formal_vs_informal_english
【双语美文】Formal language and Informal language正式语言和非正式语言
01、Formal language and Informal language正式语言和非正式语言You probable have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general levels of usage —a formal level and an informal level. English is no exception. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level.你或许注意到人们会用不同的方式表达类似的观点，这取决于他们所处的环境。
这种现象很自然。
所有语言都有两个普遍的使用层次——正式层面和非正式层面。
英语也不例外。
两个层次的区别在于你使用语言的语境。
Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books and in business letters. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues, family members and friends, and when we write personal notes of letters to close friends.正式语言是在课本、参考书和商业信函中出现的语言。
【VIP专享】formal and informal English
• Here is another way to state the same information:
• "A blanket of gases surround the earth, allowing only so much of the thermal radiation from the sun to penetrate."
• I wish he was here with us.
• Participial phrases are generally used in formal style:
• Having been warned of the impending storm, the captain decided to put off the voyage.
• Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.
• Africa is the second largest continent. It is about three times as large as China.
• His anger prevented him from doing, saying, and listening to anything.
• She has experienced love and hate, grief and happiness.
• Long sentences, compound-complex sentences and sentences with parallel constructions are often used in formal style.
Formal & Informal English
Formal & Informal English Summary1.The definition of formal and informal English---Language style---Definition---My view about using formal and informal English2.Differences between formal and informal English3.ConclusionThe definition of formal and informal English●Language styleThere are three main language styles:1. Formal2. Semi-Formal3. Informal●DefinitionFormal English is used in "serious" texts and situations —for example, in official documents, books, news reports, articles, business letters or official speeches.You would use formal English, for example,when you are a lawyer speaking to a jury, when you are making a formal presentation, and when you want to sound fancy. Informal English is used in everyday conversations and in personal letters.Informal English is generally what people use when speaking.●My view about using formal and informal EnglishAs far as I am concerned,informal means relaxed.It is generally used with friends and family, so if you are in casual, relaxed situation.You can feel free to use a more informal English.However, if you are with your colleagues in a business setting or want yourself to be more professional,you will be needed to act and speak more formal.You need to know formal English because you want to be able to read a book, give a business presentation or write an official letter. You also need informal Englishbecause you want to be able to understand and communicate with English speakers in everyday situations.Differences between formal and informal EnglishFormal English Informal English∙Used in official, literary, academic, etc. content. ∙Used in everyday, personal conversations.∙Typically used in careful, edited writing —when the writer has a lot of time to polish his text. Formal English also occurs in speech, usually when the speaker is saying something that was prepared beforehand (for example, reading the news or delivering an official speech). ∙Typically used in "improvised" speech —when the speaker is speaking without preparation, as in a conversation (in real life or over the phone). Informal English also occurs in writing, usually whenever the writer is writing quickly and without editing (for example, in an Internet chatroom or in quick, personal e-mails).∙Sentences are longer and more complicated, for example:Toyota's US sales bounced back in March as substantial discounts helped to win back customers who had been shaken by the firm's mass safety recalls.∙Sentences are simpler and shorter, for example:Did you see Toyota's sales figures? Looks like the discounts have actually worked.∙Don't use contracted forms, use the entire auxiliary verb:They have lived in New York for many years.∙Use contracted forms:They've lived in New York for many years.∙Use relative structures:The woman thought that it was important to be on time.∙Drop certain relative structures:The woman thought it was important to be on time.∙Use 'whom' as an object:Whom have they chosen for the position? ∙Use 'who' as an object:Who have they chosen for the position?∙Always use the full form of an auxiliary:Have you finished your work? ∙Sometimes the auxiliary verb is dropped in informal speech.This is often grammatically incorrect, but is certainly common in everyday usage:Finished your work?∙It uses more indirect language, makingit less personal.The student was given a book.We gave the student a book.He withdrew the amount from an ATM.∙Use of SlangHe had to get some money out of a hole in the wall …∙Many (but not all) phrasal verbs are avoided.For example:His insufficient production conducted to his dismissal.∙Phrasal verbs are used frequently. For example, in informal situations, people usually say found out instead of discovered,came across instead of encountered and got away instead of escaped.For example:The company laid him off because he didn't work much.∙Because informal English is "improvised", it is sloppy. Speakers (and sometimes writers) often do the following:1. Use "delaying expressions" to givethemselves time: Well, I think they should have asked us first, you know?2. Use "correcting expressions" to correctthemselves: He's not well. I mean, he's not sick, but he's very tired.3. Use "qualifying expressions" to show thatwhat they said is not exactly right:This whole blogging thing is getting kind of old.∙Informal English contains useful "everyday phrases", for example:1. Here you are. There you go.(when givingsomething to someone)2.So, you're saying that...?(to ask forconfirmation)3.Exactly!, I couldn't agree with you more.(to agree with someone)4.By the way..., Anyway... (to change thetopic)5.See you.Take care.(to say goodbye)∙FormulaicFor example:We regret to inform you that …We have pleasure in announcing that …∙DirectFor example:I’m sorry but …I’m happy to say that …∙Words and phrases are sometimes pronounced in a shortened and simplified way, e.g. Lemme go!, I'm doin' fine, Whassup?, Whatcha gonna do?∙Modal UsageShould you require any assistance,please feel free to contact us …If you need any help give us a call.∙SingularWe can assist in the resolution of this matter.Contact us on our toll-free number.∙Plural PersonI can help you to solve this problem. Call me!ConclusionFormal English:Formal language doesn't use contractions.Formal language uses fewer phrasal verbs.Formal English uses more vocabulary derived from French and Latin.Formal English uses more past tenses (remote forms) of modal auxialiries. A formal instruction may well use 'should' instead of 'must'.Formal English uses more indirect language- the passive is more common, making it less personal.Formal English uses more synonyms and doesn't repeat the same vocab as much. Formal English is better organised and thought out.Informal English:Informal English uses contractions and changes words a lot in connected speech. Informal English uses slang and forms that might be wrong in formal English. Informal English is used mainly in spoken language, but also in emails (except many professional ones) and a lot of fiction.Written & Spoken EnglishSummary1.Brief introduction of Written & Spoken English2.Main differences3.ConclusionBrief introduction of Written & Spoken EnglishBoth the Norman and the Germanic influences on English are important as they reveal the formal and informal components of English today. As a result written English has a strong formal content with French and Latin influences such as perceive,amendment and canterbury,whereas the Germanic influence relates more to spoken English,with words such as 'took' 'skin' 'call' originating from Old Norse and Old English.One of the main differences between written and spoken English is the use of formal English for writing and informal language for speech.Written EnglishWritten English is more formal.It is the language which is not oral andwhich is used to communicate with others in a more or less a formalsituation.Spoken EnglishSpoken English, as a language is quite relaxed. This means that in many occasions people speak and their English grammar is not quite correct.It sounds informal and is often used to communicate with others in real life situation.Main differences1.grammar2.vocabulary3.soundsanizationGrammarThe grammar of spoken English is usually simpler, and shorter than written English. Written forms are more complex, and may contain more clauses, and passive forms. The sentences may run longer than spoken English. This means listening to English conversation should be easier from an thinking point of view.For example:Written English:Would you like to go out to lunch?Spoken English:You wanna go out for lunch?VocabularyThe vocabulary of Written English is also more inclined to use more precise wording and hence more difficult vocabulary. More explaining is done in written English to avoid misunderstandings that can otherwise be avoided up when two people are talking to each other. Explaining in detail in writing needs more difficult grammar and vocabulary. This also means English that is spoken should be easier to understand from a pure thinking point of view.SoundsWhen we speak English, the sounds often run together; forms like "wanna" and "gonna" and "whatcha" occur commonly in speaking, but do not appear in written English, even when it is read out loud. This makes it more difficult to understand conversational English despite the simpler grammar and vocabulary. Listening for these sound changes is an important listening skill that must be practiced. Without practice in this skill, listening to English is often far more difficult than reading written English. Of course, when English is spoken, it also does not remain after it is spoken (the sound is finished and gone), so the thinking and understanding must be faster than the case with reading. This can be avoided with recorded English which students can (and should) listen toagain and again.OrganizationThe organization styles is different between these two forms of English. Written English organization tends to be more linear, proceeding from point A through to point Z. Spoken English tends to have more repetitions, reversals, re-starts, jumping to different topics before proceeding to the final endpoint, if there is any. This tends to make listening to English easier for students, and live (as opposed to recorded) English is sometimes not as difficult as they fear.ConclusionWritten and Spoken English are not strictly required.It id decided by different situations.For example,speech differs dramatically to writing in that its whole function involves a separate,with a specific shared focus.But you still need to use the kind of written English if you are in formal situation.Trying to speak English as it is written helps you make sure that you don’t allow your standard of grammar to slip. In spoken language, everything we talk will give some meaning and the listener is not particular about the grammatical correctness of the language. He/she is interested only to get the subject but when it comes to written English, everybody will keenly observe all these things and a small mistake,becomes a big issue. In my opinion, people who write good English will definitely increase their spoken English skills.。
formal和informal的例子
formal和informal的例子主题：形式与非正式语言的差异引言：语言是人类沟通和交流的重要工具，而形式和非正式语言是其中两个常见的使用模式。
形式语言通常用于正式的场合，如学术论文、商务信函、法律文件等。
而非正式语言则更常见于日常生活中的对话、社交媒体以及不正式的场合。
本文将探讨形式和非正式语言的差异，并举例说明其使用方式。
第一部分：形式语言的特点及应用形式语言是一种正式、标准化的语言使用方式，通常遵循规范和标准。
以下是形式语言的一些主要特点：1. 严谨性：形式语言要求语法正确、逻辑清晰，所有词汇、语句和结构都必须准确无误。
2. 所有权：形式语言常常需要遵守版权规定，尊重原创作者的权益。
3. 其他特定的规则：形式语言可能包括特定的规则，如引用格式、术语使用等。
形式语言广泛应用于学术、商务和法律领域。
例如，学术论文使用形式语言来确保研究结论的准确性和可信度；商务信函使用形式语言来传递专业知识和商务内容；法律文件使用形式语言来明确法律条款和约定。
第二部分：非正式语言的特点及应用非正式语言是一种日常交流中常见的语言使用方式，其特点如下：1. 灵活性：非正式语言相对于形式语言更加灵活，人们可以在语言表达上更加随意，使用口语化、俚语等。
2. 接近口语：非正式语言更接近真实的日常口语，有时包括口头禅、省略、俚语等。
3. 多样性：非正式语言因为灵活性较高，可以根据交流双方的关系、年龄、背景等因素产生多样化表达方式。
非正式语言在社交媒体、日常对话、互联网聊天等场合广泛使用。
例如，社交媒体上的状态更新、微博、聊天软件等可以让人们用非正式语言表达自己的情感、观点和日常生活。
第三部分：形式与非正式语言的比较及举例形式语言和非正式语言之间有许多明显的区别，以下是一些比较及相关例子：1. 词汇选择：- 形式语言：使用正式、专业的词汇，如academic(学术)、business(商务)、official(正式)等。
- 非正式语言：使用生活口语、俚语等非正式词汇，如awesome(棒极了)、cool(酷)、chill(放松)等。
正式英语和非正式英语替换表
正式英语和非正式英语替换表Formal English and Informal English Phrase Substitution ChartIntroduction:Language is a powerful tool that allows us to communicate our thoughts, ideas, and emotions effectively. English, being a widely spoken language, offers various forms and styles of expression. Two prominent forms of English are formal and informal. In this article, we will present a comprehensive list of phrase substitutions to help you understand the differences between formal and informal English and use appropriate language in different contexts. Please note that this chart is not an exhaustive list but serves as a guide to enhance your language skills.1. Greetings:- Formal: Good morning/afternoon/evening- Informal: Hi/Hey/Hello2. Requesting Information:- Formal: May I ask...?- Informal: Can I ask...?3. Apologies:- Formal: I apologize for...- Informal: Sorry for...4. Giving Thanks:- Formal: Thank you very much.- Informal: Thanks a lot.5. Introduction:- Formal: Allow me to introduce myself. - Informal: Let me introduce myself.6. Agreement:- Formal: I completely agree with you.- Informal: I totally agree.7. Disagreement:- Formal: I'm afraid I have to disagree.- Informal: I don't think so.8. Giving Advice:- Formal: I would suggest that...- Informal: You should...9. Making Suggestions:- Formal: Perhaps we could…- Informal: How about...?10. Asking for Permission:- Formal: Would it be possible for me to...?- Informal: Can I...?11. Refusing Permission:- Formal: I'm sorry, but I'm afraid you can't... - Informal: Sorry, you can't...12. Making a Request:- Formal: Could you please...?- Informal: Can you...?13. Expressing Certainty:- Formal: I am convinced that...- Informal: I'm sure that...14. Adding Information:- Formal: In addition...- Informal: Also...15. Concluding:- Formal: In conclusion...- Informal: To sum up...16. Expressing Opinion:- Formal: In my opinion...- Informal: I think...17. Giving Examples:- Formal: For example...- Informal: Like...18. Describing Problems:- Formal: There appears to be an issue with...- Informal: There's a problem with...19. Making Comparisons:- Formal: There are several noteworthy differences.- Informal: There are many differences.20. Expressing Emphasis:- Formal: It is essential that we...- Informal: We really need to...Conclusion:The use of appropriate language is crucial in various settings. By understanding the differences between formal and informal English, you can effectively communicate with different audiences. This comprehensive substitution chart provides you with valuable tools to enhance your language skills and adapt your communication style accordingly. Remember, the key is to use language in a way that suits the context and audience, ultimately improving your overall communication abilities.。
Formal and Informal Language
FORMAL AND INFORMAL LANGUAGEFormal academic writing is quite different from informal spoken English. The differences can best be seen from a number of examples. In general, informal spoken English contains a number of colloquialisms (conversational expressions) that are inappropriate for formal written English. It is important not to mix the styles.Written academic English will not normally contain the following:●Contractions●Hesitation Fillers●Personal PronounsPersonal pronouns are sometimes used, but are often avoided by means of a modal verb (could, might etc.), an impersonal word such as it or there, or a verb in the passive voice.●Informal/Imprecise WordsAbbreviated formsA COMPARISONCompare the following texts. The first is informal and spoken, the second formal and written (from a journal article).Informal/SpokenThis guy, Hewson, right, he says that people that speak English, like native speakers, don’t think about when to use words like ‘the’, they just do it.Formal/WrittenHewson (1972, p. 132) has called the English article system a ‘psychomechanism’, through which native speakers use articles correctly but unconsciously.EXERCISE 1The following sentences are mixed formal and informal. Write F (formal) or I (informal) in the brackets after each sentence.a. The project will be completed next year. [F ]b. I showed that his arguments didn’t hold water. [ I]c. I wonder why he put up with those terrible conditions for so long. [ I]d. Five more tests will be necessary before the experiment can be concluded. [F ]e. It is possible to consider the results from a different viewpoint. [ F]f. It has been proved that the arguments so far are without foundation. [F ]g. He’ll have to do another five tests before he can stop the experiment. [ I]h. It is not clear why such terrible conditions were tolerated for so long. [F ]i. There are a number of reasons why the questionnaire should be revised. [ F] j. We’ll finish the job next ye ar. [ I]D EFINITE AND T ENTATIVE W AYS OF W RITINGA feature of written academic English is the need to be careful (i.e. to show that you may not be certain about something). The purpose of this is to show that one is generalizing or desires to be cautious, or even that one might possibly be wrong (though it is not likely!).(The three preceding words in italics are examples of such language in use.)The most usual ways of expressing caution or lack of certainty are by means of verbs and adverbs.The following sentence is a definite statement:Industrialization is viewed as a superior way of life.To make it more tentative or cautious we can change or add some words:Industrialisation tends to be viewed as a superior way of life.EXERCISE 2Now look at the following sentences taken from an economics book:a. It is also likely to appear in the development of institutions.b. The ideal of economic development tends to be associated with different policy goals.c. Perhaps greater clarity can be brought to the meaning of economic development.How would the above three sentences be written if we wanted to make them definite and not tentative?A NSWERSExercise 1a. F f. Fb. I g. Ic. I h. Fd. F i. Fe. F j. IExercise 2a) It also appears in the development of institutions.b) The ideal of economic development is associated with different policy goals.c) Greater clarity should be brought to the meaning of economic development.。
Chapter5-Formal-VS-Informal-LanguagePPT课件
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13
The non-reciprocal pattern
It refers to the situation where one person uses FN and the other TLN.
---Good morning, Professor Zhang.
---Morning, Martin.
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8
• the language an individual uses will also redefine each situation.
e.g.
How do you do? -- relationship as that of stranger to stranger
Hello, glad to meet you again. -acquaintances
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6
• Most temporary: at a party, on a train
• Well-established: parents and child • Intermediate: teacher and pupil
labor and management
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7
• The number and types of roles to be played by both addresser and addressee are on a large part determined by the structure of society.
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5
2.Tenors of discourse
• it is the reflection of the relationship between participants in the situation, their roles and status.
英语课小标题 -回复
英语小标题（20例）1. Introduction to English Grammar（英语语法入门）：学习英语语法的基础知识。
2. Basic Vocabulary and Phrases（基础词汇和短语）：学习常用的词汇和短语。
3. Mastering Verb Tenses（掌握动词时态）：学习各种动词时态的正确用法。
4. Nouns and Pronouns Made Easy（名词和代词简化）：简单明了地学习名词和代词的使用。
5. Building Strong Sentence Structures（构建强大的句子结构）：学习如何建立结构完整、有力的句子。
6. Understanding Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases （理解介词和介词短语）：理解介词及其短语的用法与意义。
7. Enhancing Reading Comprehension Skills（提升阅读理解能力）：提高阅读理解的技巧和能力。
8. Developing Effective Writing Techniques（培养有效的写作技巧）：发展有效的写作技巧。
9. Expanding Your Vocabulary through Idioms and Phrasal Verbs（通过习语和短语动词扩展词汇量）：通过学习习语和短语动词来扩展词汇量。
10. Exploring Different Forms of English: Formal vs.Informal（探索不同形式的英语：正式与非正式）：探索英语的不同形式，如正式和非正式用法。
11. Practicing Listening and Speaking Skills（练习听力和口语技能）：练习听力和口语表达的技巧。
12. Improving Pronunciation and Accent（提高发音和口音）：改善发音和口音。
【双语美文】FormallanguageandInformallanguage正式语言和非正式语言
01、Formal language and Informal language 正式语言和非正式语言You probable have noticed that people express similar ideas in different ways depending on the situation they are in. This is very natural. All languages have two general levels of usage —a formal level and an informal level. English is no exception. The difference in these two levels is the situation in which you use a particular level. 你或许注意到人们会用不同的方式表达类似的观点，这取决于他们所处的环境。
这种现象很自然。
所有语言都有两个普遍的使用层次——正式层面和非正式层面。
英语也不例外。
两个层次的区别在于你使用语言的语境。
Formal language is the kind of language you find in textbooks, reference books and in business letters. You would also use formal English in compositions and essays that you write in school. Informal language is used in conversation with colleagues, family members and friends, and when we write personal notes of letters to close friends. 正式语言是在课本、参考书和商业信函中出现的语言。
formal和informal词汇
formal和informal是英语中两个常用的词汇，它们分别表示正式和非正式的意思。
在口语和书面语中，这两个词的使用频率都很高。
formal通常用于表示正式的、规范的、礼节性的、拘谨的、刻板的等含义。
它通常用于正式场合、正式场合的场合、商务场合等正式场合的场合，或者用于描述一些正式的文件、规章、制度等规范性文件。
在正式场合，formal的表达方式通常比较规范、严谨，语气也比较严肃。
例如，在商务谈判中，双方可能会使用formal的语言来表达自己的意见和态度，语气严肃、规范、严谨，不会出现过于口语化的表达方式。
在撰写正式的文件时，也会使用formal的语言来表达清晰、准确、客观、无歧义的意思，让读者能够理解并遵守。
informal则表示非正式的、随意的、亲切的、自然的等含义。
它通常用于非正式场合、非正式场合的场合、个人交往等场合，或者用于描述一些非正式的文体、娱乐活动等。
在非正式场合，informal的表达方式通常比较自然、亲切、轻松，语气也比较随意。
例如，在和朋友聊天时，可能会使用informal的语言来表达自己的感受和想法，语气亲切、自然、轻松，让人感到亲近和舒适。
在娱乐活动中，也会使用informal的语言来营造轻松愉悦的氛围，让人们能够更好地享受活动。
总的来说，formal和informal在口语和书面语中都有不同的用法和含义，需要根据不同的场合和语境来选择使用哪种语言。
同时，在日常交流中，我们应该注意保持语言得体、恰当，避免使用过于随意或过于拘谨的语言，以达到更好的交流效果。
formal and informal English【精选】
• Here is another way to state the same information:
• "A blanket of gases surround the earth, allowing only so much of the thermal radiation from the sun to penetrate."
• "When we use electricity, carbon dioxide is emitted from power plants."
• Once again, who is "we?" --the people of Mesa, of the U.S., of the world?
• Other, better ways to state the sentence:
• "Electricity use causes carbon dioxide to be emitted from power plants."
• Or: "Carbon dioxide is emitted from power plants from electricity use."
• "When consumers use electricity, carbon dioxide...."
Formal and informal English
• Contractions like don’t, mustn’t, he’s, I’ve, etc., are generally used in informal English. In formal writing the full forms are preferred: do not, must not, etc. The most common difference between standard, written English and colloquial spoken and written English, is that standard English uses no contractions. Even though people speak and write conversationally using contractions, when writing reports and research papers, the words should be spelled out correctly. Personal writing allows the use of contractions.
正式写作与非正式写作formal writing VS informal writing课件(35张
Sally details determine the excellence
distinguish
（2018全国一）假如你是李华，你的新西兰朋友Terr y将去中国 朋友家做客，发邮件向你询问有关习俗，请你回复邮件给他一些 建议，内容包括：
1.到达时间
1．外出购物 2．替房东还书 3．Tracy来电话留言：1)咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)见面取消 2)此 事已告知Susan 3)尽快回电
informal writing
• 假设你是英语校报记者李华，负责报道你校志愿者服务周活动 Volunteer Week。请你根据以下几个方面写一篇英文报道。
formal
inform me apologise increase children many/much therefore however diligent student agreeable weather construction currently
informal
tell me say sorry
• My biological mother found out later that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers.
3. 人称代词做宾语时whom 比who更正式
• 判断： which one is formal writing?
•1. He is the person who is well-known here. •2. He is the person that is well-known here. • 3. This is the book which I bought yesterday. • 4. This is the book that I bought yesterday. 4. 定语从句中who/whom/which 比that 更正式
Formal and Informal English
Appropriate Expression: Formal and Informal EnglishByWu JianClass2Grade4Student NO.：310714010229AbstractThis paper will firstly introduce the formal and informal language about its importance and significance. With the necessity to research on the formal and informal language,we will talk about what formality and informality or language are by discussing the definitions,degrees and differences between them in chapter 2. Since the purpose of the research is to make more appropriate expression,we give more emphasis on the pratical usage of it.Different situations need different degrees of formality. Generally speaking it is easier to use the informal language than formal language. Therefore ,in the last part of chapter 2,we will focus on how to avoid informal expressions in language communications.Key Words: formal; informal; appropriate expressionsChapter 1 Introduction1.1The Significance of Researching on the Differences of Formal vs Informal Ianguage.It is very important to use language properly according to different occasions. This is also true in English. People tend to speak of language as being correct or incorrect, but it would be more accurate to refer to particular language structures as being appropriate or inappropriate for a specific context. Generally speaking, as a tool of communication English is divided to and used in two different context of situations: common or casual situation and official or formal situation. So it forms different varieties of English.Language variety can be defined as this(Xue HR, 2003): a language variety is a sub-set of formal and/or substantial features which correlate regularly with a particular type of situational context. First, formal features mean that a language event has internal meaning patterns in sound, vocabulary and grammar. Second, substantial features mean that a language is transmitted by means of either audible sound waves (spoken) or visible marks on a surface (written). Finally, There is a strong relationship between the language we use in particular situation and certain features of that situation.The main English varieties are formal and informal English.Chapter 2 The Introduction and Situational Usage of Formal vs Informal Language2.1The Introduction of Formal vs Informal Language2.11 the definition of Formal language vs informal languageA.formal languageA formal language is a set of words, i.e. finite strings of letters, symbols, or tokens. The set from which these letters are taken is called the alphabet over which the language is defined. A formal language is often defined by means of a formal grammar (also called its formation rules); accordingly, words that belong to a formal language are sometimes called well-formed words (orwell-formed formulas). Formal languages are studied in computer science and linguistics; the field of formal language theory studies the purely syntactical aspects of such languages (that is, their internal structural patterns).Formal languages are often used as the basis for richer constructs endowed with semantics. In computer science they are used, among other things, for the precise definition of data formats and the syntax of programming languages. Formal languages play a crucial role in the development of compilers, typically produced by means of a compiler compiler, which may be a single program or may be separated in tools like lexical analyzer generators (e.g. lex), and parser generators (e.g. yacc). Since formal languages alone do not have semantics, other formal constructs are needed for the formal specification of program semantics. Formal languages are also used in logic and in foundations of mathematics to represent the syntax of formal theories. Logical systems can be seen as a formal language with additional constructs, like proof calculi, which define a consequence relation.[1] "Tarski's definition of truth" in terms of a T-schema for first-order logic is an example of fully interpreted formal language; all its sentences have meanings that make them either true or false.rmal languageInformal language arises out of all those channels that fall outside the formal channels and it is also known as grapevine. It is established around the societal affiliation of members of the organization. Informal language does not follow authority lines as in the case of formal language.Informal language takes place due to the individual needs of the members of an organization and subsists in every organization. Normally, such language is oral and may be expressed even by simple glance, sign or silence. Informal language, is implicit, spontaneous multidimensional and diverse. It oftenly works in group of people, i.e. when one person has some information of interest; he passes it on to his informal group and so on.2.12The degrees of formality or informalityGenerally in official or serious situations, the formal English should be used, while in casual or relaxed situations one can use informal English.The degrees of formality or informality are determined by the role relationship, the number of listeners and the context of situation which means whether it is a public speech, a classroom lecture, a church service, a dinner party or a casual chat. Formal English is primarily used in official documents, legal papers, regulations, technical literature, thesis papers, business letters, ceremonial public speeches, etc. Informal English is found typically in private conversations or in personal letters. Nowadays it is also used in advertisements, popular newspapers and magazines because of its simplicity(Xue HR, 2003).In fact, one should keep in mind that the formality-informality scale is a continuum from the most formal to the most informal, with an infinite number of steps in between. Martin Joos in “A Practical Guide to the Teaching of English” (Rivers, et al., 1978) proposes the following scale divisions, which is called FIVE STYLES or FIVE CLOCKS.Intimate: used between family members and very close friends who shared the majority of their life experience, so there is no need to supply any background information.Casual: used between friends, acquaintances and insiders, marked by ellipsis andcolloquialism.Consultative: a norm for coming to terms with strangers, marked by its syntactic completeness and features of politeness.Formal: used on formal occasions, marked by its formal wording and syntactic complexity.Frozen: only fit for print, for declamation and for people who are to remain social strangers, marked by its use of extremely big words and solemn expressions, by its extremely complex syntax and by its total avoidance of personal flavor. The typical of it is the language of law.Respective examples are given as follows(Xue HR, 2003):Intimate: Out!Casual: Run along, now.Consultative: Would you mind leaving the room a moment, please?Formal: The audience is requested to kindly leave the room for a few moments.Frozen: The management respectfully requests the conferees to vacate the auditorium between sessions in order to facilitate the operation of the custodial staff.Nevertheless, it is easier to divide these scales than to categorize accurately those that go between the two extremes, meanwhile the latter is not always necessary. What have to be minded are the two basic language varieties: formal and informal English.2.13differences between formal and informal EnglishWhat differences on earth are there between formal and informal English? They differ from aspects as follows(Qin XB, 2002).First, formal and informal English are distinguished by using different words. In casual occasions, people tend to use casual words, even slang vocabulary. In formal situations, people are supposed to use big words, usually those of Latin origin or French origin. For example, to express same meaning, informal English can be like that “the police are looking in to the case of murder”, while in formal English the word “investigate” will be used instead of the oral phrase “look in to”for expressing the same idea. Just as similar as this example, several pairs of words can be found easily, such as end – conclude, leave – depart, blow up – explode, quit – resign, job – position, tired –fatigued, and so on. Besides, informal English is usually characterized by a lot of contractions, which are hardly seen in formal English. The most common contractions are like ad for advertisement, paper for newspaper, dorm for dormitory, lab for laboratory, bike for bicycle, TV for television, phone for telephone, can’t for cannot, it’s for it is, and so on.Second, formal and informal English differ from grammar or sentence structure. Generally speaking, formal English follows grammar rules very strictly and sentences tend to be longer and more complex, but informal English may be casual, especially in some intimate situations. Below are several typical cases.(1) In comparison sentences using subjective pronoun is more formal than objective one. For instance, usually one says, “he speaks English more fluently than me.” It is okay, but in formal situations the pronoun “me” had better be placed to “I”. The similar condition takes place when a pronoun is as predicate noun that comes after a linking verb and refers back to the subject of the sentence. Formal English will be like that “it is I, that is he” rather than “it’s me, that’s him” in informal English.(2) The adverbial modifier in a sentence can differ between the two English styles. Toexpress compromising case the words such as “yet, however, nevertheless, despite” are usually more formal than those like “but, anyway, though, all the same”. To express manner case prepositional phrase is more formal than a single adverb. To express reason and result, “on account of, accordingly, thus, hence, consequently” are more formal than “because, so, as, since” and using present participle is formal. To express aim case “in order that” is more formal than “in order to” that is more formal than “so as to”.(3) In subjunctive mood formal English usually uses “were”rather than “was”, for example that “he looks as if he was/were ill.”(4) Passive form sometimes seems more formal than active form, especially to express the idea of ask somebody to do something. Compare the two sentences below:Please gather at the gate of school.(oral order)The student are requested to gather at the gate of school.(written notice)(5) In a question sentence structure of formal English subjective “who” and objective “whom” are distinguished strictly and prepositions are not supposed to appear at the end of the sentence, e.g. “who did you go swimming with?” and “with whom did you go swimming?”(6) Formal English usually does not have split infinitive. Split infinitive means that a descriptive word is inserted into an infinitive form betwe en “to” and the verb. Informal English can have the expression “to quietly die” while in formal English it should be like “to die quietly”.The differences between formal and informal English show in many aspects, these items written upside are only part of them. Learning more one can find more.2.2The Situational Usage of Formal vs Informal Language2.21Formal and Informal Essay Writing StylesEssay writing can either be informative, analytical or entertaining. Depending on the type of essay you are writing on, you can either have a formal or informal writing style. Formal writing style is often followed when essay writing for informative and analytical articles. In this case, it is necessary to consider your word choice. Certain words can contribute to the article's tune or mood. This is because the tune should be consistent with the article's purpose and general objectives. Words can either bring subtle, happy, or strong mood to your essay writing. With formal writing, words are more often technical in nature. Formal essay writing often follows a particular pattern or outline. On the other hand, informal essay writing is not very rigid with word choice. With this type of essay, you can use slang language to express your ideas and thoughts. However, do it so minimally as slang language can have variations in meaning depending on one's cultural background. To put it simply, caution must be exercised when using slang language as it could be offensive sometimes. Informal essay writing often lacks a conventional pattern. It is the style often used with writing entertaining articles.Whichever writing style you take on, it is necessary that your essays undergo spelling and grammar checks. This would inhibit possible vagueness and confusion that come with the wrong use of tense and improperly misspelled words.2.22Formal and Informal Situations When Writing An EmailThere are times that we find writing a business email difficult since we are used to using emails to communicate with friends and family members. A business email usually needs to be formal to make it more professional while an email for a friend or relative can contain informal wordings. Here are some differences between formal and informal that will help you make an effective business letter.Standard English terms are used for formal e-mail writing. Informal writing allows the use of colloquial words and expressions. Colloquial words are widely used by people all over the world, but still, it is not yet considered formal.Always keep in mind that when you are using contractions, write them in their complete form like will not, have not, do not, should not, does not, can not, etc. People often make the mistake of using won't, can't, don't, shouldn't, doesn't, haven't, etc.Using clichés like vast majority of, each individual child, utilization of resources, etc. when writing an e-mail is also not considered formal. You can use terms such as preferred like most, each child, the use of, and others instead.You should also be cautious when using abbreviations in your e-mails. Keep in mind that you should never use shortened form of words such as tv, digicam, aircon, pro, photo, etc. Instead, you should use television, digital camera, air conditioner, professional, photograph, etc.When writing a formal e-mail, you should always use the passive voice while active voice is for informal writing.A business letter is always written in a formal way. It uses a formal tone to make it more professional. But when it comes to e-mail marketing, marketers have found that using a more informal tone makes their communications have a friendlier tone. This generates more positive responses from prospective customers.Let us enumerate the differences between formal and informal e-mail writing when it comes to email marketing.Use proper opening and closing salutations. It is very important that you maintain civility when writing your salutations. Using Mr., Mrs., Madam, etc is still the best way to address your recipient. Addressing your recipients by their first names or nicknames is only used when you are writing an informal e-mail. In addition to this, you should never forget to show gratitude by saying "Thank You" to let your recipient know thankful you are that they spent time in opening and reading your letter.Do not use smileys. Although it is important to show your recipient how you feel through your e-mail, never make the mistake of including smileys. Although it is an informal tone you are using when writing the business e-mail, it is still inappropriate to use smileys.Check your grammar and spelling. How would you feel if you received an e-mail that is supposedly for business purposes and the grammar is really bad or there are lots of misspelled words? This is why it is important to proofread your message before hitting the "Send" button. You should always use the correct form of the words, phrases and sentences. Scan the letter for possible typographical errors and check as well if you have used the correct punctuation marks.Do not use all caps. Sometimes, readers feel that the sender of the e-mail is somehow shouting or yelling at them when words are capitalized. That is why you should avoid capitalizing all the letters of a word or words when writing a formal e-mail. You can either italicize the word or put an asterisk before it to show emphasis.Observe correct capitalization. Whether it is a formal or informal e-mail writing, always bear in mind that proper capitalization is very important. The first letter of the first word in your sentences should be capitalized. Proper nouns should also be capitalized.2.3How to Avoid Informal WritingWhile informal writing may be acceptable in friendly e-mail or in chat rooms, excessive colloquialism can diminish the quality of a formal written text. Presentation may be improved by applying the following techniques:(1)Use appropriate punctuation.For example, American English employs a colon in a formal letter as in “Dear John:”but British English employs a comma. Limit parentheses, exclamation points, and dashes (prefer colons) in formal writing. Avoid the ampersand (&); write out the word “and”. Punctuate your writing as you go along to reduce your risk of leaving out punctuation.Avoid common colloquial words and expressions (colloquialisms), such as “cute”(use “adorable”), “yeah,”“how-do-you-do,”and “movie”(use “film”), as listed below or labeled as such in your dictionary. This includes slang such as “cool,”“dude,”and “humongous”. Two good phrases to delete are “you know”and “you might be thinking.”You do not have the power to know your readers’thoughts while they read your paper. Another empty sentence is “Think about it.”Assume that your readers are already thinking about what they are reading, and state your point more clearly. The adverb “pretty,”meaning “relatively,”“fairly,”or “quite,”is unacceptable in all formal writing and is often unnecessary.(2)Avoid contractions.Note that the full form of “can’t”is one word: “cannot,”not “can not.”Try to avoid the first and second person. Formal writing often tries to be objective, and the pronouns “I”and “you”tend to imply subjectivity. Phrases such as “I think that”can be deleted from a sentence when it is obvious that this is the author’s opinion. Using the pronoun“I”is almost always acceptable in personal writing, and the pronoun “you”is almost always acceptable in letters and how-to’s. In the most formal writing, the pronoun “I”is replaced by the pronoun “we”; this is known as the royal we or the editorial we. Formal writing generally avoids the pronoun “you”when it refers to people in general.You should sleep eight hours each night. (informal)One should sleep eight hours each night. (formal)Most people should sleep at least eight hours each night. (formal usage allowing for exceptions) (3)Do not hesitate to split an infinitive when it is warranted.Split infinitives are common in legal writing, an important type of formal English. In fact, the split infinitive is encountered in the most formal of writing. Split infinitives can be used even in very formal writing that avoids the active voice. Infinitives, along with gerunds, contribute to an active writing style and show action but are not actually in the active voice. V oice is a property of clauses, and infinitives and gerunds form phrases. Split infinitives are grammatically correct.The split-infinitive rule is based on Latin, but split infinitives actually make writing more like Latin, not less so. The Romans tended to place adverbs right next to verbs, and adverbs usually preceded verbs. In formal writing, adverbs also tend to precede verbs rather than follow them. In Latin, Captain Kirk would have said “audacter ire”(translated as “boldly to go”or “to boldly go”). Oxford dictionary says that “boldly to go”is more formal than “to go boldly”; that is most likely because of the Latin word order. The effectiveness of the split infinitive arises from the fact that “to”and the verb are like a single unit. After all, “to go”would be translated into Latin as the single word “ire.”For emphasis, an artist places a large picture between two smaller pictures; in the same way, an adverb becomes emphatic when placed between “to”and the verb.(4)Do not be afraid to separate the auxiliary (helping) verb and the main verb.Know when to end a sentence with a preposition (even in the most formal of English).Always include the relative pronoun. In formal English, you should be sure to always include “whom”or “that”even when they are not essential to your meaning. The relative pronoun can be omitted when only a participle is used; in that case, there is no longer a relative clause.This is the paper I wrote. (informal)This is the paper that I wrote. (formal)That was the paper written by me. (formal) (This version uses the past participle and does not contain a relative clause. It is the most formal version because it does not contain any verbs in the active voice.)The bear that was dancing was graceful. (formal)The bear dancing was graceful. (more formal) (“Dancing”is not active; it is not even a verb and is actually an adjective; this becomes clearer when the sentence is rewritten as “The dancing bear was graceful.”)(5)Do not start a sentence with a coordinating conjunction.In the written language, do not use coordinating conjunctions such as “and”, “but”, “so”, or “or”to start a sentence. Coordinating conjunctions are meant to join words, phrases, and clauses; a coordinating conjunction is left dangling without a role to play when it comes at the beginning of a sentence. Consider attaching the sentence that starts with a coordinating conjunction to the previous sentence, substituting the period for a comma to produce a compound sentence. You can also use transitional adverbs such as “additionally”(or “moreover”), “nevertheless”(or “however”), “therefore”(or “thus”), and “alternatively”(or “instead”or “otherwise”). “Though”can be used at the end of a sentence: “This product here is much cheaper. It will last only half as long, though.”Starting a sentence with “also”is useful in casual writing but should be avoided in formal English unless the word “also”is modifying a verb (usually in the imperative mood or an inverted sentence structure): “Also read Chapters Two and Three;”“Also included is a free ticket.” A paragraph that starts many sentences with coordinating conjunctions may also lack smooth transitions.(6)Develop short, choppy sentences into longer, more graceful sentences.Formal writing generally uses longer sentences, such as compound and complex sentences. You can develop two simple sentences into one compound or complex sentence. Long sentences add variety to your writing and can be particularly effective when paired with short sentences; the contrast grabs the readers’attention. As the last sentence shows, you also can use a semicolon to join two simple sentences, provided that they are closely related to each other.(7)Avoid stage directions.Do not commence a letter by telling the recipient what you plan to do in the letter or begin an essay by telling the reader what the paper will discuss.“I am writing to you to ask you to. . . .”“This paper is going to talk about how. . . .”(8)Avoid vague words.Vague words are less formal and are open to interpretation; they do not express your ideas as well as more precise words would. “A few”or “enough”can often be replaced by something more precise.Chapter 3 ConclusionLanguage is essentially a social activity(Lv X, 2004). People use language, talking and writing to each other, at different times, in different places, for different purposes, in different social and personal contexts, thus producing different varieties of a language. The language people use varies according to the addresser’s attitude towards the address ee, the subject matter and the purpose of the communication in order that the addresser can express clearly and efficiently. English is just one of languages. Dividing formal and informal English is aimed to express people’s idea more appropriately so one should not go to extremes to adhere these rules. Nevertheless these rules are to help us, but not to bind up our brains.Bibliography[1]Lv Xu (2004). Practical English Rhetoric[M]. Beijing: Qinghua Daxue Chubanshe. [Tsinghua university press.][2]Xue Hanrong (2003). Introducing varieties of English[M]. Xian: Xian Jiao Tong University press.[3]Qin Xiubai (2002). Essentials of English Stylistics[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Waiyu Jiaoyu Chubanshe. [Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press.][4]Rivers, Wilga M., Temperley, Mary S. (1978). A Practical Guide to the Teaching of English as a Second or Foreign language[M]. New York: Oxford University Press.[5]徐有志. 英语文体学教程[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2005[6]张德禄，张国. 英语文体学教程[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2008。
最新FORMAL AND INFORMAL正式与非正式英文
Formal and informal
• 4. Don't use `don't', or any other shortened negative such as `isn't', `hasn't', `wasn't', etc. Use `does not', `is not', etc. instead.
______________________________ ____________________
Formal and informal
6. Don't use `!' or `&' or `/'. It is also very unusual to see `?' in a paper. Don't put questions in a paper unless you really know what you are doing.
• 2. Don't start a sentence with `Therefore'. Instead write, for example, `We therefore...'.
• 3. Don't start a sentence with `Then' or `Now' unless it is a command.
______________________________ ____________________
Formal and informal
formal_vs_informal_english
FORMAL ENGLISHINFORMAL ENGLISH- It is used in academic writing (e.g., essays, reports, resumes, theses, and the like), and formal social events such as public speeches, graduation ceremonies, and assemblies depending upon the topic. - It is more commonly used in writing than in speech.- It follows the conventions of “standard” language; i.e., it uses language forms that often grammatically and lexically considered “correct” or agreed upon by most educated users of the language. For example, - Sentences are often long and complex; - Subject-verb agreement is observed; - Contractions are avoided; - The passive voice is often used (making it more impersonal);- It is better organized and thought out;- The past tense of modal auxiliaries is common, and so on.- Clear and precise vocabulary is used; hence, clichés, colloquialisms, idioms, phrasal verbs, proverbs and slang are avoided. Likewise, a lot of synonyms are used in order to avoid the repetition of the same words. Also, much vocabularyderived from French and Latin is used.- Polite words and formulas like Please, Thank you, Madam, Sir, Mr. /Mrs. /Miss/Ms, Would you mind…?, May I…?, Could you please…?, etc. are often used in speech.- When spoken, words are more carefully and more slowly pronounced than in informal English. - It is suitable for ordinary conversations or letters to friends.- It is more used in everyday speech (esp., conversations) than in writing.- It often violates the conventions of “standard” language. For example:- Sentences are often short (or choppy) and simple;- Subject-verb agreement is not necessarily observed;- Contractions and acronyms are very common;- The active voice is often used;- The present tense of modal auxiliaries is common, and so on.- It is less organized and thought out;- Vocabulary use is somewhat liberal; hence, lots of clichés, colloquialisms, idioms, phrasal verbs, proverbs and slang are often used. Also, vocabulary derived from French and Latin is not common.- Words that express rapport and familiarity are often used in speech, such as brother, buddy, man, you know, and the like.- When spoken, words are less carefully and more quickly pronounced (often chopped) than in formal English (Lesson Plan, n.d.).IDIOMS SLANG1. Most idioms have only a nonliteral ormetaphorical meaning; i.e., one cannot often discover their meanings by looking up the individual words in an ordinary dictionary. E.g., The thieves took everything, so I was left really up a gum tree (= in a difficult situation). However, some idioms have both a literal and a nonliteral meaning; e.g., He spilled the beans can mean (a) literally: ‘He allowed the beans to get out of a container and fall on the floor or other surface; (b) nonliterally: ‘He revealed a secret’.2. Most idioms are more or less invariable or fixed, both in wording and in certain grammatical ways. That is to say, they function like lexical units or wholes. Because of this: a. We cannot often make substitutions of synonymous words into idioms without loss of their idiomaticity or metaphorical meaning. E.g., in the idiom John gave up the ghos t (= ‘John died’), we cannot replace ghost by apparition and say John gave up the apparition ; it would no longer mean ‘to die’.b. We cannot often introduce modifiers (e.g., adjectives and adverbs) into idioms. E.g., in the idiom He let the cat out of the sack (= ‘he revealed a secret’), we cannot say He let the black cat out of the sack ; it is no longer considered an idiom.c. They cannot often be used in the passive. E.g., Mrs. Jones gave up the ghost cannot be transformed into The ghost was given up by Mrs. Jones ; it is no longer an idiom.d. Some idioms have slightly variant forms. E.g., We can say until kingdom come or till kingdom come (=’for a very long time in vain’) as in You can protest till kingdom come ; however, no one will pay attention to you . Similarly, you can say up to the/one’s ears/eyes/neck/eyeballs (=1. It is non-standard vocabulary characterizedby extreme informality;2. Its currency is not limited to a region;3. It is composed of coinages or arbitrarily changed words, clipped forms, extravagant forced, or facetious (= amusing) figures of speech, verbal novelties;4. It is short-lived and therefore subject to decline into use;5. Generally, slang is only intelligible to those people associated with the group or groups who use it.‘wholly concerned with something, esp.something troubling, work, business, or debt’) as in The secretary is up to her ears(in) addressing and stamping letters.Another example is to be in someone’sgood/bad books (= ‘to be in favor/disfavorwith someone’).e. Most idioms are entered in dictionaries orthe lexicon as single items of vocabulary.3. Most idioms belong to informal spoken or written language; therefore, they are generally avoided in formal speech or writing.4. Most idioms are language- and culture-specific; i.e., they make sense or meaning mainly to the speakers of a given language or members of a given culture. Therefore, most idioms cannot be translated word for word into other languages.Table 1: Some euphemisms and their meaningsEuphemism Meaningprivates (or private parts) male or female genitals to make love to engage in sexual intercourse to perspireto sweat to pass away (or to pass on) to diecollateral losses civilian casualties to take a leak to urinatefuneral director mortician or undertaker sales representativesalespersonto have the telephone out of orderto have the telephone service cutoffTable 2: Some metaphors and their meaningsMetaphorMeaningthe big drink the ocean or the seaHe’s in the prime oflife.He’s very young.She is the apple ofmy eyes.I love her more than anything else.That car is a lemon. That car often breaks down andrequires constant repairs.The stork is visiting Mary again Mary is (pregnant and) expecting a child/baby again.Walls have ears. Others might listen to what you’resaying, even if they’re not in the sameroom.Table 3: Some examples of American English slang. Slang Term Meaning Slang Term Meaning buzz feeling of pleasure or excitement (e.g., after drinking some alcohol)bummed depressedbent angry booze alcohol fake-bake tanning salon pot marijuana gork nerd sucky awful chicken coward canbathroomhomeboy very close male friendto have missile lockto concentrate。
formal and informal speech 英语中正式和非正式表达
Hello.
Good morning.
Good morning.
It was nice to see you.
Same to you.
Good afternoon.
Good afternoon.
Good evening.
Good evening.
Have a good day.
Sample response
Sample sentence
Sample response
Sample sentence
Sample response
Hey. Hi.
Hey. Hi.
Ann, this is Jim. He’s in my class.
Hi Jim. Nice to meet you.
So long.
What’s new?
See ya.
What’s happenin?
See ya later.
What are you up to?
Bye.
What’s goin on?
Thank you. You too.
How are you?
Fine, thank you.
Good night / Goodbye.
Good night / Goodbye.
Informal Conversation
Greetings
Introductions
Good-byes
Sample sentence
Nice meeting you.
You too.
How are ya?
I’m good. All rigs?
Pretty good.
formal english例子
formal english例子正式英语（formal English）是比较严谨、庄重的语体。
其特点是在词汇、句子、语音方面都必须严格遵守民族标准语言的规范。
它所表达的是作者与读者直接的一种非个人的关系，它力求不借助其它非语言表达方式如面部表情、手势等来准确地表达思想。
正式英语主要应用于写作，学术课本，大学论文，商业信函和合同中。
官方或者正式场合。
非正式英语informal english 基本就是日常用语和一些流行英语。
例如：一百万美元盈利正式：A million dollarsin profit.俚语：A million bucksin profit.软件很好用正式：The software is quiteuser-friendly.习语：Idiom: The software is a piece of cake.见到你很高兴正式：Nice to meet you!聊天语言：Nice 2 meet u!工作中发邮件不能向平时说话那么随意，我们需要把formal enlish 改成informal english，关键的关键是把动词短语改成单个动词。
要求 ask for -> request建立 set up -> establish发现 find out -> discover处理 deal with -> handle欺骗 take in -> deceive下面是一些例句：非正式用语正式用语他调查了（checked up on）他的会计。
他调查了（investigated）他的会计。
他们容忍了（put up with）邻居们。
他们容忍了（tolerated）邻居们。
她很快就理解了（caught on）。
她很快就理解了（understood ）。
为了弥补（made up for）它，她早早的睡了。
为了弥补（compensated）它，她早早的睡了。
他发烧了（went down with）。
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FORMAL ENGLISH
INFORMAL ENGLISH
- It is used in academic writing (e.g., essays, reports, resumes, theses, and the like), and formal social events such as public speeches, graduation ceremonies, and assemblies depending upon the topic. - It is more commonly used in writing than in speech.
- It follows the conventions of “standard” language; i.e., it uses language forms that often grammatically and lexically considered “correct” or agreed upon by most educated users of the language. For example, - Sentences are often long and complex; - Subject-verb agreement is observed; - Contractions are avoided; - The passive voice is often used (making it more impersonal);
- It is better organized and thought out;
- The past tense of modal auxiliaries is common, and so on.
- Clear and precise vocabulary is used; hence, clichés, colloquialisms, idioms, phrasal verbs, proverbs and slang are avoided. Likewise, a lot of synonyms are used in order to avoid the repetition of the same words. Also, much vocabulary
derived from French and Latin is used.
- Polite words and formulas like Please, Thank you, Madam, Sir, Mr. /Mrs. /Miss/Ms, Would you mind…?, May I…?, Could you please…?, etc. are often used in speech.
- When spoken, words are more carefully and more slowly pronounced than in informal English. - It is suitable for ordinary conversations or letters to friends.
- It is more used in everyday speech (esp., conversations) than in writing.
- It often violates the conventions of “standard” language. For example:
- Sentences are often short (or choppy) and simple;
- Subject-verb agreement is not necessarily observed;
- Contractions and acronyms are very common;
- The active voice is often used;
- The present tense of modal auxiliaries is common, and so on.
- It is less organized and thought out;
- Vocabulary use is somewhat liberal; hence, lots of clichés, colloquialisms, idioms, phrasal verbs, proverbs and slang are often used. Also, vocabulary derived from French and Latin is not common.
- Words that express rapport and familiarity are often used in speech, such as brother, buddy, man, you know, and the like.
- When spoken, words are less carefully and more quickly pronounced (often chopped) than in formal English (Lesson Plan, n.d.).。