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mintpy的处理结果

mintpy的处理结果英文回答：Mintpy is a powerful tool for processing and analyzing interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data. Itis specifically designed for studying surface deformation caused by various geophysical processes such as earthquakes, volcanoes, and land subsidence. Mintpy provides a widerange of functionalities, including data processing, time series analysis, and visualization, making it a valuabletool for geoscientists and researchers.One of the key features of Mintpy is its ability to process large datasets efficiently. It can handle data from multiple radar satellites, such as Sentinel-1 and ALOS-2, and can process data from different acquisition modes, including ascending and descending orbits. This allowsusers to analyze long time series of InSAR data and extract valuable information about the Earth's surface deformation.Mintpy also offers a variety of processing algorithms, including phase unwrapping, baseline estimation, and atmospheric correction. These algorithms help to improve the quality of the InSAR data and reduce noise and artifacts. Additionally, Mintpy provides advanced time series analysis tools, such as the Small Baseline Subset (SBAS) and the Temporal StaMPS (TStaMPS) algorithms, which allow users to detect and monitor subtle surface deformation over time.Furthermore, Mintpy has a user-friendly interface that allows users to easily navigate through the different processing steps and visualize the results. It provides interactive plotting tools for visualizing interferograms, coherence maps, and time series plots. Users can also export the results in various formats, such as GeoTIFF and KMZ, for further analysis or visualization in other software.Overall, Mintpy is a versatile and efficient tool for processing and analyzing InSAR data. Its wide range of functionalities, efficient processing algorithms, and user-friendly interface make it a valuable asset for researchers and geoscientists studying surface deformation.中文回答：Mintpy是一款用于处理和分析干涉合成孔径雷达（InSAR）数据的强大工具。

2470 Wizard2 IVD自动伽马计数器说明书

2470 Wizard 2 - IVDAutomatic Gamma CountersDescriptionThe 2470 Wizard 2® gamma counters present the next generation instrumentation for gamma counting. Wizard 2 unites the flexibility, robustness and accuracy for applications requiring gamma radiation analysis. One, two, five or ten independent well-type detectors, automatic or manual counting mode, multi-user capability and multitasking operationenvironment provide flexible and efficient sample processing.The instrument can be used as a stand-alone system or it can be easily networked. Wizard 2 is available in either 550-sample or 1000-sample conveyor versions.Standard Features• Detector system consists of detectors made ofthallium activated, sodium iodide crystals. The crystal height is 50 mm (2.0 in) and diameter is 32 mm (1.26 in). 4π counting geometry ensures optimal counting efficiency of the sample.• Radiation shielding is present for the detectorassembly and the conveyor. The detector assembly is surrounded by a minimum of 12 mm (0.48 in) of lead shielding above and below. The shielding against the conveyor is 30 mm (1.25 in) of solid lead. The shielding between the detectors is 7 mm (0.28 in) of solid lead.• Sample changer has a storage capacity of 55 racks (550 samples) or 100 racks (1000 samples).• Linear multichannel analyzer with 2048 channels. Dead time is 2.5 µs. • Radionuclide library consists of 45 nuclides: • Energy range is 15-1000 keV.• Maximum count rate is 6 million DPM (app. 5 million CPM) for 125I.Radiometric Detection2Quality Control and Regulations• Instrument Performance Assessment (IPA ™) allows follow up of variable instrument parameters for quality control purposes. IPA automatically monitors data, evaluates monitored data for quality assurance and provides out-of-control warnings for nine detector parameters including: – isotope main peak channel number – background CPM in counting window – relative detector efficiency – detector resolution – absolute detector efficiency – window coverage– detector stability probability – measured CPM in counting window – measured total CPM in whole spectrum • Wizard 2 is manufactured according to ISO 9001.Optional MyAssays ® Desktop Data Analysis• Comprehensive data analysis is performed by optional MyAssays ® Desktop Pro from DAZDAQ (MAD). MAD is comprehensive software specifically designed for RIA/IRMA and custom data reduction in a regulated environment.• Data Analyses provide quantifiable accuracy for assaysthrough sophisticated weighting, many curve fit algorithms including 4PL and 5PL, plus curve fit metrics. • QC provides a range of inter-assay and intra-assay analysis features for continuous monitoring and automatic validation of assays.• Report Templates use the full power of MS Word to define a report template to apply to MyAssays ® Desktop outputs. Including content created in MS Word, such as headers, footers, custom images, fonts, macros, signature lines, etc.• Upload worklists and download results easily with or without a LIM system.Available ConfigurationsRack and Sample Vial Specifications• Sample tube specifications are shown in the table below. In Automatic In ManualOperation Operation Maximum 13 mm (0.5 in) 15 mm (0.6 in) Diameter: (17 mm, 0.7 inwithout tray) Maximum cap diameter: 14 mm (0.6 in) 22 mm (0.9 in) Minimum diameter: No limit No limit Minimum height: No limit No limitMaximum 90 mm (3.5 in) 120 mm (4.7 in) height: (including cap) (including cap) Typical volume:~ 3 mL~ 3 mL• Tube shape Microcentrifuge tubes can be used without adapters. Eppendorf ® tubes can be measured at odd positions in sample racks.• Plastic sample racks can hold 10 samples/rack. Racks have barcodes for protocol and rack number identification. Supported barcode languages are code 128, interleaved 2/5, code 39 and codabar. Sample racks can have protocol barcodes 1-999. Sample racks are compatible with most centrifuges. Maximum centrifugation force 2500 x G.• Contamination guards are inherent in rack construction, protecting the detectors from contamination. Samples are separated from the detectors by liquid-tight, disposable sample holders.Operational Features• Built-in LCD touch screen for routine usage.• Built-in computer controlling the system is anindustry standard computer with Microsoft ® Windows ® 10 operating system. The computer contains a USBconnection for a memory stick, an external hard drive, a printer and an Ethernet connection for networking. • Alphanumeric keyboard and mouse for advanced usage on a pullout shelf.• Live spectrum display of counts, CPM or CPS values can be displayed on the screen. Counting spectrum can be displayed or plotted on the printer.• MultiSTAT interrupt counting enables a series of stat samples to be processed in manual mode while the assay in process is not affected. This allows the user to analyze urgent samples in the middle of long run.• Automatic normalization is carried out using a normalization cassette for each defined nuclide. • Datalogger enables all assay results to be automatically stored in a text file. Format is compatible with Microsoft ® Excel ®.For a complete listing of our global offices, visit /ContactUsCopyright ©2020, PerkinElmer, Inc. All rights reserved. PerkinElmer ® is a registered trademark of PerkinElmer, Inc. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners.84900 IVD PKIPerkinElmer, Inc. 940 Winter StreetWaltham, MA 02451 USA P: (800) 762-4000 or (+1) 203-925-4602OptionsNew instrument orders:• 7005463 MyAssays ® Desktop Pro for Wizard 2• 7005464 MyAssays ® Desktop Pro ES Wizard 2• 7005469 Wizard Data viewer utility for post run data and spectral data viewing • 7005457 - Wizard Sample Vial Bar code Option Field upgrade only:• 7005465 - MAD Pro for Wizard 2 - Field Upgrade • 7005466 - MAD Pro ES for Wizard 2 - Field Upgrade • 7005467 - WorkOutPlus to MAD Pro - Field Upgrade • 7005468 - WorkOutPlus ES to MAD Pro ES - Field UpgradeTypical Performance DataAll background values are typical values at PerkinElmer's facility in Singapore. Background may vary due to local conditions.Background:125I 12 CPM 129I6 CPM 57Co90 CPM15-1000 keV 452 CPM Efficiency:125I 78%129I 58%51Cr 3%137Cs 26%58Co 3.5%Efficiency = CPM/DPM x 100%, window 15 keV–1000 keV Energy Resolution:125I < 30%129I< 30%51Cr < 14%137Cs< 12%58Co< 8%Spilldown :57Co into 125I < 3% (uncorrected) preset regions< 1% (corrected)Detector to detector crosstalk:125I Negligible57Co Negligible 51Cr < 0.5%137Cs < 4%58Co< 5%Conveyor to detector crosstalk:125I Negligible57Co Negligible 51Cr Negligible 137Cs< 0.12%58Co< 0.2%Physical DataDimensions:Height: 550/1000-sample model: 729 mm (28.7 in)Width: 550-sample model: 650 mm (25.6 in) 1000-sample model: 1190 mm (46.9 in)Depth: 550-sample model: 770 mm (30.3 in) 1000-sample model: 650 mm (25.6 in)Weight: 150 – 165 kg (330 – 365 lb)depending on the model Transport weight: 168 – 180 kg (370 – 400 lb)depending on the model Electrical 100 – 240 V at 50 – 60 Hz, requirements: 150 VA maximum Environmental Temperature range requirements:from +15 °C to +35 °CMaximum humidity 85%Electrical Safety RequirementsThe design of the instrument is based on the following electrical safety requirements:EN 61010-1 Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use EN 61326-1 Electrical equipment for measurement, control and laboratory use – EMC requirements EN 61010-2-101 Safety requirements for electricalequipment for measurement, control and laboratory use。

35670a dynamic signal analyzer datasheet说明书

Keysight Technologies35670A Dynamic Signal AnalyzerVersatile two- or four-channel high-per f or m anceFFT-based spectrum/network an a l yz e r122 µHz to 102.4 kHz 16-bit ADCData SheetSummary of Features on Standard InstrumentThe following features are standard with the Keysight Technologies, Inc. 35670A:Instrument modesFFT analysis Histogram/time Correlation analysis Time captureMeasurementFrequency domainFrequency response Power spectrumLinear spectrum CoherenceCross spectrum Power spectral density Time domain (oscilloscope mode)Time waveform AutocorrelationCross-correlation Orbit diagram Amplitude domainHistogram, PDF, CDFTrace coordinatesLinear magnitude Unwrapped phaseLog magnitude Real partdB magnitude Imaginary partGroup delay Nyquist diagramPhase PolarTrace unitsY-axis amplitude: combinations of units, unit value, calculated value, and unit format describe y-axis amplitude Units: volts, g, meters/sec2, inches/sec2, meters/sec, inches/sec, meters, mils, inches, pascals, Kg, N, dyn, lb, user-defined EUsUnit value: rms, peak, peak-to-peakCalculated value: V, V2, V2/Hz, √Hz, V2s/Hz (ESD)Unit format: linear, dB’s with user selectable dB reference, dBm with user selectable impedance.Y-axis phase: degrees, radiansX-axis: Hz, cpm, order, seconds, user-defined Display formatsSingleQuadDual upper/lower tracesSmall upper and largelowerFront/back overlay traces Measurement stateBode diagramWaterfall display with skew, -45 to 45 degrees Trace grids on/offDisplay blankingScreen saverDisplay scalingAutoscale Selectable reference Manual Scale Linear or log X-axis Input range tracking Y-axis logX & Y scale markers with expand and scrollMarker functionsIndividual trace markersCoupled multi-trace markersAbsolute or relative markerPeak searchHarmonic markersBand markerSideband power markersWaterfall markersTime parameter markersFrequency response markersSignal averaging (FFT mode) Average types (1 to 9,999,999 averages) RMS Time exponential RMS exponential Peak holdTimeKey SpecificationsFrequency range102.4 kHz 1 channel51.2 kHz 2 channel25.6 kHz 4 channelDynamic range90 dB typicalAccuracy ±0.15 dBChannel match±0.04 dB and ±0.5 degreesReal-time bandwidth25.6 kHz/1 channelResolution100, 200, 400, 800 & 1600 linesTime capture> 6 MsamplesSource types Random, burst random, periodic chirp, burst chirp, pink noise,sine, swept-sine (Option 1D2), arbitrary (Option 1D4)Math+,-,*, / Conjugate Magnitude Real and imaginary Square Root FFT, FFT -1LN EXP *jω or /jω PSD Differentiation A, B, and C weighting Integration Constants K1 thru K5 Functions F1 thru F5AnalysisLimit test with pass/failData table with tabular readout Data editingTime capture functionsCapture transient events for repeated analysis in FFT, octave, order, histogram, or correlation modes (except swept-sine). Time-captured data may be saved to internal or external disk, or transferred over GPIB. Zoom on captured data for detailed nar r ow b and analysis.Data storage functionsBuilt-in 3.5 in., 1.44-Mbyte flexible disk also supports 720-KByte disks, and 2 Mbyte NVRAM disk. Both MS-DOS and HP-LIF formats are available. Data can be formatted as either ASCII or binary (SDF). The 35670A provides storage and recall from the internal disk, internal RAM disk, internal NVRAM disk, or external GPIB disk for any of the following information:Instrument setup states Trace data User-mathLimit dataTime capture buffers Keysight Instrument BASIC Waterfall display data ProgramsData tablesCurve fit/synthesis tablesGPIB capabilitiesConforms to IEEE 488.1 /488.2Conforms to SCPI 1992Controller with Keysight Instrument Basic OptionCalibration & memorySingle or automatic calibration Built-in diagnostics & service tests Nonvolatile clock with time/dateTime/date stamp on plots and saved data filesOnline help Access to topics via keyboard or index FanOn/OffAveraging controlsOverload rejectFast averaging on/off Update rate selectSelect overlap process percentage Preview time recordMeasurement controlStart measurementPause/continue measurementTriggeringContinuous (Freerun)External (analog or TTL level)Internal trigger from any channel Source synchronized trigger GPIB trigger Armed triggers Automatic/manual RPM step Time stepPre- and post-trigger measurement DelayTachometer input±4 V or ±20 V range40 mv or 200 mV resolution Up to 2048 pulses/rev Tach hold-off controlSource outputsRandom Burst random Periodic chirp Burst chirp Pink noise Fixed sineNote: Some source types are not available for use in optional modes. See option description for details.Input channelsManual range Anti-alias filters On/Off Up-only auto range AC or DC coupling Up/down auto range LED half range and overload indicators Floating or grounded A-weight filters On/Off Transducer power supplies (4 ma constant current)Frequency20 spans from 195 mHz to 102.4 kHz (1 channel mode)20 spans from 98 mHz to 51.2 kHz (2 channel mode)Digital zoom with 244 µHz resolution throughout the 102.4 kHz frequency bands.Resolution 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 linesWindowsHann UniformKeysight 35670A SpecificationsInstrument specifications apply after 15 minutes warm-up and within 2 hours of the last self-calibration. When the internal cooling fan has been turned OFF, specifications apply within 5 minutes of the last self-cal i b ra t ion. All speci-fications are with 400 line frequency resolution and with anti-alias filters enabled unless stated otherwise.FrequencyMaximum range**1 channel mode102.4 kHz,51.2 kHz (opt AY6*)2 channel mode51.2 kHz4 channel mode (Option AY6 only) 25.6 kHzSpans1 channel mode195.3 mHz to 102.4 kHz2 channel mode97.7 mHz to 51.2 kHz 4 channel mode (Option AY6 only) 97.7 mHz to 25.6 kHz Minimimum resolution1 channel mode122 µHz (1600 linedisplay)2 channel mode61 µHz (1600 linedisplay)4 channel mode (Option AY6 only)122 µHz (800 linedisplay) Maximum real-time bandwidthFFT span for continuous data acquistion)(Preset, fast averaging)1 channel mode25.6 kHz2 channel mode12.8 kHz4 channel mode (Option AY6 only) 6.4 kHz Measurement rate(Typical) (Preset, fast averaging)1 channel mode≥ 70 averages/sec2 channel mode≥ 33 averages/sec4 channel mode (Option AY6 only)≥ 15 averages/sec Display update rateTypical (Preset, fast average off)≥ 5 updates/Sec Maximum ≥ 9 updates/Sec (Preset, fast average off, single channel, single display, undisplayed trace displays set to data registers)Accuracy±30 ppm (.003%)Single channel ampltudeAbsolute amplitude accuracy (FFT)(A combination of full scale accuracy, full scale flatness, and amplitude linearity.)±2.92% (0.25 dB) of reading±0.025% of full scaleFFT full scale accuracy at 1 kHz (0 dBfs)±0.15 dB (1.74%)FFT full scale flatness (0 dBfs) relative to 1 kHz±0.2 dB (2.33%)FFT amplitude linearity at 1 kHz measured on +27 dBVrms range with time avg, 0 to -80 dBfs±0.58% (0.05 dB) of reading±0.025% of full scaleAmplitude resolution(16 bits less 2 dB over-range) with averaging 0.0019% of full scale (typical)Residual DC response (FFT mode)Frequency display (excludes A-weight filter)<-30 dBfs or 0.5 mVdcFFT dynamic rangeSpurious free dynamic range(Includes spurs, harmonic distortion, intermodulation distortion, alias products). Excludes alias responses at extremes of span. Source impedence = 50 Ω.800 line display.90 dB typical (<-80 dBfs)* O ption AY6 single channel maximum range extends to 102.4 kHz without anti-alias filter protection.** S how all lines mode allows display of up to 131.1, 65.5 and 32.7 kHz respectively. Amplitudes accuracy is unspecified and not alias protected.Full span FFT noise floor (typical)Flat top window, 64 RMS averages, 800 line display.Harmonic distortion<-80 dBfs Single Tone (in band), ≤ 0 dBfs Intermodulation distortion<-80 dBfs Two tones (in-band), each ≤ -6.02 dBfs Spurious and residual responses <-80 dBfsSource impedence = 50 Ω.Frequency alias responsesSingle tone (out of displayed range), ≤ 0 dBfs, ≤ 1 MHz(≤ 200 kHz with IEPE transducer power supply On)2.5% to 97.5% of the frequency span <-80 dBfs Lower and upper 2.5% of frequency span<-65 dBfsInput noiseInput noise levelFlat top window, -51 dBVrms range Source impedance = 50 ΩAbove 1280 Hz <-140 dBVrms/√2Hz 160 Hz to 1280 Hz <-130 dBVrms/√2Hz Note: To calculate noise as dB below full scale:Noise [dBfs] = Noise [dB/√2Hz] + 10LOG(NBW) - Range [dBVrms]; where NBW is the noise equivalent BW of the window (see below).Window parametersUniformHannFlat top-3 dB bandwidth*0.125% of span 0.185% of span 0.450% of span Noise equivalent bandwidth*0.125% of span 0.1875% of span 0.4775% of span Attenuation at ±1/2 bin 4.0 dB 1.5 dB 0.01 dB Shape factor(-60 dB BW/-3 dB BW)7169.1 2.6* For 800 line displays. With 1600, 400, 200, or 100 line displays, multiply bandwidths by 0.5, 2, 4, and 8, respectively.dB below full scaleTypical noise floor vs. range for different frequency spans-51 -41 -31 -21 -11 27 0.0028 0.0089 0.028 0.089 0.28022.4-100 dB/0.001%Amplitude range (dBVrms / Vrms)-90 dB/0.003%-80 dB/0.01% -70 dB/0.03%51.2 kHz Span 6.4 kHz Span 800 Hz SpanSingle channel phasePhase accuracy relative to externaltrigger± 4.0 deg16 time averages center of bin,DC coupled 0 dBfs to -50 dBfs only0 Hz < freq ≤ 10.24 kHz onlyFor Hann and flat top windows, phase is relative to a cosine wave at the center of the time record. For the uniform, force, and exponential windows, phase is relative to a cosine wave at the beginning of the time record.Cross-channel amplitudeFFT cross-channel gain accuracy± 0.04 dB (0.46%) Frequency response modeSame amplitude rangeAt full scale: Tested with 10 RMSaverages on the -11 to +27 dBVrmsranges, and 100 RMS averages onthe -51 dBVrms rangeCross-channel phaseCross-channel phase accuracy(Same conditions as cross-channelamplitude)± 0.5 degInputInput ranges (full scale)(Auto-range capability)+27 dBVrms (31.7 Vpk) to -51 dBVrms(3.99 mVpk) in 2 dB steps Maximum input levels42 VpkInput impedance 1 MΩ ±10%90 µF nominalLow side to chassis impedance Floating modeGrounded mode 1 MΩ ±30% (typical) <0.010 µF≤100 ΩAC coupling rolloffSource impedance = 50 Ω<3 dB rolloff at 1 HzCommon mode rejection ratioSingle tone at or below 1 kHz-51 dBVrms to -11 dBVrms ranges>75 dB typical-9 dBVrms to +9 dBVrms ranges>60 dB typical+11 dBVrms to +27 dBVrms ranges>50 dB typical and unfiltered time displayDC amplitude accuracy ±5.0 %fs Rise time of -1 V to 0 V test pulse<11.4 µSec Settling time of -1 V to 0 V test pulse<16 µSec to 1% Peak overshoot of -1 V to 0 Vtest pulse<3% Sampling period1 channel mode 3.815 µSec to2 Sec in 2x steps2 channel mode 7.629 µSec to 4 Sec in 2x steps4 channel mode 15.26 µSec to 8 Sec in 2x steps (Option AY6 only)Pulses per RevolutionRPM 5 ≤ RPM ≤ 491,519 RPM Accuracy±100 ppm (0.01%)(typical)Tach level range Low range High range -4 V to +4 V -20 V to +20 VTach level resolution Low rangeHigh range 39 mV 197 mVMaximum tach input level ±42 Vpk Minimum tach pulse width600 nSec Maximum tach pulse rate400 kHz (typical)PC-style 101-keykeyboardGPIBConforms to the following standards:IEEE 488.1 (SH1, AH1, T6, TE0, L4, LE0, SR1, RL1, PP0,DC1, DT1, C1, C2, C3, C12, E2)EEE 488.2-1987Complies with SCPI 1992Data transfer rate (REAL 64 Format)< 45 mSec for a 401 point traceSerial port Parallel port External VGA portComputed order tracking – Option 1D0 Maximum order x Maximum RPM(—————————————— )≤ 60Online (real time)1 channel mode 25,600 Hz2 channel mode 12,800 Hz 4 channel mode 6,400 HzCapture playback 1 channel mode 102,400 Hz2 channel mode 51,200 Hz 4 channel mode 25,600 HzNumber of orders ≤ 200 5 ≤ RPM ≤ 491,519(Maximum useable RPM is limited by resolution, tach pulse rate,pulses/revolution and average mode settings.)Delta order 1/128 to 1/1Resolution ≤ 400(Maximum order)/(Delta order)Maximum RPM ramp rate 1000 RPM/second real-time(typical)1000 - 10,000 RPM run up Maximum order 10Delta order 0.1RPM step 30 (1 channel)60 (2 channel)120 (4 channel)Order track amplitude accuracy±1 dB (typical)Real time octave analysis – Option 1D1StandardsConforms to ANSI Standard S1.11 - 1986, Order 3, Type 1-D, extended and optional frequency rangesConforms to IEC 651-1979 Type 0 Impulse, and ANSI S1.41 second stable average Single tone at band center:≤ ± 0.20 dBReadings are taken from the linear total power spectrum bin. It is derived from sum of each filter.1/3-octave dynamic range > 80 dB (typical) per ANSI S1.11-1986Frequency ranges (at centers)Online (real time):Single channel 2 channel4 channel1/1 octave 0.063 - 16 kHz 0.063 - 8 kHz 0.063 - 4 kHz 1/3 octave 0.08 - 40 kHz 0.08 - 20 kHz 0.08 - 10 kHz 1/12 octave0.0997 - 12.338 kHz 0.0997 - 6.169 kHz 0.0997 - 3.084 kHz Capture playback1/1 octave 0.063 - 16 kHz 0.063 - 16 kHz 0.063 - 16 kHz 1/3 octave 0.08 - 31.5 kHz 0.08 - 31.5 kHz 0.08 - 31.5 kHz 1/12 octave0.0997 - 49.35 kHz0.0997 - 49.35 kHz0.0997 - 49.35 kHzOne to 12 octaves can be measured and displayed.1/1-, 1/3-, and 1/12-octave true center fre q uen c ies related by the formula: f(i+1)/f(i) = 2^(1/n); n=1, 3, or 12; where 1000 Hz is the reference for 1/1, 1/3 octave, and 1000*2^(1/24) Hz is the reference for 1/12 octave. The marker returns the ANSI standard preferred frequencies.Swept sine measurements – Option 1D2Dynamic range130 dBTested with 11 dBVrms source level at: 100 mSec integration Curve fit/synthesis – Option 1D320 Poles/20 zeroes curve filter frequency response synthesis pole/zero, pole residue & polynomical format Arbitrary waveform source – Option 1D4Amplitude rangeAC: ±5 V peak*DC: ±10 V** Vac pk + |Vdc| ≤ 10 VRecord length # of points = 2.56 x lines ofresolution, or # of complex points = 1.28 x lines of resolution DAC resolution0.2828 Vpk to 5 Vpk 0 Vpk to 0.2828 Vpk2.5 mV 0.25 mVGeneral specificationsSafety standards CSA certified for electronictest and measurementequipment per CSA C22.2, NO.231 This product is designedfor compliance to: UL1244,Fourth Edition IEC 348, 2ndEdition, 1978EMI / RFI standards CISPR 11Acoustic power LpA < 55 dB (Cooling fan athigh speed setting)< 45 dB (Auto speed settingat 25 °C)Fan speed settings of high, automatic, and off are available. The fan off setting can be enabled for a short period of time, except at higher ambient temperatures where the fan will stay on. Environmental operating restrictionsOperating: Disk in drive Operating:No disk in driveStorage &transportAmbient temp. 4 °C to 45 °C0 °C to 55 °C-40 °C to 70 °C Relative humidity(non-condensing)Minimum20%15%5%Maximum80% at 32 °C95% at 40 °C95% at 50 °C Vibrations (5 - 500 Hz)0.6 Grms 1.5 Grms 3.41 Grms Shock 5 G (10 mSec 1/2 sine) 5 G (10 mSec 1/2 sine)40 G (3 mSec 1/2 sine)Max. altitude4600 meters(15,000 ft.)4600 meters(15,000 ft.)4600 meters(15,000 ft.)AC power90 Vrms - 264 Vrms(47 - 440 Hz)350 VA maximumDC power12 VDC to 28 VDC nominal200 VA maximumDC current at 12 V Standard: <10 A typical4 channel: <12 A typical Warm-up time15 minutesWeight15 kg (33 lb) net29 kg (64 lb) shippingD imensions (Excluding bail handle and impact cover) Height190 mm (7.5")Width340 mm (13.4")Depth465 mm (18.3")AbbreviationsdBVrms dB relative to 1 Volt rms.dBfs dB relative to full scale amplitude range.Full scale is approx. 2 dB below ADC overload. Typical Typical, non-warranted, performance specification included to provide general product information.General SpecificationsThis information is subject to change without notice.© Keysight Technologies, 2009 - 2017Published in USA, December 1, 20175966-3064E10 | Keysight | 35670A Dynamic Signal Analyzer - Data Sheet/find/35670AmyKeysight/find/mykeysightA personalized view into the information most relevant to you. /find/emt_product_registrationRegister your products to get up-to-date product information and find warranty information.Keysight Services/find/serviceKeysight Services can help from acquisition to renewal across your instrument’s lifecycle. Our comprehensive service offerings—one-stop calibration, repair, asset management, technology refresh, consulting, training and more—helps you improve product qualityand lower costs.Keysight Assurance Plans/find/AssurancePlansUp to ten years of protection and no budgetary surprises to ensure your instruments are operating to specification, so you can rely on accurate measurements.Keysight Channel Partners/find/channelpartnersGet the best of both worlds: Keysight’s measurement expertise and product breadth, combined with channel partner convenience.For more information on KeysightTechnologies’ products, applications or services, please contact your local Keysight office. The complete list is available at:/find/contactus Americas Canada (877) 894 4414Brazil 55 11 3351 7010Mexico001 800 254 2440United States (800) 829 4444Asia Pacific Australia 1 800 629 485China800 810 0189Hong Kong 800 938 693India 1 800 11 2626Japan 0120 (421) 345Korea 080 769 0800Malaysia 1 800 888 848Singapore 180****8100Taiwan0800 047 866Other AP Countries (65) 6375 8100Europe & Middle East Austria 0800 001122Belgium 0800 58580Finland 0800 523252France 0805 980333Germany ***********Ireland 1800 832700Israel 1 809 343051Italy800 599100Luxembourg +32 800 58580Netherlands 0800 0233200Russia 8800 5009286Spain 800 000154Sweden 0200 882255Switzerland0800 805353Opt. 1 (DE)Opt. 2 (FR)Opt. 3 (IT)United Kingdom0800 0260637For other unlisted countries:/find/contactus(BP-9-7-17)/go/quality Keysight Technologies, Inc.DEKRA Certified ISO 9001:2015Quality Management SystemEvolving Since 1939Our unique combination of hardware, software, services, and people can help you reach your next breakthrough. We are unlocking the future of technology.From Hewlett-Packard to Agilent to Keysight.。

hisat2参数

hisat2参数Hisat2是一种高效的RNA-seq比对工具，它鲁棒性强，能够处理各种不同类型的基因组，同时其也拥有丰富的参数设置以适应不同数据类型和实验目的。

在RNA-seq 数据分析中，使用正确的Hisat2参数能够使得比对结果更加准确，从而在后续的分析中构建出更可靠的基因表达谱。

本文将详细介绍Hisat2的各种参数，并对其进行解释和说明。

Hisat2的基本参数Hisat2的基本参数主要包括参考基因组文件、比对的输入文件、输出文件的命名等。

其中，参考基因组文件是指待比对的基因组序列文件，比对的输入文件是指包含RNA-seq测序数据的fastq文件或SAM/BAM文件。

在命名输出文件时，用户可以选择自定义输出文件的名称和路径。

Hisat2的比对参数1. -p参数：指定用于比对的线程数。

2. -x参数：指定参考基因组的选择。

比如用户可以选择使用Ensembl、GenBank、NCBI、UCSC等数据库中的参考基因组。

3. -U/-1/-2参数：指定fastq文件的输入格式。

-U 表示单端序列，-1和-2表示成对序列的第一和第二个fastq文件。

4. -q/--phred33/--phred64参数：指定测序数据的质量得分制。

在RNA-seq测序中，常用的质量得分制有phred33和phred64两种，分别对应于Illumina 1.8+和SOLiD 3测序平台。

5. --no-spliced-sites参数：对于没有可用的位点注释的基因组，该参数定位了所有可能的剪切位点，并将所有其他位点标记为不允许的剪切位点。

6. --pen-noncansplice参数：指定在比对过程中非典型的剪切形式的惩罚因子，默认值为2.。

7. --score-min/--dpad/--gbar/--nofw/--norc/--no-mixed/--no-discordant参数：这些参数用于调整比对算法的敏感度和特异性。

GD错误代号列表

机器类型（意大利、每台机器有两个OPC、比较新的机型）1、返回的温度数据：6417协议格式：64（帧头）＋17（温度传送功能码）＋（0000－1000）温度组号＋9100（温度设定值，低字节在前，高字节在后）＋9000（实际温度值，低字节在前，高字节在后）＋000000（3字节，分别对应于温度值显示框上的CWD值，字节值为00时，CWD 值显示为绿色，01时显示黄色、02时显示红色、其他值显示绿色，分别表示恒温器的（C、W、D 检查、运作、诊断状态）6417（传送温度值代码）传送CWD(温度)值的号码：00、01、03、04、05、06、07、08、09、0a、0b、0c、0d、0e、0f、10 （应该是有17组值，但是监测数据没有发现02号的值，可能为16组）（CH页面温度值，共2列，4行，右边1位置没有温度值）00：CH页面，2列，2行，前一个对应上面的温度值，后一个对应下面的温度值。

01：CH页面，1列，1行，02：CH页面，1列，2行，03：CH页面，1列，3行，04：CH页面，2列，3行，05：CH页面，1列，4行，06：CH页面，2列，4行，07：CT页面，2列，2行，08：CT页面，1列，2行，09：CT页面，3列，2行，0a：CT页面，1列，1行，0b：CT页面，2列，1行，0c：CT页面，1列，3行，0d：X2页面，1列，1行，2、返回的速度数据：6400协议格式：64（帧头）＋00（速度传送功能码）＋（00、01、02）三组速度，00 CH页面下的速度值；01 CT页面下的速度值；02 X2页面下的速度值；+ 0001(指示机器的运行方向)0001，显示速度值，此时概要图的显示框中显示的是速度值，右边箭头为红色0002，显示速度值，此时概要图的显示框中显示的是速度值，左边箭头为红色0000，此时概要图中的显示框中显示的是绝对编码器的位置＋ffff （绝对编码器的位置值）当速度非0时，没有停止，则值为ffff，没有实际意义；当速度为0时，值为0800、0a00、7500、7b00…..，表示绝对编码器的位置，便于停机后，根据值，对机器进行调整。

iCAP 分析错误代码汇总

'F', //OVER_FAIL, fail check high 超过检查规定值，失败'F', //BELOW_FAIL, fail check low 低于检查规定值，失败'W', //OVER_WARN, warn check high 超过警告规定值，失败'W', //BELOW_WARN, warn check low 低于警告规定值，失败'>', //OVER_PRLIM, over print limits 超过规定打印限值'<', //BELOW_PRLIM, below print limits 低于规定打印限值'?', //CALCERR, general calculation error 计算错误'C', //OVERCAL_ERR, concentration beyond calibrated range (past inflection point) 浓度超出计算范围（超过校准点）'c', //UNDERCAL_ERR, concentration yields negative value (below blank standard) 浓度在无效范围（在空白标准以下）'z', //GAIN_ZERO_ERR, divide by 0 A1 (gain) calibratio coefficient被0除计算错误'k', //IEC_ERR, error on an interferent line干扰错误出现干扰线'i', //INSTD_ERR, error on the internal standard line内标标准错误内标标准线错误"i"- Interferent (Overlapping Subarrays) - data can be used干扰（图谱交迭）'I' - Interferent (overlapping subarrays) - data cannot be used干扰（图谱交迭）'D', //PEAK_OFFCHIP, analyte peak off chip (data not returned)分析峰偏离'^', //SATURATED, peak saturated (data not returned)饱和，峰能量过高'P', //PLASMA_ERR, torch went out or other plasma condition failed等离子体错误，火炬熄灭或者其他等离子体状况'*', //GEN_ERR, global failure - NO DATA ACQUIRED没有获取数据库'*', //MEM_ERR, memory error (too many data points)记忆错误（太多数据点）'o', //OVERLAP_WARN, overlapping subarrays过高警告'*', //READ_ERR, could not read subarray读取错误，不能读取谱峰'*', //CID_ERR, CID all zeros - CID errorCID 错误，所有点为0'Z', //IS_ZERO_ERR, divide by 0 background corrected internal standard value error 被内标准的0背景除'N', //line de-selected before exposure在暴光前没有去除选择的谱线。

SMC产品说明书：PPA100 PPA101 PPA102型号的Compact Manometer

Instruction Manual Compact ManometerPPA100 / PPA101 / PPA102The intended use of this product is for pressure measurement.These safety instructions are intended to prevent hazardous situations and/or equipment damage. These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard with the labels of “Caution,” “Warning” or “Danger.”They are all important notes for safety and must be followed in addition to International Standards (ISO/IEC) *1), and other safety regulations. *1)ISO 4414: Pneumatic fluid power - General rules relating to systems. ISO 4413: Hydraulic fluid power - General rules relating to systems.IEC 60204-1: Safety of machinery - Electrical equipment of machines. (Part 1: General requirements)ISO 10218-1: Robots and robotic devices - Safety requirements for industrial robots - Part 1: Robots.• Refer to product catalogue, Operation Manual and Handling Precautions for SMC Products for additional information. • Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.CautionCaution indicates a hazard with a low level of risk which, if not avoided, could result in minor or moderate injury.WarningWarning indicates a hazard with a medium level of riskwhich, if not avoided, could result in death or serious injury.DangerDanger indicates a hazard with a high level of risk which, ifnot avoided, will result in death or serious injury.Warning• Always ensure compliance with relevant safety laws and standards.• All work must be carried out in a safe manner by a qualified person in compliance with applicable national regulations.• Refer to the operation manual or catalogue on the SMC website (URL: https://) for further Safety Instructions.2 Specifications2.1General specificationsModelPPA100 High pressure PPA101 Vacuum PPA102 Low pressure Rated pressure range-0.1 to 1 MPa -101 to 10 kPa -10 to 100kPaDisplay method 3 digit LCD with backlight Pressure displaydiscrimination1/100Minimum display unit kPa - 1 1 MPa 0.01 - -mmHg- 5 - kgf/cm 20.1 0.01 0.01 inHg - 0.2 -psi 1 0.1 0.1 bar 0.1 0.01 0.01Error displayOver pressure, Memory data error,Change battery signFunctionPeak / bottom display, backlight, Auto powerOFF, Zero clear, Units display switchingWithstand pressure 1.5 MPa 200 kPa 200 kPa Applicable fluid Air, Non-corrosive gases, non-flammable gas Power supply voltage 3 VDC, Type AA dry cell x 2 pcs.Battery life12 months continuous operation(without backlight, at 25°C)Response speed 250 ms Display accuracy ±2% F.S. (at 25°C) Repeatability ±1% F.S. (at 25°C) Temperaturecharacteristics±3% F.S. (0 to 50°C with 25°C standard)Connection port size M5 x 0.8 Operatingtemperature range 0 to 50°C (no condensation)Operating humidityrange35 to 85% RH (no condensation)Enclosure rating IP40 Weight 100 g (Unit: 50 g, Battery: 50 g) *1) Batteries (manganese R6 or alkaline LR6) not included.*2) For the type without the unit switching function are fixed to SI units (kPa or MPa.*3) With regard to the compatibility condition for EMC, the pressure display value variation is ±15% F.S. or less.WarningSpecial products (-X) might have specifications different from those shown in this section. Contact SMC for specific drawings.3 Installation3.1 InstallationWarning• Do not install the product unless the safety instructions have been read and understood.3.2 EnvironmentWarning• Do not use in an environment where corrosive gases, chemicals, salt water or steam are present.• Do not use in an explosive atmosphere.• Do not expose to direct sunlight. Use a suitable protective cover.• Do not install in a location subject to vibration or impact in excess of the product’s specifications.• Do not operate in a location exposed to radiant heat that would result in temperatures in excess of the product’s specifications.3.3 PipingCaution• Before connecting piping be sure to clean up chips, cutting oil, dust etc. • When installing piping or fittings, ensure sealant material does not enter inside the port. When using seal tape, leave 1 thread exposed on the end of the pipe/fitting.• Tighten fittings to the specified tightening torque.3.4 LubricationCaution• SMC products have been lubricated for life at manufacture, and do not require lubrication in service.• If a lubricant is to be used in the system, refer to catalogue for details.4 Settings4.1 Initial SettingPerform initial setting when using for the first time and after changing the batteries, as the unit will display a memory data error.1. Confirmation of displayWhen power is applied, if there is nothing on the display, proceed to step 2.If “Err” Is displayed on the LCD, switch the power OFF and ON again. The display should clear. Proceed to step 2.2. Press and hold the POWER button for 6 seconds or more.The unit will move into the zero-clear mode. When this happens “CAL” will be displayed.3. Release the POWER button.When zero clear is finished, the unit will operate.4.2 Power ONPress the POWER button. The power will turn ON.When pressed and held for 6 seconds or more the unit will move into zero-clear mode.4.3 Power OFFPress and hold the POWER button for 3 seconds or more.The power will turn OFF.The power will also turn OFF If there is no button operation for 5 minutes or more (auto power OFF function).4.4 Units Display Switching1. Press and hold the POWER and LIGHTbuttons for 3 seconds or more.The units on the LCD display will flash.2. Press the LIGHT buttonThe units will change (refer to the units table).3. Press the POWER buttonThe units are set and the units display setting is complete.(For products with units switching function).Units availableHigh pressure (PPA100) Vacuum pressure(PPA101) Low pressure (PPA102) MPa > bar > psi > kgfkPa > bar > psi > inHg > mmHgkPa > bar > psi > kgf4.5 Peak / Bottom displayPress the POWER button. • For Peak displayTo display the maximum pressure value, with “P” displayed on the LCD. The display will change if the pressure exceeds the pressure being held.Press the POWER button. • For Bottom displayTo display the minimum pressure value, with “b” displayed on the LCD. The display will change if the pressure falls below the pressure being held. Press the POWER to complete the setting.Since this function is combined with the power OFF operation, the button should be released when the “P” or “b” is displayed.4.6 Auto Power OFF functionThe power is turned OFF when there has been no button operation for 5 minutes.(To cancel this function refer to the lock mode function below).4.7 Lock mode functionPress and hold the POWER and LIGHT buttons for 6 seconds or more.The lock mode is activated and the auto power OFF function is cancelled.“L” is displayed on the LCD display.When the power is turned OFF the lock mode is released.4.8 Turning ON the BacklightPress the LIGHT button.The display lights up when the button is pressed. In lock mode it lights up when pressed and turns OFF when pressed again.However the maximum lighting time is approximately one minute.4.9 Zero clear functionPress the POWER button for 6 seconds or more.The zero displayed at atmospheric pressure can be automatically adjusted.This means it is possible to eliminate a display discrepancy at atmospheric pressure. 1. Turn the power OFF.2. Release the supply pressure to atmosphere.3. When the POWER button is pressed and held for 6 seconds or more the zero clear function is performed and “CAL” is displayed on the LCD.ORIGINAL INSTRUCTIONSRefer to the operation manual or catalogue on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for the How to Order information.Refer to the operation manual or catalogue on the SMC website (URL: https:// ) for outline dimensions.7.1 General maintenanceCaution•Not following proper maintenance procedures could cause the productto malfunction and lead to equipment damage.• If handled improperly, compressed air can be dangerous.Maintenance of pneumatic systems should be performed only by qualified personnel.• Before performing maintenance, turn off the power supply and be sure to cut off the supply pressure. Confirm that the air is released to atmosphere.• After installation and maintenance, apply operating pressure and power to the equipment and perform appropriate functional and leakage tests to make sure the equipment is installed correctly.• If any electrical connections are disturbed during maintenance, ensure they are reconnected correctly and safety checks are carried out as required to ensure continued compliance with applicable national regulations.• Do not make any modification to the product.• Do not disassemble the product, unless required by installation or maintenance instructions. 7.2 Span calibrationWarning• Do not touch the span calibration trimmer except when performing a span calibration.1. Perform zero clear at atmospheric pressure.2. Apply the maximum rated pressure and calibrate the span while comparing with a standard pressure gauge.3. If the displayed value of the compact manometer is “0” after returning to atmospheric pressure, then calibration is complete. If the displayed value is not “0” calibrate again by repeating steps 1 and 2.7.3 Replacing the batteriesWhen the battery voltage becomes low the entire LCD display will flash. When the LCD is flashing, replace the batteries. Use 2 x AA dry cell batteries.Caution• To replace the batteries, turn OFF the power and replace them within approximately 30 seconds.• If not completed within 30 seconds “Err” will be displayed. • In that case perform zero clear once again.• In the event that the display runs out of control, remove the batteries for one minute or longer and then perform zero clear again before inserting the batteries and turning ON the power.8.1 Limited warranty and disclaimer/compliance requirements Refer to Handling Precautions for SMC Products.This product shall not be disposed of as municipal waste. Check your local regulations and guidelines to dispose of this product correctly, in order to reduce the impact on human health and the environment.10 ContactsRefer to or www.smc.eu for your local distributor / importer.URL: https:// (Global) https://www.smc.eu (Europe) SMC Corporation, 4-14-1, Sotokanda, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-0021, Japan Specifications are subject to change without prior notice from the manufacturer. © 2021 SMC Corporation All Rights Reserved. Template DKP50047-F-085M。

GS91002

GS91002IntroductionThe GS91002 is a state-of-the-art device that offers exceptional performance and reliability in the field of technology. This document provides an in-depth overview of the GS91002, highlighting its key features and benefits for users.Key Features1. High-speed ProcessingThe GS91002 is equipped with a powerful processor that ensures high-speed data processing and seamless multitasking. This feature is especially crucial for users who require quick response times and efficient handling of complex tasks.2. Advanced Connectivity OptionsWith a wide range of connectivity options, the GS91002 allows users to stay connected and productive. It supports various networks, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and cellular data, enabling effortless communication and data transfer between devices.3. Enhanced SecuritySecurity is a top priority for the GS91002. It incorporates robust security measures, such as encrypted connections andbiometric authentication, to safeguard sensitive data and protect against unauthorized access. This ensures peace of mind for users, even in the most demanding environments.4. Large Storage CapacityThe GS91002 offers ample storage space, allowing users to store and access a vast amount of data on their device. Whether it’s documents, photos, videos, or applications, the GS91002 ensures that users have enough storage to meet their needs, eliminating the worry of running out of space.5. High-Resolution DisplayThe device boasts a high-resolution display that delivers immersive visuals and crisp, vibrant colors. Whether watching movies, gaming, or working on graphic-intensive tasks, users can enjoy a stunning visual experience on the GS91002.6. Long Battery LifeThe GS91002 comes with a long-lasting battery that ensures uninterrupted usage throughout the day. Whether attending meetings, travelling, or working remotely, users can rely on the device for an extended period without the need for frequent charging.7. Intuitive User InterfaceThe GS91002 features an intuitive user interface, designed to enhance user experience and simplify navigation. With user-friendly icons and a logical layout, users can easily access thedevice’s features and settings, making it an ideal choice for both beginners and advanced users.Benefits1. Increased EfficiencyThe high-speed processing capabilities of the GS91002 enable users to complete tasks quickly and efficiently. Whether it’s running complex software applications or performing multiple tasks simultaneously, users can rely on the device to streamline their workflow and maximize productivity.2. Seamless ConnectivityThe advanced connectivity options offered by the GS91002 enable seamless communication and collaboration. Users can effortlessly connect to other devices, share files, and access cloud-based platforms, ensuring a smooth and integrated work environment.3. Enhanced Security MeasuresThe GS91002’s robust security features provide users with peace of mind, protecting their valuable data from potential threats. By implementing encrypted connections and biometric authentication, users can be confident that their information remains secure at all times.4. Ample Storage SpaceThe large storage capacity of the GS91002 ensures that users have ample space to store and access their files and applications. This eliminates the need to constantly free up space or invest in additional storage solutions, allowing users to focus on their work without interruptions.5. Immersive Visual ExperienceThe high-resolution display of the GS91002 enhances the visual experience for users, whether for entertainment or work purposes. The vibrant colors and sharp images make media consumption, image editing, and graphic-intensive tasks more enjoyable and visually stunning.6. Extended Usage TimeThe long battery life of the GS91002 provides users with uninterrupted usage throughout their day. Whether it’s attending back-to-back meetings, traveling, or working remotely, users can rely on the device without worrying about running out of power.7. User-Friendly InterfaceThe intuitive user interface of the GS91002 simplifies navigation and makes it easy for users to access features and settings. This ensures a smooth and enjoyable user experience, particularly for those new to the device or less tech-savvy.ConclusionThe GS91002 is a versatile and reliable device that offers exceptional performance and a range of features that cater to the needs of modern users. From high-speed processing and advanced connectivity options to enhanced security measures and an immersive visual experience, the GS91002 delivers on its promise of efficiency, convenience, and durability. Whether for work or personal use, this device is an excellent choice for individuals seeking a powerful and user-friendly technology solution.。

An RNA-Seq-based reference transcriptome for Citrus

An RNA-Seq-based reference transcriptome for CitrusJavier Terol*,Francisco Tadeo,Daniel Ventimilla and Manuel TalonCentro de Gen omica,Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA),Moncada,Valencia,Spain Received 1April 2015;revised 4June 2015;accepted 1July 2015.*Correspondence (Tel +343424000;fax +343424001;email terol_javalc@gva.es)Keywords:citrus,RNA-seq,transcriptome.SummaryPrevious RNA-Seq studies in citrus have been focused on physiological processes relevant to fruit quality and productivity of the major species,especially sweet orange.Less attention has been paid to vegetative or reproductive tissues,while most Citrus species have never been analysed.In this work,we characterized the transcriptome of vegetative and reproductive tissues from 12Citrus species from all main phylogenetic groups.Our aims were to acquire a complete view of the citrus transcriptome landscape,to improve previous functional annotations and to obtain genetic markers associated with genes of agronomic interest.28samples were used for RNA-Seq analysis,obtained from 12Citrus species:C.medica,C.aurantifolia,C.limon,C.bergamia,C.clementina,C.deliciosa,C.reshni,C.maxima,C.paradisi,C.aurantium,C.sinensis and Poncirus trifoliata .Four different organs were analysed:root,phloem,leaf and ﬂower.A total of 3421million Illumina reads were produced and mapped against the reference C.clementina genome sequence.Transcript discovery pipeline revealed 3326new genes,the number of genes with alternative splicing was increased to 19739,and a total of 73797transcripts wereidentiﬁed.Differential expression studies between the four tissues showed that gene expression is overall related to the physiological function of the speciﬁc organs above any other variable.Variants discovery analysis revealed the presence of indels and SNPs in genes associated with fruit quality and productivity.Pivotal pathways in citrus such as those of ﬂavonoids,ﬂavonols,ethylene and auxin were also analysed in detail.IntroductionCitrus,including species such as sweet orange,mandarin,lemon or grapefruit,is one of the most important fruit crops in the world,both in terms of fruit production and economical value.Many efforts have been carried out to characterize the genome sequence of the main Citrus species:the draft genome of sweet orange,Citrus sinensis ,was released in 2012(Xu et al.,2013);more recently a high-quality reference genome sequence of a haploid clementine, C.clementina ,as well as the genome sequences of mandarin (C.reticulata ),pummelo (C.maxima ),sweet orange (C.sinensis )and sour orange (C.aurantium )was obtained and compared (Wu et al.,2014).Citrus fruits have been traditionally classiﬁed into different groups based on the use of molecular markers,although the phylogeny of the species is not yet clear due to the presence of numerous hybrids.Lineages that gave rise to the most modern cultivars are still under discussion (Nicolosi et al.,2000).The analysis of the transcriptome is a crucial step to charac-terize any species genome,and during the past years,these studies have been boosted by the development of RNA-Seq technique (Egan et al.,2012;Wang et al.,2009).This approach has been greatly used to improve functional annotation of model plants like Arabidopsis (Filichkin et al.,2010;Ossowski et al.,2008),rice (Lu et al.,2010;Mizuno et al.,2010)and poplar (Ko et al.,2012),with outstanding results.Deep sequencing of the transcriptome has also been applied for the identiﬁcation of candidate genes in processes of agronomical interest (Canales et al.,2014;Chen et al.,2013;Venu et al.,2011),or to obtainmarkers for large scale genotyping (Haseneyer et al.,2011;Scaglione et al.,2012).Transcriptome studies in citrus have been mostly focused on the characterization of physiological processes of high relevance to fruit quality and productivity,especially of sweet orange,as it is the most important citrus fruit for the juice industry.Thus,several works analysed transcriptome changes during fruit ripening of C.Sinensis (Shalom et al.,2014;Yu et al.,2012;Yun et al.,2012),and C.Paradisi (Patel et al.,2014).RNA-Seq was also used to study the level of heterozygosity of sweet orange and its effect on gene expression (Jiao et al.,2013).The transcriptome proﬁling of responses to huanglongbing infection of C.Sinensis (Martinelli et al.,2012)and Xylella fastidiosa infection of C.reticulata (Rodrigues et al.,2013)has been also addressed.However,only a few works have been performed on nonfruit organs (Xu et al.,2013),and most of the Citrus species have never been analysed.Therefore,in this work,we carried out RNA-Seq studies of 4nonfruit organs (ﬂower,leaf,root and phloem)from 12citrus species,including key members from all main phylogenetic groups,providing a comprehensive view of the citrus transcriptome.Results and discussionOverview of RNA-seq analysisTwenty-eight samples obtained from 4different organs of 12Citrus species (Table 1)were used for RNA-Seq analysis.The selected species constitute a wide representation of the Citrus genus,with species from the 5main Citrus clusters(Nicolosiª2015Society for Experimental Biology,Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley &Sons Ltd1Plant Biotechnology Journal (2015),pp.1–13doi:10.1111/pbi.12447et al.,2000):citron cluster including C.medica,C.limon and C.bergamia ;mandarin cluster including C.clementina ,C.deliciosa and C.reshni ;pummelo cluster including C.maxima,C.paradisi,C.aurantium and C.sinensis ;micrantha cluster with C.auran-tifolia;and Poncirus trifoliata ,from the Poncirus cluster (Figure 1).The organs analysed were root,phloem (bark),leaf and ﬂower.Young leaves and ﬂowers were collected from C.aurantifolia ,C.aurantium , C.bergamia , C.reshni , C.deliciosa , C.limon ,C.maxima ,C.medica ,C.paradisi ,C.clementina and C.sinensis .Phloem and roots were obtained from Poncirus and C.auran-tium ,two species that are used as root stock.RNA-Seq was carried out as described in Experimental procedures section,and the results are summarized in Table 2.Eight samples were sequenced with single fragment libraries and 50-bp reads,with an average number of 92.4million reads per sample after quality trimming.The remaining samples were sequenced with paired-end libraries and 75-bp reads,and after quality trimming,the average number of reads per sample was 133.7million.Overall,a total of 28libraries were constructed and sequenced and 3.42billion reads were produced.After quality trimming toremove low-quality bases and reads,3.4billion reads remained,with a total of 235.6Gb of useful sequence.Transcript assemblyTo obtain a set of reference transcripts and genes,high-quality reads from all samples were mapped to the C.clementina reference genome sequence (Wu et al.,2014)as described in Experimental procedures section.Mapped reads were the input for the Transcript Discovery tool,using existing annotations from the Citrus Genome Database (/),but adding new transcripts or genes when suggested by mapped reads.About 2592million reads were mapped,with 585.2million reads in pairs (19%),1079.8million broken in paired reads (35%)and 256.3million of gapped reads (10%)(Table S1).The CLC transcriptome assembly tool was the only one that,in a comparative study with ABySS and Velvet,consistently returned large numbers of quality transcripts regardless of the reference used (Misner et al.,2013).About 341million reads were mapped to exons resulting in 28203genes found and annotated.The average transcript size was 3048.8bp,and the total transcriptome size was estimated in 77.3Mb.As the C.clementina genome project annotation provided 24533genes (Wu et al.,2014),3326new genes were discovered in this work (Figure 2).Most of the genes annotated by the international consortium were conﬁrmed by the RNA-seq,Table 1Description of the samples analysed with RNA-seqSample Species Cultivar Cluster Organ/Organ ERS485732 C.aurantifolia Mexican lime MicranthaYoung leafERS485733 C.aurantifolia Mexican lime MicranthaOpen ﬂowerERS485734 C.aurantium Sevillano Pummelo Phloem ERS485735 C.aurantium Sevillano Pummelo Root ERS485736 C.aurantium Sevillano Pummelo Young leaf ERS485737 C.aurantium Sevillano Pummelo Open ﬂower ERS485738 C.bergamia Bergamoto Citron Young leaf ERS485739 C.bergamia Bergamoto Citron Open ﬂower ERS485740 C.clementina Clemenules Mandarin Flowers (green button)ERS485741 C.clementina Clemenules Mandarin Flowers (white button)ERS485742 C.clementina Clemenules Mandarin Flowers (petals elongation)ERS485743 C.clementina Clemenules Mandarin Open ﬂower ERS485744 C.deliciosa Willowleaf Mandarin Young leaf ERS485745 C.deliciosa Willowleaf Mandarin Open ﬂower ERS485746 C.limon Fino lemon Citron Young leaf ERS485747 C.limon Fino lemon Citron Open ﬂower ERS485748 C.maxima Deep Red Pummelo Young leaf ERS485749 C.maxima Deep Red Pummelo Open ﬂower ERS485750 C.medica Citron Diamond CitronYoung leafERS485751 C.medica Citron Diamond CitronOpen ﬂowerERS485752 C.paradisi Star Ruby Pummelo Young leaf ERS485753 C.paradisi Star Ruby Pummelo Open ﬂower ERS485754 C.reshni Cleopatra Mandarin Young leaf ERS485755 C.reshni Cleopatra Mandarin Open ﬂower ERS485756 C.sinensis Navelina Pummelo Young leaf ERS485757 C.sinensis Navelina Pummelo Open ﬂower ERS485758Poncirus trifoliata Rubidoux Poncirus Root ERS485759P.trifoliataRubidouxPoncirusPhloemFigure 1Citrus phylogenetic tree according to Nicolosi et al.(2000)showing the relationships among the species analysed in this work(arrows).Colour of the branches indicates main citrus groups represented in the RNA-Seq analysis:citron (orange),mandarin (blue),pummelo (green),micrantha (pink)and Poncirus (red).ª2015Society for Experimental Biology,Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley &Sons Ltd,Plant Biotechnology Journal,1–13Javier Terol et al.2except3891genes that had<10reads and did not overcome the above background.From this group,1086genes produced corresponding citrus ESTs when a BLASTN search(Camacho et al.,2009)was carried out against the EST section of the GenBank.On the contrary,2805predicted genes had no reads mapped and produced no ESTs,but they cannot be discarded as active genes because of the limited treatments and organs used in this work.A similar comparison with the C.sinensis genome project(Xu et al.,2013)is more difﬁcult to interpret,as the quality of the assembly is much lower and the number of scaffolds is very high,which has probably caused an overestimation in the number of genes(Figure2).A de novo transcriptome analyses carried out in C.paradisiﬂavedo with six different assemblers followed by meta-assembly obtained29882transcripts,with 17129ones provided by the CLC assembler(Patel et al., 2014),which is in agreement with the results obtained in this work.Our analysis reported5619genes with1transcript,while the number of genes with alternative splicing was19739that had an average number of 2.9transcripts per gene.48875new alternative acceptor/donor sites and39879new exons were found,with a total of73797transcripts,with an average of 14038.7reads and849-fold coverage per transcript that strongly support these results.In a previous work based on the analysis of 1.6million ESTs from different sources(Wu et al.,2014),3567 genes with alternative splicing producing22536transcripts were described in C.clementina.Furthermore,the C.sinensis project identiﬁed7640genes alternatively spliced and29445different transcripts using RNA-Seq(Xu et al.,2013).Our analysis allowed the identiﬁcation of51261(3.0-fold increase)and29410Table2Sequencing results and qualityﬁltering of readsSample Number of reads Avg.lengthNumber of readsafter trimPercentagetrimmedAvg.lengthafter trimERS485740928619484992004770100.0048.7 ERS485741991341504998432513100.0048.6 ERS485742875143374986741095100.0048.7 ERS485743920663084991445162100.0048.6 ERS48575810455638149103197149100.0048.8 ERS485735944309094993203308100.0048.8 ERS485759928142854991607700100.0048.8 ERS485734834145734982413599100.0048.8 ERS4857321528849847615275733299.9274.9 ERS4857561307038407613049668299.8474.9 ERS4857541493388967614897247699.7574.9 ERS4857481374444267613732101799.9174.9 ERS4857441505015927615038456099.9274.9 ERS4857501393416307613922010199.9174.9 ERS4857381259121767612579718299.9175 ERS4857361473672787614725916499.9375 ERS4857491511377047615089145699.8474.6 ERS4857331284762127612833599899.8974.6 ERS4857511266570767612637089199.7774 ERS4857471067797687610651527399.7574 ERS4857451276341387612753165299.9274.6 ERS4857571162529387611608860599.8674.4 ERS4857391005287567610044593699.9275.2 ERS485737100161652769976201399.674.9 ERS4857531281765687612801485399.8774.7 ERS4857551529596967615260418299.7774.7 ERS4857461606593027616053046099.9274.7 ERS4857521413773787614125687099.9174.7TOTAL3421088901340960199999.90Figure2Summary of the transcriptome annotation compared with theones from the genome projects of Citrus clementina(Wu et al.,2014)andC.Sinensis(Xu et al.,2013).The total number of genes,transcripts andgenes with alternative splicing are shown for the3annotations.ª2015Society for Experimental Biology,Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley&Sons Ltd,Plant Biotechnology Journal,1–13Citrus reference transcriptome3(1.7-fold increase)additional transcripts for clementine and sweet orange.Therefore,this work provides an unprecedented view of the complexity of the transcriptome in Citrus species.Our results are in agreement with those works that evidence the substantial increase of sensitiveness of RNA-seq as related to cDNA sequence tag sequencing.Thus,deep transcriptome sequencing in Ara-bidopsis identiﬁed thousands of novel alternatively spliced mRNA isoforms(Filichkin et al.,2010),uncovered additional exons and previously unannotated50and30untranslated regions for pollen-expressed genes(Loraine et al.,2013).Functional annotation of the rice transcriptome by RNA-seq identiﬁed15708novel transcriptional active regions and found that~48%of rice genes showed alternative splicing pattern(Lu et al.,2010).Further-more,5877unannotated transcripts were identiﬁed in stress-induced shoot and root(Mizuno et al.,2010).Similarly,deep sequencing of Populus trichocarpa xylem transcriptome identiﬁed 27902alternative splicing events,suggesting that at least36%of the xylem-expressed genes in poplar are alternatively spliced(Bao et al.,2013).A Circos plot(Krzywinski et al.,2009)showing the distribu-tion of genes,transcripts and reads along the chromosomes of C.clementina,the reference genome,is presented in Figure3.It is worth noting that gene-rich regions accumulate more tran-scripts and display higher levels of expression,while those with lowest gene density,like centromeric regions,show low expres-sion levels.However,a total of46regions,23Mb of the genome,had an expression rate 1.5times higher than the expected considering the number of genes or transcripts.On the contrary,122regions,comprising61Mb,showed a level of expression half of what could be expected.In Arabidopsis,for instance,it has been reported that physical location along the chromosome affects gene activity.Thus,genes in close proximity are much more likely to be co-expressed than would be expected by chance,while centromeric regions and other stretches had greatly reduced transcriptional activity(Schmid et al.,2005).In humans,it has also been described the presence of domains with a signiﬁcant clustering of highly expressed or low-expressed genes,suggesting they are an integral part of a higher order structure in the genome related to transcriptional regulation (Versteeg et al.,2003).Our results suggest a similar organization of the transcriptomic activity in Citrus species.Functional annotation of transcriptsThe longest transcript from each gene was selected for functional annotation performed with Blast2GO(Conesa et al.,2005), InterProScan(Jones et al.,2014),EC enzyme codes and KEGG (Kanehisa et al.,2014)pathways,which resulted in24502 transcripts annotated with GO terms and/or functional domains. The annotation showed that307transcripts were classiﬁed as transposable elements(TEs)and therefore should not be consid-ered as genes.Consequently,the number of real citrus genes should be closer to27530,than to27837initially found.These TEs corresponded mainly to mutator-like(61),copia(51)or gypsy (8)elements,with38unclassiﬁed TEs.The fact that these transposable elements were found in the RNA-Seq analysis as well as the high number of reads mapped to them(1183654) indicates that they are very active in the citrus genome,an observation that may be in part related to the relevant number of spontaneous mutations that are found in citrus(Butelli et al., 2012;De Felice et al.,2009;Terol et al.,2015).Figure3Circos plot showing the transcriptionalactivity of the citrus genome.Inner circlerepresents the9chromosomes of the referencegenome,Citrus clementina,and the differentconcentric layers show the number of genes(G),transcripts(T)and reads(R)per500Kb.Scales arerelative for each layer;red and green bars indicatebins that are1.5times below and above average,respectively.ª2015Society for Experimental Biology,Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley&Sons Ltd,Plant Biotechnology Journal,1–13 Javier Terol et al.4The functional annotation obtained for the genes previously described was almost identical to the one reported by the International Citrus Consortium,available at phytozome(Good-stein et al.,2012).Therefore,a summary of the annotation of the 3326new genes is provided.Functional annotation was found for 1262of these genes,while the rest remained as unknown.Thirty-seven new GO terms from58genes were added to the annotation,corresponding to18molecular functions,15biolog-ical processes and4cellular components that were described for theﬁrst time in citrus.In other cases,the number of genes associated with a GO term increased remarkably,as is shown in Table S2.Homologs of290genes were described for theﬁrst time,including29transcription factors belonging to MADs box (29),ethylene responsive(2)or WRKY(2)families.A total of139 enzymatic activities(ECs)from65different pathways were found and10of them were novel ones in citrus.The number of genes related to several enzymatic activities increased signiﬁcantly (Table3).In summary,our analysis provides a signiﬁcant improvement in the description of the citrus transcriptome,both in terms of new genes and new transcripts from known genes that will allow a better understanding of the genetic regulation controlling important biological processes that are responsible of desirable traits for citrus improvement.Differential expression analysis in organsTo perform differential expression analyses,RNA-seq reads were grouped by organ and mapped against the reference transcrip-tome(Table S1).Gene expression was assessed in each organ compared to the rest and genes were counted as expressed in an organ if a minimum of reads per kb per million reads(RPKM)of1 was observed.The expression of13614genes was detected in all four organs,while1620,294,356and329genes were exclusively expressed inﬂower,root,phloem and leaf organs, respectively(Figure4).The study of transcription factors(TFs)found a total of409 genes belonging to the MYB(136),bHLH(72),WD40(17),MADs (80),WRKY(55)and ERF(49)families.A total of152genes were expressed in all four organs,while7,4,12and34were leaf, phloem,root andﬂower speciﬁc,respectively(Table S3).This distribution might reﬂect the different regulatory roles of these factors in the analysed organs,in a similar manner that was found in peach(Wang et al.,2013).In a parallel approach,differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were examined using the EdgeR package(Robinson et al.,2010), and the results wereﬁltered with a FDR P-value correction value <0.05and a fold change value>1.5or<À1.5.As a result,4466, 631,272and5825genes were up-regulated,while6273,270, 41and6294genes were down-regulated in leaf,phloem,root andﬂower,respectively.It was noticeable that the number of DEGs in phloem and root was one order of magnitude lower than inﬂower or leaf,however,when both tissues were grouped and compared against the other organs,a total of3287genes were found to be down-regulated and3346overexpressed,suggesting that root and phloem share many DEGs that are quenched when one organ is compared against the other.Our data support a correlation of gene expression in shoot and root that has been previously reported(Dash et al.,2014;Kelly et al.,2014;Sarkar et al.,2007).To evaluate the functional properties of the organ-speciﬁc genes,annotation enrichment analyses were carried out with the Fisher’s exact test,considering those genes that where exclusive or overexpressed in a given organ.This way,11,14,437and468 GO terms were signiﬁcantly enriched in root,phloem,leaf and ﬂower,respectively,that were in agreement with the main functions performed by the analysed organs(Figure5). Functional enrichment inﬂower was related to the morpho-genesis ofﬂoral organs,the role of auxin inﬂoral differentiation, pollen differentiation,tube development,etc.This enrichment was rather similar to that obtained in the analysis of the transcriptome duringﬂower development in chickpea(Singh et al.,2013).About367genes with signiﬁcant homology to TFs were overexpressed inﬂowers,including the most important regulatory families:bHLH(34),zincﬁnger(92),MADs box(30),MYB(40), homeo-box(36)or AP2/ERF(31).Some of them perform crucial roles duringﬂower differentiation and development:CONSTANS (CO)that inducesﬂower differentiation(Valverde,2011);.theTable3The20most increased enzymatic activitiesEC New ICGSC Total Enzymatic activity4.2.3.22404Germacradienol synthase2.7.9.1101Pyruvate,phosphate dikinase2.7.8.11101CDP-diacylglycerol-inositol3-phosphatidyltransferase4.2.3.20202(R)-limonene synthase6.3.3.1202Phosphoribosylformylglycinamidinecyclo-ligase1.1.1.14101L-iditol2-dehydrogenase1.14.13.76101Taxane10-beta-hydroxylase5.5.1.12101Copalyl diphosphate synthase1.14.21.3101Berbamunine synthase4.2.1.17336Enoyl-CoA hydratase3.6.1.1518278296Nucleoside-triphosphate phosphatase 1.1.1.353363-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 1.11.1.7128395Peroxidase3.2.1.6711920Galacturan1,4-alpha-galacturonidase 3.2.1.15113445Polygalacturonase2.7.7.695362DNA-directed RNA polymerase3.2.1.22459Alpha-galactosidase3.1.1.116104110Pectinesterase2.6.1.111617Aspartate transaminase1.14.14.112728Unspeciﬁcmonooxygenase Figure4Venn diagram showing gene expression inﬂower,root,phloem and leaf.Samples were grouped by tissues,and expression was normalized to RPKM.Genes were counted as expressed in an organ if a minimum of RPKM=1was observed in the organ.ª2015Society for Experimental Biology,Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley&Sons Ltd,Plant Biotechnology Journal,1–13Citrus reference transcriptome5ﬂoral homeotic gene APETALA2(AP2)(Jofuku et al.,1994);AGAMOUS and Sepallata 1,2and 3;MADs box homeotic genes (G omez-Mena et al.,2005;Pelaz et al.,2000);or MYB transcrip-tion factor r2r3-myb that activates the biosynthesis of antho-cyanins (Petroni and Tonelli,2011).Genes overexpressed in leaf displayed functions related to its development and the organization of photosynthetic machinery,photosynthesis itself,or response to stresses with the involvement of the jasmonic and salicylic acid pathways.The number of TFs overexpressed in ﬂower (367)was much larger than in leaf (248),probably reﬂecting the complexity of the regulatory pathways controlling the development of reproductive organs.On the contrary,the number of chloroplastic genes overexpressed in leaf (286)was more than 3times larger than in ﬂower (86).A total of 35cytochrome P450genes were found to be overexpressed in leaf,an identical number that was found in a co-expression analysis of the cytochrome P450superfamily in Arabidopsis,that showed an unexpectedly large subset of 35P450genes being mapped to pathways identiﬁed as ‘plastidial isoprenoids’,‘photosystems’,‘photosynthesis’and ‘biogenesis of the chloroplast’with very high expression in all green organs.These data might indicate that a number of plant P450enzymes have functions related to primary photosynthetic metabolism for the synthesis of antioxidants,plastidial structural components,signalling molecules related to energetic metabolism or light perception (Ehlting et al.,2008).Fifty-four members of the family of genes coding for LRR receptor-like serine/threonine proteins were also highlyexpressedFigure 5Signiﬁcantly enriched GO terms in the differentially expressed genes in phloem (a),root (b),ﬂower (c)and leaf (d).Horizontal axis shows the percentage of DEGs displaying a GO annotation (green)and in the control group (red).ª2015Society for Experimental Biology,Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley &Sons Ltd,Plant Biotechnology Journal,1–13Javier Terol et al.6in leaf.These receptors play an important role in signalling during pathogen recognition and the subsequent activation of plant defence mechanisms (Afzal et al.,2008).These data are in agreement with the enrichment in stress-response genes acti-vated by jasmonic and salicylic acid.Actually,it has been found that genes encoding for receptor-like protein kinases are targets of pathogen,and salicylic acid-induced WRKY DNA-binding proteins in Arabidopsis (Du and Chen,2000).Differential expression in root and phloem is displayed by genes related to binding and transport of inorganic substances:nitrogen compounds,iron,copper,aluminium or calcium.Among the most highly expressed genes in root and phloem was the superoxide dismutase (SOD)gene that is expressed in response to the oxidative stress caused by drought and salinity,the most serious abiotic stresses affecting citrus culture in the Mediter-ranean Basin (Gueta-Dahan et al.,1997).Homologs of the Arabidopsis copper (Cu)chaperones,antioxidant protein1(ATX1)and ATX1-like copper chaperone (CCH)were also highly expressed transcripts in root and shoot,which are required to maintain Cu homoeostasis to facilitate its use and avoid its toxicity (Shin et al.,2012).A homolog to a two-pore calcium channel 1(AtTPC1),gene that in Arabidopsis is part of a signalling system based on Ca2+waves that contribute to whole-plant stress tolerance (Choi et al.,2014),was also found.The different expression proﬁle of the four analysed tissues becomes evident in the principal component analysis (PCA)carried out with the 28samples (Figure 6),which shows the correlation between the origin of the sample and the expression of the genes.On the contrary,no correlation is observed when the samples were grouped by species (Figure S1),except for the Poncirus ones,probably due to the larger genetic distance of this species with respect the other citrus.In fact,differential expres-sion analysis between species using the same organ (data not shown)yielded very low number of DEGs,indicating that the organs and stages used in this work were not suitable for comparison studies between species.The differential expression observed between the four organs can also be observed at the genomic level (Figure 7),as therewere regions where gene expression in a speciﬁc organ was much higher than in the rest.We identiﬁed 41regions that showed expression levels signiﬁcantly higher than the average of the four tissues in that bin:20regions were overexpressed in ﬂower,nine in leaf,seven in phloem and nine in root.Two regions showed simultaneous overexpression in leaf/ﬂower and six in root/phloem,indicating possible co-expression patterns.In general,these results agree with the concept that gene expression is overall related to the physiological function of the speciﬁc organs,above any other consideration.Thus,our results are similar to those obtained in a comprehensive microarray study of the tomato transcriptome that identiﬁed 465co-expression/functional modules,and found differential expression in leaf,fruit and root (Fukushima et al.,2012).In Arabidopsis,a genomewide expression analysis of 18organ or tissue types showed that they had a deﬁning genome expression pattern and that the degree to which organs share expression proﬁles was highly correlated with the biological relationship of organ types (Ma et al.,2005).In a microarray study in Arabidopsis,the largest differences in gene expression were observed when comparing samples from differ-ent organs:on average,10-fold more genes were differentially expressed between organs as compared to any other experimen-tal variables (Aceituno et al.,2008).To validate the differential expression,10DEGs were selected for qRT-PCR analysis.Total RNA extracted used in the RNA-Seq was also utilized in these experiments that were carried out as described in Experimental procedures.The genes and the primers used for PCR are shown in Table S4.The results obtained conﬁrmed in all cases the differential expression observed with RNA-Seq,and all the analysed genes showed higher levels of expression in the tissues where they had been identiﬁed as DEGs (Figure S2).Metabolic pathwaysThree relevant pathways were analysed in detail:ﬂavonoids,auxin and ethylene biosynthesis.Flavonoids are plant secondary metabolites implicated in the control of auxin transport,defence,ﬂower colouring,seed dispersal and many otherprocessesFigure 6Principal component analysis in 2dimensions showing the correlation between gene expression and the tissue origin of the samples that cluster together,separating clearly the 4tissues.Poncirus is the only exception,as samples from the species are closer between them than with the ones from the same tissue.ª2015Society for Experimental Biology,Association of Applied Biologists and John Wiley &Sons Ltd,Plant Biotechnology Journal,1–13Citrus reference transcriptome 7。

Induction of genomic instability, oxidative processes by 50 Hz magnetic fields

Mutation Research760 (2014) 33–41Induction of genomic instability,oxidative processes,andmitochondrial activity by50Hz magneticﬁelds in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cellsJukka Luukkonen∗,Anu Liimatainen,Jukka Juutilainen,Jonne NaaralaDepartment of Environmental Science,University of Eastern Finland,P.O.Box1627,FI-70211Kuopio,Finlanda r t i c l e i n f oArticle history:Received23September2013Received in revised form13December2013Accepted19December2013Available online 26 December 2013Keywords:Extremely low frequency(ELF)magneticﬁeld(MF)Induced genomic instability(IGI)Lipid peroxidationMicronucleiReactive oxygen species(ROS)Reduced glutathione(GSH)a b s t r a c tEpidemiological studies have suggested that exposure to50Hz magneticﬁelds(MF)increases the riskof childhood leukemia,but there is no mechanistic explanation for carcinogenic effects.In two previousstudies we have observed that a24-h pre-exposure to MF alters cellular responses to menadione-inducedDNA damage.The aim of this study was to investigate the cellular changes that must occur already dur-ing theﬁrst24h of exposure to MF,and to explore whether the MF-induced changes in DNA damageresponse can lead to genomic instability in the progeny of the exposed cells.In order to answer thesequestions,human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells were exposed to a50-Hz,100-␮T MF for24h,followedby3-h exposure to menadione.The mainﬁnding was that MF exposure was associated with increasedlevel of micronuclei,used as an indicator of induced genomic instability,at8and15d after the expo-sures.Other delayed effects in MF-exposed cells included increased mitochondrial activity at8d,andincreased reactive oxygen species(ROS)production and lipid peroxidation at15d after the exposures.Oxidative processes(ROS production,reduced glutathione level,and mitochondrial superoxide level)were affected by MF immediately after the exposure.In conclusion,the present results suggest that MFexposure disturbs oxidative balance immediately after the exposure,which might explain our previ-ousﬁndings on MF altered cellular responses to menadione-induced DNA damage.Persistently elevatedlevels of micronuclei were found in the progeny of MF-exposed cells,indicating induction of genomicinstability.© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.1.IntroductionThe possible carcinogenicity of extremely low frequency(ELF)magneticﬁelds(MFs),associated with the use of electricity,hasbeen a focus for public and scientiﬁc concern since theﬁrstﬁndingssuggesting an association between residential ELF MFs and child-hood leukemia[1].This association was supported by several laterepidemiological studies,and the International Agency for Researchon Cancer(IARC)has classiﬁed ELF MFs as“possibly carcinogenic tohumans”[2].However,despite decades of research,the mechanismfor how MF could cause childhood leukemia,or carcinogenicity ingeneral,is still not understood.Radiobiological research conducted during the last decades hasshown that ionizing radiation causes delayed damage(chromo-somal aberrations,mutations,micronuclei,apoptosis)many cell∗Corresponding author at:Department of Environmental Science,University ofEastern Finland,Bioteknia2,P.O.Box1627,FI-70211Kuopio,Finland.Tel.:+358403553168;fax:+35817163750.E-mail address:Jukka.Luukkonen@uef.ﬁ(J.Luukkonen).generations later in the progeny of exposed cells[3,4].Such delayedeffects did notﬁt with the prevailing paradigm of radiobiology,and were termed radiation-induced genomic instability.Althoughionizing radiation is currently the best known inducer of genomicinstability,several studies have reported that induced genomicinstability(IGI)can result from exposure to other agents,such asUV radiation,heavy metals,and a dioxin[5–11].This phenomenon,IGI,is clearly highly relevant to cancer[12],as it might lead to theaccumulation of mutations required in cancer formation.Both theoretical considerations and empirical evidence indi-cate that ELF MFs alone do not cause direct DNA damage[2].However,we have observed that pre-exposure to a50Hz,100–300␮T MF alters cellular responses to menadione-inducedDNA damage[13,14].The latter study indicated that DNA repairrate was increased in the MF-exposed cells,but theﬁdelity ofrepair and the post-repair integrity of the genome were com-promised,as indicated by increased level of micronuclei(MN)measured at72h after the menadione treatment.However,thestudy did not include follow-up beyond72h to assess IGI.We haverecently shown a similar altered response to menadione-inducedDNA damage in cells exposed to the nongenotoxic carcinogen,0027-5107/$–see front matter© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved./10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2013.12.00234J.Luukkonen et al./Mutation Research760 (2014) 33–412,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD)[11].As the TCDD-related changes in DNA damage response were associated with IGI[11],it is highly interesting to study whether also ELF MFs can induce genomic instability.This study aimed at identifying cellular changes that develop during theﬁrst24h of ELF MF exposure and might explain the previously observed altered responses to menadione-induced DNA damage[13,14],and at exploring whether the MF-induced changes can lead to genomic instability in the progeny of the exposed cells.The cellular changes measured included oxidative stress-related parameters and the functionality of mitochondria.These endpoints were selected because menadione increases the produc-tion of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in mitochondria,and because oxidative stress and mitochondria may be involved in IGI[7,15–18]. Furthermore,several studies have provided evidence of ELF MF effects on oxidative stress-related parameters[19–24],although there are also negativeﬁndings[13,25,26].The development of IGI was followed by measuring MN,an easily detectable indicator of chromosomal injuries,which have been widely used for detecting genomic instability induced by ionizing radiation as well as other exposures in a variety of cell types[11,27–30].2.Materials and methods2.1.ReagentsFollowing reagents were used in this study:dihydroethid-ium(DHE)(Fluka Biochemika,Buchs,Switzerland);NaCl(FF Chemicals,Haukipudas,Finland);Dulbecco’s modiﬁed Eagle medium(containing 4.5g/l glucose),fetal bovine serum(FBS), 5000unit/ml penicillin and5000␮g/ml streptomycin(Gibco, Carlsbad,USA);ethidium monoazide bromide,MitoSOX Red (3,8-phenanthridinediamine,5-(6 -triphenylphosphoniumhexyl)-5,6-dihydro-6-phenyl)(Invitrogen Life Technologies,CA,USA);2 ,7 -dichloroﬂuorescein-diacetate(DCFH-DA),diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine(DPPP),ﬂuorescent beads(6␮m), monochlorobimane(MBCL),propidium iodide(PI),SYTOX Green(Molecular Probes,Eugene,USA);sucrose(MP Biomed-icals Inc.,South Chillicothe,Ohio,USA)citric acid,sodium citrate (Riedel-de Haën,Seelze,Germany)3-[4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT),diethyl maleate (DEM),digitonin,IGEPAL,menadione sodium bisulfate,methyl methanesulphonate(MMS),RNase A,tert-butylhydroperoxide (Sigma–Aldrich,Steinheim,Germany).2.2.Cell cultureHuman SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells(obtained from Dr. Sven Påhlman,University of Uppsala,Sweden)were cultured in Dulbecco’s modiﬁed Eagle medium(containing4.5g/l glucose)sup-plemented with10%heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum(FBS)and 50U/ml penicillin and50␮g/ml streptomycin.The cells were main-tained in a humidiﬁed atmosphere containing5%CO2at37◦C and harvested by0.02%EDTA in Ca2+-and Mg2+-free phosphate buffer saline(PBS).The cells were seeded approximately20h before the beginning of the each experiment.For experiments immedi-ately after exposure(0d),2×105cells were plated on a24-well plate(Nunc,Roskilde,Denmark).For the8d and15d experiments, 1.8×106cells were placed on a60-mm petri dish(Nunc,Roskilde, Denmark)and seeded one time(8d)or two times(15d)before the analysis.In the8d experiments,0.5×106cells were seeded on a dish at3d.In the15d experiments,0.5×106cells were seeded on a dish at3d and9d.However,the seeding of the cells for the micronucleus and mitochondrial activity assay was different from above mentioned protocol.In micronucleus assay,we placed0.4×106cells on a dish for both8and15d experiments.In the8d experiments,0.1×106 cells were plated on a48-well plate(Costar,Corning,NY,USA)5d before the analysis.In the15d experiments,0.4×106cells were seeded on a dish at6d(and plated on a48-well Plate5d before the analysis).As the assay for mitochondrial activity did not allow the normalization of the results to the relative cell number,0.1×106 cells were plated on a48-well plate(Costar,Corning,NY,USA)24h before the analysis.2.3.MF exposureThe exposures to50Hz MF were conducted at a magneticﬂux density of100␮T for24h.A comprehensive description of the exposure system has been published previously[13].Brieﬂy,a pair of340mm×460mm coils in a Helmholtz-type conﬁguration (220mm distance between the coils)generating a horizontal mag-neticﬁeld was housed inside a temperature-controlled cell culture incubator(Heraeus HERACell)with5%CO2.The cell cultures were located at the center of the coil system for ensuring a uniform mag-neticﬂux or in an identical control incubator for the exposure time period.The MF were generated by a function generator Wavetek Waveform Generator model75(Wavetek,San Diego,CA,USA)and ampliﬁed by a Peavey M-3000Power Ampliﬁer(Peavey Electron-ics corp.,Meridian,MS,USA).The background MF levels of50Hz were below2␮T inside the incubators and the static magneticﬁeld was∼52␮T in the room containing the incubators.Magneticﬂux density was monitored with a Hirst GM08and Hirst Axial Flux-gate Probe AFG100(Hirst Magnetic Instruments Ltd.,Cornwall, UK).2.4.Experimental protocolThe exposure protocol(Fig.1)was selected to be identical to that in our previous study[14].The cell cultures were exposed in four groups:(1)sham-exposed control,(2)MF-exposed,(3) sham-exposed+menadione treatment,and(4)pre-exposed to MF+menadione treatment.After the24h MF or sham exposure,the cells entered into the assay(control and MF alone exposed group) or were incubated or exposed to menadione for3h.However,in the experiments measuring delayed effects,the control and MF alone exposed groups were incubated aside the chemical exposure group for3h,which was followed by incubation for8or15d.In the experiments measuring immediate effects,the mena-dione concentrations were0.1,1,10,15,20,and25␮M.In the experiments studying delayed effects,a low(1␮M)and a high (20␮M)menadione concentration was used.Also the following positive controls were used:10␮g/ml methyl methanesulfonate for24h(micronucleus frequency),0.015%diethyl maleate for 1h(ROS production measured by DCFH-DA),and0.5mM tert-butylhydroperoxide for3h(lipid peroxidation).2.5.Micronucleus frequencyFor micronucleus analysis,the cells were stained with ethidium monoazide bromide(EMA;staining of necrotic and mid/late stage apoptotic cells),photoactivated with a visible light,stained with SYTOX Green(staining of all cells)and measured byﬂow cytometry [31].The formation of micronuclei requires at least one cell division after exposure,and the frequency of directly induced micronuclei starts do decline soon thereafter.Therefore,72h after the end of the menadione treatment was considered as time zero,and the measurements for delayed effects were performed8or15d after this point in time.Medium was removed from the wells of a48-well plate(2wells per each exposure group)and the cell cultures were incubated onJ.Luukkonen et al./Mutation Research760 (2014) 33–4135Fig.1.The exposure protocol.As the formation of micronuclei requires at least one cell cycle after the treatment,3d after the end of the exposure was considered as time zero.Theﬁnal incubation times were therefore3d longer in the micronucleus assay than in the other assays.ice for20min.After this,150␮l of8.5␮g/ml EMA-solution(+4◦C) was added into each well,followed by light activation on ice for 30min under a table lamp15cm above the plate(without a lid).The cells were then washed once with500␮l2%FBS in PBS(w/o Ca2+ and Mg2+,+4◦C),which was followed by addition of250␮l Lysis1-solution(0.3␮l IGEPAL/ml,0.584mg NaCl/ml,0.5mg RNase A/ml, 1mg sodium citrate/ml,and0.4␮M SYTOX Green in MilliQ-water, +4◦C)and incubation at+37◦C in the dark for1h.Following the incubation,250␮l of Lysis2-solution(15mg citric acid/ml,85.6mg sucrose/ml,0.4␮M SYTOX Green,and1drop of6␮mﬂuorescent beads,+20◦C)was added per each well and samples were incubated in the dark at room temperature(+20◦C)for30min.Finally,the samples were transferred intoﬂow cytometer tubes,resuspended, and analyzed with aﬂow cytometer(Becton Dickinson FACScal-ibur,Becton Dickinson,San Jose,CA).Instrumentation settings and gating were done according to Bryce et al.,2007[31].Data were acquired and analyzed by CellQuest Pro software v.5.2.1(Becton Dickinson,San Jose,CA).A total of2×105gated events were scored per sample.2.6.Mitochondrial and cytosolic superoxide production,ROS production,and reduced glutathione levelMitochondrial and cytosolic superoxide production,ROS pro-duction,and reduced glutathione(GSH)level were analyzed using similar assay protocols.The only differences between these assays were different probes,buffers,and emission and excitation wave-lengths(Table1).In the experiments immediately after exposures(0d),the medium was removed from the wells of a24well plate and the cell cultures were loaded(30min,+20◦C,in dark)with the assay-speciﬁc probe in0.5ml of buffer(Table1).Fluorescence was then measured by a Perkin Elmer HTS7000Plus Bio Assay Reader(Perkin Elmer,Norwalk CT,USA).In the8d and15d experiments,medium was removed from the dish and cells were scraped in5ml of buffer,suspended care-fully,and3.0ml of this suspension was transferred to two separate 24well plates(3×0.5ml for each plate).This was followed by either determination of the endpoint or measurement of relativeTable1Probes,buffers,and measurement parameters used in the assays for cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide production,ROS production and GSH level.Endpoint Probe Buffer Excitation/emissionCytosolic superoxide production10␮M DHE a PBS485/595nm Mitochondrial superoxide production1␮M MitoSOX Red b PBS492/595nmROS production40␮M DCFH-DA c HBSS485/535nmGSH level100␮M MBCL d PBS380/465nma DHE=dihydroethidium.b MitoSOX Red=3,8-phenanthridinediamine,5-(6 -triphenylphosphoniumhexyl)-5,6-dihydro-6-phenyl.c DCFH-DA=2 ,7 -dichloroﬂuorescein-diacetate.d MBCL=monochlorobimane.36J.Luukkonen et al./Mutation Research760 (2014) 33–41cell number(see below).After this,the cell cultures entering to end-point or measurement were loaded(30min,+20◦C,in dark)with the assay-speciﬁc probe.The results were normalized to relative cell number.2.7.Lipid peroxidationThe peroxidation of cellular lipids was measured using diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine(DPPP)ﬂuorescent probe.Cells were loaded with aﬁnal concentration of50␮M for80min(+37◦C,in dark)before the end of the exposure or incubation time.In the experiments immediately after exposure(0d),the medium with DPPP probe was replaced with0.5ml of HBSS buffer andﬂuores-cence was measured(Perkin Elmer HTS7000Plus Bio Assay Reader, Norwalk CT,USA,excitation340nm/emission405nm).In the experiments with follow-up for8or15d,the medium with DPPP probe was removed from the dish and cells were scraped into5ml of HBSS buffer,and1.5ml of this suspension was trans-ferred into two separate24well plates for either determination of lipid peroxidation or measurement of relative cell number(see below).2.8.Mitochondrial activityMitochondrial activity was assayed using3-[4,5-dimethythiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide(MTT). In the experiments immediately after exposure(0d),30␮l of 5mg/ml MTT was added to300␮l of medium2h before the end of the incubation or exposure period.After the exposure,medium and MTT were removed from the wells of a48-well plate and 450␮l of DMSO was added into the wells.This was followed by shaking the samples on a plate shaker for1min and measurement of absorbance(Perkin Elmer HTS7000Plus Bio Assay Reader, Norwalk CT,USA,550nm).2.9.Viability of cells and relative cell numberViability of cells was assayed with propium iodide(PI),aﬂuo-rescent probe that binds to chromatin if membrane integrity is lost. After theﬁrst measurement of PIﬂuorescence,digitonin was used for demolishing cell membrane integrity.This enables PI to enter all cells allowing measurement of the maximum PI value(relative cell number).Viability of cells was expressed as a relative PI value before and after digitonization[32].Aﬁnal concentration of50␮M PI was added into the samples before incubation for20min in the dark(+20◦C).This was followed by measurement ofﬂuorescence(Perkin Elmer HTS7000Plus Bio Assay Reader,Norwalk CT,USA,excitation540nm/emission 610nm).The samples were then supplemented with160␮M digi-tonin,incubated on a plate shaker for20min(in the dark,+20◦C), andﬂuorescence was measured as describe above.2.10.Statistical analysisAs the study was a factorial experiment,i.e.,the experimen-tal design allowed testing the effects of multiple factors and their interactions,an ANOVA model appropriate for analyzing factorial experiments was used.The analysis was performed using three-way ANOVA,with MF and menadione asﬁxed factors and replicate as random factor.Replicate was included as a random factor in the analysis because there were in several cases statistically sig-niﬁcant differences between the replicates.Interaction of MF and menadione was included in the model.The analysis was performed using the general linear model procedure of SPSS for Windows release19(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,Illinois,USA)using raw or logarithm-transformed(micronucleus data)values.The experimentswere Fig.2.Micronucleus frequency in Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells8or15d after exposure to a50-Hz,100-␮T magneticﬁeld(MF)for24h,followed by a3-h incubation with0,1or20␮M menadione,and further incubation for72h.Mena-dione treatment increased micronucleus frequency statistically signiﬁcantly at8 and15d(both p<0.05).The interaction MF*menadione was not signiﬁcant either at 8or at15d.The signiﬁcances for MF effect are given in theﬁgure:*p<0.05,**p<0.01. The data shown are expressed as mean±SEM values,n=4.replicated3–4times.The data are expressed as mean±SEM values.A p-value of less than0.05was considered statistically signiﬁcant.3.ResultsIn this study,the cells were exposed to MF for24h,followed by incubation with fresh medium or menadione treatment for 3h.In addition,the effect of MF exposure alone was measured also without the3-h incubation time(data not shown in graphs). The endpoints were measured immediately,8d,and15d after the exposures.The menadione concentrations were0.1,1,10,15,20, and25␮M in the experiments measuring the immediate effects, and1and20␮M in the experiment measuring the delayed effects. The measurements included both oxidative stress and mitochon-dria related assays.In addition,the frequency of MN was measured as an indicator of genomic instability at8and15d after the expo-sures.3.1.Genomic instabilityExposure to MF increased the frequency of MN both at8and 15d(p=0.001,p=0.014,respectively,Fig.2).Menadione treatment also induced a statistically signiﬁcant increase of MN frequency at both time points(8d:p=0.040,15d:p=0.011).As expected, the positive control(10␮g/ml methyl methanesulfonate for24h, %micronuclei=0.166±0.024)increased the level of micronuclei statistically signiﬁcantly compared to the control cells(3.6-fold increase,p<0.001).Interestingly,the size of MF effect did not seem to depend on menadione concentration or whether cells were treated with menadione or not,as indicated by statistically non-signiﬁcant values of the MF*MQ interaction both at8and15d (p=0.387,p=0.289,respectively).Furthermore,the effect size of MF appeared to be about same order of magnitude as the effect of menadione.3.2.Measurements immediately after exposuresIn the measurements immediately after treatments,MF expo-sure increased ROS production measured by DCFH-DA(p=0.007, Fig.3A).Contrary to expectations,menadione treatment decreased the ROS measured by DCFH-DA(p<0.001).However,the positive control(0.015%diethyl maleate for1h,RFU=1435±34.93)pro-duced the expected increase of ROS production compared to the control cells(1.6-fold increase,p<0.001).Consistently with the increased ROS levels,MF exposure resulted in generally decreasedJ.Luukkonen et al./Mutation Research760 (2014) 33–4137Fig.3.ROS production(A),reduced glutathione(B)and lipid peroxidation(C)in Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells immediately after exposure to a50-Hz,100-␮T magneticﬁeld(MF)for24h,followed by a incubation or a3h treatment with menadione(0.1,1,10,15,20,or25␮M).Treatment with menadione decreased ROS production and reduced glutathione levels and affected lipid peroxidation level (p<0.001,in all three cases).The MF*menadione interaction was not statistically signiﬁcant for any of the3endpoints.The signiﬁcances for MF effect are given in theﬁgure:*p<0.05,**p<0.01.The data shown are expressed as mean±SEM values, n=3,RFU=Relative Fluorescence Unit.level of reduced glutathione(p=0.017),which was observable sys-tematically at all menadione doses but not without menadione (Fig.3B).Exposure to menadione also decreased the level of reduced glutathione(p<0.001).The level of lipid peroxidation was not affected by MF(Fig.3C),but was affected by menadione(p<0.001). The dose response to menadione appeared to be biphasic,with an increase of lipid peroxidation at1␮M and decrease at higher con-centrations.The positive control(0.5mM tert-butylhydroperoxide for3h,RFU=330.4±34.38)increased the level of lipid peroxidation statistically signiﬁcantly compared to the control cells(16.7-fold increase,p<0.001).If the measurements were performed without the3h incubation,no MF effects on ROS,reduced glutathione,or lipid peroxidation were observed(results not shown).Mitochondrial superoxide level measured immediately after the exposures(Fig.4B)was increased both by MF exposure(p<0.001)Fig.4.Cytosolic(A)and mitochondrial(B)superoxide level and mitochondrial activ-ity(C)in Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells immediately after exposure to a 50-Hz,100-␮T magneticﬁeld(MF)for24h,followed by a incubation or a3h treat-ment with menadione(0.1,1,10,15,20,or25␮M).Menadione treatment increased cytosolic and mitochondrial superoxide levels and affected mitochondrial activity (p<0.001,in all cases).The MF*menadione interaction was not statistically signif-icant for any of the3endpoints.The signiﬁcances for the MF effects are given in theﬁgure:***p<0.001.The data shown are expressed as mean±SEM values,n=3, RFU=Relative Fluorescence Unit,RAU=Relative Absorbance Unit.and menadione(p<0.001).The dose response to menadione was non-monotonic,with aﬁrst peak at1␮M and then a grad-ual increase from10to25␮M.Menadione treatment increased also cytosolic superoxide production(Fig.4A,p<0.001).However, although cytosolic superoxide levels were higher in all MF exposed groups compared to non-MF-exposed groups,thisﬁnding was not statistically signiﬁcant(p=0.052).Mitochondrial activity of the cells was not affected by MF exposure(Fig.4C),but was affected by menadione(p<0.001).Similarly with the lipid peroxidationﬁnd-ings(Fig.3C),the dose response was biphasic,with increase of mitochondrial activity at1␮M and decrease at higher concentra-tions.In the measurements performed without the3h incubation,38J.Luukkonen et al./Mutation Research760 (2014) 33–41no MF effects on mitochondrial or cytosolic superoxide levels or mitochondrial activity were observed(data not shown).Viability of the cells was not affected by menadione or MF exposure immediately after the exposures(with or without3h incubation,data not shown).3.3.Measurements at8and15d after exposuresRadical level measured by DCFH-DA was increased by MF exposure at15d after the exposures(p=0.023,Fig.5A),but not statistically signiﬁcantly at8d.The effect of MF was most obvi-ous in cells treated with20␮M of menadione,but appeared to lack when menadione concentration was1␮M.Menadione treat-ment did not signiﬁcantly affect ROS level measured by DCFH-DA at8or15d.Although the GSH levels in MF-exposed samples were consistently lower than in the corresponding controls at15d (Fig.5B),the difference was not statistically signiﬁcant(p=0.066). Menadione treatment did not affect GSH level at8d.However, menadione treatment altered GSH level at15d(p=0.042).Consis-tently with increased ROS level,lipid peroxidation was increased in the MF-exposed cells at15d(p=0.004,Fig.5C).Interestingly and consistently with the ROSﬁndings(Fig.5A),MF effects were not seen in cells exposed to1␮M menadione.A similar pattern was observed at8d after exposure,but no statistically signiﬁcant MF effect was observed at this point in time(p=0.097).Menadione did not affect the level of lipid peroxidation at8or15d.Mitochondrial activity was increased signiﬁcantly in the MF-exposed cells at8d(p=0.014),but not at15d(Fig.6C).Consistently with the ROS and lipid peroxidationﬁndings(Fig.5A and C),no MF effect was observable in cells treated with1␮M menadione. No menadione-related differences in mitochondrial activity were observed at8or15d.The levels of cytosolic superoxide were sys-tematically higher in the MF-exposed groups at8d(Fig.6A),but this difference was not statistically signiﬁcant.Similarly,no signiﬁcant MF-related differences were observed at15d.Menadione treat-ment was associated with a dose-dependent decrease of cytosolic superoxide15d after the exposures(p=0.022)but no signiﬁcant effect was observed at8d.The level of mitochondrial superoxide was not signiﬁcantly affected by MF exposure or menadione at8or 15d(Fig.6B),although it may be worth noting that,in cells treated with1␮M menadione,the level of mitochondrial superoxide was higher in the MF-exposed groups both at8d and15d.Viability of the cells was not altered by MF exposure or mena-dione treatments at8or15d after the exposures(data not shown).4.DiscussionThe mainﬁnding of this study was IGI in MF exposed cells, observable as an increased level of micronuclei in the MF-exposed groups at8and15d.To the best knowledge of the authors,the cur-rent study isﬁrst one to report IGI in MF-exposed cells,although the increased microsatellite mutations reported in a previous study [33]might also be interpreted as an indication of IGI.A previous study has reported that a“bystander effect”(which is believed to be closely related to IGI)was induced by the MF of a Magnetic Reso-nance Imaging machine[34].It is of interest that IGI was caused also by MF exposure alone,in contrast to our previous studies[13,14] showing cellular responses to MF only when it was combined with menadione treatment.The present results also support the emerg-ing evidence[5–11]that other agents besides ionizing radiation can induce genomic instability.Although the size of the MF effect was comparable to that of menadione,it was relatively small(the level of micronuclei in the MF-exposed cells was,on the aver-age,less than2-fold compared to the correspondingsham-exposed Fig.5.ROS production(A),reduced glutathione(B)and lipid peroxidation(C)in Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells8or15d after exposure to a50-Hz,100-␮T magneticﬁeld(MF)for24h,followed by a incubation or a3h treatment with1 or20␮M menadione.At8d,treament with menadione did not affect the level of ROS production,reduced glutathione,or lipid peroxidation statistically signif-icantly.Similarly,the MF*menadione interaction was not signiﬁcant for any of the3endpoints at8d.At15d,menadione decreased the level of reduced glu-tathione(p<0.05),but did not alter ROS production or lipid peroxidation statistically signiﬁcantly.The MF*menadione interaction was statistically signiﬁcant for lipid peroxidation(p<0.05),but not for ROS production or reduced glutathione at15d. The signiﬁcances for the MF effect are given in theﬁgure:**p<0.05,**p<0.01.The data shown are expressed as mean±SEM values,n=3,RFU=Relative Fluorescence Unit,RCN=Relative Cell Number.cells),and the biological signiﬁcance of theﬁnding thus remains unknown.Exposure to MF was also found to increase mitochondrial superoxide levels and ROS production and to decrease GSH lev-els immediately after the treatments.As effects were consistently。

快速炼厂气分析 - 赛默飞中国首页

气相色谱分析条件进样口pkdsslleftpkdrightssltemperatureoff180dccmodeconstantpressureconstantflowcarriergashecarriergaspressure123kpamlminaux1auxpressure021mpaaux2he022mpaaux3he011mpa检测器tcdlefttcdrighttcdblocktemperature200transfertemperature190filamenttemperature350maxfilament350temperaturemakeupflowmlminreferenceflow30mlmin30mlmin检测器fidauxfidbasetemperature180ignitionthresholdpa20air350mlmin35mlminmakeup30mlminn2range1003色谱柱箱oveninitialtemperature60initialtime120minramp20minfinaltemp30minfinaltempfinaltime180minvalveoventemperature116阀切换时间表阀切时间状态001v1021v1off001v2055v2off001v3128v3off080v4128v4off标准气体浓度编号成分浓度vv甲烷599乙烷513乙烯299丙烷793环丙烷051丙烯301异丁烷272正丁烷20709510乙炔01211反丁烯15412正丁烯10013异丁烯08014顺丁烯12315异戊烷01116正戊烷0141713丁二烯15318丙炔04719反2戊烯019202甲基2丁烯015211戊烯00922顺2戊烯01423正己烷01024氢气149324氧气05326一氧化碳15027二氧化碳30028氮气基质描述数量pc26017900色谱柱

扫特龙和曼维尔产品数据表705、706、710和726个人攻击发射器说明书

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teststand函数中的resstr的参数

您可以在`resstr`参数中使用其他占位符，具体取决于您需要包含的信息。有关更多信息，请参阅MATLAB的官方文档或参考示例代码以了解如何使用`resstr`参数来定义自定义的测试结果字符串。
teststand函数中的resstr的参数
在MATLAB的TestStand函数中，`resstr`参数通常用于指定一个字符串，该字符串包含要返回的测试结果。`resstr`参数允许您自定义测试结果的格式和内容。
`resstr`参数通常是一个字符串，其中包含用于表示测试结果的文本。您可以使用特定的占位符来指定测试结果的不同部分，例如测试通过、测试失败、测试警告等。这些占位符在`resstr`字符串中具有特殊的含义，并将在测试结果中相应地替换为实际的值。
例如，您可以使用以下形式的`resstr`参数来定义测试结果字符串：
```matlab
resstr = 'Test Resulds';
```
在这个例子中，`%s`和`%f`是占位符，分别表示字符串和浮点数。当您调用TestStand函数时，这些占位符将被实际的值替换，以生成最终的测试结果字符串。

alphafold2 predicted results -回复

alphafold2 predicted results -回复Alphafold2 Predicted Results: Unlocking the Potential of Protein FoldingIntroduction:Proteins are the building blocks of life, performing essential functions in our bodies. Understanding their structure and how they fold is crucial for molecular biology, medicine, and drug discovery. For decades, predicting protein structures accurately has been a challenge, with experimental methods beingtime-consuming and expensive. However, the recent breakthrough of Alphafold2 has revolutionized the field, significantly improving the accuracy of protein structure prediction. In this article, we will delve into the Alphafold2 predicted results, outlining the steps involved in the process.Step 1: Data CollectionThe first step in protein structure prediction involves gathering data. Alphafold2 utilizes a vast database of known protein sequences and structures. This information aids in training thedeep learning models used by the system. The primary sources for this data are the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and sequence databases like UniProt. The data collected includes protein sequences, multiple sequence alignments (MSAs), and structural annotations.Step 2: Multiple Sequence Alignments (MSAs)Once the preliminary data is collected, Alphafold2 begins the process of generating multiple sequence alignments (MSAs). MSAs are critical as they provide information about how different species' proteins have evolved and are related. Alphafold2 uses astate-of-the-art neural network architecture known as the "multiple sequence attention network" to align the protein sequences effectively. This alignment process allows the system to recognize conserved regions and pinpoint areas of high importance in the protein structure prediction.Step 3: Neural Network TrainingAlphafold2 utilizes deep learning techniques to train its neural network models. These models undergo extensive training using the MSA data and structural annotations gathered in the previoussteps. The training process involves optimizing the model's parameters to minimize prediction errors. This iterative training improves the accuracy of the Alphafold2 system and allows it to make more precise predictions.Step 4: Structure PredictionOnce the neural network models are trained, Alphafold2 applies them to predict the tertiary structure of target proteins. The models consider the MSA, evolutionary information, and other contextual features of the protein in question. The system employs a technique called "template-free modeling," which means it does not rely on known structures similar to the target protein. Alphafold2 starts by generating initial structures and uses refinement techniques such as gradient descent optimization to improve the accuracy iteratively.Step 5: Confidence AssessmentAfter predicting the protein's structure, Alphafold2 provides a confidence assessment for each prediction. The system estimates the precision of its predictions based on the neural network'straining data and the similarity between the target protein and the proteins used for training. This assessment helps researchers identify predictions that are more reliable and potentially guides experimental validation efforts.Step 6: Validation and Experimental ConfirmationThe Alphafold2 predicted results can provide crucial insights and hypotheses for further experimental studies. Experimental techniques like X-ray crystallography, cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy can be used to validate and confirm the predicted protein structures. These experimental findings contribute to refining the accuracy of Alphafold2 predictions and advancing our understanding of protein folding.Conclusion:Alphafold2's predicted results have significantly advanced protein structure prediction, unlocking new possibilities for research and applications in various fields. The integration of deep learning,attention networks, and extensive training has led to remarkable improvements in accuracy. From the data collection and multiple sequence alignments to neural network training and structure predictions, each step is meticulously designed to optimize the accuracy of Alphafold2. While further experimental validation is still necessary, Alphafold2 is undoubtedly a groundbreaking tool that has the potential to revolutionize molecular biology, drug discovery, and our understanding of life's fundamental processes.。

monocle2结果解读 -回复

monocle2结果解读-回复Monocle 2 is a well-known assessment tool used to measure various aspects of individuals' personalities, including their strengths, weaknesses, and overall potential. In this article, we will delve into the results obtained from Monocle 2 and provide a comprehensive analysis of each theme that emerged.Firstly, let's explore the theme of "Leadership Skills." Monocle 2 evaluates an individual's ability to lead and influence others towards a common goal. Results indicated that you possess strong leadership qualities, showcasing your ability to inspire and motivate others. Your charisma and excellent communication skills enable you to effectively convey your ideas and visions, gaining the trust and support of your team. Building on these strengths, you have the potential to excel in leadership roles, driving teams towards success.Next, we examine the theme of "Analytical Thinking." Monocle 2 measures one's problem-solving and critical thinking skills. The results suggest that you possess remarkable analytical abilities. With a keen eye for detail and a systematic approach, you excel in identifying patterns, understanding complex information, andformulating effective solutions. This skill set makes you an invaluable asset in fields that require logical reasoning and data analysis.Moving on to the theme of "Creativity and Innovation," Monocle 2 assesses an individual's ability to think outside the box and generate new ideas. The results indicate that you possess a high level of creativity, constantly seeking innovative solutions to challenges. Your ability to look beyond conventional methods and come up with fresh perspectives allows you to bring unique insights to projects. Leveraging this creativity, you can drive innovation and inspire others with your imaginative ideas.The theme of "Collaboration and Teamwork" evaluates one's ability to work effectively with others. Monocle 2 shows that you excel in collaborating with colleagues, valuing their input and fostering a harmonious team dynamic. Your open-mindedness and adaptability enable you to integrate varied perspectives, resulting in better outcomes. Your strong interpersonal skills and empathy make you a valuable team member, contributing to a positive work environment.Lastly, we explore the theme of "Resilience and Adaptability." Monocle 2 assesses an individual's ability to cope with stress and adapt to changing circumstances. The results indicate that you demonstrate great resilience in the face of adversity. You remain composed and composed under pressure, allowing you to find effective solutions even in challenging situations. Additionally, you showcase impressive adaptability, quickly adjusting to new environments and embracing change.In conclusion, the Monocle 2 assessment provides valuable insights into an individual's personality traits, strengths, and areas for improvement. Your leadership skills, analytical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and resilience all contribute to a well-rounded and high-potential individual. By leveraging these strengths and continuing to develop your areas of improvement, you are poised for success in various professional arenas.。

EM70系列指令手册勘误表说明书

On each of the following screens, a value within a setting range or an item from those displayed is selected and set.Event SettingEvent 1 type setting screen Initial value:Select from the following types shown on the screen.: No setting (initial value): Lower limit side degree of opening : Higher limit side degree of opening : Lower limit side input : Higher limit side input : Automatic : Manual: degree of opening error : Input error: Control loop errorNote: However, a set value is initialized when the type of event is changed.Event 1 hysteresis setting screen Initial value: 0.1%Setting range: 0.1~5.0%Select a value within the setting range. S etting is possible only when the event is higher and lower limit alarm. ( , , , )Event 1 stand-by action setting screen Initial value:Select either of the following: : With stand-by action : Without stand-by actionS etting is possible only when the event is higher and lower than the limit alarm. ( , , , )Event 2 type setting screen Initial value:T he same as event 1.Event 2 hysteresis setting screen Initial value: 0.1%Setting range: 0.1~5.0%T he same as event 1.Event 2 stand-by action setting screen Initial value:Select either of the following: : With stand-by action : Without stand-by action T he same as event 1Screen Group 11-0 automatic adjustment screen or 1-00 manual adjustmentEvent 3 type setting screen Initial value:T he same as event 1.Event 3 hysteresis setting screen Initial value: 0.1%Setting range: 0.1~5.0%T he same as event 1.Event 3 stand-by action setting screen Initial value:Select either of the following shown on the screen:: With stand-by action : Without stand-by action T he same as event 1Setting of Motor Action at the Time of Position ErrorScreen for setting motor action at the Time of position error Initial value:Select from the following shown on the screen: : Motor stop : Motor close : Motor openP osition error: When the value of position is less than the set range of position errors (Po_LL) and when the value of position is more than the set range of position errors (Po_HH).D uring manual operation, action setting upon occurrence of a position error is not valid since manual operation is given the first priority.I n case of SSR position error output, the motor speed is put in action.Screen for Setting Motor Action Time at the time of Position ErrorScreen for setting motor action time at the time of position error Initial value: 300 seconds Setting range: 1~300 seconds Set a time within the setting range.S etting is possible only when "open" or "close" has been set against position degree. C ontrol output will output for each setting time.Setting of Motor Action at the Time of Input ErrorScreen for setting motor action at the time off input error Initial value:Select from the following shown on the screen: : Action in response to abnormal input signal: Motor stop: Motor to be adjusted to set degree of openingI nput error: An input error means that input data is below -10% (In-LL displayed) or above 110% (In-HH).D uring manual operation, suspension of operation and control with present value of position, input error is not dealt with.Screen for setting degree of opening against input errorInitial value: 0%Setting range: 0~100%Set a value within the setting range.S etting is possible only when a value of position is selected as the setting for input error.The set value of position is limited by higher/lower limit position limiters.Analog output setting screenInitial value:Select from the following shown on the screen: : Input is output.: Position is output.Note: When analog output is changed on this screen, higher and lower limit values of analog output are initialized.Lower limit side analog output setting screenInitial value: 0%Setting range: 0~100%Inversed scale is possible(lower limit value ≠ higher limit value, though).Higher limit side analog output setting screenInitial value: 100%Setting range: 0~100%Inversed scale is possible(lower limit value ≠ higher limit value, though).For the communication mode, please refer to the communication instruction manual provided separately.Communication setting screenInitial value:Select from the following:: Communication local mode (initial value): Communication modeK ey operation can make a change only from the communication mode to the communica-tion local mode.I n communication mode, keylock is effective on all the setting screens except manual operation.Communication address setting screen Initial value: 1Setting range: 1~99I n case a plurality of controllers are linked for communication, addresses need to be set individually.Communication rate setting screenInitial value:Set a value from the following shown on the screen:: 1200 bps (initial value): 2400 bps: 4800 bps: 9600 bps: 19200 bpsT he speed of communication should be setPto interrupt communication and to change to the local mode. To restart communication, the speed should be set correspondingly to that of the host computer.Communication data format setting screen Initial value:Select from the following:: 7E1: 7E2: 7N1: 7N2: 8E1: 8E2: 8N1: 8N2T he length of data bits, parity and the length of stop bits are set.Communication control code setting screen Initial value: 1Setting range: 1, 2 and 3Select from the following shown on the screen: : STX_ETX_CR: STX_ETX_CRLF: @_:_CRA communication control code is set. Communication BCC check setting screen Initial value: 1Setting range: 1, 2, 3 and 4Select from the following shown on the screen: : ADD: ADD_two' s cmp: XOR: NoneA BCC processing method to be used in BCC checking is selected. Communication memory mode setting screenInitial value:Select from the following shown on the screen: : EEPROM (initial value)Data is written in memory.: RAMData is written in RAM.Communication delay time setting screen Initial value: 20Setting range: 0~100①A delay time from receiving a communication command to carrying out transmission is set.②Delay time = Set value of communication delay time × 0.25 msec.Input range setting screen Initial value:in the case of current input in the case of voltage inputSelect one from the following types of current input.: 4~20mA (initial value): 0~20mASelect one from the following types of voltage input.: 0~10V (initial value): 0~5V : 1~5VInput filter setting screen Initial value: 0 secondSetting range: 0~99 seconds①A time constant of primary delay filter is set.②The influence of noise contained in control input signal is mitigated and control is stabilized.Screen for setting input scaling/degree of opening scaling Initial value:Select from the following shown on the screen: : Input scaling (initial value) : Scaling of degree of opening①When the setting of input scaling or scaling of the degree of opening is changed, lower and higher limit values of the scaling are initialized.②Input scaling: Higher and lower limit values of input are set respectively against 0% and 100% positions.③Position scaling: Higher and lower limit positions are set respectively against 0% and 100% inputs.Scaling lower limit setting screen Initial value: 0%Setting range: −10~109%(lower limit < higher limit)i s o P i s o P Input0InputScaling higher limit setting screen Initial value: 100%Setting range: −9~110%(lower limit < higher limit)Screen for setting lower limit value of position limiter Initial value: 0%Setting range: 0~99%(lower limit < higher limit)Screen for setting higher limit Motor speed adjustment “1G” setting screen Initial value: 100%Setting range: 10―100%When voltage / current input (automatic oper-ation) is selected , motor speed adjustment is carried out with the parameter “1G”.side value of position limiter Initial value: 100%Setting range: 1~100% (lower limit < higher limit)Position limiter is effective except during manual operation and position abnormality.Preset values of position through externaloperating input and preset values of position at the time of input error also become effective.Motor speed adjustment setting screen Initial value: 100%Setting range: 10~100%①The motor speed is adjustable when SSR output is selected.②When the motor speed is adjusted, control is carried out with a set cycle time (initial value: 500 msec.) as one cycle.¥ In the case of 10% selected on the motor speed adjustment screen:¥ Motor action time set at 50%Inputthe 1-0 automatic adjustment screen or 1-00 manual adjustment screen.ToOutput characteristics setting screen Initial value:Select from the following shown on the screen: : Direct characteristics (initial value) : Reverse characteristics①Direct characteristics (DA): Control is carried out in the state that the direction in which input increases and decreases is the same as the direction in which the value of position increases and decreases.②Reverse characteristics (RA): Control is carried out in the state that the direction in which input increases and decreases is opposite to the direction in which the value of position increases and decreases.Note: In case is selected for external input, setting is not possible and the screen is for monitoring only.Dead band setting screen Initial value: 2.0%Setting range: 0.2~10.0%①In case the control motor has higher inertia, hunting (opening and closing are repeated without stopping) may be caused. To prevent this, set a larger value for dead band.When control of high precision is needed, a smaller value should be set for dead band.You must be very careful since smaller dead band tends to result in hunting.②Hysteresis: One fourth of dead band.The minimum value of hysteresis is 0.2%.of positionHysteresis setting screen Initial value: PrPSetting range: PrP, 0.0―5.0%When set to “PrP”, hysteresis is fixed to 1/4 of dead band.If dead band is less than 0.8%, hysteresis is fixed to 0.2%.Keylock setting screen Initial value: 0Setting range: 0, 1, 2 and 3Select from the following shown on the screen: : Without keylock (initial value) : Keylock of screen groups 1 and 2 : All keylock except manual operation: All keylock (In case manual operation is set7-5.Explanation of Screen Group 2 (Special Screen Group)and SettingData in this screen group should be set only by one with thorough knowledge of the EM70 series and the system. Generally, the instrument is usable without changing the initial values in this screen group.In the screen group 2 (special screen group), setting and reading screen group).screen.The screen group 2 comprises 4 special screens, of which the sequence is shown in the following. Screen for setting square root extraction function Initial value:Select from the following shown on the screen: : With square root extraction : Without square root extraction Control is carried out by calculatingopening/closing degrees, using the square of input as a target position value.Motor speed adjustment “2G” setting screen Initial value: oFSetting range: oF, 10―100%When DI preset Value operation is selected, motor speed adjustment is carried out with the parameter “2G”.If set to “oF ”, motor speed adjustment is carried out with the parameter “1G”.next page。

17S705

17S705IntroductionThe 17S705 is a model of a computer processor developed by a leading technology company. This processor is specifically designed to deliver high performance and efficiency, making it suitable for a wide range of applications including gaming, multimedia, and data processing. In this document, we will explore the key features and specifications of the 17S705 processor, highlighting its advantages, and discussing its potential use cases.FeaturesThe 17S705 processor boasts several impressive features that set it apart from its competitors. Some of the prominent features include:1.High Clock Speed: The 17S705 is equipped with ahigh clock speed of 3.5 GHz, allowing for fast andresponsive computing. This makes it ideal for tasks thatrequire real-time processing, such as gaming andmultimedia editing.2.Multiple Cores: Built with multiple cores, the17S705 processor maximizes multitasking capabilities.Each core can perform independent tasks simultaneously, enhancing overall performance and efficiency.3.Advanced Architecture: The 17S705 utilizes anadvanced architecture, incorporating cutting-edgetechnologies to optimize performance. This includesfeatures such as branch prediction, speculative execution, and out-of-order execution, all of which contribute to faster and smoother operation.4.Enhanced Graphics: With integrated graphicsprocessing units (GPUs), the 17S705 processor deliversimpressive visual performance. It supports high-resolution displays and provides smooth graphics rendering, making it suitable for gaming and multimedia applications.5.Power Efficiency: The 17S705 processor isdesigned to be power-efficient, striking a balance between performance and energy consumption. This makes itsuitable for desktop computers, laptops, and other devices where power efficiency is a priority.SpecificationsLet’s dive deeper into the specifications of the 17S705 processor:1.Processor Type: 17S705 is a x86-64 processor,compatible with 64-bit operating systems.2.Number of Cores: The 17S705 processor has 8cores, allowing for efficient multitasking and parallelprocessing.3.Cache Size: It features a 12 MB L3 cache, whichhelps reduce memory access latency and improve overall system performance.4.Graphics: The integrated GPU supports DirectX 12and OpenGL 4.5, enabling smooth and high-quality graphics rendering.5.Socket Type: The 17S705 processor utilizes theAM4 socket, providing compatibility with a wide range of motherboards.6.Power Consumption: With a maximum thermaldesign power of 95 W, the 17S705 strikes a balancebetween performance and power efficiency.Use CasesThe 17S705 processor can be utilized in various scenarios. Some common use cases include:1.Gaming: With its high clock speed, advancedgraphics capabilities, and multiple cores, the 17S705processor can handle resource-intensive games with ease.It provides smooth gameplay, high frame rates, andrealistic graphics rendering.2.Multimedia Editing: The 17S705 processor’spowerful performance and integrated GPU make it ideal for multimedia editing tasks. It can effortlessly handle videorendering, image processing, and other multimedia-related tasks, reducing processing time.3.Data Processing: Thanks to its multiple cores andadvanced architecture, the 17S705 processor excels in data processing tasks. It can perform complex calculations,handle large datasets, and run multiple parallel tasksefficiently, making it suitable for data analysis and scientific computations.4.Software Development: Developers can benefitfrom the 17S705 processor’s fast proc essing speed andmultitasking capabilities. It can compile code quickly, run resource-intensive development environments, andsupport virtualization technologies.ConclusionThe 17S705 processor is a high-performance and power-efficient processor designed to cater to the demands of modern computing. Its impressive features, including high clock speed, multiple cores, advanced architecture, and enhanced graphics capabilities, make it suitable for a wide range of applications. Whether you are a gamer, multimedia professional, data analyst, or software developer, the 17S705 processor promises to deliver exceptional performance and efficiency, revolutionizing your computing experience.。

Dell戴尔 PowerEdge R720 服务器错误代码二

Dell/戴尔 PowerEdge R720 服务器错误代码二本空间免费为已购买客户提供终身售前以及售后技术支持140错误代码消息信息MEM0701消息Correctable memory error rate exceeded for <location>.（<location> 的可纠正内存错误比率超限。

）详细信息内存可能无法操作。

这是未来可能发生的不可纠正错误的早期迹象。

操作重新安装内存模块。

如果问题仍然存在，请参阅“获得帮助”。

MEM0702消息Correctable memory error rate exceeded for <location>.（<location> 的可纠正内存错误比率超限。

）LCD 消息Correctable memory error rate exceeded for <location>. Re-seat memory.（<location> 的可纠正内存错误比率超限。

重新安装内存。

）详细信息内存可能无法操作。

这是未来可能发生的不可纠正错误的早期迹象。

操作重新安装内存模块。

如果问题仍然存在，请参阅“获得帮助”。

MEM1205消息Memory mirror redundancy is lost. Check memory device at location(s) <location>.（内存镜像冗余已丢失。

检查位置 <location> 的内存设备。

）LCD 消息Memory mirror lost on <location>. Power cycle system.（<location> 的内存镜像丢失。

将系统关闭后再打开。

）详细信息内存可能安装不正确，配置错误，或者发生故障。

操作检查内存配置。

重新安装内存模块。

如果问题仍然存在，请参阅“获得帮助”。

oracle opatchauto returns with error code = 2

oracle opatchauto returns witherror code = 2The error code 2 in Oracle OPatchAuto typically indicates that there was a problem during the patching process. Here are some steps you can follow to troubleshoot and resolve the issue:Review Log Files:Check the OPatchAuto log files for more detailed error messages. The log files are usually located in the Oracle Home under the cfgtoollogs/opatchauto/ directory. Look for any specific error messages that can help identify the root cause.Check Prerequisites:Ensure that all prerequisites for the patch are met. Review the README file provided with the patch to verify that your environment meets all the requirements.Verify Patch Version:Make sure you are using the correct version of OPatchAuto for the specific Oracle software version you are patching. Sometimes using an outdated or incorrect version of OPatchAuto can lead to errors.Check Disk Space:Verify that there is enough free disk space on the file system where Oracle is installed. Running out of disk space during the patching process can cause errors.Review Oracle Support:Check Oracle Support for any known issues related to the specific patch you are trying to apply. Oracle regularly updates its knowledge base with information about common problems and their solutions.Run Prerequisite Checks:Use OPatchAuto to run prerequisite checks before applying the patch. This can help identify any missing components or configuration issues that need to be addressed.opatchauto apply /path/to/patch.zip -analyzeBackup Database:Before applying any patch, it's crucial to back up your Oracle database. In case the patching process fails, you can restore the database to its original state.Retry Patching:If the issue seems to be transient, consider reapplying the patch after addressing any identified problems. Sometimes, a simple retry can resolve temporary issues.If the problem persists, you may need to contact Oracle Support for further assistance. Provide them with the relevant log files, error messages, and details about your environment to help expedite the troubleshooting process.。

Results_070725 v2

mintpy的处理结果

2470 Wizard2 IVD自动伽马计数器说明书

35670a dynamic signal analyzer datasheet说明书

hisat2参数

GD错误代号列表

iCAP 分析错误代码汇总

SMC产品说明书：PPA100 PPA101 PPA102型号的Compact Manometer

GS91002

An RNA-Seq-based reference transcriptome for Citrus

Induction of genomic instability, oxidative processes by 50 Hz magnetic fields

快速炼厂气分析 - 赛默飞中国 首页

扫特龙和曼维尔产品数据表705、706、710和726个人攻击发射器说明书

teststand函数中的resstr的参数

alphafold2 predicted results -回复

monocle2结果解读 -回复

EM70系列指令手册勘误表说明书

17S705

Dell戴尔 PowerEdge R720 服务器错误代码二

oracle opatchauto returns with error code = 2

快速炼厂气分析 - 赛默飞中国首页