs(1986),and Heeman and Hirst(1992)...(9405013)•The starting point for this work was Scha and Polanyi’s discourse grammar(Scha and Polanyi,1988;Pruest et al.,1994).(9502018)•We use the framework for the allocation and transfer of control of Whittaker and Stenton(1988).(9504007)•Following Laur(1993),we consider simple prepositions(like“in”)as well as prepositional phrases(like“in front of”).(9503007)•Our lexicon is based on aﬁnite-state transducer lexicon(Karttunen et al.,1992).(9503004)•Instead of...we will adopt a simpler,monostratal representation that is more closely related to those found in dependency grammars(e.g.,Hudson(1984)).(9408014)Figure4Statements expressing research continuation,with source article number.414Teufel and Moens Summarizing Scientiﬁc Articles few of these roles that they can be enumerated:agents appear as rivals,as contrib-utors of part of the solution(they),as the entire research community in theﬁeld,or as the authors of the paper themselves(we).Note the similarity of agent roles to the three kinds of intellectual attribution mentioned above.We also propose prototypical actions frequently occurring in scientiﬁc discourse:theﬁeld might agree,a particular researcher can suggest something,and a certain solution could either fail or be success-ful.In section4we will describe the three features used in our implementation that recognize metadiscourse.Another important construct that expresses relations to other researchers’work is formal citations,to which we will now turn.2.3Citations and RelatednessCitation indexes are constructs that contain pointers between cited texts and citing texts(Garﬁeld1979),traditionally in printed form.When done on-line(as in CiteSeer [Lawrence,Giles,and Bollacker1999],or as in Nanba and Okumura’s[1999]work), citations are presented in context for users to browse.Browsing each citation is time-consuming,but useful:just knowing that an article cites another is often not enough. One needs to read the context of the citation to understand the relation between the articles.Citations may vary in many dimensions;for example,they can be central or perfunctory,positive or negative(i.e.,critical);apart from scientiﬁc reasons,there is also a host of social reasons for citing(“politeness,tradition,piety”[Ziman1969]).We concentrate on two citation contexts that are particularly important for the information needs of researchers:•Contexts in which an article is cited negatively or contrastively.•Contexts in which an article is cited positively or in which the authors state that their own work originates from the cited work.A distinction among these contexts would enable us to build more informative citation indexes.We suggest that such a rhetorical distinction can be made manually and automatically for each citation;we use a large corpus of scientiﬁc papers along with humans’judgments of this distinction to train a system to make such distinctions.2.4The Rhetorical Annotation SchemeOur rhetorical annotation scheme(cf.Table1)encodes the aspects of scientiﬁc argu-mentation,metadiscourse,and relatedness to other work described before.The cat-egories are assigned to full sentences,but a similar scheme could be developed for clauses or phrases.The annotation scheme is nonoverlapping and nonhierarchical,and each sentence must be assigned to exactly one category.As adjacent sentences of the same status can be considered to form zones of the same rhetorical status,we call the units rhetorical zones.The shortest of these zones are one sentence long.The rhetorical status of a sentence is determined on the basis of the global context of the paper.For instance,whereas the O THER category describes all neutral descrip-tions of other researchers’work,the categories B ASIS and C ONTRAST are applicable to sentences expressing a research continuation relationship or a contrast to other work. Generally accepted knowledge is classiﬁed as B ACKGROUND,whereas the author’s own work is separated into the speciﬁc research goal(A IM)and all other statements about the author’s own work(O WN).415Computational Linguistics Volume28,Number4Table1Annotation scheme for rhetorical status.A IM Speciﬁc research goal of the current paperT EXTUAL Statements about section structureO WN(Neutral)description of own work presented in current paper:Method-ology,results,discussionB ACKGROUND Generally accepted scientiﬁc backgroundC ONTRAST Statements of comparison with or contrast to other work;weaknesses ofother workB ASIS Statements of agreement with other work or continuation of other workO THER(Neutral)description of other researchers’workThe annotation scheme expresses important discourse and argumentation aspects of scientiﬁc articles,but with its seven categories it is not designed to model the full complexity of scientiﬁc texts.The category O WN,for instance,could be further sub-divided into method(solution),results,and further work,which is not done in the work reported here.There is a conﬂict between explanatory power and the simplicity necessary for reliable human and automatic classiﬁcation,and we decided to restrict ourselves to the rhetorical distinctions that are most salient and potentially most useful for several information access applications.The user-tailored summaries and more in-formative citation indexes we mentioned before are just two such applications;another one is the indexing and previewing of the internal structure of the article.To make such indexing and previewing possible,our scheme contains the additional category T EXTUAL,which captures previews of section structure(section2describes our data...). Such previews would make it possible to label sections with the author’s indication of their contents.Our rhetorical analysis,as noted above,is nonhierarchical,in contrast to Rhetorical Structure Theory(RST)(Mann and Thompson1987;Marcu1999),and it concerns text pieces at a lower level of granularity.Although we do agree with RST that the structure of text is hierarchical in many cases,it is our belief that the relevance and function of certain text pieces can be determined without analyzing the full hierarchical structure of the text.Another difference between our analysis and that of RST is that our analysis aims at capturing the rhetorical status of a piece of text in respect to the overall message,and not in relation to adjacent pieces of text.2.5RelevanceAs our immediate goal is to select important content from a text,we also need a second set of gold standards that are deﬁned by relevance(as opposed to rhetorical status). Relevance is a difﬁcult issue because it is situational to a unique occasion(Saracevic 1975;Sparck Jones1990;Mizzaro1997):Humans perceive relevance differently from each other and differently in different situations.Paice and Jones(1993)report that they abandoned an informal sentence selection experiment in which they used agriculture articles and experts in theﬁeld as participants,as the participants were too strongly inﬂuenced by their personal research interest.As a result of subjectivity,a number of human sentence extraction experiments over the years have resulted in low agreementﬁgures.Rath,Resnick,and Savage (1961)report that six participants agreed on only8%of20sentences they were asked to select out of short Scientiﬁc American texts and thatﬁve agreed on32%of the sentences.They found that after six weeks,subjects selected on average only55% of the sentences they themselves selected previously.Edmundson and Wyllys(1961)416Teufel and Moens Summarizing Scientiﬁc Articles ﬁnd similarly low human agreement for research articles.More recent experiments reporting more positive results all used news text(Jing et al.1998;Zechner1995). As discussed above,the compression rates on news texts are far lower:there are fewer sentences from which to choose,making it easier to agree on which ones to select.Sentence selection from scientiﬁc texts also requires more background knowl-edge,thus importing an even higher level of subjectivity into sentence selection experiments.Recently,researchers have been looking for more objective deﬁnitions of relevance. Kupiec,Pedersen,and Chen(1995)deﬁne relevance by abstract similarity:A sentence in a document is considered relevant if it shows a high level of similarity to a sentence in the abstract.This deﬁnition of relevance has the advantage that it isﬁxed(i.e.,the researchers have no inﬂuence over it).It relies,however,on two assumptions:that the writing style is such that there is a high degree of overlap between sentences in the abstract and in the main text and that the abstract is indeed the target output that is most adequate for theﬁnal task.In our case,neither assumption holds.First,the experiments in Teufel and Moens (1997)showed that in our corpus only45%of the abstract sentences appear elsewhere in the body of the document(either as a close variant or in identical form),whereas Kupiec,Pedersen,and Chen report aﬁgure of79%.We believe that the reason for the difference is that in our case the abstracts were produced by the document authors and by professional abstractors in Kupiec,Pedersen,and Chen’s case.Author summaries tend to be less systematic(Rowley1982)and more“deep generated,”whereas sum-maries by professional abstractors follow an internalized building plan(Liddy1991) and are often created through sentence extraction(Lancaster1998).Second,and more importantly,the abstracts and improved citation indexes we intend to generate are not modeled on traditional summaries,which do not pro-vide the type of information needed for the applications we have in r-mation about related work plays an important role in our strategy for summarization and citation indexing,but such information is rarely found in abstracts.We empir-ically found that the rhetorical status of information occurring in author abstracts is very limited and consists mostly of information about the goal of the paper and speciﬁcs of the solution.Details of the analysis we conducted on this topic are given in section3.2.2.We thus decided to augment our corpus with an independent set of human judg-ments of relevance.We wanted to replace the vague deﬁnition of relevance often used in sentence extraction experiments with a more operational deﬁnition based on rhetorical status.For instance,a sentence is considered relevant only if it describes the research goal or states a difference with a rival approach.More details of the instructions we used to make the relevance decisions are given in section3.Thus,we have two parallel human annotations in our corpus:rhetorical annotation and relevance selection.In both tasks,each sentence in the articles is classiﬁed:Each sentence receives one rhetorical category and also the label irrelevant or relevant.This strategy can create redundant material(e.g.,when the same fact is expressed in a sentence in the introduction,a sentence in the conclusion,and one in the middle of the document).But this redundancy also helps mitigate one of the main problems with sentence-based gold standards,namely,the fact that there is no one single best extract for a document.In our annotation,all qualifying sentences in the document are identiﬁed and classiﬁed into the same group,which makes later comparisons with system performance fairer.Also,later steps cannot onlyﬁnd redundancy in the intermediate result and remove it,but also use the redundancy as an indication of importance.417。

考研语法——长难句分析策略及答案翻译

考研语法——长难句分析策略总论一、考研语法在各题型直接命题点的体现：1. 阅读：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词、比较结构------主语从句。

2. 完形：定语从句、宾语从句、状语从句------现在分词、过去分词------主语从句、比较结构、同位语从句。

3. 翻译：定语从句------状语从句、宾语从句、现在分词------过去分词------比较结构、倒装------同位语从句、表语从句。

二、英语句法规则：一个句子中有且只能有一个核心动词。

㈠分号和并列连词可以连接多个独立的句子，构成并列句；多个句子之间是平等关系；多句的动词共同构成句子的核心动词。

㈡复合句分为主句和从句两部分，由从属连词连接；主句的动语是核心动词；主从句之间属于上下级关系。

三、长难句分析六步走1. (2010Text4) These (changes) gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets (非流动资产) and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statements (损益计算).2. （2001完形）The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases such as the trial of Rosemary West.3. （2005Text1）Whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in monkeys and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is , as yet, an unanswered question.(2005-25) What can we infer from the last paragraph?[A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions.[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.[C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do.[D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.4. (2008Text2) The Internet—and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it—is making access to scientific results a reality.四、基本知识补充1. 句子成分：主干成分——主语、谓语/系词、宾语/表语修饰成分——定语、状语和补语例：When it comes to English test, he, who is a college student, considers grammar most important.2. 由词到句的扩展：除谓语和补语外，任何其他句子成分都可以用句子代替单词或短语构成从句。

2010考研英语阅读理解文章第三篇来源出处

2010考研英语阅读理解文章第三篇文章是传播学的文章，这篇文章节选于07年2月份的《哈佛经济评价》（Harvard Business Review），讲述了究竟是什么样的人影响了社会潮流的研究，主要提供了两种观点，一种是影响力主宰潮流，另外是大众主宰潮流，文章的结构形式和我们以前考过的结构类型非常相似。

原文如下（加粗部分为真题节选部分）：The Accidental InfluentialsIn his best-selling book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or well connected. The idea is intuitively compelling – we think we see it happening all the time –but it doesn’t explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from aplausible-sounding but largely untested theory called the “two-step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else.Marketers have embraced the twostep flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.In recent work, however, my colleague Peter Dodds and I have found that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don’t seem to be required at all.Our argument stems from a simple observation about social influence: With the exception of celebrities like Oprah Winfrey –whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence – even the most influential members of a population simply don’t interact withthat many others. Yet it is precisely these noncelebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change won’t propagate very far or affect many people.Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence,Dodds and I studied the dynamics of social contagion by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to people’s ability to influence others and their tendency to be influenced.Our work shows that the principal requirement for what we call “global cascades”– the widespread propagation of influence through networks –is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people, each of whom adopts, say, a look or a brand after being exposed to a single adoptingneighbor.Regardless of how influential an individual is locally, he or she can exert global influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.。