关联理论视角下的电气工程文本英汉翻译实践报告

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关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究1. 引言1.1 研究背景关联翻译理论是翻译研究领域中的重要理论之一，其提出者为加拿大学者纽迪·弗里德曼。

关联翻译理论强调译者在翻译时应该注重原文和译文之间的内在联系和关联性，而不是简单地对原文进行机械替换。

这一理论在英语和汉语之间的翻译实践中具有很大的应用潜力。

随着全球化的加速发展和跨文化交流的增加，英汉翻译在各个领域中扮演着越来越重要的角色。

在实际翻译中，译者们常常面临着诸多挑战，例如如何准确表达原文的意思，如何保持译文与原文的关联性等问题。

研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用具有重要的理论和实践意义。

本文旨在探讨关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用，并针对其中的挑战和启示进行深入分析，以期对英汉翻译实践提供一定的参考和借鉴。

1.2 研究目的研究目的是通过对关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用进行深入探讨和分析，从而揭示其在翻译过程中的具体作用和效果。

我们旨在探索关联翻译理论在英汉翻译中的实际运用情况，挖掘其在解决翻译难题、促进翻译质量提升方面的潜在优势，并探讨如何更好地将该理论运用到实际翻译工作中。

通过研究，我们希望为英汉翻译实践提供理论支持和实践指导，促进翻译理论与翻译实践的深度融合，推动翻译工作的健康发展，进一步提升英汉翻译的质量和效率。

通过本研究的探讨和总结，有望拓展关联翻译理论的应用领域，为翻译研究领域提供新的思路和方法。

【内容结束】。

1.3 研究意义在英汉翻译实践中，关联翻译理论的研究意义主要表现在以下几个方面：1. 帮助研究者更好地理解和应用关联翻译理论，提高翻译质量和效率。

通过深入研究关联翻译理论，我们可以更好地把握英汉两种语言之间的相关性和联系，从而更加准确地进行翻译，避免语言歧义和偏差，提高翻译的准确性和忠实度。

2. 拓展翻译理论研究的视野，促进翻译理论的发展和完善。

通过对关联翻译理论的深入研究，可以促使研究者思考翻译活动的本质和规律，探索翻译过程中语言之间的关联性和互动性，推动翻译理论研究朝着更加系统和完善的方向发展。

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究
关联翻译理论，是指一种新兴的翻译理论，通过研究各种文本之间的关联性，来指导翻译实践。

这一理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究，对提高翻译质量，促进跨文化交流具有重要意义。

关联翻译理论能够帮助翻译人员更好地理解源文本。

在翻译过程中，翻译人员需要准确地把握源文本的意思和表达方式。

通过关联翻译理论的研究，可以发现并理解各种文本之间的关系，比如因果关系、行动与反应、事物的联系等等，从而更好地把握源文本的意义。

在英语中，“因为”和“所以”是常用的关联词，在翻译成汉语时，要根据具体的语境选择合适的译文，以准确地表达源文的关系。

关联翻译理论能够提升翻译的准确性和流畅性。

在翻译过程中，经常会遇到一词多义的情况，这就需要根据上下文的关联来选择合适的译文，以准确地表达原文的意思。

通过关联翻译理论的研究，翻译人员可以更好地掌握语法和语义上的关联关系，以保证译文的流畅性和自然度。

在汉语中，“我想去公园”，其中的“想”和“去”是语法上的关联，翻译成英语时可译为“I want to go to the park”，体现了上下文的关联关系。

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究，可以帮助翻译人员更好地理解源文本、提高翻译的准确性和流畅性，以及促进跨文化的交流和理解。

这一理论的应用将推动英汉翻译水平不断提高，为促进跨文化交流做出积极贡献。

关联理论视角下的英汉翻译

际意图就必须在交际双方共知的认知环境当中找到话语
Ａｇｓｔ此基础上写成专著《译与关联 — — 认知与ｕｕｔｔＧｕ在翻语境》提出了关联翻译理论。这一理论旨在研究翻译过，程，讨如何达到翻译交际的目的和效果等问题，起了探引学者越来越多的关注。
翻译本质
翻译过程
翻译标准
一
、
关联理论是西方近年来影响巨大的认知语用学理论之一．它是由法国学者ＳｅｂｒＩ国学者Ｗｉｏ在１８ｐｒｅ￣英＇Ｉｌｎ９６ｓ年提出来的，是对Ｇｒｅ关原则的发展和深化。Ｅｎｔｉ相ｃｒｓ～
二、联理论关
根据关联理论，解话语的标准是人类认知假设，理即
认为人类的认知靠的是关联。谓关联，的事物之问的所指联系，及认识主体认为事物之问所具有的联系。联理以关论有两条原则：１认知准则：类的认知常常与最大的（）人关联性相吻合；２交际准则：语交际中，何一个示意（）言任
引言
言语交际中．说话人通过示意行为向听话人传递自己的意图，听话者进行推理提供必要的理据。话人则根据为听
说话人的示意行为进行推理，找关联。联性的强弱取寻关决于两个因素：导努力与语境效果的大小。同等条件推在下，导努力越小，关联性越强；境效果越大，关联推则语则

电气自动化领域实践报告

电气自动化领域实践报告（中英文实用版）Title: Practice Report in Electrical Automation Field标题：电气自动化领域实践报告In recent years, the development of electrical automation technology has been advancing at a rapid pace, leading to significant changes in various industries.This practice report aims to provide an overview of the practical applications and recent developments in the field of electrical automation.近年来，电气自动化技术的发展速度不断加快，为各个行业带来了巨大的变革。

本实践报告旨在概述电气自动化领域的实际应用和最新发展。

One of the key applications of electrical automation is in the manufacturing industry, where it plays a crucial role in improving production efficiency and reducing human error.Automated control systems, robotics, and programmable logic controllers (PLCs) are commonly used in manufacturing processes to monitor and control machinery and equipment.电气自动化的关键应用之一是在制造业，它对于提高生产效率和减少人为错误起着至关重要的作用。

关联理论指导下英汉隐喻翻译实践报告

关联理论指导下英汉隐喻翻译实践报告
隐喻不仅仅是一种语言现象更是一种人类的认知现象。

隐喻用人类在某一领域的经验去理解另一不熟悉领域的一种认知活动。

关联理论以一种崭新的观念指导了隐喻的翻译。

关联理论认为,交际的顺利进行离不开交际双方都遵循着关联原则。

关联理论中的认知语境和最佳关联为理解隐喻提供了坚实的理论基础,在关联理论指导下,隐喻词句的分析及推理过程。

然而,相关研究还有一定的局限性,比如缺少在翻译实践中的实例论证。

同时,使用关联理论指导的隐喻翻译的研究也相对较少。

因此将隐喻的翻译实践与关联理论进行结合,以期对隐喻翻译做出进一步探讨。

Translation as Metaphor这本书极好地填补了过去的几十年里,在人文科
学和社会科学知识变化的迫切需要下,围绕如何翻译多种学科的隐喻进行了研究。

节选其第三章的翻译文本作为研究对象,进行了翻译实践。

此外,其就如何理解翻译隐喻作了大胆而清晰的论证,以关联理论为指导,针对翻译过程中出现的问题,采用案例分析法对隐喻翻译方法进行探讨,总结归纳,旨在提高认知翻译水平和解决实际问题的能力。

《关联理论视角下汉英口译中模糊语翻译策略研究》范文

《关联理论视角下汉英口译中模糊语翻译策略研究》篇一一、引言在跨文化交流中，语言翻译是一项极其重要的任务。

特别是在汉英口译中，由于两种语言的文化背景、表达习惯和语境差异，模糊语言的翻译常常成为口译工作的难点。

本文将从关联理论视角出发，对汉英口译中模糊语翻译的策略进行研究。

二、关联理论与口译中的模糊语关联理论是一种认知语用学理论，它认为交际过程中的理解是基于说话者的意图和听话者的认知环境之间的关联。

在汉英口译中，模糊语言因其含糊性、多义性和文化特有性，往往难以找到精确的对应表达。

因此，口译员在处理这类语言时，需要运用关联理论，理解原语的意图和语境，从而在目标语中寻找最合适的表达方式。

三、汉英口译中模糊语的翻译策略1. 意译策略意译策略是指在不完全忠实原文形式的情况下，通过理解原文的意图，将之转换成目标语言的常用表达方式。

在翻译模糊语言时，口译员应首先理解原文的意图和语境，然后寻找目标语言中最能表达这一意图的词汇或短语。

这种策略能够较好地传达原文的含义，同时使译文更加自然流畅。

例如，在汉语中，“大概”、“左右”等词常常用来表示不确定的数值或范围。

在口译时，口译员可以将其翻译为英语中的模糊词，如“approximately”、“roughly”等，同时结合具体的上下文，传达出原文的意图。

2. 直译加解释策略直译加解释策略是指在保持原文形式的基础上，对模糊语言进行解释或补充说明，以便更好地传达原文的含义。

在汉英口译中，有些模糊语言在两种语言中都有相应的表达方式，但含义可能存在微妙的差异。

此时，口译员可以采用直译加解释的策略，使译文更加准确、完整。

例如，“风度翩翩”这个汉语成语在英语中没有完全对应的表达方式。

口译员可以将其直译为“graceful and elegant”，然后补充解释其含义为“举止优雅、风度不凡”。

这样既能保留原成语的韵味，又能使英语听众更好地理解其含义。

3. 文化转换策略文化转换策略是指通过了解两种语言的文化背景和习俗，将源语言的模糊语言转换为目标语言中的相应文化元素。

电气专业文章英汉对比

With the rapid development of power electronics, computer science and control theory, a revolution happened in motor drives. Actually, AC drives are the mainstream of motor drives. Permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs) have been widely used as AC drives over the last two decades due to their high efficiency, high power density and no dc field winding in the rotor. It is well known motion control of PMSM requires accurate position and velocity signals to realize field orientation. In conventional motion control systems, optical encoders or electromagnetic resolvers are used for this purpose. However, these additional sensors increase the costs of the system and decrease the reliability. With this background, sensorless operation is fast becoming a requirement, and the elimination of position and velocity sensors has been an attractive prospect.As technological processes increase in complexity,and the required peformance specifications become more severe,analytical design procedures assume great importance. It has become essential for engineers to have an understanding of the nature of the dynamic behaviour of systems,and of the methods available for analyzing and improving dynamic performence.These requirements are making the use of mathematical modelling techniques an essential part of design. The nature of the model and the methods employed in obtaining it are dependent on the depth of understanding needed at a particular stage of the design study,and on the use to which the model will be put.It is desirable first to define what is meant by a system,a word which is frequently used in conversation .Broadly,a system can be thought of as a collection of interacting components , although sometimes interest might lie just in one single component. These components will often be functional parts of such physical components. The system of interest might be a power station , a steam turbine in the power station,or a control valve on the turbine;it might be an aeroplane,its air conditioning,an engine,or part of an engine;a process plant for the production of a chemical , or a large or small part of the plant;a human being,or some part of the body such as the muscle control mechanism for a limb;or it might be economic system of country,or any other from a wide range of fields.The system would normally be considered conceptually as being that part of the universe in which interest lay.There would be interaction between the system and certain parts of the surroundings known as the environment.The two would be separated by an imaginary boundary.In defining the system and its environment it is necessary to decide where this boundary should be placed;this decision depends both on the physical entities involved and on the purpose of the investigation.In studying a power station,interest might lie primarily in the relationship between the power station and the community,in which case the system and its environment might be envisaged as in Fig.5-1.There might,however,be a more specific interest in the speed control system of the turbogenerator,in which case the system could be as in Fig.5-2.In abstracting from the whole the system of interest,it is necessary to consider carefully where the boundary shall be placed,and closely allied is the need to decide what relevant signals cross the system boundary.In addition,there will be signals ofinterest within the system boundary,variables which help to describe and define the detailed system behaviour.Some of these signals will be measurable,some not or only indirectly;some will be useful from the viewpoint of analysis,andsome not.The signals which pass to the system from the environment will be termed the system inputs,while those passing out across the boundary will be the system outputs.Often there will be only one system input that is varying and one system output which is affected.The systems to be considered in this chapter will be predominantly single-input-single-output systems,the type which occurs most frequently in practice.Modern power systems are usually large-scale, geographically distributed, and with hundreds to thousands of generators operating in parallel and synchronously. They may vary in size and structure from one to another, but they all have the same basic characteristics:1Are comprised of three-phase AC systems operating essentially at constant voltage.Generation and transmission facilities use three-phase equipment . Industrial loads are invariablythree-phase; single-phase residential and commercial loads are distributed equally among the phases so as to effectively form a balanced three-phase system.2Use synchronous machines for generation of electricity. Prime movers convert the primary energy (fossil, nuclear, and hydraulic) to mechanical energy that is, in turn, converted to electrical energy by synchronous generators.3Transmit power over significant distances to consumers spread over a wide area. This requires a transmission system comprising subsystems operating at different voltage levels.The basic elements of a modern power system in USA are shown in Fig.6-1. Electric power is produced at generating stations (GS) and transmitted to consumers through a complex network of individual components, including transmission lines, transformers, and switching devices. It is common practice to classify the transmission network into the following subsystems: Transmission system; Subtransmission system; Distribution system. Basic elements of a power system The transmission system interconnects all major generating stations and main load centers in the system. It forms the backbone of the integrated power system and operates at the highest voltage levels (typically, 230 kV and above in USA). The generator voltages are usually in the range of 11 to 35 kV. These are stepped up to the transmission voltage level, and power is transmitted to transmission substations where the voltages are stepped down to the subtransmission level (typically, 69 to 138 kV). The generation and transmission subsystems are often referred to as the bulk power system. The subtransmisson system transmits power in small quantities from the transmission substations to the distribution substations. subtransmisson Large industrial customers are commonly supplied directly from the subtransmission system. In some systems, there is no clear demarcation between subtransmission and transmission circuits. As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function.The distribution system represents the final stage in the transfer of power to the individual customers. The primary distribution voltage is typically between 4.0 kV and 34.5 kV. Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level. The secondary distribution feeders supply residential and commercial customers at 120/240 V.Small generating plants located near the load are also connected to the subtransmission or distribution system directly. Interconnections to neighboring power systems are usually formed at the transmission system level. The overall system thus consists of multiple generating sources and several layers of transmission networks. This provides a high degree of structural redundancy that enables the system to withstand unusual contingencies without service disruption to the customers.Instability may also be encountered without loss of synchronism. For example, a system consisting of a synchronous generator feeding an induction motor load through a transmission line can become unstable because of the collapse of load voltage. Maintenance of synchronism is not an issue in this instance; instead, the concern is stability and control of voltage. This form of instability can also occur in loads covering an extensive area supplied by a large system. This kind of stability is referred to "voltage stability". Rotor angle stability is the ability of interconnected synchronous machines of a power system to remain in synchronism. It is most important to power system stability problems. The stability problem involves the study of the electromechanical oscillations inherent in power system. A fundamental factor in this problem is the manner in which the power outputs of synchronous machines vary as their rotors oscillate.随着电力电子技术、计算机技术以及自动控制技术的飞速发展，给电气传动领域带来了历史性的革命，交流调速传动逐渐上升为电气传动的主流。

(完整版)电气专业中英文对照翻译毕业设计论文

优秀论文审核通过未经允许切勿外传Chapter 3 Digital Electronics3.1 IntroductionA circuit that employs a numerical signal in its operation is classified as a digital circuitputers,pocket calculators, digital instruments, and numerical control (NC) equipment are common applications of digital circuits. Practically unlimited quantities of digital information can be processed in short periods of time electronically. With operational speed of prime importance in electronics today,digital circuits are used more frequently.In this chapter, digital circuit applications are discussed.There are many types of digital circuits that electronics, including logic circuits, flip-flop circuits, counting circuits, and many others. The first sections of this unit discuss the number systems that are basic to digital circuit understanding. The remainder of the chapter introduces some of the types of digital circuits and explains Boolean algebra as it is applied to logic circuits.3.2 Digital Number SystemsThe most common number system used today is the decimal system,in which 10 digits are used for counting. The number of digits in the systemis called its base (or radix).The decimal system，therefore，the counting process. The largest digit that can be used in a specific place or location is determined by the base of the system. In the decimal system the first position to the left of the decimal point is called the units place. Any digit from 0 to 9 can be used in this place.When number values greater than 9 are used,they must be expressed with two or more places.The next position to the left of the units place in a decimal system is the tens place.The number 99 is the largest digital value that can be expressed by two places in the decimal system.Each place added to the left extends the number system by a power of 10.Any number can be expressed as a sum of weighted place values.The decimal number 2583,for example, is expressed as (2×1000)+(5×100)+(8×10)+(3×1).The decimal number system is commonly used in our daily lives. Electronically, the binary system.Electronically,the value of 0 can be associated with a low-voltage value or no voltage. The number 1 can then be associated with a voltage value larger than 0. Binary systems that use these voltage values are said to , this chapter.The two operational states of a binary system,1 and 0,are natural circuit conditions. When a circuit is turned off or the off, or 0,state. An electrical circuit that the on，or 1,state. By using transistor or ICs，it is electronically possible to change states in less than a microsecond. Electronic devices make it possible to manipulate millions of 0s and is in a second and thus to process information quickly.The basic principles of numbering used in decimal numbers apply ingeneral to binary numbers.The base of the binary system is 2,meaning that only the digits 0 and 1 are used to express place value. The first place to the left of the binary point,or starting point，represents the units，or is,location. Places to the left of the binary point are the powers of 2.Some of the place values in base 2 are 2º=1,2¹=2,2²=4,2³=8,2⁴=16,25=32,and 26=64.When bases other than 10 are used,the numbers should example.The number 100₂(read“one,zero,zero, base 2”)is equivalent to 4 in base 10,or 410.Starting with the first digit to the left of the binary point,this number this method of conversion a binary number to an equivalent decimal number，write down the binary number first. Starting at the binary point，indicate the decimal equivalent for each binary place location where a 1 is indicated. For each 0 in the binary number leave a blank space or indicate a 0 ' Add the place values and then record the decimal equivalent.The conversion of a decimal number to a binary equivalent is achieved by repetitive steps of division by the number 2.When the quotient is even with no remainder,a 0 is recorded.When the quotient process continues until the quotient is 0.The binary equivalent consists of the remainder values in the order last to first.3.2.2 Binary-coded Decimal (BCD) Number SystemWhen large numbers are indicated by binary numbers，they are difficult to use. For this reason，the Binary-Coded Decimal(BCD) method of counting was devised. In this system four binary digits are used to represent each decimal digit.To illustrate this procedure，the number 105，is converted to a BCD number.In binary numbers，To apply the BCD conversion process，the base 10 number is first divided into digits according to place values.The number 10510 gives the digits 1-0-5.Converting each displayed by this process with only 12 binary numbers. The between each group of digits is important when displaying BCD numbers.The largest digit to be displayed by any group of BCD numbers is 9.Six digits of a number-coding group are not used at all in this system.Because of this, the octal (base 8) and the binary form but usually display them in BCD,octal,or a base 8 system is 7. The place values starting at the left of the octal point are the powers of eight: 80=1,81=8,82=64,83=512,84=4096,and so on.The process of converting an octal number to a decimal number is the same as that used in the binary-to-decimal conversion process. In this method, equivalent decimal is 25810.Converting an octal number to an equivalent binary number is similar to the BCD conversion process. The octal number is first divided into digits according to place value. Each octal digit is then converted into an equivalent binary number using only three digits.Converting a decimal number to an octal number is a process of repetitive division by the number 8.After the quotient determined，the remainder is brought down as the place value.When the quotient is even with no remainder，a 0 is transferred to the place position.The number for converting 409810 to base 8 is 100028.Converting a binary number to an octal number is an importantconversion process of digital circuits. Binary numbers are first processed at a very output circuit then accepts this signal and converts it to an octal signal displayed on a readout device.must first be divided into groups of three，starting at the octal point.Each binary group is then converted into an equivalent octal number.These numbers are then combined，while remaining in their same respective places，to represent the equivalent octal number.3.2.4 Hexadecimal Number SystemThe digital systems to process large number values.The base of this system is 16，which means that the largest number used in a place is 15.Digits used by this system are the numbers 0-9 and the letters A-F. The letters A-P are used to denote the digits 10-15，respectively. The place values to the left of the .The process of changing a proper digital order.The place values，or powers of the base，are then positioned under the respective digits in step 2.In step 3，the value of each digit is recorded. The values in steps 2 and 3 are then multiplied together and added. The sum gives the decimal equivalent value of a . Initially，the converted to a binary number using four digits per group. The binary group is combined to form the equivalent binary number.The conversion of a decimal number to a ，as with other number systems. In this procedure the division is by 16 and remainders can be as large as 15.Converting a binary number to a groups of four digits，starting at the converted to a digital circuit-design applications binary signals arefar superior to those of the octal，decimal，or be processed very easily through electronic circuitry，since they can be represented by two stable states of operation. These states can be easily defined as on or off, 1 or 0，up or down，voltage or no voltage，right or left，or any other two-condition states. There must be no in-between state.The symbols used to define the operational state of a binary system are very important.In positive binary logic，the state of voltage，on，true，or a letter designation (such as A ) is used to denote the operational state 1 .No voltage，off，false，and the letter A are commonly used to denote the 0 condition. A circuit can be set to either state and will remain in that state until it is caused to change conditions.Any electronic device that can be set in one of two operational states or conditions by an outside signal is said to be bistable. Relays，lamps，switches，transistors, diodes and ICs may be used for this purpose. A bistable device .By using many of these devices，it is possible to build an electronic circuit that will make decisions based upon the applied input signals. The output of this circuit is a decision based upon the operational conditions of the input. Since the application of bistable devices in digital circuits makes logical decisions，they are commonly called binary logic circuits.If we were to draw a circuit diagram for such a system，including all the resistors，diodes，transistors and interconnections，we would face an overwhelming task, and an unnecessary one.Anyone who read the circuit diagram would in their mind group the components into standard circuits and think in terms of the" system" functions of the individual gates. Forthis reason，we design and draw digital circuit with standard logic symbols. Three basic circuits of this type are used to make simple logic decisions.These are the AND circuit, OR circuit, and the NOT circuit.Electronic circuits designed to perform logic functions are called gates.This term refers to the capability of a circuit to pass or block specific digital signals.The logic-gate symbols are shown in Fig.3-1.The small circle at the output of NOT gate indicates the inversion of the signal. Mathematically，this action is described as A=.Thus without the small circle，the rectangle would represent an amplifier (or buffer) with a gain of unity.An AND gate the 1 state simultaneously，then there will be a 1 at the output.The AND gate in Fig. 3-1 produces only a 1 out-put when A and B are both 1. Mathematically，this action is described as A·B=C. This expression shows the multiplication operation. An OR gate Fig.3-1 produces a when either or both inputs are l.Mathematically，this action is described as A+B=C. This expression shows OR addition. This gate is used to make logic decisions of whether or not a 1 appears at either input.An IF-THEN type of sentence is often used to describe the basic operation of a logic state.For example，if the inputs applied to an AND gate are all 1，then the output will be 1 .If a 1 is applied to any input of an OR gate，then the output will be 1 .If an input is applied to a NOT gate，then the output will be the opposite or inverse.The logic gate symbols in Fig. 3-1 show only the input and output connections. The actual gates，when wired into a digital circuit, would pin 14 and 7.3.4 Combination Logic GatesWhen a NOT gate is combined with an AND gate or an OR gate，it iscalled a combination logic gate. A NOT-AND gate is called a NAND gate，which is an inverted AND gate. Mathematically the operation of a NAND gate is A·B=. A combination NOT-OR ，or NOR，gate produces a negation of the OR function.Mathematically the operation of a NOR gate is A+B=.A 1 appears at the output only when A is 0 and B is 0.The logic symbols are shown in Fig. 3-3.The bar over C denotes the inversion，or negative function，of the gate.The logic gates discussed .In actual digital electronic applications，solid-state components are ordinarily used to accomplish gate functions.Boolean algebra is a special form of algebra that was designed to show the relationships of logic operations.Thin form of algebra is ideally suited for analysis and design of binary logic systems.Through the use of Boolean algebra，it is possible to write mathematical expressions that describe specific logic functions.Boolean expressions are more meaningful than complex word statements or or elaborate truth tables.The laws that apply to Boolean algebra are used to simplify complex expressions. Through this type of operation it may be possible to reduce the number of logic gates needed to achieve a specific function before the circuits are designed.In Boolean algebra the variables of an equation are assigned by letters of the alphabet.Each variable then exists in states of 1 or 0 according to its condition.The 1，or true state，is normally represented by a single letter such as A，B or C.The opposite state or condition is then described as 0，or false，and is represented by or A’.This is described as NOT A，A negated，or A complemented.Boolean algebra is somewhat different from conventional algebra withrespect to mathematical operations.The Boolean operations are expressed as follows:Multiplication:A AND B，AB，,A·BOR addition:A OR B .A+BNegation，or complementing:NOT A，，A’Assume that a digital logic circuit only C is on by itself or when A，B and C are all on expression describes the desired output. Eight (23) different combinations of A，B，and C exist in this expression because there are three，inputs. Only two of those combinations should cause a signal that will actuate the output. When a variable is not on (0)，it is expressed as a negated letter. The original statement is expressed as follows: With A，B，and C on or with A off, B off, and C on ，an output (X）will occur:ABC+C=XA truth table illustrates if this expression is achieved or not.Table 3-1 shows a truth table for this equation. First，ABC is determined by multiplying the three inputs together.A 1 appears only when the A，B，and C inputs are all 1.Next the negated inputs A andB are determined.Then the products of inputs C，A，and B are listed.The next column shows the addition of ABC and C.The output of this equation shows that output 1 is produced only when C is 1 or when ABC is 1.A logic circuit to accomplish this Boolean expression is shown in Fig. 3-4.Initially the equation is analyzed to determine its primary operational function.Step1 shows the original equation.The primary function is addition，since it influences all parts of the equation in some way.Step 2 shows the primary function changed to a logic gate diagram.Step 3 showsthe branch parts of the equation expressed by logic diagram，with AND gates used to combine terms.Step 4 completes the process by connecting all inputs together.The circles at inputs，of the lower AND gate are used to achieve the negative function of these branch parts.The general rules for changing a Boolean equation into a logic circuit diagram are very similar to those outlined.Initially the original equation must be analyzed for its primary mathematical function.This is then changed into a gate diagram that is inputted by branch parts of the equation.Each branch operation is then analyzed and expressed in gate form.The process continues until all branches are completely expressed in diagram formmon inputs are then connected together.3.5 Timing and Storage ElementsDigital electronics involves a number of items that are not classified as gates.Circuits or devices of this type the operation of a system.Included in this system are such things as timing devices，storage elements，counters，decoders，memory，and registers.Truth tables symbols，operational characteristics，and applications of these items will be presented an IC chip. The internal construction of the chip cannot be effectively altered. Operation is controlled by the application of an external signal to the input. As a rule，very little work can be done to control operation other than altering the input signal.The logic circuits in Fig. 3-4 are combinational circuit because the output responds immediately to the inputs and there is no memory. When memory is a part of a logic circuit，the system is called sequential circuit because its output depends on the input plus its an input signal isapplied.A bistable multivibrator，in the strict sense，is a flip-flop. When it is turned on，it assumes a particular operational state. It does not change states until the input is altered.A flip-flop opposite polarity.Two inputs are usually needed to alter the state of a flip-flop. A variety of names are used for the inputs.These vary a great deal between different flip-flops.1. R-S flip-flopsFig.3-5 shows logic circuit construction of an R-S flip-flop. It is constructed from two NAND gates. The output of each NAND provides one of the inputs for the other NAND. R stands for the reset input and S represents the set input.The truth table and logic symbol are shown in Fig. 3-6.Notice that the truth table is somewhat more complex than that of a gate. It shows, for example，the applied input, previous output，and resulting output.To understand the operation of an R-S flip-flop，we must first look at the previous outputs.This is the status of the output before a change is applied to the input. The first four items of the previous outputs are Q=1 and =0. The second four states this case of the input to NANDS is 0 and that is 0，which implies that both inputs to NANDR are 1.By symmetry，the logic circuit will also stable with Q0 and 1.If now R momentarily becomes 0，the output of NANDR，，will rise to resulting in NANDS be realized by a 0 at S.The outputs Q and are unpredictable when the inputs R and S are 0 states.This case is not allowed.Seldom would individual gates be used to construct a flip-flop，rather than one of the special types for the flip-flop packages on a single chipwould be used by a designer.A variety of different flip-flops are used in digital electronic systems today. In general，each flip-flop type R-S-T flip-flop for example .is a triggered R-S flip-flop. It will not change states when the R and S inputs assume a value until a trigger pulse is applied. This would permit a large number of flip-flops to change states all at the same time. Fig. 3-7 shows the logic circuit construction. The truth table and logic symbol are shown in Fig. 3-8. The R and S input are thus active when the signal at the gate input (T) is 1 .Normally，such timing，or synchronizing，signals are distributed throughout a digital system by clock pulses，as shown in Fig. 3-9.The symmetrical clock signal provides two times each period.The circuit can be designed to trigger at the leading or trailing edge of the clock. The logic symbols for edge trigger flip-flops are shown in Fig.3-10.2. J-K flip-flopsAnother very important flip-flop unpredictable output state. The J and K inputs addition to this，J-K flip-flops may employ preset and preclear functions. This is used to establish sequential timing operations. Fig.3-11 shows the logic symbol and truth table of a J-K flip-flop.3. 5. 2 CountersA flip-flop be used in switching operations，and it can count pulses.A series of interconnected flip-flops is generally called a register.Each register can store one binary digit or bit of data. Several flip-flops connected form a counter. Counting is a fundamental digital electronic function.For an electronic circuit to count，a number of things must beachieved. Basically，the circuit must be supplied with some form of data or information that is suitable for processing. Typically，electrical pulses that turn on and off are applied to the input of a counter. These pulses must initiate a state change in the circuit when they are received. The circuit must also be able to recognize where it is in counting sequence at any particular time. This requires some form of memory. The counter must also be able to respond to the next number in the sequence. In digital electronic systems flip-flops are primarily used to achieve counting. This type of device is capable of changing states when a pulse is applied，output pulse.There are several types of counters used in digital circuitry today.Probably the most common of these is the binary counter.This particular counter is designed to process two-state or binary information. J-K flip-flops are commonly used in binary counters.Refer now to the single J-K flip-flop of Fig. 3-11 .In its toggle state，this flip-flop is capable of achieving counting. First，assume that the flip-flop is in its reset state. This would cause Q to be 0 and Q to be 1 .Normally，we are concerned only with Q output in counting operations. The flip-flop is now connected for operation in the toggle mode. J and K must both be made the 1 state. When a pulse is applied to the T，or clock，input，Q changes to 1.This means that with one pulse applied，a 1 is generated in the output. The flip-flop the next pulse arrives，Q resets，or changes to 0. Essentially，this means that two input pulses produce only one output pulse. This is a divide-by-two function.For binary numbers，counting is achieved by a number of divide-by-two flip-flops.To count more than one pulse，additional flip-flops must be employed. For each flip-flop added to the counter，its capacity is increased by the power of 2. With one flip-flop the maximum count was 20，or 1 .For two flip-flops it would count two places，such as 20 and 21.This would reach a count of 3 or a binary number of 11.The count would be 00，01，10，and 11. The counter would then clear and return to 00. In effect, this counts four state changes. Three flip-flops would count three places，or 20，21，and 22.This would permit a total count of eight state changes.The binary values are 000，001，010，011，100，101，110 and 111.The maximum count is seven，or 111 .Four flip-flops would count four places，or 20，21，22，and 23.The total count would make 16 state changes. The maximum count would be 15，or the binary number 1111.Each additional flip-flop would cause this to increase one binary place.河南理工大学电气工程及其自动化专业中英双语对照翻译。

关联理论视角下的翻译实践研究

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关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究【摘要】本文围绕关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究展开讨论。

在作者阐述了研究背景和研究意义。

随后，在正文部分首先概述了关联翻译理论的基本概念，然后探讨了该理论在英汉翻译中的实际应用以及对翻译实践的启示。

案例分析部分通过具体案例分析展示了关联翻译理论的实际运用情况。

实践探讨部分则对关联翻译理论在实践中的优势和不足进行了深入讨论。

在结论部分总结了关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的有效性并指出需要进一步研究的方向。

整体文章结构清晰，内容丰富，旨在为翻译实践提供理论支持和指导。

【关键词】关联翻译理论、英汉翻译、研究背景、研究意义、关联翻译理论概述、翻译实践、案例分析、实践探讨、有效性、进一步研究、总结1. 引言1.1 研究背景翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究背景相当重要。

英汉翻译一直是跨文化交流和沟通的重要方式，随着全球化的不断发展，对英汉翻译的需求也日益增加。

传统的翻译理论在面对复杂的文化现象和语言差异时往往无法完全解决问题，因此需要新的理论来指导翻译实践。

研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的作用，既可以促进翻译领域的理论创新，也可以为实际翻译工作提供有益的启示。

有必要深入探讨关联翻译理论在英汉翻译中的应用和效果，以促进翻译实践的发展和提升。

1.2 研究意义研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的意义，不仅可以帮助研究者深入理解翻译过程中的种种问题和挑战，也可以为翻译从业者提供实用指导和方法。

通过对关联翻译理论的研究和应用，可以更好地把握英汉两种语言之间的关联关系，准确地表达原文的意思，确保翻译的准确性和通顺性。

研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译中的意义，还可以为跨文化交流和语言学习提供参考和借鉴。

通过深入探讨关联翻译理论的实际应用和效果，可以促进不同语言之间的交流和理解，丰富翻译理论的研究内容，推动翻译领域的发展和进步。

研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的意义具有重要的理论和实践价值，值得深入探讨和研究。

毕业设计毕业论文电气工程及其自动化外文翻译中英文对照

毕业设计毕业论文电气工程及其自动化外文翻译中英文对照电气工程及其自动化外文翻译中英文对照一、引言电气工程及其自动化是一门涉及电力系统、电子技术、自动控制和信息技术等领域的综合学科。

本文将翻译一篇关于电气工程及其自动化的外文文献，并提供中英文对照。

二、文献翻译原文标题：Electric Engineering and Its Automation作者：John Smith出版日期：2020年摘要：本文介绍了电气工程及其自动化的基本概念和发展趋势。

首先，介绍了电气工程的定义和范围。

其次，探讨了电气工程在能源领域的应用，包括电力系统的设计和运行。

然后，介绍了电气工程在电子技术领域的重要性，包括电子设备的设计和制造。

最后，讨论了电气工程与自动控制和信息技术的结合，以及其在工业自动化和智能化领域的应用。

1. 介绍电气工程是一门研究电力系统和电子技术的学科，涉及发电、输电、配电和用电等方面。

电气工程的发展与电力工业的发展密切相关。

随着电力需求的增长和电子技术的进步，电气工程的重要性日益凸显。

2. 电气工程在能源领域的应用电气工程在能源领域的应用主要包括电力系统的设计和运行。

电力系统是由发电厂、输电线路、变电站和配电网络等组成的。

电气工程师负责设计和维护这些设施，以确保电力的可靠供应。

3. 电气工程在电子技术领域的重要性电气工程在电子技术领域的重要性体现在电子设备的设计和制造上。

电子设备包括电脑、手机、电视等消费电子产品，以及工业自动化设备等。

电气工程师需要掌握电子电路设计和数字信号处理等技术，以开发出高性能的电子设备。

4. 电气工程与自动控制和信息技术的结合电气工程与自动控制和信息技术的结合是电气工程及其自动化的核心内容。

自动控制技术可以应用于电力系统的运行和电子设备的控制，以提高系统的稳定性和效率。

信息技术则可以用于数据采集、处理和传输，实现对电力系统和电子设备的远程监控和管理。

5. 电气工程在工业自动化和智能化领域的应用电气工程在工业自动化和智能化领域的应用越来越广泛。

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究【摘要】本文探讨了关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用。

首先介绍了关联翻译理论的基本概念，然后分析了其在英汉翻译中的具体运用和对翻译实践的重要价值。

接着探讨了英汉翻译中常见的困难与挑战，并阐述了关联翻译理论在解决这些问题中的作用。

最后总结了关联翻译理论对英汉翻译的启示，并展望了未来研究的方向。

本文旨在深入探讨关联翻译理论在英汉翻译中的应用，并为研究者提供理论指导和实践启示。

【关键词】关联翻译理论、英汉翻译、研究背景、研究意义、运用、翻译实践、价值、困难、挑战、解决、作用、启示、未来研究、展望。

1. 引言1.1 研究背景研究背景中，需要对关联翻译理论进行深入的探讨，以及探讨其在实际翻译中的应用情况。

通过对关联翻译理论的研究，可以更好地了解翻译中的关联关系，为英汉翻译实践提供更合理的指导和方法。

对关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。

1.2 研究意义研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的意义可以帮助我们更深入地理解翻译过程中的关联关系，提高翻译质量和效率。

通过探讨关联翻译理论的运用，我们可以发现其中的规律和特点，为翻译实践提供更加科学、系统的指导。

研究关联翻译理论对于促进中西文化间的相互理解和交流也具有重要作用。

在全球化背景下，英汉翻译的需求日益增加，而关联翻译理论正是一种有效的方法和工具，可以帮助我们更好地应对翻译中的挑战和困难，促进不同语言和文化之间的交流与融合。

深入研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的意义对于提升翻译水平和推动跨文化交流具有重要的价值和意义。

2. 正文2.1 关联翻译理论概述关联翻译理论是翻译学中的重要理论之一，其核心观点是任何文本都是由一系列词语、词组和句子组成的，这些元素之间存在着各种关联关系，而翻译的目的就是要在不同语言文化系统之间进行这些关联关系的转移和再现。

关联翻译理论强调翻译是一个动态过程，不仅要考虑语言形式的转换，还要关注文本之间的内在联系和外部背景。

电气工程专业英语翻译技巧及实践

一
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这句话有３６个词，其中有定语从句、动名词、过去分词，
外语・外文
自然拼读法简介
课程教育研究
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英语学．－ｊ中的死记硬背的方式，有效的减轻了教师和学生的学＊－７负担。一 Nhomakorabea、
在自然拼读法中其基本的方法是要求学生能够掌握表示英语发音音标的字母或者组合．通过掌握单词中字母或者字母组合的发音，逐步的学习到英语拼写和读音之间的规律。英语单词的
发音都是有一定的规则，而自然拼读法正确的认识到了这些规则
用以及含义。
２．利用网络资源来丰富自然拼读法的教学。对于小学生来说，具有模仿能力强、和好奇心强的特点，但是自我控制能力比较差。教师在教学的过程中要充分的了解到学生的心理特点，在采用自然拼读法教学的过程中．要紧密的结合学生的实际，不断的丰富教学方式。在网络资源非常丰富的今天，教学内容不再仅仅的局限于传统的教材，网络上有着比较丰富的进行资源，利用单词库、英语儿歌等，教师应当充分的利用这些资源来丰富教学的过程。同时在教学方式上也要改变传统的教师示范、学生口头练习的方式，可以借助计算机资源实现人机互动。而且计算机还能够实现电脑自动纠错以及发音评估等，对学生的学＊－７效果进行准确的考核。三、结束语自然拼读法在小学英语教学中的应用．能够提高学生在学习中的兴趣和积极性，丰富课堂教学的内容，最终提高教学水平，使摆脱了传统的单词和发音学习的苦恼。学生能够正确的掌握和学习到医院知识。对于学生认识单词能力以及朗读单词的流利程度，正确的理解英语文章具有非常重要的二、自然拼读法在小学英语教学中的应用分析对于学生进一步自然拼读法在英语教学和学习中具有重要的作用．因此教师帮助。在小学阶段实施自然拼读法的英语教学，在教学中应当有意识的进行拼读法的教学。使学生在认识英语字的学习和利用英语知识具有重要的基础性意义。母和单词的同时．掌握单词拼写和语音能力。为了切实的提高自参考文献：然拼读法在英语教学中的应用效率，可以做好以下几个方面：ｆ１１齐爱军．初中英语教学中自然拼读法的应用ｍ．中国科教１．依靠字母做好拼读教学。对于英语教学来说，正确的进行创新导刊，２０１２，（９）：６１ — ６１字母识别和掌握字母的发音是具有重要的意义，也是进行自然拼『２］陈海燕．自然拼读法在小学低年段英语教学中的应用ｍ．读法教学的基础，因此在教学的过程中要知识学生对于英语字母考试周刊，２０１２，（８２）：１１０－１１１的读音以及形态的掌握。在学生掌握了字母的名称和形态之后．『３１陈名燕．初探自然拼读法在英语教学中的应用Ⅱ 】．都市家强化学生的英语基本音的学习。在英语进行中教师要正确的引导教（下半月），２０１３，（１１）：６７－６７，６８【４Ｉ徐美娟．自然拼读法在小学英语教学中的应用研究ｍ．校学生掌握和识记英语的基本音，按照按照一定的顺序．在学生掌握基本音之后进行简单的英语单词练习和拼读目。首先要建立英园英语（教研版），２０１２，（１２）：４２ — ４２．语字母和发育之间的联系。然后帮助学生正确的拼读出元音和辅

【社会实践报告】电气工程专业人员的社会实践报告

【社会实践报告】电气工程专业人员的社会实践报告英文回答：As an electrical engineering major, I was eager to apply the theoretical knowledge I had acquired in the classroom to real-world situations. I embarked on a social practice project to gain practical experience and contribute to the community.I partnered with a local power distribution company to assist with their efforts to upgrade the electrical infrastructure in a rural area. I was responsible for conducting site surveys, designing electrical systems, and supervising the installation of new transformers and power lines.Through this project, I gained hands-on experience in the design and implementation of electrical systems. I learned the importance of stakeholder engagement and theneed for collaboration with other engineers and technicians.I also developed a deep understanding of the challenges and opportunities in the field of electrical engineering.The project not only benefited the community byproviding reliable and efficient electricity access butalso enhanced my technical skills and professional growth.I realized the practical applications of my knowledge andthe impact I could have on society as an electrical engineer.中文回答：作为一名电气工程专业的学生，我渴望将课堂上学到的理论知识应用到实际场景中。

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用作者：曹帅来源：《文教资料》2017年第29期摘要：关联翻译理论作为一种巧妙融合了关联理论与翻译理论的新的理论体系，其认为，翻译过程就是一个对原语进行阐释的交际过程。

在这一理论下，英汉翻译实践可以达到最佳的翻译效果，并与原文作者思想认知语境上产生共鸣。

基于此，需要在正确认识关联翻译理论内在含义的基础上，加强其在英汉翻译实践中的应用，从而为今后不同语言间的交流提供支撑。

关键词：关联翻译理论英汉翻译实践应用一、关联翻译理论的内涵在二十世纪八十年代，（英）斯铂佰（Sperber，D.）和（英）威尔逊（Wilson，D.）共著了《关联性：交际与认知》一书，其中就交际与认知的关联理论做了详细叙述，这是人类首次站在认知学科的角度，研究与分析言语交际过程。

在这之后，关联理论在多个实际领域得到了广泛应用。

直到1991年，语言学家恩斯特·奥古斯特·格特开始尝试理论与翻译相结合，并由此提出关联翻译理论。

恩斯特·奥古斯特·格特在这一理论中提出：翻译实质上就是一个推理过程，而其推理的对象恰恰就是人类的大脑机制，并以此为基础，得出基本论点最佳关联性，这不仅是译者的根本目的，而且是翻译研究的重要标准。

身为一个译者，最基本且最重要的就是尽量通过译文还原原文作者的创作意图[1]。

二、当前关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用策略关联翻译理论明确指出，语境就是认知环境，主要指说话人所处的文化背景、知识构成及语言模式等因素。

在翻译过程中，如果原文作者与译者处在不同的认知环境内，那么整个翻译过程将更加复杂。

在这里，译者不仅承担着为译文读者服务的基本职责，更重要的是从原文字里行间洞悉作者的明示与暗示，只有这样，才可以真正帮助译文读者快速而准确地获取原文作者想要表达的思想与意图，以实现语境的最佳关联[2]。

对此，翻译者首先要对原文有比较透彻的理解，并由此推理出原文作者的交际意图，之后寻找最佳关联点，进而将原文准确翻译成汉语。

关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用探讨

45语言研究关联翻译理论在英汉翻译实践中的应用探讨文亚军首都师范大学摘要：无论是科技还是经济的影响，均使得国际上的交流变得十分频繁，而英文是促进这种交流的重要语言，所以对于英文的正确翻译显得十分重要。

在英汉翻译中，正确地利用关联翻译理论，将会促进读者与作者之间的语境认识的一致性，从而使得翻译的质量得到更好的保障。

关键词：英汉翻译；关联翻译；语境；意图随着经济全球化不断深入以及现代科技技术的不断发展，国际间的交流变得十分频繁，英语在国际间的交流中的重要作用变得非常显著。

在学习外国文化的过程中，正确的翻译是学习和了解文化内涵的重要方法。

Sperber.＆.Wilson 两位学者在1986年合作出版的《关联性：.交际与认知》一书中首次提出了关联理论，这个理论在.Grice 提出的会话含义理论基础上得到了进一步的发展，形成关联性[1]。

关联理论在很多领域均得到了应用，其在翻译中的应用十分广泛，为国际间的交流提供了一种新的理解方式，并作出了巨大贡献。

1 关联理论的含义在我们的日常交流中，一般至少包含两个对象，一个是倾听者，一个是诉说者，倾听者根据诉说者的语言明示来了解诉说者所要表达的意思或者想法。

在沟通过程中，倾听者可以通过两种途径来清楚地指导诉说者的意图，一种是诉说者将意图通过语言清楚地表达出来，倾听者不用过多的思考便能会意；一种是诉说者在诉说的过程中，倾听者通过推理诉说者的语境、语义以及其相关经历来了解话语中的意思[2]。

无论是哪一种途径，语言的交流总是需要一些关联性的事务来加强理解。

在理解语言含义的过程中，其关联性可以分为最大关联与最佳关联。

最佳关联需要倾听者付出较大的努力，从而对表达者的意思能够最有效地理解，获得最佳的语境；而最大关联只需要倾听者付出较小的努力便可以理解诉说者的语义，从而获得最大的语境效果。

在英汉翻译中，翻译者只有获得最大或最佳的关联效果，才能获得最有效的语境，从而保证两种不同语言所表达的意思相吻合。

电气工程方面的英汉论文

Electric Devices and SystemsAlthough transformers have no moving parts , they are essential to electromechanical energy conversion . They make it possible to increase or decrease the voltage lever that results in low costs ,and can be distributed and used safely . In addition , they can provide matching of impedances , and regulate the flow of power in a network.When we see a transformer on a utility pole all we is a cylinder with a few wires sticking out. These wires enter the transformer through bushings that provide isolation between the wires and the tank. Inside the tank these is an iron core linking coils, most probably made with copper, and insulated. The system of insulation is also associated with that of cooling the core/coil assembly. Often the insulation is paper, and the whole assembly may be immersed in insulating oil, used to both increase the dielectric strength of the paper and to transfer beat from the core-coil assembly to the outer walls of the tank to air. Figure shows the cutout of a typical distribution transformer. Few ideal versions of human constructions exist, and the transformer offers no exception. An ideal transformer is based on very simple concepts, and a large number of assumptions. This is the transformer one learns about in high school.Let us take an iron core with infinite permeability and two coils wound around it, one with N1 and the other with N2 turns, as shown in figure. Allthe magnetic flux is to remain in the iron. We assign sots at one terminal of each coil in the following fashion: if the flux in the core changes, inducing a voltage in the coils, and the dotted terminal of one coil is positive with respect its other terminal, so is the dotted terminal of the other coil. Or, the corollary to this, current into dotted terminals produces flux in the same direction,Assume that somehow a time varying flux is established in the iron. Then the flux linkages in each coil will be. Voltages will be induced in these two coil.On the other hand, currents flowing in the coils are related to the field intensity H. if currents flowing in the direction shown, i1 into the dotted terminal of coil 1, and i2 out of the dotted terminal of coil 2. we recognize that this is practically impossible, but so is the existence of an ideal transformer.Equations describe this ideal transformer, a two port network. The symbol of a network that is defined by these two equations is in the figure. An ideal transformer has an interesting characteristic. A two-port network that contains it and impedances can be replaced by an equivalent other, as discussed below. Consider the circuit in figure. Seen as a two port network. Generally a circuit on a side 1 can be transferred to side 2 by multiplying its component impedances , the voltage sources and the current sources,while keeping the topology the same. To develop the equivalent for a transformer we’ll gradually relax the assumptions that we had first imposed. First we’ll relax the assumption that the permeability of the iron is infinite. In that case equation does not revert to, but rather it becomes where is the reluctance of the path around the core of the transformer and the flux on this path. To preserve the ideal transformer equations as part of our new transformer, we can split i1 to two components: one i1, will satisfy the ideal transformer equation, and the other, i1 will just balance the right hand side. The figure shows this. We can replace the current source, i1 , with something simpler if we remember that the rate of change of flux is related to the induced voltage.Since the current i1 flows through something , where the voltage across it Is proportional to its derivative, we can consider that this something could be an inductance. This idea gives rise tothe equivalent circuit in figure,. Let us now relax the assumption that all the flux has to remain in the iron as shown in figure. Let us call the flux in the iron, magnetizing flux, the flux that leaks out of the core and links only coil 1. since links only coil 1, then it should be related only to the current there, and the same should be true for the second leakage flux.Again for a given frequency, the power losses in the core increase with the voltage. These losses cannot be allowed to exceed limit, beyond which thetemperature of the hottest spot in the transformer will rise above the point that will decrease dramatically the life of the insulation. Limits therefore are put to E1 and E2, and these limits are the voltage limits of the transformer. Similarly, winding Joule losses have to be limited, resulting in limits to the currents I1 and I2. Typically a transformer is described by its rated voltages, that give both the limits and turns radio. The ratio of the rated currents is the inverse of the ratio of the voltages if we neglect the magnetizing current. Instead of the transformer rated currents, a transformer is described by its rated apparent power.Under rated conditions, maximum current and voltage, in typical transformers the magnetizing current, does not exceed 1% of the current in the transformer. Its effect therefore in the voltage drop on the leakage inductance and winding resistance is negligible.Under maximum current, total voltage drops on the winding resistances and leakage inductances do not exceed in typical transformer 6% of the rated voltage. The effect therefore of the winding current on the voltages E1 and E2 is small, and their effect on the magnetizing current can be neglected.These considerations allow us to modify the equivalent circuit in figure, to obtain the slightly inaccurate but much more useful equivalent circuits in figures.Adjustable Speed DrivesBy definition, adjustable speed drives of any type provide a means of variably changing speed to better match operating requirements. Such drives are available in mechanical, fluid and electrical typed.The most common mechanical versions use combinations of belts and sheaves, or chains and sprockets, to adjust speed in set, selectable ratios-2:1,4:1,8:1 and so forth. Traction drives, a more sophisticated mechanical control scheme, allow incremental speed adjustments. Here, output speed is varied by changing the contact points between metallic disks, or between balls and cones. Adjustable speed fluid drives provide smooth, stepless adjustable speed control. There are three major types. Hydrostatic drives use electric motors or internal combustion engines as prime movers in combination with hydraulic pumps, which in turn drive hydraulic motors. Hydrokinetic and hydroviscous drives directly couple input and output shafts. Hydrokinetic versions adjust speed by varying the amount of fluid in a vortex that serves as the input-to-output coupler. Hydroviscous drives, also called oil shear drives, adjust speed by controlling oil-film thickness, and therefore slippage, between rotating metallic disk. An eddy current drive, while technically an electrical drive, nevertheless functions much like a hydrokinetic or hydrovidcous fluid drive in that it serves as a coupler between a prime mover and driven load. In an eddycurrent drive, the coupling consists of a primary magnetic field and secondary fields created by induced eddy currents. They amount of magnetic slippage allowed among the fields controls the driving speed.In most industrial applications, mechanical, fluid or eddy current drives are paired with constant-speed electric motors. On the other hand, solid state electrical drives, create adjustable speed motors, allowing speeds from zero RPM to beyond the motor’s base speed. Controlling the speed of the motor has several benefits, including increased energy efficiency by eliminating energy losses in mechanical speed changing devices. In addition, by reducing, or often eliminating, the need for wear-prone mechanical components, electrical drives foster increased overall system reliability, as well as lower maintenance costs. For these and other reasons, electrical drives are the fastest growing type of adjustable speed drive..There are two basic drive types related to the type of motor controlled-dc and AC. A DC direct current drive controls the speed of a DC motor by varying the armature voltage (and sometimes also the field voltage ). An alternating current drive controls the speed of an AC motor by varying the frequency and voltage supplied to the motor.Direct current drives are easy to apply and technologically straightforward, They work by rectifying AC voltage from the power line to DC voltage, then feeding adjustable voltage to a DC motor. With permanent magnet DCmotors, only the armature voltage is controlled. The more voltage supplied, the faster the armature turns. With wound-field motors, voltage must be supplied to both the armature and the field. In industry, the following three types of DC drives are most common, as shown in the figure.Drives: these are named for the silicon controlled rectifiers (also called thyristors ) used to convert AC to controlled voltage DC. Inexpensive and easy to use, these drives come in a variety of enclosures, and in unidirectional or reversing styles.Regenerative SCR Drives: Also called four quadrant drives, these allow the DC motor to provide both motoring and braking torque, Power coming back from the motor during braking is regenerated back to the power line and not lost.Pulse Width Modulated DC Drives: Abbreviated PWM and also called, generically, transistorized DC drives, these provide smoother speed control with higher efficiency and less motor heating, Unlike SCR drives, PWM types have three elements. The first converts AC to DC, the second filters and regulates the fixed DC voltage, and the third controls average voltage by creating a stream of variable width DC pulses. The filtering section and higher level of control modulation account for the PWM drive’s improved performance compared with a common SCR drive.AC drive operation begins in much the same fashion as a DC drive. Alternating line voltage is first rectified to produce DC. But because an AC motor is used, this DC voltage must be changed back, of inverted, to an adjustable-frequency alternating voltage. The drive’s inv erter section accomplishes this, In years past, this was accomplished using SCR. However, modern AC drives use a series of transistors to invert DC to adjustable-Frequency AC. An example is shown in figure.This synthesized alternating current is then fed to the AC motor at the frequency and voltage required to produce the desired motor speed. For example, a 60 Hz synthesized frequency, the same as standard line frequency in the United states, produces 100% of rated motor speed. A lower frequency produces a lower speed, and a higher frequency a higher speed. In this way, an AC drive can produce motor speeds from, approximately,15 to200% of a motor’s normally rated RPM-- by delivering frequencies of 9 HZ to 120 Hz, respectively.Today, AC drives are becoming the systems of choice in many industries,. Their use ofsimple and rugged three-phase induction motor means that AC drive systems are the most reliable and least maintenance prone of all. Plus, microprocessor advancements have enabled the creation of so-called vector drives, which provide greatly enhance response, operation down to zero speed and positioning accuracy. Vector drives, especially whencombined with feedback devices such as tachometers, encoders and resolvers in a closed-loop system, are continuing to replace DC drives in demanding applications. An Example is shown in the figure.By far the most popular AC drive today is the pulse width modulated type. Though originally developed for smaller-horsepower applications, PWM is now used in drives of hundreds or even thousands of horsepower—as well as remaining the staple technology in the vast majority of small integral and fractional horsepower ―micro‖ and ―sub-micro‖ AC drives, as shown in the figure. Pulse width modulated refers to the inverter’s ab ility to vary the output voltage to the motor by altering the width and polarity of voltage pulses, The voltage and frequency are synthesized using this stream of voltage pulses. This is accomplished through microprocessor commands to a series of power semiconductors that serve as on-off switches. Today, these switches are usually IGBTs, of isolated gate bipolar transistor. A big advantage to these devices is their fast switching speed resulting in higher pulse of carrier frequency, which minimizes motor noise.Power semiconductor devicesThe modern age of power electronics began with the introduction of thyristors in the late 1950s. Now there are several types of power devices available for high-power and high-frequency applications. The most notable power devices are gate turn-off thyristor, power darlington transistors,power mosfets, and insulated-gate bipolar transistors. Power semiconductor devices are the most important functional elements in all power conversion applications. The power devices are mainly used as switches to convert power from one form to another. They are used in motor control systems, uninterrupted power supplies, high-voltage dc transmission, power supplies, induction heating, and in many other power conversion applications. A review of the basic characteristics of these power devices is presented in this section.The thyristor, also called a silicon-controlled rectifier, is basically a four-layer three-junction pn device. It has three terminals: anode, cathode, and gate. The device is turned on by applying a short pulse across the gate and cathode. Once the device turns on, the gate loses its control to turn off the device. The turn-off is achieved by applying a reverse voltage across the anode and cathode. The thyristors symbol and its volt-ampere characteristics are shown in the figure. There are basically two classifications of thyristors: converter grade and inverter grade. The difference between a converter-grade and an inverter-grade thyristor is the low turn –off time (on the order of a few microseconds) for the latter. The converter-grade thyristors are slow type and are used in natural commutation (or phase-controlled) applications. Inverter-grade thyristors are used in forced commutation applications such as dc-dc choppers and dc-ac inverters. The inverter-grade thyristors are turned off by forcing thecurrent to zero using an external commutation circuit. This requires additional commutating components, thus resulting in additional losses in the inverter. Thyristors are highly rugged devices in terms of transient currents, di / dt, and dv/dt capability. The forward voltage drop in thyristors is about 1.5 to 2 V, and even at higher currents of the order of 100 A, it seldom exceeds 3 V. While the forward voltage determines the on-state power loss of the device at any given current, the switching power loss becomes a dominating factor affecting the device junction temperature at high operating frequencies. Because of this, themaximum switching frequencies possible using thyristors are limited in comparison with other power devices considered in this section.Thyristors have withstand capability and can be protected by fuses. The nonrepetitive surge current capability for thyristors is about 10 times their rated root mean square current. They must be protected by snubber networks for dv/dt and di/dt effects. If the specified dv/dt is exceeded, thyristors may start conducting without applying a gate pulse. In dc-to-ac conversion applications it is necessary to use an antiparalled diode of similar rating across each main thyristor. Thyristors are available up to 6000 V, 3500 A.Power mosfets are marketed by different manufacturers with differences in internal geometry and with different names such as megamos, hexfet,sipmos, and tmos. They have unique features that make them potentially attractive for switching applications. They are essentially voltage-driven rather than current-driven devices, unlike bipolar transistors.The gate of a mosfet is isolated electrically from the source by a layer of silicon oxide. The gate draws only a minute leakage current of the order of nanoamperes. Hence the gate drive circuit is simple and power loss in the gate control circuit is practically negligible. Although in steady state the gate draws virtually no current, this is not so under transient conditions. The gate-to-source and gate-to-drain capacitances have to be charged and discharged appropriately to obtain the desired switching speed, and the drive circuit must have a sufficiently to output impedance to supply the required charging and discharging currents. The circuit symbol of a power mosfet is shown in the figure.Power mosfets are majority carrier devices, and there is no minority carrier storage time. Hence they have exceptionally fast rise and fall times. They are essentially resistive devices when turned on, while bipolar transistors present a more or less constant over the normal operating range. Power dissipation in mosfets is I, and in bipolar it is Ic, and in bipolar it is Id. At low currents, therefore, a power mosfet may have a lower conduction loss than a comparable bipolar device, but at higher currents, the conduction loss will exceed that of bipolar. Also, the R increases with temperature.An important feature of a power mosfet is the absence of a secondary breakdown effect, which is present in a bipolar transistor, and as a result, it has an extremely rugged switching performance. In mosfets, R increases with temperature, and thus the current is automatically diverted away from the hot spot. The drain body junction appears as an antiparalled diode between source and drain. Thus power mosfet will not support voltage in the reverse direction. Although this in verse diode is relatively fast, it is slow by comparison with the mosfet. Recent devices have the didde recovery time as low as 100 ns. Since mosfet cannot be protected by fuses, an electronic protection technique has to be used.With the advancement in MOS technology, ruggedized MOSF are replacing the conventional MOSEFs. The need to ruggedize power MOSFETs is related to device reliability. If a MOSFET is operating within its specification range at all times, its chances for failing catastrophically are minimal. However, if its absolute maximum rating is exceeded, failure probability increases dramatically. Under actual operating conditions, a MOSFET may be subjected to transients—either externally from the power bus supplying the circuit or from the circuit itself due, for example, to inductive kicks going beyond the absolute maximum ratings. Such conditions are likely in almost every application, and in most cases are beyond a designer’s control. Rugged devices are made to be more tolerant for over-voltage transients. Ruggedness is the ability of aMOSFET to operate in an environment ofdynamic electrical stresses, without activating any of the parasitic bipolar junction transistors. The rugged device can withstand higher levels of diode recovery dv/dt and static dv/dt.译文：变压器尽管变压器没有旋转的不见，但是它在本质上还是属于几点能量交换设备。

电气英语实习报告

一、实习目的为了提升我的英语实际应用能力，加深对电气行业英语知识的了解，提高跨文化沟通技巧，我在20xx年7月至20xx年9月期间，在一家知名电气设备制造公司进行了为期两个月的英语实习。

此次实习旨在将所学的电气专业知识与英语语言技能相结合，为今后的职业生涯奠定基础。

二、实习单位及部门实习单位：XX电气设备制造有限公司实习部门：研发部三、实习内容1. 参与项目会议在实习期间，我积极参与了研发部的项目会议。

会议中，我负责记录会议内容，包括项目进度、技术难题、团队分工等。

通过参与会议，我熟悉了电气行业的英语术语，并锻炼了听力与口语表达能力。

2. 阅读技术文档为了深入了解项目，我阅读了大量技术文档，包括产品说明书、技术手册、电路图等。

在阅读过程中，我学会了如何快速查找关键词，提高阅读效率。

同时，我也了解了电气设备的英文表达方式。

3. 与外籍同事沟通在实习期间，我有机会与外籍同事进行交流。

通过沟通，我掌握了如何用英语表达技术问题，以及如何用英语进行商务谈判。

此外，我还学会了如何尊重文化差异，提高跨文化沟通能力。

4. 参与研发工作在研发部，我参与了部分研发工作。

在导师的指导下，我学会了如何使用电气仿真软件，并对电路进行优化设计。

在完成设计任务的同时，我提高了自己的英语写作能力。

四、实习收获1. 提升了英语实际应用能力：通过参与项目会议、阅读技术文档、与外籍同事沟通等，我熟练掌握了电气行业英语术语，提高了英语口语和写作能力。

2. 深入了解电气行业：在实习期间，我对电气行业有了更深入的了解，为今后的职业生涯奠定了基础。

3. 增强了跨文化沟通能力：通过与外籍同事的交流，我学会了如何尊重文化差异，提高跨文化沟通技巧。

4. 提高了团队协作能力：在实习过程中，我学会了如何与团队成员有效沟通，共同完成项目任务。

五、实习体会通过此次电气英语实习，我深刻认识到英语在实际工作中的应用价值。

在今后的学习和工作中，我将继续努力提高自己的英语水平，为我国电气行业的发展贡献自己的力量。

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关联理论视角下的电气工程文本英汉翻译实践报告在当前社会全球化和信息化的大背景下,国际社会在科学技术领域的联系愈加紧密,科技翻译的重要性不言而喻。

电气工程及其自动化作为科技领域的一大分支,其应用涉及到当前工业体系中的各个阶段,因此翻译国外电气工程及其自动化领域优秀的研究成果对于中国相关领域的发展来说意义重大,同时也能够促进国内外科学技术的交流。

本文所选的源语文本来自于加州大学伯克利分校的博士Artin所著的"Stirling Engines for Low-Temperature
Solar-Thermal-Electric Power Generation"一文。

所选源语文本在词汇方面大量使用专业术语和缩略语;在句子方面有着数量众多的复杂长句和被动句;在语篇方面运用大量代词和连接词以保持文本的衔接与连贯。

本文从词汇、句子和语篇三个层面,探讨了关联理论在科技文本翻译过程中的应用。

将关联理论应用到源语文本的翻译时,译者要首先推断出原文作者的意图,其次要充分考虑读者的认知语境,继而灵活采用拆分和整合,增补与省略,主动变被动,词性转换等多种翻译方法,力求将具备最佳关联的译文传达给读者。

通过分析研究,本文发现关联理论对科技英语的翻译具有很强的指导性。

科技英语属于信息型文本,且内容之间有很强的逻辑性;在关联理论的视角下,翻译是一个双重明示--推理的过程,译者通过对原文作者写作意图的准确把握,以及对译文读者认知语境和阅读目的的理解,利用自身知识储备,找出能够将双方交际效果最佳化的译文。

因此在翻译过程中,应综合使用多种翻译方法,以达到增强语境效果,减少读者推理努力
的目的,最终实现译文与原文在词汇、句子及语篇三个层面的最佳关联,提升译本的准确性和可读性。