中英文对照词汇
专业词汇中英文对照
体外受精 In vitro fertilization
(IVF)
器官移植术 Organs’ transplanting
第十一讲
汉语
英语
安乐死 eue
汉语 卫生改革 市场经济 竞争 价值观念
第一讲
汉语
英语
• 道德
morals,morality
• 伦理学
ethics
• 道德哲学 moral philosophy
• 医学伦理学 medical ethics
• 生命伦理学 bioethics
• 职业道德 professional ethics
• 医学道德 medical morality
第二讲
知情同意 Informed consent
第九讲
汉语 英语
计划生育 Birth control; Family planning
优生学 Eugenics
生命的价 The value and 值和神圣 dignity of life
第十讲
汉语
英语
人工受精 Artificial insemination(AI)
第七讲
汉语
英语
预防医学 Preventive medicine
妇幼保健 Maternal and chil hygiene,
mother and child core 环境保护 Environmental
protection
第八讲
汉语
英语
医学科研 Medical research
人体实验 Experiments involving human subjects
金融学专业词汇(中英文对照)
金融学专业词汇（中英文对照）目录1. 货币与货币制度 (3)2. 国际货币体系与汇率制度 (4)3. 信用、利息与信用形成 (5)4. 金融范畴的形成与发展 (7)5. 金融中介体系 (7)6. 存款货币银行 (9)7. 中央银行 (10)8. 金融市场 (10)9. 资本市场 (13)10. 金融体系结构 (14)11. 金融基础设施 (14)12. 利率的决定作用 (15)13. 货币需求 (16)14. 现代货币的创造机制 (17)15. 货币供给 (17)16. 货币均衡 (18)17. 开放经济的均衡 (18)18. 通货膨胀和通货紧缩 (19)19. 货币政策 (20)20. 货币政策与财政政策的配合 (21)21. 开放条件下的政策搭配与协调 (22)22. 利率的风险结构与期限结构 (22)23. 资产组合与资产定价 (23)24. 商业银行业务与管理 (25)25. 货币经济与实际经济 (26)26. 金融发展与经济增长 (26)27. 金融脆弱性与金融危机 (27)28. 金融监管 (27)1.货币与货币制度货币:(currency)外汇:(foreign exchange)铸币:(coin)银行券:(banknote)纸币:(paper currency)存款货币:(deposit money)价值尺度:(measure of values)货币单位:(currency unit)货币购买力:(purchasing power of money)购买力平价:(purchasing power parity,PPP)流通手段:(means of circulation)购买手段:(means of purchasing)交易的媒介:(media of exchange)支付手段:(means of payment)货币需求:(demand for money)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)保存价值:(store of value)汇率:(exchange rate)一般等价物:(universal equivalent)流动性:(liquidity)通货:(currency)准货币:(quasi money)货币制度:(monetary system)本位制:(standard)金本位:(gold standard)造币:(coinage)铸币税:(seigniorage)本位币:(standard money)辅币:(fractional money)货币法偿能力:(legal tender powers)复本位制:(bimetallic standard)金汇兑本位:(gold exchange standard)金平价:(gold parity)金块本位制:(gold bullion standard)2.国际货币体系与汇率制度浮动汇率制:(floating exchange rate regime)货币局制度:(currency board arrangement)联系汇率制度:(linked exchange rate system)美元化:(dollarization)最优通货区理论:(theory of optimum currency area)货币消亡:(money disappearance)外汇:(foreign currency)外汇管理:(exchange regulation)外汇管制:(exchange control)可兑换:(convertibility)不可兑换:(inconvertibility)经常项目:(current account)资本项目:(capital account)汇率:(exchange rate)牌价:(posted price)直接标价法:(direct quotation)间接标价法:(indirect quotation)单一汇率:(unitary exchange rate)多重汇率:(multiple exchange rate)市场汇率:(market exchange rate)官方汇率:(official exchange rate)黑市:(black market)固定汇率:(fixed exchange rate)浮动汇率:(floating exchange rate)管理浮动:(managed float)盯住汇率制度:(pegged exchange rate regime)固定钉住:(fixed peg)在水平带内的盯住:(pegged within horizontal bands)爬行钉住:(crawling peg)外汇指定银行:(designated foreign exchange bank)货币的对外价值:(external value of exchange)货币的对内价值:(internal value of exchange)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)实际汇率:(real exchange rate)铸币平价:(mint parity)金平价:(gold parity)黄金输送点:(gold transport point)国际借贷说:(theory of international indebtedness)流动债权:(current claim)流动负债:(current liablity)国际收支说:(theory of balance payment)汇兑心理说:(psychology theory of exchange rate)货币分析说:(monetary approach)金融资产说:(portfolio theory of exchange rate determination)利率平价理论:(theory of interest rate parity)外汇风险:(exchange risk)中国的外汇调剂:(foreign exchange swap)3.信用、利息与信用形成信用:(credit)利息:(interest)收益:(yield)资本化:(capitalization of interest)高利贷:(usury)利率:(interest rate)债权:(claim)债务:(debt obligation)借入:(borrowing)贷出:(lending)盈余:(surplus)赤字:(deficit)跨时预算约束:(intertemporal budget constraint)资金流量:(flow of funds)部门:(sector)借贷资本:(loan capital)实体:(real)商业信用:(commercial credit)银行信用:(bank credit)本票:(promissory note)汇票:(bill of exchange)商业本票:(commercial paper)商业汇票:(commercial bill)承兑:(acceptance)背书:(endorsement)直接融资:(direct finance)间接融资:(indirect finance)短期国库卷:(treasury bill)中期国库卷:(treasury note)长期国库卷:(treasury bond)国债:(national debt)公债:(public debt)资本输出:(export of capital)国际资本流动:(international capital flow)国外商业性借贷:(foreign direct investment,FDI)国际游资:(hot money)4.金融范畴的形成与发展财政:(public finance)公司理财:(corporate finance)投资:(investment)保险:(insurance)财产保险:(property insurance)人身保险:(mutual life insurance)相互人寿保险:(mutual life insurance)信托:(trust)租赁:(leasing)5.金融中介体系金融中介:(financial intermediary)金融机构:(financial institution)借者:(borrower)贷者:(lender)货币中介:(monetary intermediation)权益资本:(equity capital)中央银行:(central bank)货币当局:(monetary authority)存款货币银行:(deposit money bank)商业银行:(commercial bank)投资银行:(investment bank)商人银行:(merchant bank)财务公司:(financial companies)储蓄银行:(saving bank)抵押银行:(mortgage bank)信用合作社:(credit cooperative)保险业:(insurance industry)跨国银行:(multinational bank)代表处:(representative office)经理处:(agency)分行:(branch)子银行:(subsidiary)联营银行:(affiliate)国际财团银行:(consortium bank)中国人民银行:(People’s Bank of China)政策性银行:(policy banks)国有商业银行:(state-owned commercial banks)资产管理公司:(assets management company)证券公司:(securities company)券商:(securities dealer)农村信用合作社:(rural credit cooperatives)城市信用合作社:(urban credit cooperatives)信托投资公司:(trust and investment companies)信托:(trust)金融租赁:(financial leasing)邮政储蓄:(postal savings)财产保险:(property insurance)商业保险:(commercial insurance)社会保险:(social insurance)保险深度:(insurance intensity)保险密度:(insurance density)投资基金:(investment funds)证券投资基金:(security funds)封闭式基金:(closed-end investment funds)开放式基金:(open-end investment funds)私募基金:(private placement)风险投资基金:(venture funds)特别提款权:(special drawing right,SDR)国有化:(nationalization)6.存款货币银行货币兑换商:(money dealer)银行业:(banking)贴现率:(discount rate)职能分工型商业银行:(functional division commercial bank)全能型商业银行:(multi-function commercial bank)综合性商业银行:(comprehensive commercial bank)单元银行制度:(unit banking system)总分行制度:(branch banking system)代理行制度:(correspondent banking system)银行控股公司制度:(share holding banking system)连锁银行制度:(chains banking system)金融创新:(financial innovation)自动转账制度:(automatic transfer services,ATS)可转让支付命令账户:(negotiable order of withdrawal account,NOW)货币市场互助基金:(money market mutual fund,MMMF)货币市场存款账户:(money market deposit account,MMDA)不良债权:(bad claim)坏账:(bad loan)不良贷款:(non-performing loans,NPL)存款保险制度:(deposit insurance system)金融资本:(financial capital)7.中央银行中央银行:(central bank)一元式中央银行制度:(unit central bank system)二元式中央银行制度:(dual central bank system)复合中央银行制度:(compound central bank system)跨国中央银行制度:(multinational central bank system)发行的银行:(bank of issue)银行的银行:(bank of bank)最后贷款人:(lender of last resort)再贴现:(rediscount)在抵押:(recollateralize)国家的银行:(the state bank)8.金融市场金融市场:(financial market)证券化:(securitization)金融资产:(financial assets)金融工具:(financial instruments)金融产品:(financial products)衍生金融产品:(derivative financial products)原生金融产品:(underlying financial products)流动性:(liquidity)变现:(encashment)买卖差价:(bid-ask spread)做市商:(market marker)到期日:(due date)信用风险:(credit risk)市场风险:(market risk)名义收益率:(nominal yield)现时收益率:(current yield)平均收益率:(average yield)内在价值:(intrinsic value)直接融资:(direct finance)间接融资:(indirect finance)货币市场:(money market)资本市场:(capital market)现货市场:(spot market)期货市场:(futures market)机构投资人:(institutional investor)资信度:(credit standing)融通票据:(financial paper)银行承兑票据:(bank acceptance)贴现:(discount)大额存单:(certificates of desposit,CDs)回购:(counterpurchase)回购协议:(repurchase agreement)隔夜:(overnight)银行同业间拆借市场:(interbank market)合约:(contract)远期:(forward)期货:(futures)期权:(options)看涨期权:(call option)看跌期权:(put option)期权费:(option premium)互换:(swap)投资基金:(investment funds)契约型基金:(contractual type investment fund)单位型基金:(unit funds)基金型基金:(funding funds)公司型基金:(corporate type investment fund)投资管理公司:(investment management company)共同基金:(mutual fund)对冲基金:(hedge fund)风投基金:(venture fund)权益投资:(equity investment)收益基金:(income funds)增长基金:(growth funds)长期增长基金:(long-term growth funds)高增长基金:(go-go groeth funds)货币市场基金:(money market funds)养老基金:(pension fund)外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)风险资本:(venture capital)权益资本:(equity capital)私人权益资本市场:(private equity market)有限合伙制:(limited partnership)交易发起:(deal origination)筛选投资机会:(screening)评价:(evaluation)交易设计:(deal structure)投资后管理:(post-investment activities)创业板市场:(growth enterprise market,GEM)二板市场:(secondary board market)金融创新:(financial innovation)金融自由化:(financial liberalization)全球化:(globalization)离岸金融市场:(off-shore financial center)9.资本市场权益:(equity)剩余索取权:(residual claims)证券交易所:(stock exchange)交割:(delivery)过户:(transfer ownership)场外交易市场:(over the counter,OTC)金融债券:(financial bond)抵押债券:(mortgage bond)担保信托债券:(collateral trust bonds)信用债券:(trust bonds)次等信用债券:(subordinated debenture)担保债券:(guaranteed bonds)初级市场:(primary market)二级市场:(secondary market)公募:(public offering)私募:(private offering)有价证券:(security)面值:(face value)市值:(market value)股票价格指数:(share price index)有效市场假说:(effective market hypothesis)弱有效市场:(weak efficient market)中度有效市场:(semi-efficient market)强有效市场:(strong efficient market)股份公司:(stock certificate)股票:(stock certificate)股东:(stock holder)所有权:(ownership)经营权:(right of management)10.金融体系结构功能主义金融观:(perspective of financial function)金融体系格局:(pattern of financial system)激励:(incentive)公司治理:(corporate governance)路径依赖:(path dependency)市场主导型:(market-oriented type)银行主导型:(banking-oriented type)参与成本:(participative cost)影子银行体系:(the shadow banking system)11.金融基础设施金融基础设施:(financial infrastructures)支付清算系统:(payment and clearing system)跨境支付系统:(cross-border inter-bank payment system,CIPS)全额实时结算:(real time gross system)净额批量清算:(bulk transfer net system)大额资金转账系统:(whole sale funds transfer system)小额定时结算系统:(fixed time retail system)票据交换所:(clearing house)金融市场基础设施:(financial market infrastructures)中央交易对手:(central counterparties,CCPs)双边清算体系:(bilateral clearing system)系统重要性支付体系核心原则:(the core principles for systemically important payment system)证券清算体系建议:(the recommendations for central counterparties)中央交易对手建议:(the recommendations for central counterparties)金融业标准:(financial standards)盯市:(mark-to-market)公允价值:(fair value)金融部门评估规划:(financial sector assessment program)12.利率的决定作用可贷资金论:(loanable funds theory of interest)储蓄的利率弹性:(interest elasticity of saving)投资的利率弹性:(interest elasticity of investment)本金:(principal)回报率:(returns)基准利率:(benchmark interest rate)无风险利率:(risk-free interest rate)补偿:(compensation)风险溢价:(risk premium)实际利率:(real interest rate)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)固定利率:(fixed interest rate)浮动利率:(floating rate)官定利率:(official interest rate)行业利率:(trade-regulated rate)一般利率:(general interest rate)优惠利率:(preferential interest rate)贴息贷款:(loan of interest subsidy)年利率:(annual interest rate)月利率:(monthly interest rate)日利率:(daily interest rate)拆息:(call money interest)13.货币需求货币需求:(demand for money)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)货币必要量:(volume of money needed)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)交易方程式:(equation of exchange)剑桥方程式:(equation of Cambridge)现金交易说:(cash transaction approach)现金余额说:(cash balance theory)货币需求动机:(motive of the demand for money)交易动机:(transaction motive)预防动机:(precautionary motive)投机动机:(speculative motive)流动性偏好:(liquidity preference)流动性陷阱:(liquidity trap)平方根法则:(square-root rule)货币主义:(monetarism)恒久性收入:(permanent income)机会成本变量:(opportunity cost variable)名义货币需求:(nominal demand for money)实际货币需求:(real demand for money)客户保证金:(customer’s security marign)金融资产选择:(portfolio selection)14.现代货币的创造机制纯流通费用:(pure circulation cost)原始存款:(primary deposit)派生存款:(derivative deposit)派生乘数:(withdrawal multiplier)现金损露:(loss of cashes)提现率:(withdrawal rate)创造乘数:(creation multiplier)现金:(currency)基础货币:(base money)高能货币:(high-power money)货币乘数:(money multiplier)铸币收入:(seigniorage revenue)15.货币供给货币供给:(money supply)准货币:(quasi money)名义货币供给:(nominal money supply)实际货币供给:(real money supply)股民保证金:(shareholder’s security margin)货币存量:(money stock)公开市场操作:(open-market operation)贴现政策:(discount policy)再贴现率:(rediscount rate)法定准备金率:(legal reserve ratio)财富效应:(wealth effect)预期报酬率变动效应:(effect of expected yields change)现金持有量:(currency holdings)超额准备金:(excess reserves)外生变量:(exogenous variable)内生变量:(endogenous variable)16.货币均衡均衡:(equilibrium)投资饥渴:(huger for investment)软预算约束:(soft budget constraint)总需求:(aggregate demand)总供给:(aggregate supply)面纱论:(money veil theory)流:(flow)余额:(stock)17.开放经济的均衡国际收支:(balance of payments)居民:(resident)非居民:(nonresident)国际收支平衡表:(statement for balance of payments)经常项目:(current account)资本和金融项目:(capital and financial account)储备资产:(reserve assets)净误差与遗漏:(net errors and missions)自主性交易:(autonomous transaction)调节性交易:(accommodating transaction)偿债率:(debt service ratio)顺差:(surplus)逆差:(deficit)最后清偿率:(last liquidation ratio)资本流动:(capital movements)项目融资:(project finance)外债:(external debt)资本外逃:(capital flight)冲销性操作:(sterilized operation)非冲销性操作:(unsterilized operation)债务率:(debt ratio)负债率:(liability ratio)差额:(balance)18.通货膨胀和通货紧缩通货膨胀:(inflation)恶性通货膨胀:(rampant inflation)爬行通货膨胀:(creeping inflation)温和通货膨胀:(moderate inflation)公开性通货膨胀:(open inflation)显性通货膨胀:(evident inflation)隐蔽性通货膨胀:(hidden inflation)输入型通货膨胀:(import of inflation)结构性通货膨胀:(structural inflation)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)居民消费物价指数:(CPI)零售物价指数:(RPI)批发物价指数:(WPI)冲减指数:(deflator)需求拉上型通货膨胀:(demand-pull inflation)成本推动型通货膨胀:(cost-push inflation)工资-价格螺旋上升:(wage-price spiral)强制储蓄:(forced saving)收入分配效应:(distributional effect of income)财富分配效应:(distributional effect of wealth)滞胀:(stagflation)工资膨胀率:(wage inflation)紧缩性货币政策:(tight monetary policy)紧缩银根:(tight money)紧缩信贷:(tight squeeze)指数化:(indexation)通货紧缩:(deflation)19.货币政策货币政策:(monetary policy)金融政策:(financial policy)货币政策目标:(goal of monetary policy)通货膨胀目标制:(inflation targeting)逆风向原则:(principle of leaning against the wind)反周期货币政策:(counter cycle monetary policy)相机抉择:(discretionary)单一规则:(single rule)告示效应:(bulletin effects)直接信用控制:(direct credit)信用配额:(credit allocation)流动性比率:(liquidity ratio)间接信用控制:(indirect credit control)道义劝告:(moral suasion)窗口指导:(window guidence)信用贷款:(lending)传导机制:(conduction mechanism)中介指标:(intermediate target)信贷配给:(credit rationing)资产负债表渠道:(balance sheet channel)时滞:(time lag)预期:(expectation)透明度:(transparency)信任:(credibility)软着陆:(soft landing)20.货币政策与财政政策的配合赤字:(deficit)经常性收入:(current revenue)税:(tax)费:(fee)经常性支出:(current expenditure)资本性收入:(capital revenue)补助:(grant)资本性支出:(capital expenditure)账面赤字:(book deficit)隐蔽赤字:(hidden deficit)预算外:(off-budget)透支:(overdraft)净举债:(net fiancing)未清偿债券:(outstanding debt)或有债务:(contingent liability)准备货币:(reserve money)国债依存度:(public debt dependency)国债负担率:(public debt-to-GDP ratio)国债偿债率:(government debt-service ratio)财政政策:(fiscal policy)补偿性财政货币政策:(compensatory fiscal and monetary policy) 21.开放条件下的政策搭配与协调米德冲突:(Meade’s conflict)国际政策协调:(international policy coordination)信息交换:(information exchange)危机管理:(crisis management)避免共享目标变量的冲突:(avoiding conflicts over shared targets)合作确定中介目标:(cooperation intermediate targeting)部分协调:(full coordination)汇率目标区:(target zone of exchange rate)马歇尔-勒纳条件:(Marshall-Lerner condition)J曲线效应:(J curve effect)22.利率的风险结构与期限结构单利:(simple interest)复利:(compound interest)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)竞价拍卖:(open-outcry auction)贴现值:(present discount value)利率管制:(interest rate control)利率管理体制:(interest rate regulation system)存贷利差:(interest rate regulation system)利率风险结构:(risk structure of interest rates)违约风险:(default risk)利率期限结构:(term structure of interest rates)即期利率:(spot rate of interest)远期利率:(forward rate of interest)到期收益率:(yield to maturity)现金流:(cash floe)预期理论:(expectation theory)流动性理论:(liquidity theory)偏好理论:(preferred habitat theory)市场隔断理论:(market segmentation theory) 23.资产组合与资产定价市场风险:(market risk)信用风险:(credit risk)流动性风险:(liquidity risk)操作风险:(operational risk)法律风险:(legal risk)政策风险:(policy risk)道德风险:(moral hazard)主权风险:(sovereign risk)市场流动性风险:(product liquidity)现金流风险:(cash flow)执行风险:(execution risk)欺诈风险:(fraud risk)遵守与监管风险:(compliance and regulatory risk)资产组合理论:(portfolio theory)系统性风险:(systematic risk)非系统性风险:(nonsystematic risk)效益边界:(efficient frontier)价值评估:(evaluation)市盈率:(price-earning ratio)资产定价模型:(asset pricing model)资本资产定价模型:(capital asset pricing model,CAPM)无风险资产:(risk-free assets)市场组合:(market portfolio)多要素模型:(multifactorCAPM)套利定价理论:(arbitrage pricing theory,APT)期权加价:(option premium)内在价值:(intrinsic value)时间价值:(time value)执行价格:(strike price)看涨期权:(call option)看跌期权:(put option)对冲型的资产组合:(hedge portfolios)套利:(arbitrage)无套利均衡:(no-arbitrage equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)多头:(long position)空头:(short position)动态复制:(dynamic replication)头寸:(position)风险偏好:(risk preference)风险中性:(risk neutral)风险厌恶:(risk averse)风险中性定价:(risk-netural pricing)24.商业银行业务与管理银行负责业务:(liability business)存款:(deposit)活期存款:(demand deposit)支票存款:(check deposit)透支:(overdraft)定期存款:(time deposit)再贴现:(rediscount)金融债券:(financial bond)抵押贷款:(mortgage loan)信用贷款:(credit loan)通知贷款:(demand loan)真实票据论:(real bill doctrine)商业贷款理论:(commercial loan theory)证券投资:(portfolio investment)中间业务:(middleman business)表外业务:(off-balance sheet business)无风险业务:(risk-free business)汇款:(remittance)信用证:(letter of credit)商品信用证:(commercial letter of credit)代收业务:(business of collection)代客买卖业务:(business of commission)承兑网络银行:(internet bank)虚拟银行:(virtual bank)企业对个人:(B2C)企业对企业:(B2B)挤兑:(bank runs)资产管理:(assets management)自偿性:(self-liquidation)可转换性理论:(convertibility theory)预期收入理论:(anticipated income theory)负债管理:(liability management)资产负债综合管理:(comprehensive management of assets and liability)风险管理:(risk management)在险价值:(value at risk,VAR)25.货币经济与实际经济两分法:(dichotomy)实际经济:(real economy)货币经济:(monetary economy)虚拟资本:(monetary capital)泡沫经济:(bubble economy)虚拟经济:(virtual economy)货币中性:(neutrality of money)相对价格:(relative price)货币面纱:(monetary veil)瓦尔拉斯均衡:(Walras equilibrium)一般均衡理论:(theory of general equilibrium)超中性:(super-neutrality)26.金融发展与经济增长金融发展:(financial development)金融自由化:(financial liberalization)金融深化:(financial deepening)金融压抑:(financial repression)金融机构化:(financial institutionalization)分层比率:(gradation ratio)金融相关率:(financial interrelation ratio,FIR)货币化率:(monetarization ratio)脱媒:(distintermediation)导管效应:(tube effect)27.金融脆弱性与金融危机金融脆弱性:(financial fragility)金融风险:(financial risk)长周期:(long cycles)安全边界:(margins of safety)汇率超调理论:(theory of exchange rate over shooting)金融危机:(financial crises)资产管理公司:(asset management corporation,AMC)金融恐慌:(financial panic)优先/次级抵押贷款债券:(senior/subordinate structure) 28.金融监管金融监管:(financial regulation)公共选择:(public choice)最低资本要求:(minimum capital requirements)监管当局的监管:(supervisory review process)市场纪律:(market discipline)宏观审慎框架:(macro-prudential framework)分行:(branch)子行:(subsidiary)并表监管:(consolidated supervision)。
一建民航教材常用词汇中英文对照
一建民航教材常用词汇中英文对照以下是一建民航教材中常用的中英文对照词汇：
中文：机场英文：Airport
中文：跑道英文：Runway
中文：停机坪英文： apron
中文：塔台英文：Tower
中文：航站楼英文：Terminal
中文：停机位英文：Parking slot
中文：候机大厅英文：Waiting hall
中文：安检区英文：Security check area
中文：售票处英文：Ticket office
中文：行李提取区英文：Baggage claim area
中文：机场交通英文：Airport transportation
中文：航班延误英文：Flight delay
中文：起飞/降落英文：Take-off/Landing
中文：登机手续英文：Check-in procedures
中文：行李托运英文：Baggage handling
中文：航班号英文：Flight number
中文：机票英文：Ticket
中文：机场建设费英文：Airport construction fee
中文：航班时刻表英文：Flight schedule
中文：机场管理机构英文：Airport Authority
以上只是一部分常用词汇，实际上民航领域涉及的专业词汇还有很多。
如果需要更多信息，建议查看相关教材或咨询专业人士。
会计中英文词汇对照
会计中英文词汇对照以下是会计中英文词汇对照（2024新准则）：1. 资产 - Assets2. 负债 - Liabilities3. 所有者权益 - Equity4. 股东权益 - Shareholders' equity5. 应付账款 - Accounts payable6. 应收账款 - Accounts receivable7. 资产负债表 - Balance sheet9. 利润 - Profit10. 成本 - Cost11. 现金流量表 - Cash flow statement12. 营业利润 - Operating profit13. 净利润 - Net profit14. 资金流量 - Cash flow15. 凭证 - Voucher16. 会计准则 - Accounting standards17. 会计政策 - Accounting policies18. 会计师 - Accountant19. 年度报表 - Annual report20. 资本 - Capital21. 借方 - Debit22. 贷方 - Credit23. 折旧 - Depreciation24. 减值 - Impairment25. 公允价值 - Fair value26. 经营活动现金流量 - Cash flow from operating activities27. 投资活动现金流量 - Cash flow from investing activities28. 筹资活动现金流量 - Cash flow from financing activities29. 现金及现金等价物 - Cash and cash equivalents30. 投资 - Investment31. 融资 - Financing32. 业务周期 - Business cycle33. 长期负债 - Long-term liabilities34. 短期负债 - Short-term liabilities35. 固定资产 - Fixed assets36. 流动资产 - Current assets37. 其他应收款 - Other receivables38. 存货 - Inventory39. 预付账款 - Prepaid expenses。
中英文词汇对照
中英文词汇对照AUefulGloaryforPeronalDataname姓名ali别名penname笔名dateofbirth出生日期birthdate出生日期born生于birthplace出生地点birthday生日age年龄nativeplace籍贯province省city市autonomouregion自治区prefecture专区country县nationality民族；国籍citizenhip国籍duelcitizenhip双重国籍addre地址currentaddre目前住址preentaddre目前住址permanentaddre永久住址potalcode邮政编码Mobilee某t.分机e某性别male男female女Mr.先生Mi小姐Mr.太太M(小姐或太太)height身高cm.厘米ft.英尺in英寸weight体重kg公斤lb磅maritaltatu婚姻状况familytatu家庭状况married已婚ingle未婚unmarried未婚divorced离异eparated分居numberofchildren子女人数none无treet街lane胡同，巷road路ditrict区Floor楼层towerAA座Manion大厦houenumber门牌health健康状况bloodtype血型AA型BB型OO型e某cellent（身体）极佳verygood很好good好trong强壮hort-ighted近视far-ighted远视color-blind色盲IDcard身份证No.号码dateofavailability可到职时间available可到职memberhip会员、资格preident会长director理事tandingdirector常务理事ecretary-general秘书长ociety学会aociation协会reearchociety研究会January(Jan.)一月February(Feb.)二月March(Mar.)三月April(Apr.)四月May五月June六月July七月Augut(Aug.)八月September(Sept.)九月October(Oct.)十月November(Nov.)十一月December(Dec.)十二月。
中英文舶来词汇大全
Morphine 吗啡因
Mousse 摩丝
Nicotine 尼古丁
Opium 鸦片
Penicillin盘尼西林
Quinine 奎宁
Shampoo 香波
Shock 休克
Vaseline 凡士林
Viagra 伟哥
Vitamin 维他命
6．植物动物类
Carnation康乃馨 Cocoa 可可 Dahlia 大丽花 Koala 考拉 Mammoth 猛犸 Sardine 沙丁鱼 Shark 鲨鱼
AIDS 艾滋病 Bus
巴士
Aspirin 阿司匹林 Jeep 吉普车
Caffeine 咖啡因 Karting 卡丁车
Clone 克隆 Motor 摩托
Cocaine 可卡因 Pickup 皮卡
Freon 氟利昂 Taxi 的士
Gas
瓦斯
Gene 基因
Heroin 海洛因
Hormone 荷尔蒙
Hysteria 歇斯底里
Yoga 瑜伽 Guitar 吉他
Jazz 爵士乐
Karaoke 卡拉OK
Party 派对
Poker 扑克
Salon 沙龙
Samba 桑巴舞
Sauna 桑拿浴
Saxophone萨克斯
Show 秀
Tango 探戈舞
Waltz 华尔兹舞
10．人物族群类
11．政治哲学类
12．科学技术类 13．金融货币类
Curry 咖喱
Hamburger汉堡
Ice Cream冰淇淋
Lemon 柠檬
Mango 芒果
Pudding 布丁
Rum
朗姆酒
Salad 沙拉/色拉
Sandwich 三明治
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表Aabbreviation 缩写词，略语ablative 夺格，离格accent 重音（符）accusative 宾格achievement test 成绩测试acoustic phonetics 声学语音学acquisition 习得acronym 缩略语action process 动作过程actor 动作者address form 称呼形式addressee 受话人addresser 发话人adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰成分附加语adverb 副词affix 词缀affixation词缀附加法affricate 塞擦音agreement 一致关系airstream 气流alliteration 头韵allomorph 词/语素变体allophone 音位变体allophonic variation 音位变体allophony音位变体现象alveolar ridge 齿龈alveolar 齿龈音ambiguity 歧义analogical creation 类推造字anapest 抑抑扬格anaphor 前指替代anaphoric reference 前指照应animate 有生命的annotation 注解antecedent 先行词前在词anthropologicallinguistics 人类语言学anticipatorycoarticulation 逆化协同发音antonomasia 换称代类名antonym 反义词antonymy 反义(关系)appellative 称谓性applied linguistics 应用语言学applied sociolinguistics应用社会语言学appropriacy 适宜性appropriateness 适宜性得体性approximant 无摩擦延续音aptitude test 素质测试Arabic 阿拉伯语arbitrariness 任意性argument 中项中词主目article 冠词articulation 发音articulator 发音器官articulatory phonetics 发音语音学artificial speech 人工言语aspect 体aspirated 吐气送气assimilation 同化associative 联想associative meaning 联想意义assonance 准压韵半谐音 attributive 属性修饰语定语auditory phonetics 听觉语音学authentic input 真实投入authorial style 权威风格authoring program 编程autonomy 自主性auxiliary 助词auxiliary verb 助动词Bbabbling stage 婴儿语阶段back-formation 逆构词法base component 基础部分behavioural process 行为过程behaviourism 行为主义bilabial 双唇音bilabial nasal 双唇鼻音bilateral opposition 双边对立bilingualism 双语现象binary division 二分法binary feature 二分特征binary taxonomy 二分分类学binding 制约binding theory 制约论blade 舌叶舌面前部blank verse 无韵诗blending 混成法borrowing 借用借词bound morpheme 粘着语素bounding theory 管辖论bracketing 括号法brevity maxim 简洁准则bridging 架接broad transcription 宽式音标broadening 词义扩大Brown corpus 布朗语料库Ccalculability 可计算性calque 仿造仿造词语cancellability 可删除cardinal numeral 基数cardinal vowel 基本元音case 格case grammar格语法case theory格理论category 范畴categorical component 范畴成分causative 使役的使投动词center 中心词central determiner 中心限定词chain relation 链状关系chain system 链状系统choice 选择choice system 选择系统circumstance 环境因子class 词类class shift 词性变换clause 小句从句click 吸气音咂音clipping 截断法closed class 封闭类closed syllable 闭音节cluster 音丛coarticulation 协同发音coda 结尾音节符尾code 语码信码cognitive psychology认知心理学cognitive system 认知系统coherence 相关关联cohension 衔接co-hyponym 同下义词colligation 类连结collocative meaning 搭配意义color word 色彩词color word system 色彩词系统command 指令common core 共核common noun 普通名词communication 交际communicativecompetence 交际能力communicativedynamism, CD 交际性动力communicativelanguage teaching, CLT 交际语言教学法communicativeSentence Pattern, CSP 交际性句子模式communicative syllabus交际教学大纲communicative test 交际性测试communicative-grammatical approach 交际-语法教学法compact disk 激光盘comparative degree 比较级competence 能力complement 补语complementary antonym 互补反义词complementaryantonymy 互补反义关系complementarydistribution 互补分布complex predicate 复合谓语component 成分componential analysis 成分分析composite proposition 复合命题compositionality 复合性compound 复合词复合句comprehension 理解computation 计算computational linguistics 计算语言学computational system 计算系统computer-assisted learning, CAL 计算机辅助学习computer corpus 计算机语料库computer hardware 计算机硬件computer literacy 计算机操作能力computer networks 计算机网络computer system 计算机系统computer-assistedinstruction, CAI 计算机辅助教学computer-assistedlearning,CALL 计算机辅助语言学习conative 意动的concept 概念conceptual meaning 概念意义concord 一致（关系）concordance 共现关系concrete noun 具体名词concurrent 同时发生的conjugation 词形变化conjunct 连接副词conjunction 连接词conjunction buttressing连接词支撑connotation 内涵consequent 跟随成分consonance 辅音韵consonant辅音constant opposition 不变对立constative 表述的constituent command成分指令constituent proposition成分命题constituent structureanalysis 成分结构分析constituent 成分construct 编制construct validity 编制效度construction 构建constructivism 构建主义content analysis 内容分析content validity 内容效度content word 实义词context dependent 语境依赖的context of situation 情景语境context 语境contextual analyses 语境分析contextual meaning 语境意义contrastive analysis 对比分析control theory 控制理论controlled language 有控制的语言convention 常规规约conventional meaning 常规意义规约意义conventionality 常规性规约性conversational implicature 会话含义conversational maxim 会话准则converse antonymy 相反反义现象conversion 变换cooperative principle,CP 合作原则coordinate construction并列结构coordination 并列coreferential 互参的coronal 舌面前音corpus data 语料库语料corpus (pl corpora) 语料素材corpus linguistics 语料库语言学context 上下文countable 可数（名词）counterfactualproposition 反事实命题couplet 对句对联creativity 创造性原创性Creole 克里澳尔语混和语cross-culturalcommunication 跨文化交际cross-linguistic 跨语言的culturally-specific 文化特异的curriculum 教学大纲customizing 定制的Ddactyl 扬抑抑格Dani language 达尼语data retrieval, DR 资料检索database 数据库dative (case) 与格dative movement 与格移动declarative 陈述句decoding 解码deductive 演绎的deep structure 深层结构defeasibility 消除可行性definite 有定的degenerate data 无用的语料deixis 指称delicacy 精密阶denotation 外延指称dental 齿音dentalization 齿音化derivation 衍生derivational affix 衍生词汇derivational morphology 派生形态学descriptive adequacy 描写充分性descriptive linguistics 描写语言学design feature 结构特征determiner 限定词developing grammar 发展语法deviant 变体deviation 偏离变异devoicing 清音化diachronic linguistics 历时语言学diachronic 历时的diacritic 附加符号变音符diagnostic test 诊断性测试dialect 方言dialectology 方言学digitized sound 数字化语音dimetre 二音步诗行diphthong 二合元音双元音direct object 直接宾语direct speech, DS 直接言语direct thought, DT 直接思想directionality 方向性discourse 语篇话语discourse analysis 语篇分析话语分析discourse interpretation语篇理解discrete 分离的离散的discrete-point grammar 离散语法discrete point test 分立性测试disjunction 分离关系displacement 移位dissimilation 异化（作用）distinctive feature 区别性特征distinguisher 辩义成分do-insertion rule do 添加规则domain 范围领域dorsal 舌背音舌中音dorsum 舌背（音）double comparative 双重比较drill-and-practicesoftware 操练软件D-structure D结构dual 双数dualistic view 二分观点duality 二重性Eearly Modern English 早期现代英语economy 经济性简洁性ejective 爆发音electronic mail 电子邮件Elizabethan English 伊利莎白时期英语ellipsis 省略（法）elliptical sentence structure 省略句子结构embedded element 嵌入成分emic 位学的emotive 感情的empirical 经验主义的empirical data 经验主义的语料empirical validity 经验效度empiricism 经验主义empty category, EC 空范畴enabling skills 使成技能化encoding 编码end rhyme 末端韵endocentricconstruction 内向结构entailment 蕴涵entry condition 入列条件epenthesis 插音增音equipollent opposition 均等对立equivalence 相等equivalence reliability相等信度error analysis 错误分析EST 科技英语ethnicity identity 民族认同ethnography ofcommunication 交际民族学etic 非位的素的event process 事件过程example-based machinetranslation 基于例句的机器翻译exchange error 交换错误exchange sequence 交际序列exchange structure 交际结构exhaustive 穷尽的彻底的existent 存在物existential 存在句existential process 存在过程existential quantifier 存在数量词exocentric 外向的exocentric construction外向结构experiential 经验的experiential function 经验功能experimentalpsycholinguistics 实验心理语言学explanatory adequacy解释充分性explicit grammar instruction, EGI 明显的语法教学法expression minimization 表达最底程度expressive 表达的extended standard theory, EST 扩展标准理论extensive 引申的扩展的extent-condition format 程度条件格式external evaluation 外部评估external qualifier 外部修饰语extrinsic sources of error 外在的错误来源eye movement 眼部移动Fface validity 卷面效度facilitation 便利促进Fasoldfeasibility 可行性feature 特征feedback 反馈felicity condition 适宜性条件恰当条件feminine 阴性fiction 小说figurative language 比喻性语言象征性语言figures of speech 修辞手段修辞格finite element 有定成分finite 有定的有限的finite state grammar 有限状态语法first-person narrator 第一人称叙述者Firthian phonology 弗斯音系学flap 闪音flexibility 灵活性变通性floppy disk 软盘focus 焦点中心folk etymology 俗词源学民间词源foregrounded features突出特征foregrounding 突出前景话foreign languageteaching 外语教学form 形式formal difference 形式差异formalization 形式化formation 形成formative 构形成分构词成分free form 自由形式free indirect speech, FIS自由间接言语free indirect thought,FIT 自由间接思想free morpheme 自由语素free root morpheme 自由词根语素free variant 自由变体free verse 自由韵文French 法语frequency effect 频率效应fricative （摩）擦音friction 摩擦front 舌面前舌前的fully automatic high quality translation, FAHQT 全自动高质量翻译function word 功能词function 功能functional grammar 功能语法functional linguistics 功能语言学functional sentenceperspective, FSP 功能句子观functions of language语言功能fusion 溶合fuzzy 模糊的Ggender difference 性别差异general linguistics 普通语言学generalisation 概括generative grammar 生成语法generative semantics生成语言学genitive 属格所有格genre 体裁语类German 德语given (information) 已给信息global task 整体任务glottal 喉音glottal stop 喉塞音goal 目标government theory 支配理论government 支配grammatical analysis语法分析grammatical function ; ;grammatical structure 语法结构gradable antonymy 分等级的反义关系gradual opposition 渐次对立grammatical category语法范畴grammatical concept语法概念grammatical description语法描写grammatical form 语法形式grammatical marker 语法标记grammatical meaning 语法意义grammatical organization 语法组成grammatical pattern 语法类型grammatical process 语法过程grammatical rule 语法规则grammatical sentence pattern, GSP 语法句形grammatical structure 语法结构grammatical subject 语法主语grammatical system 语法系统grammatical word 语法词graphitic form 文字形式Gricean maxim Grice 准则group 词组guttural 腭音Hhalf-rhyme 半韵hard palate 硬腭head 中心词中心成分headed construction 中心结构heptameter 七音步诗行hierarchical structure 等级结构hierarchical system 等级系统hierarchy 等级体系high 高（元音）historical linguistics 历史语言学holophrastic stage 单词句阶段homonym 同音/形异议词Hopi Hopi语horizontal relation 链状关系Horn scale 霍恩阶human cognitive system人类认知系统human language 人类语言human speech 人类言语human translation 人译hypercorrection 矫枉过正hyponym 下义词hyponymy 下义关系hypothesis 假设hypothesis-deduction 假设-演绎Iiamb 抑扬格iambic pentameter 抑扬格五音步诗行IC analysis 直接成分分析法ICALL (intelligentCALL) 智能计算机辅助语言学习ideational (function) 概念功能identifying 认同的idiom 成语习语idiomatically-governed 习语支配的ill-formed sentences 不合适的句子illocutionary act 话中行为施为性行为illocutionary force 言外作用施为作用imaginative (function) 想象功能immediacy assumption 即时假定immediate constituent analysis 直接成分分析法imperative rule 祈使规则imperative 祈使语气命令的implicate 意含implication 蕴涵含义implication connective 蕴涵连接implicature 含义言外之意implied meaning 蕴涵意义implosive 内破裂音内爆音inanimate 无生命的inclusiveness relation 内包意义indefinite 不定的，无定的indicative 陈述式陈述语气indirect object 间接宾语indirct speech, IS 间接言语indirect thought, IT 间接思想Indo-Europeanlanguages 印欧语言inference 推论推理inference drawing 推论inferentialcommunication 推论交际infinitive不定式infix 中缀inflection 屈折（变化）inflectional affix 屈折词缀inflectional morphology屈折形态学inflective endings 屈折结尾information retrieval 信息检索information structure信息结构informative (function) 信息功能innateness 先天性innateness hypothesis （语法）天赋假设input 输入input hypothesis 语言输入说instrumental (function) 工具功能integrative test 综合性测试intensifier 强调成分intensive 强调的增强的interactional (function) 交互功能interdental 齿间音interface 界面interference 干扰interjection 感叹词interlanguage 中介语interlingua 国际语interlingual approach 语际法interlocutor 会话者internal evaluation 内部评估internal structure 内部结构international phoneticalphabet, IPA 国际音标internet 互联网interpersonal 人际的interpersonal function 人际功能interpretation 解释interrogative sentence疑问句intonation 语调intra-linguistic relation语言内关系intransitive 不及物的intrinsic sources of error错误的内源invariable word 不变词invention 新创词语inversion 倒置，倒装IPA chart 国际音标图IPS symbol 国际音标符号irony 讽刺反话isolated opposition 孤立对立Italian 意大利语JJapanese 日语jargon 黑话行语Jesperson, OttoJohnson & JohnsonJohnsonJones, DanielKkernel sentence 核心句keyword关键词knowledge 知识known information 已知信息KrashenKruszewski, MikolajKuno, SusumoLlabel 标示标记labial 唇音labiodental 唇齿音language 语言language acquisition device, LAD 语言习得机制language attitude 语言态度language choice 语言选择language comprehension 语言理解language data 语言素材language learning 语言学习language maintenance 语言维护language processing 语言处理language structure 语言结构language system 语言系统language teaching 语言教学language universal 语言普遍性language use 语言使用langue 语言（系统）larynx 喉头lateral 边音旁流音Latin 拉丁语Latin grammar 拉丁语法lax vowel 松元音length 长度音长letter 字母level 层，级，平面Levinson, Stephenlexeme 词位词素lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义lexical change 词汇变化lexical level 词汇层lexical meaning 词汇意义lexical morphology 词汇形态学lexical studies 词汇研究lexical word 词汇词lexicogrammar 词汇语法lexicon 词汇词典lexis 词liaison 连音连续limerick 打油诗line 诗行linear phonology 线性音系学linear structure 线形结构linguistic university 语言普遍性linguistic behaviour 语言行为linguistic behaviour potential 语言行为潜势linguistic competence 语言能力linguistic context 语言语境上下文linguistic data 语言素材linguistic description 语言描写linguistic determinism 语言决定论linguistic facts 语言事实linguistic relativity 语言相对性linguistic sexism 语言性别歧视linguistic structure 语言结构linguistic theory 语言理论linguistic unit 语言单位linguistic universal 语言普遍性linguistic variation 语言变异linguistics 语言学lip rounding 圆唇化literal language 本义语言literary stylistics 文学文体学loan translation 翻译借词loanblend 混合借词loanshift 转移借词loanword 借词local area networks,LAN 局域网locutionary act 发话行为，表述性言语行为logical component 逻辑成分logical connective 逻辑连词logical form component 逻辑式成分logical formrepresentation 逻辑式表达logical formula 逻辑公式logical function 逻辑功能logical semantics 逻辑语义学logical structure 逻辑结构logical subject 逻辑主语logophoricity 词照应London School 伦敦学派long vowed 长元音loss of sound 语音脱落loudness 响度Mmachine translation 机器翻译macrolinguistics 宏观语言学macroproposition 宏观命题macrostructure 宏观结构main clause 主句Malinowski, Bronislawman-machine symbiosis 人机共生manner maxim 方式准则manner of articulation 发音方式marked 标记的masculine 阳性matalinguistic 元语言学的material (process) 物质过程mathematical principles数学原理maxim 准则maximal onset principle最大节首辅音原则meaning potential 意义潜势meaning shift 转移meaning 意义mental (processs) 思维过程心理过程mentalism 心灵主义message 信息metafunction 元功能metalinguistic 元语言的metaphor 隐喻metathesis 换位（作用）metonymy 换喻转喻metre 韵律metrical patterning 韵律格式microcomputer 微机microprocessor 微处理器mid 中（元音）mind 思维minimal attachmenttheory 最少接触理论minimal pair 最小对立体minimalist programminimum free form 最小自由形式mirror maxim 镜像准则mistake 错误modal subject 语气主语modal verb 情态动词modality 情态modern French 现代法语modification 修饰modifier 修饰语monomorphemic 单语素的monophonemic 单音位的monophthong 单元音monosyllabic 单音节的Motague grammar 蒙太古语法mood 语气morph 形素词素形式morpheme 语素词素形素morpheme-exchangeerror 词素交错误morphemic shape 词素形状morphemic structure 词素结构morphemictranscription 词素标音morphological change形态变化morphological rule 形态规则morphology 形态学morpho-phonemiccomponent 形态音位成分morphophonemics 形态音位学morphophonology 形态音系学morpho-syntacticalchange 形态句法变化mother tongue 母语本族语motivation 动因动机move （移动）MT 机器翻译MT quality 机译质量multilateral opposition多边对立multi-level phonology多层次音系学multilingualism 多语制多语现象Nnarratee 被叙述者narrator 叙述者narrator’s representationof speech acts, NRSA 言语行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof speech, NRS 言语的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought acts, NRTA 思维行为的叙述者表达narrator’s representationof thought, NRT 思维的叙述者表达narrow transcription 窄式音标narrowing 狭窄化nasal 鼻音nasal cavity 鼻腔nasal sound 鼻音nasal stop 鼻塞音nasal tract 鼻道nasality 鼻音性nasalization 鼻音化Nash, Walternative speaker 操本族语者natural language 自然语言naturalistic data 自然语料near-adult grammar 近成人语法negation 否定否定结构negative 否定的negative interference负面干扰negative marker 否定标记negative transfer 负转移neogrammarian 新语法学家network 网络network computer 网络计算机neutralizable opposition可中立对立new information 新信息new stylistics 新文体学node 节nominal group 名词词组nominalization 名词化nominative 主格non-authentic input 非真实语料的输入non-contrastive analysis非对比性分析non-conventionality 非规约性non-detachability非可分离性non-linear phonology 非线性音系学non-linguistic entity 非语言实体non-pulmonic sound 非肺闭塞音non-reciprocaldiscourse 非交替性语篇non-reflexive pronoun 非反身代词nonsense word stage 无意义词语阶段nonverbal cues 非言语提示norm 规范notation system 标写系统notion 意念notional-functionalsyllabus 意念功能教学大纲noun phrase 名词短语noun 名词number system 数字系统number 数字Oobject 宾语object-deletion 宾语省略objective case 宾格objectivity 客观性obligatory 强制性observational adequacy 观察充分性abstruction 阻塞OCR scanner 光学字符阅读器扫描仪octametre 八音步诗行Old English 古英语one-place predicate 一位谓语on-line translation 在线翻译onomatopoeia 拟声词onset 节首辅音open class 开放类open syllable 开音节operational system 操作系统operative 可操作性operator 操作词oppositeness relation对立关系opposition 对立optimal relevance 最适宜关联option 选择optional 可选择的oral cavity 口腔oral stop 口阻塞音ordinal numeral 序数词origin of language 语言起源orthography 正字法ostensivecommunication 直示交际output 产出overgeneralization 过分法则化Ppalatal 腭音舌面中音palatal-alveolar 腭齿龈音palatalization （硬）腭化paradigm 聚合体paradigmatic relation聚合关系paraphrase 释义意译parole 言语part of speech 词类participant 参与者particle 小品词语助词particular grammar 特定语的语法partitive 部分的部分格passive transformation 被动转换passive (voice) 被动语态pattern drill technique 句型操练法pattern 模式patterning 制定模式pause 停顿peak （节）峰perceptual span 感知时距perfectionism 完善主义perfective 完成体performance test 语言运用测试performance 语言运用performative (verb) 行事性动词perlocutionary act 话后行为perseverativecoarticulation 重复性协同发音person 人称personal (function) 自指性功能pharyngeal 咽头音喉音pharynx 喉头phatic (communion) 寒暄交谈交感性谈话phone 音素音子phonematic unit 音声单位phoneme 音位phonetic alphabet 音标phonetic formcomponent 语音形式部分phonetic similarity 语音相似性phonetic symbol 语音符号phonetic transcription标音（法）phonetics 语音学phonological analysis音位分析phonological component 音位部分phonological level 音系层phonological process音位过程phonologicalrepresentation 音位表达phonological rule 音位规则phonological structure 音位结构phonological system 音位系统phonological variant 音位变体phonology 音系学phrasal verb 短语动词phrase 短语phrase structure 短语结构phrase structure grammar 短语结构语法phrase structure rule, PS rule 短语结构规则pidgin 皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外语Pitch 音高声调高低place of articulation 发音部位play 剧本plosion 爆破plosive 爆破音爆发音plural 复数pluralism 多元主义plurality 复数形式poetic (function) 诗学功能poetry 诗歌polymorphemic (word)多语素词polysyllabic 多音节（词）polysystemic analysis 多系统分析Portugese 葡萄牙语positive transfer 正移转possessive 所有的属有的possible grammar 可能语言的语法postalveolar 后齿龈音post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics 后布龙菲尔德语言学postdeterminer 后限定词post-structuralist view后结构主义观点pragmatic inference 语用推论pragmatic roles 语用角色pragmatics 语用学Prague School 布拉格学派predeterminer 前限定词predicate calculus 谓语演算predicate logic 谓语逻辑predicate 谓语predicator 谓语（动）词predictive validity 预测效度pre-editing 预先编辑译前加工prefix 前缀pre-modified input 预修正的输入premodifier 前修饰语preposition 介词prepositional calculus 介词演算prepositional logic 介词逻辑prepositional opposition 介词对立prepositional phrase 介词短语prescriptive 规定式presupposition 前提预设primary cardinal vowel 主要基本元音primary stress 主重音第一重音principle ofinformativeness 信息性原则principle of least effort最省力原则principle of quantity 数量原则privative opposition 表非对立表缺对立process 过程production error 产生性错误productivity 多产性proficiency test 水平测试pro-form 代词形式替代形式programming language编程语言progressive 进行体progressive assimilation顺同化projection rule 投射规则pronominal 代词pronoun 代词pronunciation 发音pronunciationdictionary 发音词典pronunciation 发音proportional opposition部分对立proposition 命题prose style 散文风格prosodic analysis 节律分析超音质分析psycholinguistics 心理语言学psycholinguistic-sociolinguistic approach 心理-社会语言学方法psychological reality心理现实psychological subject心理主语psychology of language 语言心理学psychometric-structurali st approach 心理测定-结构主义法pulmonic sound 肺闭塞音Putonghua 普通话QQ-based implicature 基于质量的含义Q-principle 质量原则quality 质量quality maxim 质量准则quantifier 数量词quantitative analysis 定量分析quantitative paradigm 数量变化表quantity maxim 数量准则quatrain 四行诗Rrange 范围rank 级rationalism 理性主义raw data 原始素材R-based implicature 基于关联的涵义reader 读者reading comprehension阅读理解realisation 体现recall 回忆received pronunciation,RP 标准发音receiver 受话者信息接受者recency effect 近期效应recognition 识别recursion 可溯recursive 可溯的还原的recursiveness 递归性reference 所指参照referential meaning 所指意义referential theory 所指理论referential 所指的reflected meaning 反映意义reflexive (form) 反身形式regional dialect 地域方言register 语域regressive assimilation 逆同化regulatory (function)控制性语言功能relation maxim 关系准则relational opposite 关系对立relational process 关系过程relative clause 关系分句关系从句relative pronoun 关系代词relative uninterruptibility 相对的非间断性relevance theory 关联理论reliability 信度repetition 重复representational system 表达系统representational 表达实体residue 剩余成分restricted language 限制性语言retrieval process 检索过程retrieval system 检索系统retroflex sound 卷舌音reverse rhyme 反陨revised extendedstandard theory, REST 修正扩展标准理论rewriting rules 重写规则rheme 述位rhetorical skill 修辞技能rhyme 韵韵角压韵rhythm 韵律节奏Roman alphabet letter罗马字母root 词根root morpheme 词根语素round vowel 圆元音R-principle 关联原则rule system 规则系统rule-based approaches基于规则的方法rules of language 语言规则Ssameness relation 相同关系Sanskrit 梵文Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis萨丕尔-沃夫假设Saussure 索绪尔scale of delicacy 精密阶schema 图式scheme-orientedlanguage 面向图式的语言second languageacquisition 第二语言习得secondary cardinalvowel 次要基本元音secondary stress 次重音segment 音段selection restriction 选择限制selectional rules 选择规则self-reflexive 自反身semantic association network 语义关联网络semantic change 语义变化semantic component 语义部分semantic feature 特征semantic interpretation 语义解释semantic interpretative rules 语义解释规则semantic process 语义过程semantic representation 语义表达semantic sentence pattern, SSP 语义句型semantic triangle 语义三角semantics 语义学semi-consonant 半辅音semiotic system 符号系统semiotics 符号学semi-vowel 半元音sense relation 意义关系sense 意义sentence 句子sentence fragments 句子成分sentence meaning 句义sentence memory 句子记忆sentence stress 句重音sentence structure 句子结构sentential calculus 句子演算setting 场景sibilant 咝擦音sign 符号signified 所指受指signifier 能指施指simile 明喻simultaneity 同时性singular 单数situational context 情景语境situational level 情景层situational syllabus 情景教学大纲situational variation 情景变异slot 空缺social role 社会角色social semiotic 社会符号学socio-cultural role 社会文化角色sociolinguistic study oflanguage 语言的社会语言学研究sociolinguistic study ofsociety 社会的社会语言学研究sociolinguistics 社会语言学sociological approach 社会学方法soft palate 软腭solidarity 团结sonnet 十四行诗sonorant 响音sonority scale 响音阶sound 语音sound image 语音图像sound pattern 语音模式sound segment 音段sound system 语音系统sound wave 音波speaker’s meaning 说话者意义speech 言语speech act theory 言语行为理论speech community 言语社团speech comprehension 言语理解speech event 言语事件speech function 言语功能speech mode 言语方式speech organ 言语器官speech perception 言语感知speech presentation言语表达speech production ; 言语产生speech research言语研究speech role言语角色speech sound 语音speech synthesis 言语合成spelling 拼写,拼法split infinitives 分裂的不定式spoken corpus 口语语料库spoken languagetranslation 口语翻译spondee 扬扬格spoonerism 首音互换斯本内现象spread 展元音S-structure 表层结构stability 稳定性stability reliability 稳定性效度Standard English 标准英语standard theory 标准理论standardization 标准化statistical analysis 统计分析status 地位stem 词干stimulus 刺激stimulus-response 刺激反应stop 闭塞音stored knowledge 储存知识strategic knowledge 学习策略知识stratification 层stream of consciousness意识流stress pattern 重音模式stress 重音structural analysis 结构分析structural (structuralist) grammar 结构语法structural syllabus 结构教学大纲structural test 结构测试structuralism 结构主义structuralist linguistics 结构主义语言学structuralist view 结构主义观点style 文体风格stylistic analysis 文体分析stylistics 文体学subcategorize 次范畴subject 主语subject-deletion 主语省略subjective test 主观性测试subjectivity 主观性subjunctive mood 虚拟语气subordinateconstruction 从属结构subordination 从属substitutability 替代性substitution 替换suffix 后缀superlative degree 最高级superordinate 上坐标词suprasegmental feature超语段特征surface form 表层形式surface representation 表层表达surface structure 表层结构syllabic structure 音节结构syllabification 音节划节syllable 音节syllabus design 教学大纲设计syllabus 教学大纲syllogism 三段论法symbol 符号synchronic (linguistics)共时（语言学）synonym 同义词synonymous 同义的synonymy 同义现象syntactic component 句法部分syntactic features 句法特征syntactic function 句法功能syntactic marker 句法标记syntactic process 句法过程syntactic restriction 句法限制syntactic structure 句法结构syntactical change 变化。
财务报表英文对照词汇
财务报表英文对照词汇下面是一些财务报表中常见的中英文对照词汇：1.资产（Assets）2.负债（Liabilities）3.所有者权益（Owner's Equity）4.收入（Revenue）5.成本（Cost）6.毛利润（Gross Profit）7.费用（Expenses）8.利润（Profit）9.净利润（Net Profit）10.经营活动现金流量（Operating Cash Flow）11.投资活动现金流量（Investing Cash Flow）12.融资活动现金流量（Financing Cash Flow）13.财务状况表（Balance Sheet）14.损益表（Income Statement）15.现金流量表（Cash Flow Statement）16.资产负债表（Statement of Financial Position）17.营业利润（Operating Profit）18.利润和损失表（Profit and Loss Statement）19.股东权益变动表（Statement of Changes in Equity）20.非经常性损益（Non-recurring Items）21.应收账款（Accounts Receivable）22.应付账款（Accounts Payable）23.长期负债（Long-Term Liabilities）24.固定资产（Fixed Assets）25.流动资产（Current Assets）26.流动负债（Current Liabilities）27.存货（Inventory）28.递延所得税（Deferred Income Tax）29.净资产（Net Assets）30.净现金流（Net Cash Flow）31.每股收益（Earnings per Share）32.总资产周转率（Total Asset Turnover）33.负债比率（Debt Ratio）34.利润率（Profit Margin）35.应收账款周转率（Accounts Receivable Turnover）36.现金比率（Cash Ratio）37.存货周转率（Inventory Turnover）38.财务杠杆（Financial Leverage）39.自由现金流（Free Cash Flow）40.经营性利润（Operating Income）请注意，这只是其中一些常见的财务报表术语，具体的报表和词汇可能会因公司、国家或行业而有所不同。
英汉对照全译大全
英汉对照全译大全全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：英汉对照全译是指将英语原文逐字逐句地翻译成中文，以保留原文的语言风格和表达方式，同时也让读者更容易理解原文的含义。
英汉对照全译不仅可以帮助中文读者学习英语，还可以让熟练掌握英语的读者更加深入地理解原文的含义和细节。
下面将为大家制作一份关于【英汉对照全译大全】的文章，通过英汉对照的方式，为大家提供更多学习和阅读的机会。
1. Hello, how are you? 你好，你好吗？2. I’m fine, thank you. 我很好，谢谢你。
3. What’s your name? 你叫什么名字？4. My name is Lisa. 我的名字是丽莎。
6. I am from China. 我来自中国。
8. Yes, I like reading very much. 是的，我非常喜欢读书。
10. My favorite book is "Pride and Prejudice" by Jane Austen. 我最喜欢的书是简·奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》。
12. I am twenty years old. 我二十岁了。
13. What do you do for a living? 你是做什么工作的？14. I am a teacher. 我是一名教师。
16. I enjoy listening to music and watching movies. 我喜欢听音乐和看电影。
17. Have you ever traveled abroad? 你有没有去过国外旅行？21. Do you have any siblings? 你有兄弟姐妹吗？22. Yes, I have one brother and one sister. 是的，我有一个哥哥和一个妹妹。
23. Are you married? 你结婚了吗？26. I plan to further my education and travel around the world. 我计划继续教育并环游世界。
AWL词汇最全(雅思必备)中英文对照
Sublist 1•••••••analyze[ˈænəlaiz] vt.〈美〉分析,分解,解释constitute[ˈkɔnstitju:t] vt.构成,组成建立,制定选定,任命establish[isˈtæbliʃ] vt.建立,成立安置确定,证实indicate[ˈindikeit] vt.标示,指示,指出象征;表明或暗示…的可能性occur[əˈkə:] vi.发生;举行;存在被发现;想到[起]role[rəul] n.作用,职责角色approach[əˈprəutʃ] n.靠近,接近,临近通路,入口,途径方式,方法vt.接洽,交涉;着手处理vt. & vi.接近,走近,靠近•••••••context[ˈkɔntekst] n.背景,环境上下文,语境estimate[ˈestimeit] n.估计,估价报价判断vt. & vi.估计;评价,评估individual[ˌɪndiˈvidjuəl] adj.个别的,单独的,个人的独特的n.个人人percent[pəˈsent] n.百分比,百分数section[ˈsekʃən] n.章节部分部门,科截面,剖面地区,区area[ˈɛəriə] n.面积区域,地区领域,方面contract[kənˈtrækt] n.契约,合同vt.缔结;订契约vt. & vi.染上(恶习,疾病等)缩小;紧缩••••••••••evident[ˈevidənt] adj.明显的,明白的interpret[inˈtə:prit] vt.解释;说明vt. & vi.口译;翻译period[ˈpiəriəd] n.(一段)时间时期,时代学时,课时句号,句点sector[ˈsektə] n.部门;领域防御地区,防卫区域扇形,扇形面assess[əˈses] vt.估价,估计评定,核定create[kriˈeit] vt.创造,创作,创建引起,产生export[eksˈpɔ:t] n.输出,出口输出[出口]物vt. & vi.出口,输出involve[inˈvɔlv] vt.使某事物成为必要条件或结果;需要使参与,牵涉policy[ˈpɔləsi] n.政策,方针策略,精明的行为,上策保险单significant[siɡˈnifikənt] adj.重要的,重大的,可观的有意义的,有用意的意味深长的••••assume[əˈsju:m] vt.假设,臆断,猜想假装承担,担任,就职呈现,采取data[ˈdeitə] n.资料,材料factor[ˈfæktə] n.因素,要素〈数〉因子,因数issue[ˈisju:] n.问题,议题;争论点发行物放出,流出;发出,发行〈正〉结果,结局vi.冒出,流出;传出vt.出版,发行发表,发布分配,发给•••••principle[ˈprinsəpl] n.原则,原理准则,规范操守,道义工作原理similar[ˈsimilə] adj.类似的;同类的;相似的;同样的authority[ɔ:ˈθɔriti] n.权力,职权官方,当局权威,专家define[diˈfain] vt.精确地解释;界定规定,确定finance[faiˈnæns] n.财政,金融财源,资金,财务情况vt.为…供给资金,从事金融活动•labour[ˈleibə] n.劳动,努力;工作劳工,工人分娩, (分娩时的)阵痛vi.劳动;努力艰难行进••proceed[prəˈsi:d] vi.前进;行进进行;继续下去source[sɔ:s] n.河流的源头,发源地来源,出处原因提供资料者,资料来源••••••available[əˈveiləbl] adj.可用的或可得到的可会见的,可与之交谈的derive[diˈraiv] vt. & vi.得到源于formula[ˈfɔ:mjulə] n.准则,原则公式,方程式配方legal[ˈli:ɡəl] adj.法律上的;合法的;法定的process[ˈprəuses] n.过程,进程工序,制作法vi.列队行进vt.加工;处理specific[spiˈsifik] adj.明确的,确切的,详尽的具体的,特有的,特定的仅限于…的;只发现于…的n.特效药具体方面,细节•••benefit[ˈbenifit] n.益处,好处救济金,保险金vt. & vi.有益于,得益distribute[disˈtribju:t] vt.分配,分给散发;散播;分布function[ˈfʌŋkʃən] n.功能;作用;职责函数;与另一事物有密切关系的事物社交集会vi.工作,运行,起作用•••legislate[ˈledʒisleit] vt. & vi.立法;制定法律require[riˈkwaiə] vt.有赖于…;需要命令,指示要求,规定想要structure[ˈstrʌktʃə] n.结构,构造有结构的事物;复杂的整体;建筑物vt.组织;安排;构造;制定••••concept[ˈkɔnsept] n.概念;观念;想法economy[iˈkɔnəmi] n.节约,节省经济体制,经济状况identify[aiˈdentifai] vt.认出,识别支持,同情vt. & vi.等同于;有关联major[ˈmeidʒə] adj.较大的;主要的;严重的n.少校专业;主修科目vi.〈美〉主修,专攻•research[riˈsə:tʃ] n.研究;探讨vi.做研究,探究,研究,探讨vt.从事…的研究, 为…而做研究•••••••theory[ˈθiəri] n.学说理论,原理意见,看法consist[kənˈsist] vi.组成,构成在于,存在于environment[inˈvaiərənmənt] n.环境,周围状况,自然环境income[ˈinkəm] n.收入,所得,收益method[ˈmeθəd] n.方法,办法秩序,条理respond[riˈspɔnd] vi.有反应;有效果;有影响vt. & vi.回答;回报;响应vary[ˈvɛəri] vi.呈现不同vt. & vi.(使)变化,改变Sublist 2•••achieve[əˈtʃi:v] vt.取得,获得实现,达到,完成community[kəˈmju:niti] n.社区,社会,团体大众,公众共有,共享design[diˈzain] n.图样,设计图设计,布局目的,打算vt.计划,筹划vt. & vi.设计,绘制•••••institute[ˈinstitju:t] n.协会,学会;学院,研究院vt.建立,制定;开始,着手potential[pəˈtenʃəl] adj.潜在的,有可能的n.潜力,潜势,可能性restrict[risˈtrikt] vt.限制;约束acquire[əˈkwaiə] vt.获得,得到,养成complex[ˈkɔmpleks] adj.由许多部分组成的,复合的复杂的,难懂的n.综合体,集合体〈心〉情结,夸大的情绪反应••••distinct[disˈtiŋkt] adj.截然不同的,完全分开的清晰的,明白的,明显的invest[inˈvest] vt.授予vt. & vi.投资;花费previous[ˈpri:viəs] adj.先前的,以前的过早的,过急的secure[siˈkjuə] adj.牢固的;可靠的有把握的;确切的vt.握紧;关牢使安全(使)获得;把…弄到手••••••••••••••administer[ədˈministə] vt.管理,支配给予执行,实施compute[kəmˈpju:t] vt.计算,估算element[ˈelimənt] n.(化学)元素成分,要素,原件一伙人基础,纲要,原理item[ˈaitəm] n.一项,一件,一条;项目primary[ˈpraiməri] adj.首要的;主要的;基本的最初的;初级的seek[si:k] vi.企图;试图vt.请求,征求;求教vt. & vi.寻找;探寻affect[əˈfekt] vt.影响感动假装conclude[kənˈklu:d] vt.得出结论;断定决定vt. & vi.结束equate[iˈkweit] vt.认为某事物(与另一事物)相等或相仿journal[ˈdʒə:nl] n.杂志,期刊日志,日记purchase[ˈpə:tʃəs] n.购买,购置买到的东西vt.购买select[siˈlekt] adj.精选的,挑选出来的限制性的,选择严格的vt.选择;挑选appropriate[əˈprəupriit] adj.适当的,恰当的vt.挪用;占用;盗用拨出(款项) conduct[kənˈdʌkt] n.举止,行为管理(方式),实施(方式) vt. & vi.引导,带领,担任指挥控制,管理传导••••••••••••evaluate[iˈvæljueit] vt.评价,估计,估价maintain[meinˈtein] vt.保持;继续保养,维护坚持;主张供给;赡养range[reindʒ] n.一系列变化幅度,范围射程,距离(山)脉vi.变化vt.排列site[sait] n.位置,场所,地点vt.使坐落在;设置aspect[ˈæspekt] n.方面方位,朝向面貌,模样,神态consequent[ˈkɔnsikwənt] adj.作为结果的,随之发生的feature[ˈfi:tʃə] n.特征,特色面貌,相貌特写,专题节目(电影的)正片,故事片normal[ˈnɔ:məl] adj.正常的,平常的正规的;标准的region[ˈri:dʒən] n.地区;地带;区域;范围strategy[ˈstrætidʒi] n.战略学,兵法战略,策略策略,计谋assist[əˈsist] vt. & vi.帮助,促进construct[kənˈstrʌkt] vt.修建,建立构成,组成•••••••final[ˈfainəl] adj.最后的,最终的决定性的,确定性的n.决赛(大学的)期终考试obtain[əbˈtein] vi.通行;流行vt.获得,得到;买到regulate[ˈreɡjuleit] vt.控制,管理调整;调节survey[səˈvei] n.调查vt.眺望;纵览测量;勘察检查,鉴定通盘考虑,回顾category[ˈkætiɡəri] n.种类,类别consume[kənˈsju:m] vt.消耗,消费,耗尽大吃,大喝烧毁,毁灭focus[ˈfəukəs] n.焦点,焦距;中心vt. & vi.(使)集中, (使)聚集调整(镜头,眼睛)焦点[焦距]以便看清•••••participate[pɑ:ˈtisipeit] vt. & vi.参加,参与relevant[ˈreləvənt] adj.有关的,切题的text[tekst] n.正文,本文原文,全文教科书,课本chapter[ˈtʃæptə] n.章,回,篇credit[ˈkredit] n.赊购;赊购制度存款;存款数额借款;贷款赞扬,荣誉,功劳信任,相信学分vt.相信,信任把…记入贷方,存入(账户)••••••••impact[ˈimpækt] n.影响,作用冲击(力),碰撞vt. & vi.对某事物有影响perceive[pəˈsi:v] vt.感觉,察觉,理解reside[riˈzaid] vi.居住;定居tradition[trəˈdiʃən] n.传统惯例commission[kəˈmiʃən] n.授权,委托委员会佣金,回扣vt.委任,委托culture[ˈkʌltʃə] n.文化休养,教养,精神文明养殖,培养,栽培vt.培植,培养injure[ˈindʒə] vt.伤害,损害positive[ˈpɔzitiv] adj.确实的,明确的积极的;肯定的表现得有信心和有希望的,确信的〈数〉〈电〉正的,阳性的完全的;纯粹的n.〈语〉原级形容词确实;正量,正数正片•resource[riˈsɔ:s] n.资源(必要时可给予)帮助、支持或安慰的事物才智;机敏;创造精神•transfer[trænsˈfə:] n.转移;转让;转录中转,换乘,改变路线vt.转让vt. & vi. 转移;迁移Sublist 3•alternative[ɔ:lˈtə:nətiv] adj.两者择一的,供替代的不寻常的,非传统性的非正统的n.取舍,抉择,可供选择的事物选择的余地,可供选择的机会••••••••••convene[kənˈvi:n] vt. & vi.召开,召集emphasis[ˈemfəsis] n.强调,重点interact[ˌɪntərˈækt] vi.相互作用[影响],互相配合philosophy[fiˈlɔsəfi] n.哲学人生哲学,人生观达观sex[seks] n.性别;性男性;女性性关系性活动,性行为circumstance[ˈsə:kəmstəns] n.环境,条件,情况境遇,经济状况coordinate[kəuˈɔ:dineit] adj.同等的,并列的n.〈数〉坐标vt.使协调;使调和ensure[inˈʃuə] vt.确保,担保担保获得[避免]justify[ˈdʒʌstifai] vt.证明…有理;为…辩护physical[ˈfizikəl] adj.身体的,肉体的物质的自然规律的,按自然法则的自然(界)的物理学的n.身体检查,体格检查shift[ʃift] n.转换,转变轮[换]班轮班工人计谋,手段切换键vi.快速行进vt. & vi. 改变,变换,转移,移动去掉;摆脱掉换挡••••••comment[ˈkɔment] n.评论,意见,解释,批评vt. & vi.评论;谈论core[kɔ:] n.果核核心,精髓,要点exclude[iksˈklu:d] vt.排除;不包括在内layer[ˈleiə] n.层,层次proportion[prəˈpɔ:ʃən] n.均衡;相称,协调一物与他物在数量、大小等方面的关系;比例部分;份儿••••••••••••••••••specify[ˈspesifai] vt.详述指定compensate[ˈkɔmpenseit] vt. & vi.补偿,报酬corporate[ˈkɔ:pərit] adj.社团的,法人的framework[ˈfreimwə:k] n.构架;结构link[liŋk] n.环,联系,纽带vt. & vi.连接,联系publish[ˈpʌbliʃ] vt. & vi.出版公布sufficient[səˈfiʃənt] adj.足够的;充足的component[kəmˈpəunənt] n.成分,组成部分,部件,元件correspond[ˌkɔrisˈpɔnd] vi.相符合,相一致相当,相类似通信fund[fʌnd] n.基金,专款现款;资金储备,蕴藏vt.为…提供资金,给…拨款locate[ləuˈkeit] vt.找出,指出(地点或位置) vt. & vi.(在…)设置,坐落于react[riˈækt] vi.起反应;有影响反对;对抗task[tɑ:sk] n.工作;任务;差事consent[kənˈsent] n.准许,同意,赞成vi.同意;赞成criteria[kraɪˈtɪərɪə] n.标准illustrate[ˈiləstreit] vt.给…加插图说明,阐明;表明maximise[ˈmæksimaiz] vt.使(某事物)增至最大限度最大限度地利用(某事物) register[ˈredʒistə] n.登记(表),注册(簿)记录器暖气,调风器vt. & vi.记录;登记;注册显出注意到,记住• technical[ˈteknikəl] adj.技术的;应用科学的艺术的,工艺的(指书等)要求有专门知识的,使用术语的,专业的•••••••considerable[kənˈsidərəbl] adj.相当大(或多)的deduce[diˈdju:s] vt.推论,演绎immigrate[ˈimiɡreit] vi.移入minor[ˈmainə] adj.较小的,较少的,低级的,次要的n.未成年人副修科目rely[riˈlai] vi.信任;信赖;依赖,依靠technique[tekˈni:k] n.技巧,手法,技术技能constant[ˈkɔnstənt] adj.始终如一的,恒久不变的不断的,连续发生的忠实的,忠诚的•demonstrate[ˈdemənstreit] vi.举行示威游行(或集会) vt.说明,演示论证,证明显示,表露••••••••••••imply[imˈplai] vt.暗示,暗指必然包含negate[niˈɡeit] vt.取消,使无效否定;否认remove[riˈmu:v] vi.迁移;移居vt.移走;排除开除technology[tekˈnɔlədʒi] n.科技(总称);工艺;应用科学工业技术constrain[kənˈstrein] vt.强迫,强使;限制,约束document[ˈdɔkjumənt] n.公文,文件,文献vt.证明记录,记载initial[iˈniʃəl] adj.最初的,开头的outcome[ˈautkʌm] n.结果scheme[ski:m] n.阴谋,诡计计划,方案vt. & vi.策划;图谋valid[ˈvælid] adj.正当的,有充分根据的,符合逻辑的有效的有法律效力的contribute[kənˈtribjut] vi.起促成作用vt. & vi.捐献,捐助,贡献出撰稿,投稿dominate[ˈdɔmineit] vt.耸立于,俯临vt. & vi.控制,支配,统治在…中占首要地位••instance[ˈinstəns] n.例子,实例partner[ˈpɑ:tnə] n.伙伴,同伙,合伙人,股东同伴,搭档配偶,情人vt.做…的搭档••sequence[ˈsi:kwəns] n.有关联的一组事物,一连串先后次序,顺序,连续volume[ˈvɔlju:m] n.卷,册,书卷体积;容积,容量音量,响度Sublist 4••access[ˈækses] n.通道,入口接近[取得]…的方法[权利等] vt.存取(计算机文件) communicate[kəˈmju:nikeit] vi.通讯;交际,交流相连;相通vt. & vi.传达;表达•••error[ˈerə] n.错误过失,失误internal[inˈtə:nəl] adj.内部的国内的,内政的体内的parallel[ˈpærəlel] adj.(指至少两条线)平行的类似的;相对应的n.平行线[面]极相似的人[事物]类似(点),相似(之处)比较纬线,纬圈vt.与…平行;与…相当resolve[riˈzɔlv] vt.(指委员会或集会)表决解决(问题、疑问等)分解,解析(某物) vt. & vi.决定;决心••••••••鉴•••••••adequate[ˈædikwit] adj.充分的,足够的适当的,胜任的concentrate[ˈkɔnsəntreit] vt.浓缩vt. & vi.专心于;注意集中,聚集ethnic[ˈeθnik] adj.种族的,部落的某文化群体的investigate[inˈvestiɡeit] vt.调查;审查parameter[pəˈræmitə] n.(限定性的)因素,特性,界限〈物〉〈数〉参量,参数retain[riˈtein] vt.保持;保留止住;容纳annual[ˈænjuəl] adj.每年的,年度的,一年一次的n.一年生植物年刊,年报,年confer[kənˈfə:] vi.〈拉〉商谈,商议vt.授予,赋予goal[ɡəul] n.球门进球得的分努力的对象,目标job[dʒɔb] n.职业,职位(一件)工作职责,责任phase[feiz] n.阶段,时期(月亮、行星的)位相vt.分阶段计划[安排]series[ˈsiəri:z] n.连续的同类事物,系列串联apparent[əˈpærənt] adj.显然的,明白的,清晰可见的表面上的,貌似(真实)的contrast[ˈkɔntræst] n.对比,对照差异,差别对照物,明显的对比物vt. & vi.对比,对照•••••••••grant[ɡrɑ:nt] n.补助金,助学金,津贴vt.准许;答应给予承认label[ˈleibəl] n.标签,标记称号;符号;标示vt.贴标签于把…列为predict[priˈdikt] vt. & vi.预言;预测;预示statistic[stəˈtistik] adj.统计的,统计学的n.统计量approximate[əˈprɔksimit] adj.近似的,大约的vt. & vi.近似,接近cycle[ˈsaikl] n.循环,周期自行车,摩托车vi.骑自行[摩托]车hence[hens] adv.从此时起,从此处因此,所以mechanism[ˈmekənizəm] n.机械装置构造,机制办法,技巧,途径principal[ˈprinsəpəl] adj.最重要的;主要的n.负责人,校长资本,本金被代理人,委托人••••••status[ˈsteitəs] n.身份,地位情形,状况attitude[ˈætitju:d] n.态度,看法姿态,姿势debate[diˈbeit] n.讨论,辩论vt. & vi.辩论,争论hypothesis[haiˈpɔθisis] n.假说,假设,前提obvious[ˈɔbviəs] adj.明显的;显而易见的prior[ˈpraiə] adj.优先的;在前的;较早的• •stress [stres ] n .压力,紧张强调,重要性重力重音 vt .重读强调attribute [əˈtribju:t ] n .属性,特性 vt .认为…是;归因于…认为某作品出自某人 之手认为某事[物]属于某人[物]• • • • despite [dis ˈpait ] prep .不管,尽管implement [ˈimplim ənt ] n .工具,器具,用具 vt .使生效,贯彻,执行 occupy [ˈɔkjupai ] vt .占领;占有使从事;使忙于 professional [pr əˈfe ʃən əl ] adj .职业的,专业的内行的,有经验的有意的,故意的 n .具有某专业资格的人,专业人士内行,专家专门职业者,职业选手• • subsequent [ˈs ʌbsikw ənt ] adj .随后的,继…之后的civil [ˈsivl ] adj .公民的,平民的;非军职的,非宗教的;国民间的,民用的民事的, 民法的文明的,有教养的• • • • dimension [di ˈmen ʃən ] n .尺寸,度量方面,部分规模,程度implicate [ˈimplikeit ] vt .牵连,涉及option [ˈɔp ʃən ] n .选择(的自由)可选择的办法附件,配件买卖选择权,期权 project [pr əˈd ʒekt ] n .项目,计划,方案,课题 vt .规划抛;投;射 vt . & vi .伸出, 突出;表达特点• sum [s ʌm ] n .总数,总和金额算术 vt . & vi .合计总结,归纳code [k əud ] n .法典,法规,章程密码,电码代号,编码 vt .将…译成电码 domestic [d əˈmestik ] adj .本国的,国内的家庭的,家用的驯养的impose [im ˈp əuz ] vi .利用,占便宜;欺骗 vt .强迫,强加课税,惩罚 output [ˈautput ] n .产量输出,输出功率• • • • • promote [pr əˈm əut ] vt .提升,提拔筹划,发起,创立推销〈正〉促进 ;推动;增 进• summary [ˈs ʌm əri ] adj .即刻的,立即的匆忙的,草率的概括的;简要的 n .摘要, 概要•••• commit [k əˈmit ] vt .犯罪;犯错承诺;使自己受约束托付;交付 emerge [i ˈm ə:d ʒ] vi .出现;显出;暴露 integrate [ˈinti ɡreit ] vt .使结合成为整体 vt . & vi .(使)融入 overall [ˈəuv ər ɔ:l ] adj .总体的;全面的;综合的全面考虑的 adv .大体上,总的来 说一切包括在内,全部的 n .长罩衣工装裤;工作裤• • regime [rei ˈʒi:m ] n .政治制度,政权,政体undertake [ˌʌnd əˈteik ] vt .担任,承揽;保证着手,开始Sublist 5•• academy [əˈk æd əmi ] n .专科学校研究院,学会 consult [k ən ˈs ʌlt ] vt .请教,咨询;找(医生)诊治翻阅,查阅顾及,考虑 vt . & vi . 商议,商量• • • • evolve [i ˈv ɔlv ] vt . & vi .演变;进化licence [ˈlais əns ] n .许可证,执照许可,特许放纵,放肆orient [ˈɔ:ri ənt ] n .东方,亚洲 vt .使熟悉,使适应使朝向;使确定位置 style [stail ] n .风格,格调;文体行为方式,作风种类,类型;流行式样;款式风度; 格调;气派• • adjust [əˈd ʒʌst ] vt . & vi .(改变…以)适应;调整;校正contact [ˈk ɔnt ækt ] n .接触联系,联络,交往社会关系,熟人,门路触点,接头 vt . & vi .联系• expand [iks ˈp ænd ] vt . & vi .使…变大,扩大,扩张伸展,伸开,张开,展开 • logic [ˈl ɔd ʒik ] n .逻辑(学),逻辑性推理方法合理的想法perspective [p əˈspektiv ] n .远景,景前途;希望透视透视图观点,想法 substitute [ˈs ʌbstitju:t ] vt . & vi .代替,替换,代用• • • alter [ˈɔ:lt ə] vt . & vi .改变,更改• decline [di ˈklain ] n .下降,减少,衰退 vi .(太阳)落下 vt . & vi .辞谢;谢绝(邀请 等)• expose [iks ˈp əuz ] vt .曝光暴露;显露揭露,袒露• margin [ˈm ɑ:d ʒin ] n .页边空白边,边缘差数,差额;余地precise [pri ˈsais ] adj .精确的,准确的恰好的;正是的周密的,细密的,精细的 sustain [s əˈstein ] vt .承受,支撑维持长期保持;使继续经受,遭受 amend [əˈmend ] vt . & vi .改良;修改,修订• • • • discrete [dis ˈkri:t ] adj .分离的,不相关联的• external [eks ˈt ə:nl ] adj .外面的,外部的外观的,表面的外国的medical [ˈmedik əl ] adj .医学的,医疗的,医术的内科的prime [praim ] adj .首要的;主要的;基本的最好的,第一流的 n .全盛时期 vt .使 • • 准备好,使完成准备工作事先指导,事先向…提供情况• • • symbol [ˈsimb əl ] n .象征,标志符号,记号aware [əˈw ɛə] adj .意识到的,知道的draft [dr ɑ:ft ] n .草稿,草案,草图汇票应召入伍者 ;特遣队 vt .起草,画草图,草 拟选派,抽调征募,征召…入伍• • • • facilitate [f əˈsiliteit ] vt .使便利,减轻…的困难mental [ˈmentl ] adj .精神的,头脑的,心理的,智力的精神病的psychology [sai ˈk ɔl əd ʒi ] n .心理学心理;心理特点target [ˈt ɑ:ɡit ] n .(射击的)靶子(欲达到的)目[指]标(服务的)对象; (攻击的)对象 vt .瞄准某物• • • capacity [k əˈp æsiti ] n .容量,容积才能,能力身份,职位enable [i ˈneibl ] vt .使能够;提供做…的权利[措施]使可能fundamental [ˌf ʌnd əˈment əl ] adj .基本的;重要的,必要的 n .基本原则,基本 法则•••••••modify[ˈmɔdifai] vt.修饰vt. & vi.修改,更改pursue[pəˈsju:] vt.追捕,追击追求继续;从事,经营transit[ˈtrænsit] n.搬运;载运;运输challenge[ˈtʃælindʒ] n.挑战,邀请比赛怀疑,质问艰巨的任务vt.挑战质疑考验energy[ˈenədʒi] n.活力,干劲,能力精力〈物〉能,能量,能源generate[ˈdʒenəreit] vt.生成,产生引起,导致monitor[ˈmɔnitə] n.监视器,监听器;检测器(学校)班长;纠察员vt.监听,监视监测,检测•••••••••ratio[ˈreiʃiəu] n.比,比率trend[trend] n.趋势,倾向流行clause[klɔ:z] n.从句(法律文件等的)条款enforce[inˈfɔ:s] vt.实施,执行强迫,迫使generation[ˌdʒenəˈreiʃən] n.同时代的人,一代人,一代产生,发生network[ˈnetwə:k] n.网状物(电视与计算机)网络,网状系统广播网,电视网reject[riˈdʒekt] n.被拒货品,不合格产品vt.拒绝,谢绝;驳回舍弃,排斥,退掉version[ˈvə:ʃən] n.(个人对事件的)描述,说法,看法版本,形式译本,剧本compound[ˈkɔmpaund] n.复合物,化合物(筑有围墙的)院子, (围起来的)场地vt.使混合,使合成使严重;使恶化••entity[ˈentiti] n.实体,独立存在体,实际存在物image[ˈimidʒ] n.形象,概念镜像,影像,图像印象酷似的人[物],翻版比喻,引喻,明喻外形,外表,模样••••••notion[ˈnəuʃən] n.概念,观念,看法突然的念头,奇想;意图,打算revenue[ˈrevənju:] n.收入,收益;财政收入,税收welfare[ˈwelfɛə] n.健康,幸福,繁荣福利〈美〉政府的福利(制度)conflict[ˈkɔnflikt] n.战斗,斗争冲突,抵触,争论vi.抵触,冲突equivalent[iˈkwivələnt] adj.相等的,相当的liberal[ˈlibərəl] adj.心胸宽阔的,无偏见的慷慨的,大方的开放的;主张变革的自由的,不拘一格的n.宽容大度的人自由主义者•••objective[əbˈdʒektiv] adj.客观的;不带偏见的n.目标;目的stable[ˈsteibl] adj.稳定的;安定的沉稳[持重]的whereas[hwɛərˈæz] conj.但是,而Sublist 6•abstract[ˈæbstrækt] adj.抽象的抽象派的n.抽象,抽象概念,抽象性抽象派艺术作品摘要,梗概vt.提取,抽取做…的摘要•••••capable[ˈkeipəbl] adj.有能力的,有技能的exceed[ikˈsi:d] vi.(在数量、质量上)突出,领先vt.超过;超越incidence[ˈinsidəns] n.发生率,影响范围migrate[maiˈɡreit] vi.迁移;移往recover[riˈkʌvə] vi.恢复健康(体力、能力等) vt.恢复;重新获得,找回〈正〉恢复(适当的状态或位置)••••••••••accurate[ˈækjurit] adj.精确的,准确的正确无误的cite[sait] vt.引用,举例表彰,嘉奖传唤,传讯expert[ˈekspə:t] adj.专家的,内行的,熟练的n.专家,能手incorporate[inˈkɔ:pəreit] vt.包含,加上,吸收把…合并,使并入组成公司minimum[ˈminiməm] adj.最低的,最小的n.最低限度,最小量reveal[riˈvi:l] vt.显示;露出泄露;透露acknowledge[əkˈnɔlidʒ] vt.承认,供认告知已收到鸣谢,感谢cooperate[kəuˈɔpəreit] vi.合作;配合,协助explicit[iksˈplisit] adj.详述的,明确的,明晰的直言的,毫不隐瞒的,露骨的index[ˈindeks] n.索引标志,象征;量度(物价或工资的)指数〈数〉指数,幂vt.给…编索引,指示出•••••••••••••ministry[ˈministri] n.(政府的)部scope[skəup] n.余地,机会(处理、研究事务的)范围aggregate[ˈæɡriɡit] n.〈正〉数,总计vt.总计达… vt. & vi.(使)聚集discriminate[disˈkrimineit] vi.歧视,有差别地对待vt. & vi.分别,辨别,区分federal[ˈfedərəl] adj.联邦(制)的联邦政府的inhibit[inˈhibit] vt.阻止;抑制motive[ˈməutiv] n.动机,目的subsidy[ˈsʌbsidi] n.补贴,津贴,补助金allocate[ˈæləkeit] vt.分配,分派把…拨给display[disˈplei] n.陈列,展览陈列的货物、艺术品等vt.陈列,展览显示,显露fee[fi:] n.费,酬金initiate[iˈniʃieit] vt.开始,着手传授;使初步了解接纳新成员,让…加入neutral[ˈnju:trəl] adj.中立的,不偏不倚的中立(国家)的暗淡的;非彩色的(化学中)中性的不带电的n.(汽车或其他机器的)空挡位置中立人士;中立国•••••••tape[teip] n.带子录音磁带;录像带vt.用带子捆起来vt. & vi.录音assign[əˈsain] vt.分配;交给指派,选派指定,订出diverse[daiˈvəs] adj.不同的,多种多样的flexible[ˈfleksəbl] adj.易弯曲的,柔韧的灵活的,可变通的input[ˈinput] n.输入,投入〈电〉输入端输入的数据vt.把…输入电脑nevertheless[ˌnevəðəˈles] adv.仍然,然而,不过conj.尽管如此,然而trace[treis] n.踪迹;痕迹;形迹极微的量vt.追踪;追溯发现;找到描绘;标出vt. & vi.缓慢而困难地书写•••••attach[əˈtætʃ] vt. & vi.贴上;系;附上domain[dəuˈmein] n.范围,领域版图,领土地产,产业furthermore[ˈfə:ðəˌmɔ:] adv.而且,此外instruct[inˈstrʌkt] vt.命令,指示教,指导通知overseas[ˌəuvəˈsi:z] adj.(在)海外的, (在)国外的(向或来自)外国的adv.在[向]海外;在[向]国外••••••••transform[trænsˈfɔ:m] vt. & vi.改变author[ˈɔ:θə] n.著作家,作者创造者,创始人;发起人edit[ˈedit] vt.剪辑(电影、录音磁带、无线电或电视节目、书等) vt. & vi.编辑gender[ˈdʒendə] n.〈语〉性intelligent[inˈtelidʒənt] adj.聪明的;理解力强的precede[ˌpriˈsi:d] vt. & vi.在…之前,先于transport[trænsˈpɔ:t] vt.运送;流放使万分激动bond[bɔnd] n.联系,关系连接,接合,结合有息债券合同,契约,票据vt.使粘结,使结合••••••enhance[inˈhɑ:ns] vt.提高,增加,加强ignorant[ˈiɡnərənt] adj.无知的,愚昧的interval[ˈintəvəl] n.间隔时间幕间休息presume[priˈzju:m] vi.冒昧地做某事;错用自作主张,放肆vt.以为;假定underlie[ˌʌndəˈlai] vt.位于或存在于(某物)之下构成…的基础(或起因);引起brief[bri:f] adj.短暂的,短时间的简洁的,简短的n.概要,摘要vt.向…介绍基本情况,作…的摘要•••estate[isˈteit] n.土地,地区庄园,种植园地产,财产;遗产incentive[inˈsentiv] n.激励某人做某事的事物;刺激;诱因,动机lecture[ˈlektʃə] n.演讲;讲课冗长的训斥[谴责] vt.责备,教训,训斥vt. &vi.(向…)演讲; (给…)讲课••rational[ˈræʃənl] adj.神智清楚的理性的;理智的;合理的;出于理性的utilize[ˈju:tilaiz] vt.利用,使用Sublist 7•••••••••••••••出••••••adapt[əˈdæpt] vt.改编,改写vt. & vi.(使)适应, (使)适合contrary[ˈkɔntrəri] adj.相反的,相违的n.相反,反面,对立面empirical[emˈpirikəl] adj.以观察或实验为依据的identical[aiˈdentikəl] adj.同一的phenomenon[fiˈnɔminən] n.现象特殊的人[事物]submit[səbˈmit] vi.屈服,认输vt.提交,呈递〈正〉建议,主张,申辩adult[ˈædʌlt] adj.成熟的成年人的,适宜于成年人的n.成年的人或动物convert[kənˈvə:t] vt. & vi.(使)转变, (使)转化皈依,改变(信仰)equip[iˈkwip] vt.装备,配备使有能力,使胜任ideology[ˌaidiˈɔlədʒi] n.思想(体系),思想意识priority[praiˈɔriti] n.优先权,重点优先考虑的事successor[səkˈsesə] n.接替的人或事物,继任者,继承人advocate[ˈædvəkeit] n.提倡者,拥护者辩护律师,辩护人vt.提倡,主张couple[ˈkʌpl] n.一对,一双一些,几个夫妻,情侣vt.连接,联结,联系extract[iksˈtrækt] n.摘录,引用提炼物,浓缩物vt.(费力地)拔出,抽出提取,榨infer[inˈfə:] vt.推断,推知prohibit[prəˈhibit] vt.禁止;阻止survive[səˈvaiv] vi.幸存,活下来vt.比…活得长,经历…之后还存在aid[eid] n.帮助,援助,救助助手,辅助物,辅助手段vt.帮助,援助decade[ˈdekeid] n.十年,十年间] n.文件夹,公文箱卷宗,文件;计算机文件纵列vi.排成纵队前进vt.把…归档提交(申请等),呈递用锉锉••••••••••••innovate[ˈinəuveit] vi.改革,创新publication[ˌpʌbliˈkeiʃən] n.发表,公布出版,刊行,发行出版物,书刊thesis[ˈθi:sis] n.论题,命题,论点论文,毕业(或学位)论文channel[ˈtʃænl] n.海峡通道;水沟,水渠渠道,途径频道definite[ˈdefinit] adj.明确的,确切的一定的,肯定的finite[ˈfainait] adj.有限的,有限度的〈语〉限定的insert[inˈsə:t] n.添入物(尤指一页印刷品图中插入或套印的小图) vt.插入,嵌入quote[kwəut] vt.提到…以支持某论点报(价);开(价) vt. & vi.引用,援引topic[ˈtɔpik] n.题目,论题,话题chemical[ˈkemikəl] adj.化学的n.化学药品deny[diˈnai] vt.否认知情拒绝foundation[faunˈdeiʃən] n.建立,设立,创办基础,基本原理,根据地基基金(会)••intervene[ˌɪntəˈvi:n] vi.干涉,干预;调解干扰,阻碍release[riˈli:s] n.释放,排放,解除释放令公映的新影片,发布的新闻[消息] vt.释放;放开发布;发行;发售••transmit[trænzˈmit] vt.传播,传染传导vt. & vi.发射,播送,广播classic[ˈklæsik] adj.(著作,赛事等)最优秀的, (可作)典范的(病例等)典型的,标准的(衣服,设计等)传统式样的,典雅的(因为时已久)著名的;传统的n.文豪,大艺术家;文学名著,经典作品,杰作优秀的典范••••differentiate[ˌdifəˈrenʃieit] vi.区别对待vt. & vi.区分,区别,辨别globe[ɡləub] n.地球,世界球体;球状物地球仪isolate[ˈaisəleit] vt.使隔离,使孤立,使脱离reverse[riˈvə:s] adj.相反的,颠倒的,反向的n.相反钱币的反面[背面]失败,挫败vt. & vi.(使)反转; (使)颠倒; (使)翻转推翻,取消使倒退,逆转••••ultimate[ˈʌltimit] adj.最后的,最终的基本的,根本的最大的,极限程度的comprehensive[ˌkɔmpriˈhensiv] adj.广泛的,综合的dispose[disˈpəuz] vt.布置使愿意或准备做vt. & vi.处理;处置grade[ɡreid] n.(官阶、质量)等级,品级,阶段,程度〈尤美〉(考试或作业的)分数,评分等级〈尤美〉(学生受测试的)技巧水平(尤指音乐方面)〈美〉年级; (按年级划分的)小学生••••••media[ˈmi:djə] n.媒体simulate[ˈsimjuleit] vt.假装模仿,模拟unique[ju:ˈni:k] adj.独一无二的,仅有的,惟一的异常的,特有的,少见的comprise[kəmˈpraiz] vt.包含,包括,由…组成组成,构成dynamic[daiˈnæmik] adj.有活力的,强有力的不断变化的动力的,动态的guarantee[ˌɡærənˈti:] n.保证,保障;保证书;保用期担保,担保人担保品,抵押品vt.保证;担保使(事情)可能发生•••••••••mode[məud] n.方式,样式样式,风格sole[səul] adj.单独的,惟一的专有的,独占的visible[ˈvizəbl] adj.看得见的,可见的,有形的明显的,可察觉到的confirm[kənˈfə:m] vt.证实,证明;肯定,确认使巩固,加强批准;认可eliminate[iˈlimineit] vt.消除,排除忽略淘汰〈口〉干掉hierarchy[ˈhaiərɑ:ki] n.等级制度统治集团,领导层paradigm[ˈpærədaim] n.(一词的)词形变化表范例;样式;模范somewhat[ˈsʌmhwɔt] adv.稍微,有点,达到某种程度voluntary[ˈvɔləntəri] adj.自愿的,志愿的义务的,无偿的Sublist 8•••••abandon[əˈbændən] n.放任;纵情vt.离弃,丢弃遗弃,抛弃放弃clarify[ˈklærifai] vt. & vi.使清楚;澄清deviate[ˈdi:vieit] vi.偏离;越轨induce[inˈdju:s] vt.引诱,劝导〈正〉引起,导致plus[plʌs] adj.正的比所示数量多的附加的,称心的,有利的n.加号,正号prep.(表示包容)外加;另有(表示运算)加,加上(表示数目)在零(度)以上,正tense[tens] adj.拉紧的肌肉绷紧的神经紧张的n.〈语〉(动词的)时态vt.(使某人或某物)变得紧张•••••accompany[əˈkʌmpəni] vt.陪伴,陪同伴随…同时发生伴奏commodity[kəˈmɔditi] n.商品,货物有用的东西displace[disˈpleis] vt.替换,取代移走inevitable[inˈevitəbl] adj.不可避免的,必然发生的〈非正〉总会发生的,照例必有的,惯常的••••practitioner[prækˈtiʃənə] n.习艺者,实习者从业者(尤指医师)terminate[ˈtə:mineit] vt. & vi.结束;使终结accumulate[əˈkju:mjuleit] vt. & vi.堆积;积累complement[ˈkɔmplimənt] n.补充,互为补充的东西需要的或允许的数额补足语vt.补足,补充•••••••••drama[ˈdrɑ:mə] n.戏剧,剧本戏剧文学[艺术]戏剧性事件[场面] infrastructure[ˈinfrəˌstrʌktʃə] n.基础设施;基础结构predominant[priˈdɔminənt] adj.占主导地位的,显著的theme[θi:m] n.主题,主旨,题目ambiguous[æmˈbiɡjuəs] adj.引起歧义的;模棱两可的,含糊不清的conform[kənˈfɔ:m] vi.遵守,符合顺应,一致eventual[iˈventjuəl] adj.(事件)最终发生的;结果的inspect[inˈspekt] vt.检查,检验视察prospect[ˈprɔspekt] n.景象,景色前景;前途可能成为主顾的人;有希望的候选人vi.勘探;勘察•••thereby[ˈðɛəbai] adv.由此;因而append[əˈpend] vt.附加contemporary[kənˈtempərəri] adj.当代的同时代的,同属一个时期的n.同代人,同龄人•exhibit[iɡˈzibit] n.展览品,陈列品在法庭提出的证物vt.显示,显出vt. & vi.陈列;展览••••intense[inˈtens] adj.强烈的,剧烈的;极端的热情的,热切的紧张的,认真的radical[ˈrædikəl] adj.根本的,基本的;彻底的,完全的激进的,激进派的uniform[ˈju:nifɔ:m] adj.全都相同的,一律的,清一色的n.制服appreciate[əˈpri:ʃieit] vt.感激,感谢欣赏,赏识,重视意识到,体会vt. &vi.(使)增值,涨价•contradict[ˌkɔntrəˈdikt] vt.与…发生矛盾,与…抵触vt. & vi.反驳,否认…的真实性。
机械配件词汇中英文对照
机械配件词汇中英文对照1. 螺栓（Bolt）2. 螺母（Nut）3.垫圈（Washer）4. 销子（Pin）5. 轴承（Bearing）6. 齿轮（Gear）7. 液压缸（Hydraulic Cylinder）8. 气缸（Pneumatic Cylinder）9. 皮带轮（Pulley）10. 链轮（Sprocket）11. 联轴器（Coupling）12. 弹簧（Spring）13. 密封圈（Seal）14. 油封（Oil Seal）15. 滤清器（Filter）16. 泵（Pump）17. 阀门（Valve）18. 传感器（Sensor）19. 接头（Connector）20. 软管（Hose）机械配件词汇中英文对照（续）21. 齿条（Rack）22. 滑轨（Guide Rail）23. 滑块（Slider）24. 紧固件（Fastener）25. 调整垫片（Shim）26. 定位销（Locating Pin）27. 卡簧（Retaining Ring）28. 摩擦片（Friction Plate）29. 转向节（Steering Knuckle）30. 万向节（Universal Joint）31. 减震器（Shock Absorber）32. 悬挂臂（Suspension Arm）33. 制动盘（Brake Disc）34. 制动鼓（Brake Drum）35. 制动片（Brake Pad）36. 制动蹄（Brake Shoe）37. 驱动轴（Drive Shaft）38. 传动带（Transmission Belt）39. 齿轮箱（Gearbox）40. 变速器（Transmission）机械配件词汇中英文对照（续二）41. 发电机（Alternator）42. 起动机（Starter）43. 空气滤清器（Air Filter）44. 油冷却器（Oil Cooler）45. 散热器（Radiator）46. 扩张圈（Expansion Joint）47. 轴承座（Bearing Block）48. 摩擦盘（Clutch Disk）49. 离合器压盘（Clutch Pressure Plate）50. 飞轮（Flywheel）51. 正时皮带（Timing Belt）52. 正时链条（Timing Chain）53. 气门（Valve）54. 气门导管（Valve Guide）55. 气门弹簧（Valve Spring）56. 气门杆（Valve Stem）57. 气门座（Valve Seat）58. 活塞（Piston）59. 连杆（Connecting Rod）60. 曲轴（Crankshaft）这些词汇是机械领域的基础，它们构成了机械设备的骨架和血脉。
课标词汇1600按词性分类单词表格中英文对照(完整版)
中考词汇1600按词性分类单词表中英文名词ability 能力accent 口音airport 机场action 动作activity 活动address 地址advantage 优势，长处ad 广告advice 建议afternoon 下午agreement 协议，同意air 空气airline 航班airplane 飞机accident 事故animal 动物America 美国answer 回答ant 蚂蚁apple 苹果April 四月Area 地区arm 手臂army 军队art 艺术、美术article 文章，论文Asia 亚洲Atlantic 大西洋attention 注意力August 八月aunt 姨、姑、婶autumn 秋天Australia 澳洲baby 婴儿back 后背bear 熊banana 香蕉bank 银行baseball 棒球basket 篮子basketball 篮球bathroom 浴室beach 沙滩balloon 气球bell 铃、钟（声）behaviour 行为bee 蜜蜂beef 牛肉bike 自行车bill 钞票，账单bird 小鸟birthday 生日biscuit 饼干birth 出生bicycle 自行车blue 蓝色boat 小船body 身体book 书本black 黑色blackboard 黑板blood 血液boss 老板bottom 底部box 盒子，箱子boy 男孩bread 面包breakfast 早餐breath 呼吸bridge 桥bus 公车butterfly 蝴蝶brother兄弟brown 棕色brush 刷子cabbage 大白菜cake 蛋糕call ，叫声candle 蜡烛camel 骆驼camera 相机camp 营地，露营Canada 加拿大cancer 癌症cap 帽子capital 首都，省会car 小车card 卡片candy 糖果captain 队长，船长cat 小猫cause 原因CD 光盘ceiling 天花板center 中心cent 一分钱century 世纪，百年chair 椅子chairman 主席chairwomen 女主席chalk 粉笔chance机会change 变化cheese 奶酪chemistry 化学chess 棋chicken 小鸡，鸡肉cinema 电影院chopsticks 筷子Christmas 圣诞church 教堂child(children) 小孩China 中国Chinese 中国人Chocolate 巧克力choice 选择circle 圆圈city 城市class 班college 学院clothes 衣服clone 克隆cloud 云club 俱乐部coach 教练coal 煤炭coast 海岸coat 外套coffee 咖啡coin 硬币Coke 可乐classmate 同学classroom 教室communication 交流competition 比赛company 公司composition 作文concert 音乐会condition 条件，状况conversation 对话conference 会议cooker 炊具copy 复制品cotton 棉花courage 勇气cough 咳嗽country 国家countryside 乡村couple 夫妇，一对course 课程cover 封面cousin 表、堂兄妹cow 奶牛culture 文化dance 舞蹈danger 危险death 死亡date 约会、日期daughter 女儿decision 决定December 十二月degree 度数，程度dentist 牙医desk 书桌development 发展dialogue 对话diary 日记dictionary 字典discussion 讨论difficulty 困难dinner 正餐、晚餐director 导演，董事discovery 发现difference 不同disease 疾病dish 盘子，菜doctor 医生dog 狗doll 公仔downstairs 楼下dozen 十二doubt 疑虑door 门dress 长裙driver 司机drop 一滴drug 药品drum 鼓duck 鸭子dumpling 饺子duty 责任，之日ear 耳朵earth 泥土，土地，地球easteducation 教育effort 努力egg 鸡蛋engineer 工程师enemy 敌人E-mail/ 电子end 结束energy 能源elephant 大象England 英国English 英语environment 环境eraser 橡皮擦Europe 欧洲evening 傍晚exam 考试example 例子，例excuse 借口exercise 练习experiment 实验express 快车eye 眼睛face 脸面fact 事实family 家庭fan 歌迷等farm 农场farmer 农民father 父亲fear 恐惧February 二月feeling 感觉festival 节日fever 发烧field 田野fight 打架finger 手指fire 火fish 鱼fisherman 渔夫flag 旗帜floor 地板，层楼flower 花flu 流感fly 苍蝇fork 叉子form 表格foreigner 外国人forest 森林food 食物football 足球fox 狐狸Friday 周五friend 朋友friendship 友谊frog 青蛙fruit 水果fun 乐趣gift 礼物giraffe 长颈鹿girl 女孩glass 玻璃杯glasses 眼镜glove 手套god 上帝gold 金子goose 鹅government政府grade 年级，等级grape 葡萄grammar 语法grandchild 子女grandma 奶奶grandpa 爷爷grandson 子granddaughter 女grandparent 祖父母granny 奶奶grass 草green 绿色greeting 打招呼group 小组guard 卫兵，门卫guest 宾客guitar 吉他gym 体育馆，健身房habit 习惯hair 头发half 一半hall 大堂ham 火腿hamburger 汉堡hand 手handbag 手袋handwriting 书法hat 帽子head 头部headache 头痛health 健康heart 心脏heat 热量heaven 天堂height 高度help 帮助hero 英语hen 母鸡hill 小山history 历史hobby 习惯hole 坑，洞holiday 假日home 家hometown 家乡homework 作业honor 荣幸hospital 医院hotel 酒店hour 小时house 房子horse 马hope 希望human 人类husband 丈夫hurry 匆忙ice 冰idea 主意illness 病India 印度Industry 工业influence 影响information 信息ink 墨水instruction 说明，指引interest 兴趣Internet 网络interview 采访introduction 介绍iron 铁invention 发明jacket 夹克January 一月Japan 日本Japanese 日本人jeans 牛仔裤job 工作，职业joke 玩笑joy 欢乐，开心juice 果汁July 七月June 六月key 答案，钥匙，键keyboard 键盘kid 小孩kilometer 公里kilo 公斤king国王kitchen 厨房kite风筝kiss 吻kg 公斤light 光level 水平library 图书馆license 执照knee 膝部knife 小刀knock 敲门声lab 实验室lady 女士lake 湖land 陆地lamb 羊羔laugh 大笑law 法律leader 领导leaf 树叶leg 腿lemonade 柠檬水lesson 课程letter 信件，字母lion 狮子line 行、线litter 垃圾London 伦敦luck 运气lunch 午餐man 人、男人madam 夫人magazine 杂志mailmachine 机器manager 经理map 地图March 三月mark 记号，分数market 市场marriage 婚姻master 主人meaning 意思math(s) 数学May 五月meal 一餐饭match 比赛，火柴medicine 药meeting 会议member 成员memory 记忆mistake 错误model 模，模型minute 分钟mirror 镜子miss 小姐menu 菜单message 短信metre 米method 方式middle 中间milk 牛奶mind 思想moment 时刻mom 妈妈Monday 周一monitor 班长，显示屏money 钱monkey 猴子month 月份moon 月亮morning 早上mother 母亲motorcycle 摩托mountain(s) 山mouse 老鼠，鼠标mouth 嘴巴movie 电影mum 妈妈museum 博物馆music音乐murder 谋杀name 名字nature 自然night 夜晚news 新闻newspaper 报纸neck 脖子need 需要neighbour 邻居nod 点头noise 噪音north 北方nose 鼻子note 笔记notebook 笔记本notice 注意November 十一月number 数字nurse 护士object 物体ocean 海洋October 十月offer 给予office 办公室oil 油operation 手术orange 橙子order 订单overcoat 大衣owner 物主paint 油漆package 包裹pair 一双，一对palace 宫殿pancake 薄饼panda 熊猫paper 纸parent 父母park 公园part 部分party 政党，晚会passage 段落passenger 乘客passport 通行证，护照past 过去patient 病人PE 体育PC 私人电脑peace 和平，安宁pear 梨子pen 钢笔pencil 铅笔penny 便士people 人们，民族percent 百分之person 人pet 宠物phone=telephone physics 物理piano 钢琴picnic 野餐piece 一，一片，一块pie 馅饼ping-pong 乒乓球pilot 飞行员pink 粉红色pioneer 先锋pity 可惜，可怜plain 平原plan 计划plane 飞机planet 星球plastic 塑料plate 碟子play 戏剧playground 操场pleasure 高兴，喜悦poem 诗歌pocket 口袋point 点police 警察policy 政策policeman 警察（个人）policewoman 女警pond 池塘pool 游泳池population 人口pork 猪肉position 地位，位置post 柱子，邮政postman 邮递员postcard 明信片potato 土豆pound 磅，英镑practice 练习present 现在president 总统price 价格pride 骄傲prison 监狱print 印刷prize 奖品problem 问题program 项目，节目promise 承诺public 公众pupil 小学生purse 钱包purple 紫色purpose 目的rabbit 兔子race 赛跑radio 收音机railway 铁路rain 雨raincoat 大衣quarter 一刻钟，1/4 queen 皇后question 疑问reason 理由record 记录，录音recorder 录音机red 红色refrigerator=fridge 冰箱regard 尊重regret 后悔relation 关系report 报告research 调查rest 休息restaurant 餐馆result 结果rice 米，饭right 右边risk 冒险river 河流road 路robot 机器人rock 岩石，摇滚role 角色room 房间，地方rope 绳子rose 玫瑰rubbish 垃圾rubber 橡皮rule 规定ruler 尺子Russian 俄国人safety 安全salad 沙拉sale 打折出售salt 盐sand 沙子sandwich 三文治sail 航行Saturday 周六scarf 围巾screen 屏幕school 学校science 科学schoolbag 书包scientist 科学家score 得分sea 大海season 季节search 搜索seat 座位secret 秘密secretary 秘书sense 理智servant 仆人service 服务September 九月sentence 句子shame 羞耻shape 形状sheep 绵羊shelf 架子ship 轮船shirt 衬衫shoe 鞋子shop 商店shorts 短袖Shower 淋浴sight 风景，视力silence 沉默silk 丝绸silver 银sir 先生sister 姐妹smile 微笑size 尺寸skill 技能sky 天空skirt 裙子situation 形式，情况smoke 烟雾snake 蛇snow 雪soap 肥皂society 社会sock 短袜soft 柔软sofa 沙发soldier 士兵son 儿子song 歌曲sorry 抱歉sort 种类sound 声音soup 汤south 南方southeast 东南southwest 西南space 空间speech 演讲speed 速度spirit 精神spoon 汤匙sport 运动spring 春天square 四方形，广场stamp 邮票standard 标准star 明星，星星，恒星station 车站stairs 楼梯steel 钢铁step 步子steam 蒸汽stomach 胃部，肚子stone 石头stop 停止story 故事stranger 陌生人street 街道strawberry 草莓student 学生study 学习subject 科目，主题success 成功test 测验text 课文supermarket 超市supper 晚餐supply 供给surface 表面surprise 惊讶sweater 毛衣symbol 象征table 桌子tail 尾巴talk 谈话tale 传说taxi 计程车tea 茶，茶叶teacher 老师team 队伍technology 科技telephonetelevision (TV) 电视temperature 温度tennis 网球tent 帐篷term 学期suggestion 提议summer 夏天sun 太阳，Sunday 周日tape 胶带，录音带thanktheatre 戏院Thursday 周四ticket 票tie 领带tiger 老虎time 时间，次数，倍数today 浸提那toilet 洗手间total 全部tongue 舌头，母语tomato 西红柿tomorrow 明天ton 吨tonight 今晚tool 工具toothbrush 牙刷toothpaste 牙膏toothache 牙疼top 顶部touch 触摸tour 旅行tourist 旅客tower 塔towel 毛巾town 小镇toy 玩具traffic 交通train 火车trouble 麻烦treasure 财富treatment 款待tree 树trip 短途旅行training 训练truth 真相，实话try 尝试T-shirt 短袖衬衫Tuesday 周二twice 两次umbrella 雨伞uncle 叔叔，伯伯upstairs 楼上vacation 假期value 价值vegetable 蔬菜vehicle 汽车victory 胜利video 录影village 村庄villager 村民violin 小提琴visit 访问visitor 来访者，游客voice 声音volleyball 排球waiter 侍者walk 散步，步行wall 墙壁war 战争waste 浪费watch 手表water 水watermelon 西瓜way 方式，道路weather 天气wealth 财富Wednesday 周三Week 星期weekday 工作日weekend 周末weight 重量west 西方whale 鲸鱼wheat 小麦. .wheel 方向盘white 白色whole 整个wife 妻子will 愿望wind 风window 窗户wine 酒winner 胜利者winter 冬天wolf 狼wound 伤口woman 妇女wonder 奇迹wood 木头，树林word 话语，单词work 工作worker 工人zoo 动物园X-ray X光yard 院子year 年yellow 黄色yesterday 昨天zero 零world 世界名词补充单词future 将来furniture 家具game 游戏，比赛gate 大门garden 花园gentleman 绅士geography 地理gesture 手势building 建筑物business 生意butter 黄油European 欧洲人truck 卡车动词accept 接受achieve 取得，达成act 表演，行动add 加advise 建议agree 同意allow 允许answer 回答appear 出现arrive 到达ask 问avoid 避免awake 醒来become(became,became) 成为bear 承受beat(beat, beaten) 打败be(am/is/are) 是begin(began, begun)开始believe 相信blow(blew, blown) 吹风book 预定borrow 向。
《英语词汇学》重要术语中英文对照
1. Native words 本族词Words of Anglo-Saxon origin or of Old English are native words.2. Loan words 借词Words borrowed from other languages are loan words or borrowed words.3. Slang words 俚语Slang words are those words of a vigorous, colourful, facetious, or taboo nature, invented for specific occasions, or uses, or derived from the unconventional use of the standard vocabulary.4. Function words 功能词Function words are often short words such as determiners, conjunctions, prepositions, auxiliaries that serve grammatically more than anything else.5. Content words 实义词Content words are usedtoname objects, qualities, actions, processes or states,and have independent lexical meaning.6. Free forms 自由形式Forms which occur as sentences are free forms.1. Morphemes 语素Morphemes are the smallest meaningful linguistic units of English language,not divisible or analyzable into smaller forms.2. Allomorphs 语素变体position or adjoining sounds.3. Free morpheme 自由语素Free morpheme is one that can be uttered alone with meaning.4. Bound morpheme 粘着语素Bound morpheme cannot stand by itself as a complete utterance and must appear with at least one other morpheme, free or bound.5. Root 词根Root is the basic unchangeable part of a word and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.6. Affix 词缀Affix is a collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme.7. Inflectional affix 屈折词缀Inflectional affix serves to express such meanings as plurality, tense, and the comparative or superlative degree.8. Derivational affix 派生词缀Derivational affix is the kind of affixes that has specific lexical meaning handcan derive a word when it is added to another morpheme.9. Prefixes 前缀Prefixes are affixes added before words.10. Suffixes 后缀Suffixes are affixes added after words.1. Word-formation rules 构词规则Word-formation rules define the scope and methods whereby speakers of alanguage may create new words.2. Stem 词干Stem is the part of the word-form which remains when all inflectional affixeshave been removed.3. Base 词基Base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4. Compounding 合成法Compounding is a word-formation process consisting of joining two or more bases to form a new unit.5. Derivation 派生法Derivation or affixation is a word-formation process by which new words arecreated by adding a prefix, or suffix, or both, to the base.6. Conversion 转化法Conversion is a word-formation process whereby a word of a certain word-class is shifted into a word of another word-class without the addition of an affix.7. Prefixation 前缀法Prefixation is the addition of a prefix to the base.8. Suffixation 后缀法Suffixation refers to the addition of a suffix to the base.1. Initialism 首字母连写词Initialism is a type of shortening, using the first letters of words to form a proper name, a technical term or a phrase and it is pronounced letter by letter.2. Acronyms 首字母拼音词Acronyms are word formed from the initial letters of the name of anorganization or a scientific term, and they are pronounced as words rather than as sequences of letters.3. Clipping 截短法The process of clipping involves the deletion of one or more syllables from a word (usually a noun), which is also available in its full form.4. Blending 拼缀法Blending is a process of word-formation in which a new word is formed by combining the meanings and sounds of two words, one of which is not in its fullform or both of which are not in their full forms.5. Back-formation 逆成法Back-formation is a type of word-formation by which a shorter word is coined by the deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already present in the language.6. Reduplication 重叠法Reduplication is a minor type of word-formation by which a compound word is created by the repetition of one word or of two almost identical words with achange in the vowels or of two almost identical words with a change in the initial consonants.7. Neoclassical formation 新古典词构成法Neoclassical formation is the process by which new words are formed from elements derived from Latin and Greek.1. Conventionality 约定俗成It is the characteristics of relation between the sound-symbol and its sense:there is no way to explain why this or that sound-symbol has this or that meaning beyond the fact that the people of a given community have agreed to use one to designate the other.2. Motivation 理据Motivation refers to the direct connection between word-symbol and its sense.3. Echoic/ onomatopoeic words 拟声词Echoic words or onomatopoeic words are words motivated phonetically whose pronunciation suggests the meaning.4. Morphological motivation 语素结构理据A word is morphologically motivated if a direct connection can be observed between the morphemic structure of the word and its meaning.5. Semantic motivation 语义理据Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors and it isusually provided by the figurative usage of words.6. Grammatical meaning 语法意义Grammatical meaning consists of word-class and inflectional paradigm.7. Inflectional paradigm 词形变化The set of grammatical forms of a word is called its inflectional paradigm. Nouns are declined, verbs are conjugatedandgradable adjectives have degrees of comparison.8. Denotative meaning 外延意义The denotative meaning of a word is its definition given in a dictionary.9. Connotative meaning 内涵意义Connotative meaning refers to the emotional association which a word or aphrase suggests in one ’s mind.10. Social or stylistic meaning 社会意义Social meaning is that which a piece of language conveys about the social circumstances of its use.11. Affective meaning 情感意义Affective meaning is concerned with the expression of feelings and attitudesof the speaker or writer.12. Componential analysis 语义成分分析The conceptual meaning or denotative meaning can be broken down into its minimal distinctive components which are known as semantic features. Such ananalysis is called componential analysis.1. Polysemy 一词多义Polysemy happens when more than one meaning is attached to a word.2. Radiation 词义辐射Semantically, radiation is the process in which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every directionlike rays.3. Concatenation 语义的连锁、联结Concatenation is a semantic process in which the meaning of a word movesgradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain,until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and theprimary meaning.4. Homonymy 同音异义、同形异义Homonymy is the relation between pairs or groups of word which, though different in meaning, are pronounced alike, or spelled alike or both.5. Perfect homonyms 完全同音同形异义词Words identical in sound and spelling but different in meaning are called perfect homonyms.6. Homophones 同音异义词Words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning are called homophones.7. Homographs 同形异义词Words identical in spelling but different in sound and meaning are called homographs.8. Phonetic convergence 音变的汇合Phonetic convergence is the kind of phenomenon where two or more wordswhich once were different in sound forms take on the same pronunciation.9. Semantic Divergence 词义分化When two or more meanings of the same word drift apart to such an extentthat there will be no obvious connection between them, the word has undergone the process of semantic divergence.1. Synonyms 同义词A synonym may be defined as a word having the same meaning as anotherword: as one of two or more words of the same language and grammatical category having the same essential or generic meaning and differing only in connotation, application, or idiomatic use.2. Complete synonyms 完全同义词Two words are totally synonymous only if they are fully identical in meaningand interchangeable in any context without the slightest alteration in connotative, affective and stylistic meanings.3. Relative synonyms 相对同义词Relative synonyms are words that are not fully identical but may differ in shades of meaning, in emotional colouring, in level of formality, in collocation, and in distribution.4. Antonymy 反义关系In its general sense, antonymy refers to all types of semantic oppositeness.5. Contraries/gradable antonyms 相对性反义词Contraries or contrary terms display such a type of semantic contrast that theycan be handled in terms of gradability, that is, in terms of degrees of the quality involved.6. Complementaries/contradictory terms 互补性反义词Complementaries or contradictories represent a type of binary semantic opposition sothat the assertion of one of the items implies the denial of the other.7. Conversives/converses/relational opposites 换位性反义词Conversives represent such a type of binary semantic opposition that there is an interdependence of meaning, or say, one member of the pair presupposes the other.8. Hyponymy 上下义关系Hyponymy is the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical items, such that the former is included in the latter.9. Superordinates 上义词The general term in a hyponymy pair is called a superordinate linguistically.10. Hyponyms 下义词The specific term in a hyponymy pair is called the hyponym or subordinate.11. Semantic field 语义场Semantic field theory is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as a system of interrelated lexical networks. The words of a semantic field arejoinedtogether by a common concept, and they are likely to have a number of collocations in common.1. Context 语境Context in its narrowest sense consists of the lexical items that come immediately before andafter any wordin an act of communication. But, in broadersense, it may cover the whole passage and sometimes the whole book in which a word occurs, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.2. Linguistic context 语言语境Linguistic context is lexical, grammatical and verbal context in its broad sense.3. Extra-linguistic context 语言之外的环境Extra-linguistic context refers not only tothe actual speech situation in whichawordis usedbut alsotothe entire cultural backgroundagainst which a word, or anutterance or a speech event is set.4. Lexical context 词汇语境Lexical context refers to the lexical items combined with a given polysemousword.5. Grammatical context 语法语境In grammatical context, the syntactic structure of the context determines various individual meanings of a polysemous word.6. Verbal context 言语语境The verbal context, in its broadest sense, may cover an entire passage, or evenan entire book, and in some cases even the entire social or cultural setting.7. Ambiguity 歧义Ambiguity refers to a word, phrase, sentence or groupof sentences with morethan one possible interpretation or meaning.8. Lexical ambiguity 词汇歧义Lexical ambiguity is caused by polysemy.9. Structural ambiguity 结构歧义Structural ambiguity arises from the grammatical analysis of a sentence or aphrase.1. Change of word meaning 语义变化When a word loses its old meaning and comes to refer to something altogether different, the result is a change of word meaning. Broadly speaking, change of meaningrefers tothe alteration of the meaningof existingwords as wellas the addition of new meaning to establish words.2. Restriction of meaning 语义专门化Restriction of meaningor specialization of meaningmeans that a wordof widemeaning acquires a narrower, specialized sense which is applicable to only one of the objects it had previously denoted.3. Extension of meaning 词义扩展化Extension of meaning or generalization means the widening of a word ’s sense until it covers much more than what it originally conveyed.4. Degeneration of meaning 词义降格There are two main forms of degeneration or pejoration.One refers to the process where words once respectable or neutral may shift toa less respectable, oreven derogatory meaning. The other refers to the weakeningof meaningresultingfrom habitual use of particular words on unsuitable occasions.5. Elevation of meaning 词义升格It refers to the process that the meaning of a word goes uphill.6. Metaphor 暗喻Metaphor is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison based on association of similarity, in which a word or a phrase ordinarily and primarily used for one thing is applied to another.7. Metonymy 转喻It is a figure of speech by which an object or idea is described by the name of something closely related to it.1. Idiom 习语An English idiomis a groupof words with a special meaningdifferent fromthe meanings of its constituent words. It is a combination of two or more words whichare usually structurally fixedandsemantically opaque, andfunction as a single unitof meaning.2. Phrase idioms 惯用短语All phrase idioms have a noun, verb, adjective, preposition or an adverbas thecentral word and correspond to the familiar parts of speech, and are capable of a given syntactic function.3. Clause idioms 从句成语Clause idioms or subject-less clause patterns contain objects and / or complements.4. Sentence idioms 句子成语The two major types of sentence idioms are proverbs or sayings and typical conversational expressions.5. Proverbs 谚语Proverbs are sentences accepted by the people and handed down to the present day because they express some obvious truth or familiar experience in aconcise and witty style.。
语言学专业词汇中英文对照版
语言学术语（英-汉对照）表appropriateness适宜性得体性broadening词义扩大Aapproximant无摩擦延续音Browncorpus布朗语料库abbreviation缩写词，略语aptitudetest素质测试Cablative夺格，离格Arabic阿拉伯语calculability可计算性accent重音（符）arbitrariness任意性calque仿造仿造词语accusative宾格argument中项中词主目cancellability可删除achievementtest成绩测试article冠词cardinalnumeral基数acousticphonetics声学语音学articulation发音cardinalvowel基本元音acquisition习得articulator发音器官case格acronym缩略语articulatoryphonetics发音语音学casegrammar格语法actionprocess动作过程artificialspeech人工言语casetheory格理论actor动作者aspect体category范畴addressform称呼形式aspirated吐气送气categoricalcomponent范畴成分addressee受话人assimilation同化causative使役的使投动词addresser发话人associative联想center中心词adjective形容词associativemeaning联想意义centraldeterminer中心限定词adjunct修饰成分附加语assonance准压韵半谐音chainrelation链状关系adverb副词attributive属性修饰语定语chainsystem链状系统affix词缀auditoryphonetics听觉语音学choice选择affixation词缀附加法authenticinput真实投入choicesystem选择系统affricate塞擦音authorialstyle权威风格circumstance环境因子agreement一致关系authoringprogram编程class词类airstream气流autonomy自主性classshift词性变换alliteration头韵auxiliary助词clause小句从句allomorph词/语素变体auxiliaryverb助动词click吸气音咂音allophone音位变体Bclipping截断法allophonicvariation音位变体babblingstage婴儿语阶段closedclass封闭类allophony音位变体现象back-formation逆构词法closedsyllable闭音节alveolarridge齿龈basecomponent基础部分cluster音丛alveolar齿龈音behaviouralprocess行为过程coarticulation协同发音ambiguity歧义behaviourism行为主义coda结尾音节符尾analogicalcreation类推造字bilabial双唇音code语码信码anapest抑抑扬格bilabialnasal双唇鼻音cognitivepsychology认知心理学anaphor前指替代bilateralopposition双边对立cognitivesystem认知系统anaphoricreference前指照应bilingualism双语现象coherence相关关联animate有生命的binarydivision二分法cohension衔接annotation注解binaryfeature二分特征co-hyponym同下义词antecedent先行词前在词binarytaxonomy二分分类学colligation类连结anthropologicallinguistics人类语言binding制约collocativemeaning搭配意义学bindingtheory制约论colorword色彩词anticipatorycoarticulation逆化协同blade舌叶舌面前部colorwordsystem色彩词系统发音blankverse无韵诗command指令antonomasia换称代类名blending混成法commoncore共核antonym反义词borrowing借用借词commonnoun普通名词antonymy反义(关系)boundmorpheme粘着语素communication交际appellative称谓性boundingtheory管辖论communicativecompetence交际能appliedlinguistics应用语言学bracketing括号法力appliedsociolinguistics应用社会语brevitymaxim简洁准则communicativedynamism,CD交际言学bridging架接性动力appropriacy适宜性broadtranscription宽式音标communicativelanguageteaching,CLT交际语言教学法consequent跟随成分cross-linguistic跨语言的communicativeSentencePattern,CSPconsonance辅音韵culturally-specific文化特异的交际性句子模式consonant辅音curriculum教学大纲communicativesyllabus交际教学大constantopposition不变对立customizing定制的纲constative表述的Dcommunicativetest交际性测试constituentcommand成分指令dactyl扬抑抑格communicative-grammaticalapproachconstituentproposition成分命题Danilanguage达尼语交际-语法教学法constituentstructureanalysis成分结dataretrieval,DR资料检索compactdisk激光盘database数据库构分析comparativedegree比较级constituent成分dative(case)与格competence能力construct编制dativemovement与格移动complement补语constructvalidity编制效度declarative陈述句complementaryantonym互补反义词construction构建decoding解码complementaryantonymy互补反义constructivism构建主义deductive演绎的关系contentanalysis内容分析deepstructure深层结构complementarydistribution互补分contentvalidity内容效度defeasibility消除可行性布contentword实义词definite有定的complexpredicate复合谓语contextdependent语境依赖的degeneratedata无用的语料component成分contextofsituation情景语境deixis指称componentialanalysis成分分析context语境delicacy精密阶compositeproposition复合命题contextualanalyses语境分析denotation外延指称compositionality复合性contextualmeaning语境意义dental齿音compound复合词复合句contrastiveanalysis对比分析dentalization齿音化comprehension理解controltheory控制理论derivation衍生computation计算controlledlanguage有控制的语言derivationalaffix衍生词汇computationallinguistics计算语言学convention常规规约derivationalmorphology派生形态学computationalsystem计算系统conventionalmeaning常规意义规约descriptiveadequacy描写充分性computer-assistedlearning,CAL计算descriptivelinguistics描写语言学意义机辅助学习conventionality常规性规约性designfeature结构特征computercorpus计算机语料库conversationalimplicature会话含义determiner限定词computerhardware计算机硬件conversationalmaxim会话准则developinggrammar发展语法computerliteracy计算机操作能力converseantonymy相反反义现象deviant变体computernetworks计算机网络conversion变换deviation偏离变异computersystem计算机系统cooperativeprinciple,CP合作原则devoicing清音化computer-assistedinstruction,CAI计coordinateconstruction并列结构diachroniclinguistics历时语言学算机辅助教学coordination并列diachronic历时的computer-assistedlearning,CALL计算coreferential互参的diacritic附加符号变音符机辅助语言学习coronal舌面前音diagnostictest诊断性测试conative意动的corpusdata语料库语料dialect方言concept概念corpus(plcorpora)语料素材dialectology方言学conceptualmeaning概念意义corpuslinguistics语料库语言学digitizedsound数字化语音concord一致（关系）context上下文dimetre二音步诗行concordance共现关系countable可数（名词）diphthong二合元音双元音concretenoun具体名词counterfactualproposition反事实命directobject直接宾语concurrent同时发生的directspeech,DS直接言语题conjugation词形变化couplet对句对联directthought,DT直接思想conjunct连接副词creativity创造性原创性directionality方向性conjunction连接词Creole克里澳尔语混和语discourse语篇话语conjunctionbuttressing连接词支撑cross-culturalcommunication跨文化discourseanalysis语篇分析话语分析connotation内涵discourseinterpretation语篇理解交际discrete分离的离散的finite有定的有限的民族学discrete-pointgrammar离散语法etic非位的素的finitestategrammar有限状态语discretepointtest分立性测试eventprocess事件过程法disjunction分离关系example-basedmachinetranslationfirst-personnarrator第一人称叙述displacement移位基于例句的机器翻译者dissimilation异化（作用）exchangeerror交换错误Firthianphonology弗斯音系学distinctivefeature区别性特征exchangesequence交际序列flap闪音distinguisher辩义成分exchangestructure交际结构flexibility灵活性变通性do-insertionruledo添加规则exhaustive穷尽的彻底的floppydisk软盘domain范围领域existent存在物focus焦点中心dorsal舌背音舌中音existential存在句folketymology俗词源学民间词源dorsum舌背（音）existentialprocess存在过程foregroundedfeatures突出特征doublecomparative双重比较existentialquantifier存在数量词foregrounding突出前景话drill-and-practicesoftware操练软件exocentric外向的foreignlanguageteaching外语教D-structureD结构exocentricconstruction外向结构学dual双数experiential经验的form形式dualisticview二分观点experientialfunction经验功能formaldifference形式差异duality二重性experimentalpsycholinguistics实验formalization形式化Eformation形成心理语言学earlyModernEnglish早期现代英语explanatoryadequacy解释充分性formative构形成分构词成分economy经济性简洁性explicitgrammarinstruction,EGI明freeform自由形式ejective爆发音freeindirectspeech,FIS自由间接言显的语法教学法electronicmail电子邮件expressionminimization表达最底程语ElizabethanEnglish伊利莎白时期英freeindirectthought,FIT自由间接思度语expressive表达的想ellipsis省略（法）extendedstandardtheory,EST扩展freemorpheme自由语素ellipticalsentencestructure省略句子freerootmorpheme自由词根语标准理论结构extensive引申的扩展的素embeddedelement嵌入成分extent-conditionformat程度条件格freevariant自由变体emic位学的freeverse自由韵文式emotive感情的externalevaluation外部评估French法语empirical经验主义的externalqualifier外部修饰语frequencyeffect频率效应empiricaldata经验主义的语料extrinsicsourcesoferror外在的错误fricative（摩）擦音empiricalvalidity经验效度friction摩擦来源empiricism经验主义eyemovement眼部移动front舌面前舌前的emptycategory,EC空范畴Ffullyautomatichighqualitytranslation,enablingskills使成技能化facevalidity卷面效度FAHQT全自动高质量翻译encoding编码facilitation便利促进functionword功能词endrhyme末端韵Fasoldfunction功能endocentricconstruction内向结构feasibility可行性functionalgrammar功能语法entailment蕴涵feature特征functionallinguistics功能语言学entrycondition入列条件feedback反馈functionalsentenceperspective,FSPepenthesis插音增音felicitycondition适宜性条件恰当条功能句子观equipollentopposition均等对立functionsoflanguage语言功能件equivalence相等feminine阴性fusion溶合equivalencereliability相等信度fiction小说fuzzy模糊的erroranalysis错误分析figurativelanguage比喻性语言象征GEST科技英语genderdifference性别差异性语言ethnicityidentity民族认同figuresofspeech修辞手段修辞格generallinguistics普通语言学ethnographyofcommunication交际finiteelement有定成分generalisation概括generativegrammar生成语法historicallinguistics历史语言学indicative陈述式陈述语气generativesemantics生成语言学holophrasticstage单词句阶段indirectobject间接宾语genitive属格所有格homonym同音/形异议词indirctspeech,IS间接言语genre体裁语类HopiHopi语indirectthought,IT间接思想German德语horizontalrelation链状关系Indo-Europeanlanguages印欧语given(information)已给信息Hornscale霍恩阶言globaltask整体任务humancognitivesystem人类认知系inference推论推理glottal喉音inferencedrawing推论统glottalstop喉塞音humanlanguage人类语言inferentialcommunication推论交goal目标humanspeech人类言语际governmenttheory支配理论humantranslation人译infinitive不定式government支配hypercorrection矫枉过正infix中缀grammaticalanalysis语法分析hyponym下义词inflection屈折（变化）grammaticalfunction;;hyponymy下义关系inflectionalaffix屈折词缀grammaticalstructure语法结构hypothesis假设inflectionalmorphology屈折形态gradableantonymy分等级的反义关hypothesis-deduction假设-演绎学系Iinflectiveendings屈折结尾gradualopposition渐次对立iamb抑扬格informationretrieval信息检索grammaticalcategory语法范畴iambicpentameter抑扬格五音步诗informationstructure信息结构grammaticalconcept语法概念informative(function)信息功行grammaticaldescription语法描写ICanalysis直接成分分析法能grammaticalform语法形式ICALL(intelligentCALL)智能计算机innateness先天性grammaticalmarker语法标记innatenesshypothesis（语法）天赋辅助语言学习grammaticalmeaning语法意义ideational(function)概念功假设grammaticalorganization语法组input输入能成identifying认同的inputhypothesis语言输入说grammaticalpattern语法类型idiom成语习语instrumental(function)工具功grammaticalprocess语法过程idiomatically-governed习语支配能grammaticalrule语法规则integrativetest综合性测试的grammaticalsentencepattern,GSPill-formedsentences不合适的句intensifier强调成分语法句形子intensive强调的增强的grammaticalstructure语法结illocutionaryact话中行为施为性行interactional(function)交互功构为能grammaticalsubject语法主语illocutionaryforce言外作用施为作interdental齿间音grammaticalsystem语法系统interface界面用grammaticalword语法词imaginative(function)想象功能interference干扰graphiticform文字形式immediacyassumption即时假定interjection感叹词GriceanmaximGrice准则immediateconstituentanalysis直接interlanguage中介语group词组interlingua国际语成分分析法guttural腭音imperativerule祈使规则interlingualapproach语际法Himperative祈使语气命令的interlocutor会话者half-rhyme半韵implicate意含internalevaluation内部评估hardpalate硬腭implication蕴涵含义internalstructure内部结构head中心词中心成分implicationconnective蕴涵连接internationalphoneticalphabet,IPA headedconstruction中心结构implicature含义言外之意国际音标heptameter七音步诗行impliedmeaning蕴涵意义internet互联网hierarchicalstructure等级结构implosive内破裂音内爆音interpersonal人际的hierarchicalsystem等级系统inanimate无生命的interpersonalfunction人际功hierarchy等级体系inclusivenessrelation内包意义能high高（元音）indefinite不定的，无定的interpretation解释interrogativesentence疑问句langue语言（系统）loantranslation翻译借词intonation语调larynx喉头loanblend混合借词intra-linguisticrelation语言内关系lateral边音旁流音loanshift转移借词intransitive不及物的Latin拉丁语loanword借词intrinsicsourcesoferror错误的内Latingrammar拉丁语法localareanetworks,LAN局域网源laxvowel松元音locutionaryact发话行为，表述性言invariableword不变词length长度音长语行为invention新创词语letter字母logicalcomponent逻辑成分inversion倒置，倒装level层，级，平面logicalconnective逻辑连词IPAchart国际音标图Levinson,Stephenlogicalformcomponent逻辑式成IPSsymbol国际音标符号lexeme词位词素分irony讽刺反话lexicalambiguity词汇歧义logicalformrepresentation逻辑式表isolatedopposition孤立对立lexicalchange词汇变化达Italian意大利语lexicallevel词汇层logicalformula逻辑公式Jlexicalmeaning词汇意义logicalfunction逻辑功能Japanese日语lexicalmorphology词汇形态学logicalsemantics逻辑语义学jargon黑话行语lexicalstudies词汇研究logicalstructure逻辑结构Jesperson,Ottolexicalword词汇词logicalsubject逻辑主语Johnson&Johnsonlexicogrammar词汇语法logophoricity词照应Johnsonlexicon词汇词典LondonSchool伦敦学派Jones,Daniellexis词longvowed长元音Kliaison连音连续lossofsound语音脱落kernelsentence核心句limerick打油诗loudness响度keyword关键词line诗行Mknowledge知识linearphonology线性音系学machinetranslation机器翻knowninformation已知信息linearstructure线形结构译Krashenlinguisticuniversity语言普遍性macrolinguistics宏观语言学Kruszewski,Mikolajlinguisticbehaviour语言行为macroproposition宏观命题Kuno,Susumolinguisticbehaviourpotential语言行macrostructure宏观结构Lmainclause主句为潜势label标示标记linguisticcompetence语言能Malinowski,Bronislawlabial唇音man-machinesymbiosis人机共生力labiodental唇齿音linguisticcontext语言语境上下文mannermaxim方式准则language语言linguisticdata语言素材mannerofarticulation发音方式languageacquisitiondevice,LAD语linguisticdescription语言描写marked标记的言习得机制linguisticdeterminism语言决定masculine阳性languageattitude语言态度matalinguistic元语言学的论languagechoice语言选择linguisticfacts语言事实material(process)物质过程languagecomprehension语言理linguisticrelativity语言相对性mathematicalprinciples数学原解linguisticsexism语言性别歧视理languagedata语言素材linguisticstructure语言结构maxim准则languagelearning语言学习linguistictheory语言理论maximalonsetprinciple最大节首辅languagemaintenance语言维护linguisticunit语言单位音原则languageprocessing语言处理linguisticuniversal语言普遍meaningpotential意义潜languagestructure语言结构性势languagesystem语言系统linguisticvariation语言变异meaningshift转移languageteaching语言教linguistics语言学meaning意学liprounding圆唇化义languageuniversal语言普遍性literallanguage本义语言mental(processs)思维过程心理过languageuse语言使用literarystylistics文学文体学程mentalism心灵主义node节变化message信息mothertongue母语本族nominalgroup名词词组metafunction元功能nominalization名词化语metalinguistic元语言的motivation动因动机nominative主格metaphor隐喻move（移动）non-authenticinput非真实语料的输metathesis换位（作用）MT机器翻译入metonymy换喻转喻MTquality机译质量non-contrastiveanalysis非对比性分metre韵律multilateralopposition多边对立析metricalpatterning韵律格式multi-levelphonology多层次音系non-conventionality非规约性microcomputer微机non-detachability非可分离性学microprocessor微处理器multilingualism多语制多语现象non-linearphonology非线性音系mid中（元音）N学mind思维narratee被叙述者non-linguisticentity非语言实体minimalattachmenttheory最少接触narrator叙述者non-pulmonicsound非肺闭塞音理论narrators’representationofspeechnon-reciprocaldiscourse非交替性语minimalpair最小对立体acts,NRSA言语行为的叙述者表篇minimalistprogramnon-reflexivepronoun非反身代词达minimumfreeform最小自由形narrator’respresentationofspeech,nonsensewordstage无意义词语阶式NRS言语的叙述者表达段mirrormaxim镜像准则narrator’respresentationofthoughtnonverbalcues非言语提示mistake错误acts,NRTA思维行为的叙述者表norm规范modalsubject语气主语notationsystem标写系统达modalverb情态动词narrator’repsresentationofthought,notion意念modality情态NRT思维的叙述者表达notional-functionalsyllabus意念功能modernFrench现代法语narrowtranscription窄式音标教学大纲modification修饰narrowing狭窄化nounphrase名词短语modifier修饰语nasal鼻音noun名词monomorphemic单语素的nasalcavity鼻腔numbersystem数字系统monophonemic单音位的nasalsound鼻音number数字monophthong单元音nasalstop鼻塞音Omonosyllabic单音节的nasaltract鼻道object宾语Motaguegrammar蒙太古语法nasality鼻音性object-deletion宾语省略mood语气nasalization鼻音化objectivecase宾格morph形素词素形式Nash,Walterobjectivity客观性morpheme语素词素形nativespeaker操本族语者obligatory强制性素naturallanguage自然语言observationaladequacy观察充分morpheme-exchangeerror词素交错naturalisticdata自然语料性误near-adultgrammar近成人语法abstruction阻塞morphemicshape词素形状negation否定否定结构OCRscanner光学字符阅读器扫描morphemicstructure词素结构negative否定的仪morphemictranscription词素标negativeinterference负面干扰octametre八音步诗行音negativemarker否定标记OldEnglish古英语morphologicalchange形态变化negativetransfer负转移one-placepredicate一位谓语morphologicalrule形态规则neogrammarian新语法学家on-linetranslation在线翻译morphology形态学network网络onomatopoeia拟声词morpho-phonemiccomponent形态networkcomputer网络计算机onset节首辅音音位成分neutralizableopposition可中立对openclass开放类morphophonemics形态音位学opensyllable开音节立morphophonology形态音系学newinformation新信息operationalsystem操作系统morpho-syntacticalchange形态句法newstylistics新文体学operative可操作性operator操作词person人称polysyllabic多音节（词）oppositenessrelation对立关系personal(function)自指性功能polysystemicanalysis多系统分析opposition对立pharyngeal咽头音喉音Portugese葡萄牙语optimalrelevance最适宜关联pharynx喉头positivetransfer正移转option选择phatic(communion)寒暄交谈交感性possessive所有的属有的optional可选择的possiblegrammar可能语言的语谈话oralcavity口腔phone音素音子法oralstop口阻塞音phonematicunit音声单位postalveolar后齿龈音ordinalnumeral序数词phoneme音位post-Bloomfieldianlinguistics后布龙originoflanguage语言起源phoneticalphabet音标菲尔德语言学orthography正字法phoneticformcomponent语音形式postdeterminer后限定词ostensivecommunication直示交post-structuralistview后结构主义观部分际phoneticsimilarity语音相似性点output产出phoneticsymbol语音符号pragmaticinference语用推论overgeneralization过分法则化phonetictranscription标音pragmaticroles语用角色Ppragmatics语用学（法）palatal腭音舌面中音phonetics语音学PragueSchool布拉格学palatal-alveolar腭齿龈音phonologicalanalysis音位分析派palatalization（硬）腭化phonologicalcomponent音位部predeterminer前限定词paradigm聚合体predicatecalculus谓语演算分paradigmaticrelation聚合关phonologicallevel音系层predicatelogic谓语逻辑系phonologicalprocess音位过程predicate谓语paraphrase释义意译phonologicalrepresentation音位表predicator谓语（动）词parole言语predictivevalidity预测效度达partofspeech词类phonologicalrule音位规则pre-editing预先编辑译前加工participant参与者phonologicalstructure音位结构prefix前缀particle小品词语助词phonologicalsystem音位系统pre-modifiedinput预修正的输particulargrammar特定语的语phonologicalvariant音位变体入法phonology音系学premodifier前修饰语partitive部分的部分格phrasalverb短语动词preposition介词passivetransformation被动转phrase短语prepositionalcalculus介词演算换phrasestructure短语结构prepositionallogic介词逻辑passive(voice)被动语态phrasestructuregrammar短语结构prepositionalopposition介词对patterndrilltechnique句型操练语法立法phrasestructurerule,PSrule短语结prepositionalphrase介词短pattern模式构规则语patterning制定模式pidgin皮软语洋泾滨语不纯正外prescriptive规定式pause停顿presupposition前提预设语peak（节）峰Pitch音高声调高低primarycardinalvowel主要基本元perceptualspan感知时距placeofarticulation发音部位音perfectionism完善主义play剧本primarystress主重音第一重音perfective完成体plosion爆破principleofinformativeness信息性performancetest语言运用测试plosive爆破音爆发音原则performance语言运plural复数principleofleasteffort最省力原用pluralism多元主义则performative(verb)行事性动plurality复数形式principleofquantity数量原则词poetic(function)诗学功能privativeopposition表非对立表缺对perlocutionaryact话后行为poetry诗歌立perseverativecoarticulation重复性polymorphemic(word)多语素process过程协同发音词productionerror产生性错误productivity多产性realisation体现R-principle关联原则proficiencytest水平测试recall回忆rulesystem规则系统pro-form代词形式替代形式receivedpronunciation,RP标准发rule-basedapproaches基于规则的programminglanguage编程语言音方法progressive进行体receiver受话者信息接受者rulesoflanguage语言规则progressiveassimilation顺同化recencyeffect近期效应Sprojectionrule投射规则recognition识别samenessrelation相同关系pronominal代词recursion可溯Sanskrit梵文pronoun代词recursive可溯的还原的Sapir-WhorfHypothesis萨丕尔-沃夫pronunciation发音recursiveness递归性假设pronunciationdictionary发音词典reference所指参照Saussure索绪尔pronunciation发音referentialmeaning所指意义scaleofdelicacy精密阶proportionalopposition部分对referentialtheory所指理论schema图式立referential所指的scheme-orientedlanguage面向图式proposition命题reflectedmeaning反映意义的语言prosestyle散文风格reflexive(form)反身形式secondlanguageacquisition第二语prosodicanalysis节律分析超音质分regionaldialect地域方言言习得析register语域secondarycardinalvowel次要基本元psycholinguistics心理语言学regressiveassimilation逆同化音psycholinguistic-sociolinguisticregulatory(function)控制性语言功secondarystress次重音approach心理-社会语言学方法segment音段能psychologicalreality心理现实relationmaxim关系准则selectionrestriction选择限制psychologicalsubject心理主语relationalopposite关系对立selectionalrules选择规则psychologyoflanguage语言心理学relationalprocess关系过程self-reflexive自反身psychometric-structuralistapproachrelativeclause关系分句关系从句semanticassociationnetwork语义关心理测定-结构主义法relativepronoun关系代词联网络pulmonicsound肺闭塞音relativeuninterruptibility相对的非间semanticchange语义变化Putonghua普通话semanticcomponent语义部断性Qrelevancetheory关联理论分Q-basedimplicature基于质量的含reliability信度semanticfeature特征义repetition重复semanticinterpretation语义解释Q-principle质量原则representationalsystem表达系统semanticinterpretativerules语义解quality质representational表达实体释规则量residue剩余成分semanticprocess语义过程restrictedlanguage限制性语言semanticrepresentation语义表达qualitymaxim质量准则retrievalprocess检索过程semanticsentencepattern,SSP语义quantifier数量词retrievalsystem检索系统句型quantitativeanalysis定量分析retroflexsound卷舌音semantictriangle语义三角quantitativeparadigm数量变化表reverserhyme反陨semantics语义学quantitymaxim数量准则revisedextendedstandardtheory,semi-consonant半辅音quatrain四行诗REST修正扩展标准理论semioticsystem符号系统Rrewritingrules重写规则semiotics符号学range范围rheme述位semi-vowel半元音rank级rhetoricalskill修辞技能senserelation意义关系rationalism理性主义rhyme韵韵角压韵sense意义rawdata原始素材rhythm韵律节奏sentence句子R-basedimplicature基于关联的涵Romanalphabetletter罗马字母sentencefragments句子成分义root词根sentencemeaning句义reader读者rootmorpheme词根语素sentencememory句子记忆readingcomprehension阅读理解roundvowel圆元音sentencestress句重音sentencestructure句子结构speechsynthesis言语合成superlativedegree最高级sententialcalculus句子演算spelling拼写,拼法superordinate上坐标词setting场景splitinfinitives分裂的不定式suprasegmentalfeature超语段特征sibilant咝擦音spokencorpus口语语料库surfaceform表层形式sign符号spokenlanguagetranslation口语翻surfacerepresentation表层表达signified所指受指surfacestructure表层结构译signifier能指施指spondee扬扬格syllabicstructure音节结构simile明喻spoonerism首音互换斯本内现象syllabification音节划节simultaneity同时性spread展元音syllable音节singular单数S-structure表层结构syllabusdesign教学大纲设计situationalcontext情景语境stability稳定性syllabus教学大纲situationallevel情景层stabilityreliability稳定性效度syllogism三段论法situationalsyllabus情景教学大纲StandardEnglish标准英语symbol符号situationalvariation情景变异standardtheory标准理论synchronic(linguistics)共时（语言学）slot空缺standardization标准化synonym同义词socialrole社会角色statisticalanalysis统计分析synonymous同义的socialsemiotic社会符号学status地位synonymy同义现象socio-culturalrole社会文化角色stem词干syntacticcomponent句法部分sociolinguisticstudyoflanguage语言stimulus刺激syntacticfeatures句法特征的社会语言学研究stimulus-response刺激反应syntacticfunction句法功能sociolinguisticstudyofsociety社会stop闭塞音syntacticmarker句法标记的社会语言学研究storedknowledge储存知识syntacticprocess句法过程sociolinguistics社会语言学strategicknowledge学习策略知识syntacticrestriction句法限制sociologicalapproach社会学方法stratification层syntacticstructure句法结构softpalate软腭streamofconsciousness意识流syntacticalchange变化solidarity团结stresspattern重音模式syntagmaticrelation组合关系sonnet十四行诗stress重音syntax句法sonorant响音structuralanalysis结构分析systemnetwork系统网络sonorityscale响音阶structural(structuralist)grammar结systemofsigns符号系统sound语音systemofsystems系统的系统构语法soundimage语音图像structuralsyllabus结构教学大纲systemic(grammar)系统语法soundpattern语音模式structuraltest结构测试systemic-functionalGrammar,SFG系soundsegment音段structuralism结构主义统功能语法soundsystem语音系统structuralistlinguistics结构主义语言soundwave音波T学speaker’smeanin说g话者意义structuralistview结构主义观点tacitknowledge默契的知识speech言语style文体风格tagmeme法位speechacttheory言语行为理论stylisticanalysis文体分析tagmemics法位学speechcommunity言语社团stylistics文体学tap一次接触音speechcomprehension言语理解subcategorize次范畴targetlanguage目标语言speechevent言语事件subject主语tautology同义反复冗辞speechfunction言语功能subject-deletion主语省略template模块speechmode言语方式subjectivetest主观性测试tensevowel紧元音speechorgan言语器官subjectivity主观性tense时态speechperception言语感知subjunctivemood虚拟语气testcontent测试内容speechpresentation言语表达subordinateconstruction从属结构testform测试形式speechproduction;言语产生subordination从属testee受试者speechresearch言语研究substitutability替代性testing测试speechrole言语角色substitution替换test-retestreliability一测再测信speechsound语音suffix后缀度tetrameter四音步诗行Uvoicing浊音化，有声化text语篇Unaspirated不松气的vowelglide元音音渡textcomprehension语篇理解underlyingform底层形式vowel元音textencoding语篇编码underlyingrepresentation底层表达Wtextinterpretation语篇解释uninterruptibility非中断性webpage网页textstyle语篇风格universalgrammar,UG普遍语法Wh-interrogative特殊疑问句textualorganization语篇组织universalquantifier普遍限量词womenregister女性语域textual语篇功能universal普遍现象word词theme主位universality普遍性wordclass词类theoreticallinguistics理论语言学universalsoflanguage语言的普遍现wordformation词语形成third-personnarrator第三人称叙述wordgroup词组象者unmarked未标记的wordmeaning词义thoughtpresentation思想表达unroundedvowel非圆元音wordorder词序three-placepredicate三位谓语urbandialectology都市方言学wordrecognition词语识别tone声调音调user用户wordformation词语形成tongueheight舌高user-friendly方便用户的word-for-word逐词翻译tongueposition舌位utterancemeaning语句意义wording措辞tonguetip舌尖utterance语句workingmemorysystem工作记忆系topic主题uvula小舌统tracetheory轨迹论uvular小舌音writing文字traditionalgrammar传统语法writingsystem文字系统transcribed标音Vwrittenlanguage书面语transcription音标标音validity效度writtentext篇章transfer移转variable可变化的Xtransferapproach移转法variableword可变化词X-barTheoryX-bar理论transformation转换variation变异Ytransformationofinterrogation疑问variety变体语体yes/nointerrogative是非问句转换velar软腭音yes/noquestion是非问句transformationalcomponent转换部velarization腭音化Z分、transformationalgrammar转换语velum软口盖zeroform零形式法verb动词transformationalprocess转换过程verbphrase动词短语transformationalrule转换规则verbalcommunication言语交际transformational-generativegrammar,verbalprocess言语过程TGgrammar转换生成语法verbiage言辞transitivity及物性vernacularlanguageeducation本地translation翻译化教育treediagram树形图verticalrelation选择关系trill颤音vocabulary词汇trochee抑扬格长短格vocalcord声带trope转喻隐喻vocalorgan发音器官truthcondition真值条件vocaltract声道truthvalue真值vocative呼格tu/vousdistinction你/您区别voice语态turnlength话语轮次长度voicedconsonant浊辅音turnquantity话语轮次数量voicedobstruent浊塞音turn-taking依次发言voiced(sound)浊音two-placepredicate二位谓语voicelessconsonant清辅音two-wordutterance二词话语voicelessobstruent清塞音typology类型学voiceless(sound)清音。
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1管道组成件1.1管子管子（按照配管标准规格制造的）管子（不按照配管标准规格制造的用管）钢管铸铁管衬里管复合管碳钢管合金钢管不锈钢奥氏体不锈钢管铁合金钢管轧制钢管锻铁管无缝钢管焊接钢管电阻焊钢管电熔（弧）焊钢板卷管螺旋焊接钢管镀锌钢管热轧无缝钢管冷拔无缝钢管水煤气钢管塑料管玻璃管橡胶管直管1.2管件弯头异径弯头带支座弯头长半径弯头短半径弯头长半径180度弯头短半径180度弯头带侧向口的弯头双支管弯头三通异径三通等径三通带侧向口的三通异径三通（分支口为异径）异径三通（一个直通口为异径）带支座三通异径三通（一个直通口及分支口为异径）异径三通（两个直通口为异径）（双头式）45度斜三通45度斜三通(支管为异径）45度斜三通（一个直通口为异径）45度斜三通（一个直通口及分支口为异径）Y型三通（俗称裤叉）四通等径四通异径四通异径四通（一个分支口为异径）异径四通（一个直通口及分支口为异径）异径四通（两个分支口为异径）异径四通（一个直通口及两个分支口为异径）异径管同心异径管偏心异径管锻制异径和螺纹支管台焊接支管台承插支管台弯头支管台斜接支管台镶入式支管嘴短管支管台支管台，插入式支管台管接头半管接头异径管接头活接头内外螺纹缩接（俗称补芯）管帽堵头短节异径短节1.3弯管预制弯管跨越弯管偏置弯管90度弯管环形弯管单侧偏置90度弯管S型弯管单侧偏置U形膨胀弯管U形弯管双偏置U膨胀弯管斜接弯管三节斜接弯管折皱弯管圆度1.4法兰整体管法兰钢管法兰螺纹法兰滑套法兰（包括平焊法兰）承插焊汉兰松套法兰对焊法兰法兰盖孔板法兰异径法兰盘座式法兰松套带径法兰焊接板式法兰对焊环平焊环突缘短节翻边法兰松套板式法兰压力级压力-温度等级法兰密封面；法兰面突面凸面凹面榫面槽面环连接面全平面；满平面光滑突面法兰面加工粗糙度光滑的齿形有均方根算术平均粗糙高度配对法兰螺栓圆1.5垫片垫片的型式平垫片环形平垫片平金属垫片夹棉织物的橡胶夹石棉织物的橡胶夹石棉织物及金属丝加强的橡胶无石墨压缩白石棉垫片天然白橡胶垫片压缩石棉垫片夹石棉的缠绕金属垫片内环外环；外定位环波纹金属垫片波纹金属包嵌石棉垫片双夹套波纹金属包石棉垫片双夹套垫片金属包石棉平垫片整体金属齿形垫片槽形金属垫片环形连接金属垫片八角环形垫片椭圆环形垫片透镜工垫片非金属垫片1.6阀门1.6.1阀门结构、零件阀轭外螺纹阀杆及阀轭阀杆内螺纹阀轭套阀杆环阀座阀座环、密封圈整体（阀）座堆焊（阀）座阀芯（包括密封圈、杆等内件）阀盘阀盖衬套螺纹阀帽螺纹阀盖螺栓连接的阀盖活接阀盖（帽）螺栓连接的阀帽焊接阀盖本体阀杆密封石棉安全密封倒密封压力密封的阀盖动力操纵器电动操纵器气动操纵器液压操纵器快速操纵器滑动阀杆正齿轮传动伞齿轮传动板手操作链轮手轮手柄气缸（或液压缸）操纵的链条操纵的等径孔道异径孔道短型紧凑型（小型）笼式环压盖阀杆填料阀盖垫片升杆式（明杆）非升杆式（暗杆）指示器/限位器注油器可更换的阀座环1.6.2常用阀（1）闸阀平行双闸板开口楔形闸板挠性整体楔形闸板整体楔形闸板塞型闸阀直通型闸阀（2）截止阀球心型阀盘塞型阀盘可转动的阀盘节流闪阀针阀角阀Y型阀（Y型阀体截止阀）三通球阀装有底轴的耐火型浮动球型防脱出阀杆蝶阀对夹式（薄片型）凸耳式偏心阀板蝶阀斜阀盘蝶阀连杆式蝶阀柱塞阀旋塞阀三通旋塞阀四通旋塞阀旋塞衬套旋塞隔膜阀橡胶衬里隔膜阀直通式隔膜阀堰式隔膜阀夹紧式胶膜阀止回阀升降式止回阀旋启式止回阀落球式止回阀弹簧球式止回阀双板对夹式止回阀无撞击声止回阀底阀切断式止回阀活塞式止回阀斜翻盘止回阀蝶式止回阀1.6.3其它用途的阀安全泄气阀安全泄液阀安全泄压阀杠杆重锤式引导阀操纵的安全泄气阀复式安全泄气阀罐底排污阀波纹管密封阀电磁阀电动阀低温用阀蒸汽疏水阀机械式疏水阀浮桶式疏水阀浮球式疏水阀倒吊桶式疏水阀自由浮球式疏水阀恒温式疏水阀金属膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀液体膨胀式蒸汽疏水阀压力平衡式恒温疏水阀热动力式疏水阀脉冲式蒸汽疏水阀放气阀（自动放气阀）平板式滑动闸阀盖阀换向阀热膨胀阀自动关闭阀自动排液阀管道盲板阀挤压阀呼吸阀风门、挡板减压阀控制阀膜式控制阀执行机构背压调节阀差压调节阀压力比例调节阀1.6.4未指明结构（或阀型）的阀切断阀调节阀快开阀快闭阀隔断阀三通阀夹套阀非旋转式阀排污阀集液排放阀排液阀放空阀卸载阀吸入阀多通路阀取样阀手动阀锻造阀铸造阀（水）龙头抽出液阀（小阀）旁路阀软管阀混合阀破真空阀冲冼阀第一道阀；根部阀根部阀总管阀事故切断阀1.7管道特殊件1.7.1管道特殊件（组件）粗滤器过滤器临时粗过滤器（锥型）Y型粗过滤器y型粗过滤器永久过滤器丝网粗滤器洗眼器及淋浴器视镜阻火器喷头；喷咀取样冷却器消声器膨胀节波纹膨胀节单波双波多波压力平衡式膨胀节带铰链膨胀节轴向位移型膨胀节自均衡膨胀节（带外加强环)带接杆膨胀节万向型膨胀节球形补偿器填函式补偿器单向滑动填料函补偿器1.7.2管道特殊元件软管接头快速接头金属软管橡胶管挠性管鞍形补强板特殊法兰漏斗排液漏环排液漏斗插板垫环8 字盲板限流孔板爆破片法兰盖贴面费托立克接头1.8端部连接法兰端坡口端对焊端平端承插焊端螺纹端承口焊接端法兰连接（接头）对焊连接（接头）螺纹连接；管螺纹连接锥管螺纹密封焊连接承插焊连接（接头）承插连接（接头）捍接接头环垫接头万向接头软钎焊连接（接头）搭接接头；松套连接外侧厚度切斜角内侧厚度切斜角内外侧厚度切斜角法兰式的对焊式的螺纹的承插焊的小端为平的大端为平的两端平小端带螺纹大端带螺纹两端带螺纹一端带螺纹支管连接焊接支管2管道用紧固件及螺纹2.1紧固件螺栓六角头螺栓方头螺栓螺柱、双头螺栓环头螺栓沉头螺栓地脚螺栓松紧螺旋扣（花兰螺丝）U形螺栓T形螺栓圆头螺钉机螺栓；机螺钉顶开螺栓；顶起螺栓自攻螺钉膨胀螺栓粗制的精制的螺母六角螺母蝶形螺母扁螺母锁紧螺母垫圈平垫圈球面垫圈弹簧垫圈方垫圈斜垫圈销轴销开口销定位销圆锥销铆钉键2.2螺纹左螺纹右螺纹管螺纹锥管螺纹直管螺纹梯形螺纹螺距粗芽螺纹细牙螺纹特细牙螺纹通长螺纹惠氏螺纹公制螺纹美国标准锥管螺纹螺孔3材料、型钢及填料3.1金属材料3.1.1黑色金属碳素钢低碳钢中碳钢高碳钢普通碳素钢优质碳素钢普通低合金结构钢合金结构钢合金钢低合金钢中合金钢高合金钢耐热钢高强度钢复合钢工具负钢弹簧钢钼钢镍钢铬钼钢铬钢铬镍钢奥氏体不锈钢马氏体不锈钢司特来合金（钨铬钴合金）耐蚀耐热镍基合金铬镍铁合金耐热铬镍铁合金20合金平炉钢（马丁钢）镇静钢半镇静钢沸腾钢生铁熟铁，锻铁铸铁高硅铸铁渗铬钢，镀铬钢镀铬的镀层锻造、型钢锻造的、锻造轧制热轧冷轧挤压冷加工热加工拔制3.1.3有色金属铝铜、紫铜黄铜青铜铝青铜磷青铜铝镁合金锰青铜蒙乃尔（注：镍及铜合金）镍铜 合金非铁合金钛铅硬铅3.1.4材料性能极限强度屈服极限屈服点延伸率抗压强度抗弯强度弹性极限冲击值疲劳极限蠕变极限持久极限布氏硬度洛氏硬度维氏硬度蠕变断裂强度断面收缩率韧性脆性延性冷脆冷流3.2非金属材料塑料丙烯腈-丁二烯-苯乙烯聚乙烯聚氯乙烯苯乙烯橡胶聚丁烯聚丙烯聚苯乙烯氯化聚醚聚酰胺聚碳酸酯聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯醋酸丁酸纤维素氯化聚氯乙烯聚偏二氟乙烯缩醛塑料尼龙塑料聚烯烃石墨酚醛塑料聚四氟乙烯纤维增强热塑性塑料热塑性塑料热固性塑料胶粘剂树脂环氧树脂聚酯树脂聚酯纤维氟塑料聚氨基甲酸酯丙烯酸树脂脲醛树脂呋喃树脂乙烯丙烯二烃单体合成橡胶橡胶丁腈橡胶氯丁橡胶天然橡胶乙丙橡胶玻璃硼硅玻璃耐火砖陶瓷搪瓷木材3.3型材型钢角钢槽钢工字钢宽缘工字钢或H钢T型钢方钢扁钢六角钢圆钢钢带钢板网纹钢板腹板（指型钢的立板）翼缘（指型钢的缘）3.4填料及填料函填料石棉绳O形环自密封四氟带带铬镍合金丝的石棉绳浸聚四氟乙烯的石棉填料金属填料填料箱；填料函填料函压盖4管道等级及材料统计4.1管道材料规定管道等级管道等级号公称直径公称压力压力级；等级；类别低压中压高压大气压真空工作压力设计压力工作温度设计温度环境温度腐蚀裕量管道附件管道元件壁厚壁厚系列号加厚的；加强的双倍加厚的；双倍加强的通用连接组分组（类）形式（如管道等级表）数据库文件4.2材料统计汇总表材料表综合管道材料表统计材料准确度材料情况报告散装材料编钨号的代码短代码数量重力毛重5设备布置及管道布置5.1设备名称5.1.1容器塔洗涤塔吸收塔冷却塔精馏塔蒸馏塔再生塔造粒塔汽提塔脱气塔合成塔反应器聚合釜转化器；变换器脱硫反应器甲烷化器气柜螺旋式气柜湿式气柜干式气柜槽罐贮罐缓冲罐球罐罐接受槽计量槽加料槽排污罐汽包溶液贮槽地下槽其它设备分离器旋风分离器分子筛脱氧器搅拌器干燥器混合器结晶器澄清器净化器汽化器吸附器融解槽减解槽升压器喷射器喷头消声器换热器、加热器、冷却器换热器空冷器水冷却器冷凝器螺旋板式换热器蒸发器再沸器急冷器深冷器预热器加热器电加热器过热器给水加热器中间冷却器后冷却器5.1.2工业炉及锅炉炉子烧咀锅炉烟囱废热锅炉辅助锅炉省煤器回热炉辐射段对流段裂化炉焚烧炉回转窑炉管吹灰器观察孔5.1.3转动机器泵涡轮泵涡流泵离心泵喷射泵转子泵；旋转泵管道泵真空泵柱塞泵往复泵计量泵深井泵齿轮泵手摇泵锅炉给水泵轴流泵压缩机往复式压缩机多级压缩机螺杆压缩机离心式压缩机循环压缩机涡轮压缩机冷冻机驱动机、发电机汽轮机；蒸汽透平燃气轮机电动机发电机风扇、鼓风机风机鼓风机罗茨鼓风机其它机器挤压机造粒机离心机离心分离机离心过滤机压滤机5.1.4贮运、装卸及起重机械起重机桥式起重机手动葫芦装卸臂料仓料斗输送机皮带输送机5.2辅助用房名称5.2.1生产用房分析室变压器室配电室；变电所蓄电池室控制室通风室贮藏室维修间办公室5.2.2生活用房更衣室盥洗室；厕所5.3图名管道布置平面管道布置轴测图分区索引图初版设备布置图（A 版）内部审查版设备布置图（"B"版）用户审查版设备布置图（"C"版）确认版设备布置图（"D"版）研究版设备布置图（"E"版）设计版设备布置图（"F"版）施工版设备布置图（"G"版）5.4厂房、站、单元压缩机房泵房洗眼站泡沫站软管站；公用工程站成套设备设施罐区空分装置5.5设备布置设备位号工厂工厂区界项目区界内侧项目区界区界区域边界界外东西南北上下工厂北向实际北向道路小过道走道；过道污水坑（井）集水池沟槽预留区场地铺砌区非铺砌区碎石铺面橡皮铺面面积；区域体积；容积5.6管道布置管道设计管道研究走向研究重要管道地上管道地下管道管网管廊管沟管间距管道跨距总管旁路排液放空上升管；垂直和导管裸管管件直接管段；接口取样接口集液包伴热管热水伴热电伴热夹套管全夹套的平面详图"X"视图"A-A"剖视连续图接续图接续线比例图例符号管口表方位管口方位定位相交水平的垂直的；立式的垂直；正交；垂直的平行；平行的水平安装垂直安装对称的相反（的）；对面（的）顺时针方向逆时针方向计算机辅助设计5.7图面标注绝对标高海平面标高标高；立面混凝土顶面架顶面钢结构顶面梁顶面支撑点管顶管底沟底管子内底底平顶平工作点面至面中心至端面中心至面中心至中心；中至中坐标坐标原点出口中心线入口中心线中心线入口出口排出口距离直径半径外径内径净空间隙尺寸高度高度；海拔厚度长度宽度深度坡度相当的；当量的最大最小大约管线号等级分界隔热分界未经允许不得开启未经允许不得关闭在关闭状态下锁定在开启状态下锁定由买方供货由卖方供货由制造厂供货标记号公差允差误差直度5.8相关专业的专业词汇5.8.1工艺1图及表流程图工艺流程图管道及仪表流和图公用工程流程图管线表命名表；管道表设备表2流体空气仪表空气工艺空气低压蒸汽中压蒸汽高压蒸汽伴热蒸汽饱和蒸汽过热蒸汽氧气氢气氮气燃料气天然气火炬气酸性气液化石油气氨气冷却水循环水锅炉给水热水蒸汽冷凝水盐水工艺水化学污水重油石脑油燃料油润滑油密封油冷冻剂载热体溶剂溶液母液单体聚合物均聚物共聚物工艺液体工艺气体硫酸盐酸硝酸烧酸流体特性蒸汽压临界温度临界点临界压力比热粘度闪点熔点凝固点浓度爆炸极限有毒的可燃的；易燃的其它回收再生循环再循环补充制备蒸汽吹扫吹扫抽空；排空吹出排污大气腿备用化学清洗净正吸入压头进料成品污染大气污染环境温度5.8.2建筑、结构建筑物钢结构已有钢结构钢筋混凝土结构楼面平台地面栏杆楼梯直梯柱基础梁斜撑；支撑桁架；主梁构件隔墙墙篦子板吊装孔吊梁棚窗天窗门防火门地漏防火层总图路肩桩灌浆风荷载雪荷载动力荷载活荷载风速主导风向5.8.3仪表盘（操作盘）就地盘仪表盘常开常闭电缆槽（架）压力计热电偶温度计液位计玻璃液位计温度计保护管流量计孔板变送器联锁仪器；设备仪器分析自动分析气体分析化学分析气相色谱仪液相色谱仪质谱分析5.8.4电气危险区划分危险区平面图电气盘配电盘电缆沟电流直流交流频率相位功率因数电压电阻电容静电照明避雷针电话电线接线箱（盒）导线管5.8.5设备固定鞍座滑动鞍座管口人孔手孔检查孔吊柱切中国焊接线件号椭圆形封头加强圈接地板吊耳气缸轴轴承附件，附属设备编位号设备无位号设备5.8.6水道流体原水硬水软水饮用水循环冷却水给水循环冷却水回水脱盐水苦咸水（碱性水）生活污水工业废水雨水污染雨水消防水装置、设施软化装置沉淀池脱盐装置水处理冷却塔中和池化粪池渗滤井井阀井清扫口消防消火栓水炮洒水器水喷淋灭火器消防水泵消防车泡沫消防泡沫栓泡沫炮消防软管接头6管道支吊架6.1管架零部件管托管卡U形夹（卡）锻制U形夹支耳；吊耳耳轴止动挡块托座托架带状卡夹板，导向板可调夹板角板；连接板筋；肋支承环加强板底板顶板翅片式导向板预埋件垫板（安装垫平用）锚固件；生根件预焊件（设备上）聚四氟乙烯滑动板连接板连接杆限制杆带环头拉杆连接杆杠杆支撑杆定位块间隔管（片、块）滑动吊板（吊架顶部用）滑轮组钢索，电缆木块鞍座裙座软管卷盘（筒）管部附着件6.2管支架形式支承架滑动架固定架导向架限制性支架；约束限位架限位器定值限位回二维限位架往复定值限位架定向限位架吊架弹簧架弹簧托架弹簧吊架恒力吊架重锤式吊架弹簧恒力吊架弹簧恒力托架滚动支架弹簧支撑架减振器减压减振器减振装置缓冲筒刚性吊架6.3标准及通用型支架标准管架通用管架悬臂架三角架支腿II型管架L型管架柱式管架墙架可调支架管墩，低管架特殊管架管道支吊架图6.4管架安装背至背钻孔长孔放气孔；通气孔灌浆；水泥砂浆填平组装；装配攻螺孔自由滑动跨度对中心；找正切割使适合修饰使适合伸出长度（指预埋螺栓）7应力计算热应力分析管道柔性分析荷载工况力反力力矩弯曲力矩扭矩外载荷载冷态荷载工作荷载外力内力力偶管系位移附加位移角位移冷拉自拉方向元件节点节点号自由固定点刚性的柔性塑性热循环剧烈循环条件应力弯曲应力扭转应力轴向应力剪切应力拉应力压应力一次应力二次应力位移（热胀）应力范围许用应力范围位移应力柔性应力内压应力外压应力纵向应力;许用应力主应力圆周应力峰值应力脉动应力应变应力残余应力热应力回转半径泊松比；横向变形系数弹性模量：惯性矩极惯性矩断面系数应力集中系数应力范围减少系数应力增大系数面内面外柔性系数柔度特性弹簧系数热膨胀系数安全系数应变；变形弯度；饶度地震耐震等级临时荷载地震荷载地震系数冲击荷载超载集中质量推力设计振度设计响应谱谱分析动态分析谐振分析固有震动型式阻尼震动机械震动音响震动自由震动共振湍振脉动激振；激发衰减系数固有频率周期波谷波峰振幅；波幅水锤8隔热.隔声玻璃棉岩棉聚氨酯；聚氨基甲酸酯泡沫玻璃沥青油毛毡镀锌铁丝镀锌铁丝网石棉板石棉布石棉织品管壳棉毡硅酸钙硅酸铝纤维珍珠岩泡沫混凝土蛭石矿渣棉保温块硅藻土碳酸镁软木泡沫聚苯乙烯硬泡沫橡胶填颖材料玛帝脂保护层水泥抹面金属保护层玻璃布镀锌铁皮铝板油毛毡；沥青毡发毡发泡导热系数隔热；融热层保温保冷人身保护隔声防结露防冻线规伯明翰线规美国线规支承环环箍钢环吸声分贝声源声强声压值噪声值9防腐/涂漆及腐蚀种类防腐漆涂漆涂层/覆盖层底漆面漆清漆瓷漆防锈漆醇酸瓷漆酚醛漆沥青漆聚氨脂漆有机硅漆漆酚树脂漆还氧树脂漆过滤乙烯漆无机富锌漆耐酸漆耐碱漆耐热漆测温漆颜色淡色的；轻的深色的红色的蓝色的黄色的绿色的紫色的棕色的；褐色的灰色的表面处理阴极保护耐蚀性腐蚀点蚀缝隙腐蚀晶间腐蚀电化腐蚀接触腐蚀气蚀应力腐蚀气相腐蚀氢脆10焊接10.1焊接种类电弧焊电熔焊气熔焊电阻焊有保护的金属电弧焊手工或自动惰性气体保护钨极电弧焊自动埋弧焊金属极惰性气体保护电弧焊氩弧焊气体保护电弧焊气焊等离子焊硬钎焊电渣焊爆炸焊10.2焊接形式角焊间断焊点焊对焊搭焊塞焊珠焊槽焊堆焊电板焊坡口V形坡口单面U形坡口K形坡口X形坡口双面U形坡口U-V组合坡口根部间隙焊接符号错边量10.3焊接位置仰焊现场焊封底焊立焊平焊工厂（车间）焊接定位焊跳焊节距10.4焊接缺陷焊接裂纹根部裂纹微裂纹错位弧坑焊穿夹渣咬边；咬肉焊瘤气孔砂眼针孔严重飞溅未熔和根部未焊透10.5其它母材；基层金属预热热影响区焊条焊丝焊药（剂）11热处理11.1普通热处理退火局部退火中间退火球化退火等温退火极软退火回水正火淬火水淬火油淬火等温淬火断绪淬火高温淬火水冷淬火调质时效处理可淬性过热敏感性回火脆性11.2表面热处理火焰表面淬火感应（高频）硬化渗碳渗氮渗铬渗铝12检验及试验12.1检验焊接检验无损检验肉眼检验；外观检验着色渗透检验液体渗透检验X射线照相Y射线照相射线检验涡流探伤超声波探伤磁粉探伤荧光渗透检验12.2试验压力试验水压试验气压试验气密试验泄露试验卤气泄露试验盛水试验真空试验拉伸试验弯曲试验冲击试验硬度试验疲劳试验压扁试验扩口试验金相试验腐蚀试验焊接工艺评定试验13设计阶段及管理分析设计阶段规划布置阶段成品设计阶段详细设计基础设计工作程序界区条件开工会议项目审核会议项目进展情况报告厂商协调会用户变更通知先期确认最终确认设计基础数据数据表设计文件设计注释工程规定设计规定汇总表资料；文件附件技术说明索引；目录工程手册；设计手册计算书批准用于规划布置批准用于设计批准用于施工详细设计版参考；基准标准标准图图草图参考图工程图竣工图说明待定版次修改审核提纲审定校核制图标题栏图号会签工时工日人月项目项目经理设计经理状态报告安装建设试车开车运行中仃车大修模型部门专业；学科14询价.报价及采购14.1询价管道询价单厂商报价报价书报价估价估算投标评标14.2采购采购说明定货单；订购单采购说明汇总表请购交货单装箱单预制的备品备件供应者制造者；制造厂顾客承包商业主用户包装防潮包装防水包装板条箱木箱超尺寸运输催货检验运输船上交货；离岸价格敞车上交货码头交货15单位单位制米毫米英尺英寸弧度度摄氏华氏磅/平方英寸百万帕斯卡巴千克（公斤）克牛顿吨Ton千磅平方米立方米升转/分百万分之一焦耳千瓦伏特安培欧姆小时分秒。