北京外国语大学2007基础英语汉英翻译原题(附张培基译文)

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北京外国语大学2007基础英语汉英翻译原题(附张培基译文)

北京外国语大学2007基础英语汉英翻译原题(附张培基译文).txt13母爱是迷惘时苦口婆心的规劝；母爱是远行时一声殷切的叮咛；母爱是孤苦无助时慈祥的微笑。

北京外国语大学2007 基础英语汉英翻译原题(附张培基译文）由小学到中学，所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

就是大学四年，所授课业也还是相当粗浅的学识。

世人常称大学为“最高学府”，这名称易滋生误解，好像过此以上即无学问可言。

大学的研究所才是初步研究学问的所在，在这里做学问也只能算是处涉藩篱，注重的是研究学问的方法与实习。

学无止境，一生的时间都嫌太短，所以古人皓首穷经，头发白了还是在继续研究，不过在这样的研究中确实有浓厚的趣味。

在初学的阶段，由小学至大学，我们与其倡言趣味，不如偏重纪律。

一个合理编列的课程表，犹如一个营养均衡的食谱，里面各个项目都是有益而必须的，不可偏废，不可再有选择。

所谓选修科目也只是在某一项目范围内略有捡选余地而以。

一个受过良好教育的人，犹如一个科班出身的戏剧演员，在坐科的时候他是要服从严格纪律的，唱功坐功都要认真学习，各种角色的戏都要完全谙通，学成之后才能各按其趣味而单独发展其所长。

学问要有根底，根底要打得平正结实，以后永远受用。

初学阶段的科目之中最重要的莫过于语文与数学。

语文是阅读达意的工具，国文不通便很难表达自己，外国文不通便很难吸取外来的新知。

数学是思想条理之最好的训练。

其他科目也各有各的好处，其重要性很难强分轩轾，例如体育，从另一个方面看也是重要的无以复加。

总之，我们在求学时代，应该暂且把趣味放在一边，耐着性子接受教育的纪律，把自己锻炼成为坚实的材料。

学问的趣味，留在将来慢慢享受一点也不迟。

Primary and secondary school will impart to you only some rudiments of knowledge. Even what you learn during the four years of university will be sth quite superficial too. A university has often been misleadingly referred to as “the highest seat of learning”, which sounds as if there were no more learning to speak of beyond it. The research institute of a university, however, is the place for preliminary scholarship. But even there you get only the first taste of learning and the emphasis is on research methodology and practice. Art is long, life is short. That is why some of our ancients continued to study even when they were hoary-headed. They were, of course, motivated by an enormous interest in their studies.During the preliminary stage of learning, from primary school to college, it is better to advocate discipline than interest. A properly arranged school curriculum, like a cookbook on nutritionally well-balanced food, must include all the useful and indispensable courses---courses which are equally important and obligatory. The so-called electives mean only some little option within the scope of a certain item.A well-educated person is like a professionally trained Peking opera singer. While undergoing the training, he must observe a most exact discipline. He must pay equal attention to singing, acting and learn to play different roles. It is not until he has finished the all-round training that he begins to develop his own specialty according to his personal disposition. Laying a solid foundation for learning will be of great lifelong benefit to you. Of all the school subjects during the preliminary stage of learning, languages and mathematics are the most important. Languages serve as a tool for reading and communication. Without a good knowledge of Chinese, youwill find it difficult to express yourself. Without a good knowledge of a foreign language, you will find it difficult to absorb new knowledge from abroad. Mathematics makes for logical thinking. Other objects also have their respective use. It is hard to say which is more important. Physical education, for example, is also extremely important from another point of view. In short, while in school, we should temporarily put aside our personal liking and patiently observe school discipline so that we may temper ourselves and become solid stuff. Don’t hurry---there will be a time for you to find relish in learning in the days to come.。

英汉翻译教程答案张培基

英汉翻译教程答案张培基【篇一：英汉翻译教程_张培基等】第一章：我国翻译史简介我国的翻译事业有约两千多年的光辉历史。

早在公元前六年西汉哀帝时代，伊存到中国口传一些佛教经句，但还谈不上佛教的翻译。

佛经的翻译是在东汉桓帝建和两年（公元148年）开始的，译者是安世高，他是安息人（即波斯），他译了《安般守意经》等三十多部佛经。

过些时候，娄迦谶来中国，因为他是月支人，所以又称支娄迦谶。

他也译了十多部佛经，但文笔生硬，不易看懂，所以从那时起，大概就有直译和意译这个问题了。

他有个学生叫支亮，支亮又有个弟子叫支谦，他们三人号称“三支”，都是当时翻译佛经很有名的人。

就在那时，月支派里出现了一个叫竺法护的大翻译家，他译了175部佛经，对于佛法的流传贡献很大。

但这些翻译活动还只是民间私人事业。

到了符秦时代，释道安设置了“译场”，成了有组织的活动，他本人不懂梵文，惟恐失真，主张严格的直译，在这期间他请来了天竺人（即印度）鸠摩罗什，他全改以前群家的直古风格，主张“意译”，他的译著为我国翻译文学奠定了基础。

到南北朝时，一个叫真谛的印度佛教学者应梁武帝之聘来到中国，他译了49部经论，对中国佛教思想有较大影响。

从隋代（公元590年）起到唐代，是我国翻译事业高度发达的时期，隋代有个释彦琮，梵文造诣很深。

在他以后出现了古代翻译界的巨星玄奘（与上述鸠摩罗什、真谛一起号称我国佛经三大翻译家），他成为第一个把汉文著作向国外介绍的中国人，他自创了“新译”。

值得一提的是，清末马建忠在他写的《拟设翻译书院议》中发挥了他所认为的“善译”的见解，可以说是试图说明翻译标准的一个开端。

他的善译标准包括了三大要求：第一、译者首先要对两种语言素有研究，熟知彼此的异同；第二、弄清原文的意义精神和语气，把它传达出来；第三、译文与原文毫无出入。

这些要求是很有道理的，因他本人后来没搞翻译，因此他对“善译”的见解，反被后人忽略了。

“五四”运动是我国近代翻译史的分水岭，“五四”以前最显著的表现是，以严复、林纾等为代表翻译了一系列西方资产阶级学术名著和文学作品。

北外汉译英笔译期末考试参考译文

北京外国语大学2011年第二学期汉译英笔译期末考试参考译文原文：跨越左右分歧：从实践历史来探寻改革…计划经济时代政府的极端全能管制型一面应该被抛弃，但其有效的公共服务一面则应适当继承，用来建立一种“第三条道路”。

扩大公共服务甚至可以看作改善国家体制的机遇。

[本段不在考试范围。

但为了保证前后连贯，故自行增译了两句。

]根据以上的讨论，中央政府的政策抉择显然非常关键。

鉴于过去三十年的实践经验，最关键的步骤也许是地方官员审核的制度。

如果能够把优质福利、社会公平和环境保护真正变成“硬”道理，采纳具有长远视野的审核制度来替代现在仍然主要以经济发展为标准的政绩机制，应该不仅能够推动市场发展，也能促进国家体制本身的转化。

毋庸说，目标是从旧管制型国家体制转化为真正为人民服务的体制。

从实践历史的角度来考虑，正因为当前的中国既来自人民共和国前三十年的社会主义历史背景，也来自改革三十年的新自由主义历史背景，今后的中国追寻的该是两者的结合和超越，而不是非此即彼的、不符合历史实际的二元对立的抉择。

崔之元极具挑战性地打出了“自由社会主义”的设想，其中一个关键建议是把大量仍然存在的国有资产纳入市场环境现实来考虑，既不限于纯粹反市场的计划经济视野，也不限于纯粹私有化的资本主义视野，强调的是利用这些来自计划经济的国有资产在市场经济中的增值来支付公共服务与社会保障，甚或收入的重新分配，由此来体现“社会主义市场经济”。

这是一个具有一定历史渊源和理论深度的“另类”设想。

它也和强世功论文的观点有一定的相通之处，因为我们可以把强文解读为提倡既纳入中国成文宪法的自由民主主义观点，也纳入中国不成文宪法（或“根本法”）的中国共产党的社会主义党章观点，由此来超越当前非此即彼的狭窄观点，由此来理解和探寻符合实践历史的宪法改革。

譬如，我们也许可以想像某种一党民主制，其中的人民代表大会不仅具有立法的权力，更具有财政预算和罢免领导者权力，甚或对国有资产的监督和管理权力。

张培基《英汉翻译教程》(修订本)配套题库(英汉常用的方法和技巧(中))【圣才出品】

第5章英汉常用的方法和技巧（中）5.1 分句、合句法一、试译下列各句，将斜体的单词或短语译成一个汉语句子1. At present, people have a tendency to choose the safety of the middle-ground reply.【译文】现在的人们都倾向于采取不偏不倚的态度来回答问题，因为它安全，不招风险。

2. George nodded, thankful that his wife was not the talkative kind.【译文】乔治点点头，他妻子不是那种絮絮叨叨的人，对此他心存感激。

3. The intent to make an immediate gift must be clear and unmistakable, and the transfer must take immediate and permanent effect.【译文】直接赠予的意图必须明白无误，转让行为必须立即产生效力，且该效力应具有永久性。

4. Several blocks from the park, running parallel to it, Clement Street bustles like a second Chinatown with dozens of ethnic restaurants.【译文】离公园几个街区便是与公园平行的克莱门特街。

那儿有十几家民族餐馆，热闹得如同第二个唐人街。

5. That region was the most identifiable trouble spot.【译文】那地区是个麻烦的地方，这是大家都容易看出来的。

6. The depth of some of those changes is , to me at least, pleasingly remarkable and extraordinary.【译文】其中一些变化有深度，至少在我看来是非常了不起的，不同凡响，令我由衷地高兴。

北京外国语大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试题及参考答案

北京外国语大学硕士研究生入学考试历年真题系列- 2007年英语学院基础英语试题及参考答案北京外国语大学2007年硕士研究生入学考试基础英语试题Please w rite all the ans w ers on the ans w er sheets.Tim e Limit：3 hoursThe total points for this exam are 150 pointsI. Reading Com prehension (50 points)A Multiple Choice (24 points)Please read the passages and choose A、B、C or D to best complete the statements about them.The Q uiet CrisisClose gam es for th e Am erican s w ere rare in p rev iou s Olym p ics, bu t n ow it ap p ears to be som eth in g th e Am erican s sh ou ld get u sed to.You cou ld fin d n o better m etap h or for th e w ay th e rest of th e w orld can n ow com p ete h ead-to-h ead m ore effectiv ely th an ev er w ith Am erica th an th e stru ggles of th e U.S. Olym p ic basketball team in2004. Th e Am erican team, m ad e u p of N BA stars, lim p ed h om e to a bron ze m ed al after losin g to Pu erto Rico, Lith u an ia, an d Ar gen tin a. Prev iou sly, th e Un ited States Olym p ic basketball team h ad lost on ly on e gam e in th e h istory of th e m od ern Olym p ics. Rem em ber w h en Am erica sen t on ly N CAA stars to th e Olym p ic basketball ev en ts? For a lon g tim e th ese team s totally d om in ated all corn ers. Th en th ey started gettin g ch allen ged. So w e sen t ou r p ros. An d th ey started gettin g ch allen ged. Becau se th e w orld keep s learn in g, th e d iffu sion of kn ow led ge h ap p en s faste r; coach es in oth er cou n tries n ow d ow n load Am erican coach in g m eth od s off th e In tern et an d w atch N BA gam es in th eir ow n liv in g room s on satellite TV. Man y of th em can ev en get ESPN an d w atch th e h igh ligh t reels. An d th an ks to th e trip le con v er gen ce, th ere is a lot of n ew raw talen t w alkin g on to th e N BA cou r ts from all ov er th e w orld—in clu d in g m an y n ew stars from Ch in a, Latin Am erica, an d Easter n Eu rop e. Th ey go back an d p lay for th eir n ation al team s in th e Olym p ics, u sin g th e skills th ey h on ed in Am erica. So th e au tom atic Am erican su p eriority of tw en ty years ago is n ow gon e in Olym p ic basketball. Th e N BA stan d ard is in creasin gly becom in g a global com m od ity—p u re van illa. If th e Un ited States w an ts to con tin u e to d om in ate in Olym p ic basketball, w e m u st, in th at great sp orts cliché, step it u p a n otch. Th e old stan d ard w on’t d o an ym ore. As Joel Caw ley of IBM rem arked to m e, “Star for star, th e basketball team s from p laces like Lith u an ia or Pu erto Rico still d on't ran k w ell v ersu s th e Am erican s, bu t w h en th ey p lay as a team—w h en th ey collaborate better th an w e d o, th ey are extrem ely com p etitiv e.”Th ere is som eth in g abou t p ost-w orld W arⅡAm erica th at rem in d s m e of th e classic w ealth y fam ily th at by th e th ird gen eration starts to squ an d er its w ealth. Th e m em bers of th e first gen eration are n ose-to-th e-grin d ston e in n ov ators, th e secon d gen eration h old s it all togeth er th en th eir kid s com e alon g an d get fat, d u m b, an d lazy an d slow ly squ an d er it all. I kn ow th at is both ov erly h arsh an d a gross gen eralization, bu t th ere is, n ev erth eless, som e tru th in it. Am erican society started to coast in th e 1990s, w h en ou r th ird p ostw ar gen eration cam e of age. Th e d ot-com boom left too m an y p eop le w ith th e im p ression th at th ey cou ld get rich w ith ou t in v estin g in h ard w ork. All it took w as an M BA an d a q u ick IPO, or on e N BA con tract, an d y ou w ere set for life. Bu t w h ile w e w ere ad m irin g th e flat w orld w e h ad created, a lot of p eop le in In d ia, Ch in a, an donly economy standing after W orld W ar Ⅱ, and we had no serious com petition for forty years. That gave us a huge head of steam but also a huge sense of entitlem ent and com placency—not to m ention a certain tendency in recent years to extol consum ption over hard work, investm ent, and long-term thinking. When we got hit with 9／11, it was a once-in-a-generation opportunity to summ on the nation to sacrifice, to address som e of its pressing fiscal, energy, science, and education shortfalls—all the things that we had let slide. But our presid ent did not summ on us to sacrifice. He sum m oned us to go shopping.The truth is, we are in a crisis now, but it is a crisis that is unfolding very slowly and very quietly. It is a quiet crisis and this quiet crisis involves the steady erosion of Am erica's scientific and engineering base, which has always been the source of Am erican innovation and our rising standard of living.“The sky is not falling, nothing horrible is going to happen today, ” said Jackson, a physicist by training who chooses her words carefully. “The U.S. is still the leading engine for innovation in the world. It has the best graduate program s, the best scientific infrastructure, and the capital m arkets to exploit it. But there is a quiet crisis in U.S. science and technology that we have to wake up to. The U.S. today is in a truly global environm ent, and those com petitor countries are not only wide awake, they are running a m arathon while we are running sprints. If left unchecked, this could challenge our preem inence and capacity to innovate. ”And it is our ability to constantly innovate new products, services, and com panies that has been the source of Am erica's horn of plenty and steadily widening middle class for the last two centuries. It was Am erican innovators who started Google, Intel, HP, Dell, Microsoft, and Cisco, and it m atters where innovation happens. The fact that all these com panies are headquartered in Am erica m eans that m ost of the high-paying jobs are here, even if these com panies outsource or offshore som e functions. The executives, the departm ent heads, the sales force, and the senior researchers are all located in the cities where the innovation happened. And their jobs create m ore jobs. The shrinking of the pool of young people with the knowledge skills to innovate won't shrink our standard of living overnight. It will be felt only in fifteen or twenty years, when we discover we have a critical shortage of scientists and engineers capable of doing innovation or even just high-value-added technology work. Then this won’t be a quiet crisis anym ore, said Jackson, "it will be the real McCoy."Today, Am ericans are feeling the gradual and subtle effects of globalization that challenge the econom ic and strategic leadership that the United States has enjoyed since W orld war Ⅱ.A substantial portion of our work-force finds itself in direct com petition for jobs with lower-wage workers around the globe, and leading-edge scientific and engineering work is being accom plished in m any parts of the world. Thanks to globalization, driven by m odern comm unications and other advances, workers in virtually every sector m ust now face com petitors who live just a m ouse-click away in Ireland, Finland, China, India, or dozens of other nations whose econom ies are growing. This has been aptly referred to as “the Death of Distance.”(1)Why NBA was m entioned in this passage?A. It serves as a m etaphor to illustrate how the globe is com peting head-to-head with U.S.B. It presents a fact that NBA is now perform ing very poorly.C. It sends a m essage that the U.S. overall strength is dropping.D. It warns the Am ericans of the grave situation that the status of its super power does not exist any longer.(2) “Star for star, the basketball team s from places like Lithuania or Puerto Rico still don't rank well versus the Am ericans, but when they play as a team—when they collaborate better than we do—they are extrem ely competitive. In this sentence, “Star for star...”m eans＿＿＿＿.A. when one team plays against anotherB. The place of the stars in a teamC. The tim e the star is on the courtD. When individual players of the team s are playing against each other(3) It is stated in paragraph 3 that people are adm iring the flat world. What does “flat” m ean?A. It m eans that the world is getting bigger and bigger and people are losing a lot of choices.B. It m eans that the world is getting sm aller and globalization is the dom inant trend.C. It m eans that the world is getting sm aller and easier to control.D. It m eans that the world stops being a round globe.(4) The author thinks that the third generation of Am ericans＿＿＿＿.A. are nose-to-the-grindstone innovatorsB. are holding the wealth all togetherC. are becom ing m ore diligent and hard w orkingD. are starting to squander their wealth(5) What can be inferred of the author’s feeling about the fact that m any big com panies are headquartered in Am erica?A. Negative.B. Indifferent.C. Positive.D. W orried.(6) What does the word aptly in paragraph 7 m ean?A. Suitably.B. Fortunately.C. Adaptively.D. Inappropriately.(7)The“ Death of Distance” refers to＿＿＿＿.A. the dying economy in the U.S. because of the com petitions from Ireland, Finland, China andIndiaB. the intensified com petition between the U.S. and other countries due to globalization andadvanced Comm unicationsC. the econom ies in Ireland and Finland that outperform those in China and IndiaD. the closeness of countries like Ireland and Finland, China and India(8)The title of this passage “The Quiet Crisis” suggests that＿＿＿＿.A. the crisis that the U S. faces is seen clearlyB. the U. S. is not yet in a crisisC. the crisis that the U. S. faces unfolds very quicklyD. the current crisis develops slowlyThe Nature of CivilizationsDuring the cold war the world was divided into the First, Second and Third W orld s. Those divisions are no longer relevant. It is far m ore m eaningful now to group countries not in term s of their political or econom ic system s or in term s of their level of econom ic development but rather in term s of their culture and civilization.What do we m ean when we talk of a civilization? A civilization is a cultural entity. Villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, religious groups, all have distinct cultures at different levels of cultural heterogeneity. The culture of a village in southern Italy m ay be different from that of a village in northern Italy, but both will share in a common Italian culture that distinguishes them from Germ an villages. European com m unities, in turn, will share cultural features that distinguish them from Arab or Chinese comm unities. Arabs, Chinese and W esterners, however, are not part of any broader cultural entity. They constitute civilizations. A civilization is thus the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of cultural identity people have short of that which distinguishes hum ans from other species. It is defined both by comm on objective elem ents, such as language, history, religion, custom s, institutions, and by the subjective self-identification of people. People have levels of identity: a resident of Rom e m ay define him self with varying degrees of intensity as a Rom an, an Italian, a Catholic, a Christian, a European, or a W esterner. The civilization to which he belongs is the broadest level of identification with which he intensely identifies. People can and do redefine their identities and. as a result, the com position and boundaries of civilizations change.Civilizations m ay involve a large num ber of people, as with China (“a civilization pretending to be a state, " as Lucian Pye put it), or a very sm all num ber of people, such as the Anglophone Caribbean. A civilization may include several nation states, as is the case with W estern, Latin Am erican and Arab civilizations, or only one, as is the case with Japanese civilization. Civilizations obviously blend and overlap, and m ay include subcivilizations. W estern civilization has two m ajor variants, European and North Am erican, and Islam has its Arab, Turkic and Malay subdivisions. Civilizations are nonetheless m eaningful entities, and while the lines between them are seldom sharp, they are real. Civilizations are dynam ic; they rise and fall; they divide and m erge. And, as any student of history knows, civilizations disappear and are buried in the sands of tim e.W esterners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs. They have been that, however, for only a few centuries. The broader reaches of hum an history have been the history of civilizations. In A Study of History, Arnold Toynbee identified 21 m ajor civilizations; only six of them exist in the contem porary world.(9) According to the passage, what is a m ore m eaningful way now to group countries as com pared with the Cold W ar period?A. In term s of political system s.B. In term s of the level of econom ic developm ent.C. In term s of the culture only.D. In term s of culture and civilization.(10)The author states that a civilization isA. a cultural entityB. a custom practiced in villages, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, or religious groupsC. not with any cultural heterogeneityD. not blending or overlapping with other civilizations(11) According to this passage, how m any subdivisions does the Islam Civilization have?A. None.B. One.C. Two.D. Three.(12) It can be inferred from the passage that the author of this passage＿＿＿＿the following statem ent：”W esterners tend to think of nation states as the principal actors in global affairs.”A. agrees withB. disagrees withC. detestsD. d oes not m ention if he agrees or not withB True or False (12 points)Below is a passage followed by six statements. Read the passage carefully and then decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F)The American CharacterThe Am erican is wonderfully alive; and his vitality, not having often found a suitable outlet, m akes him appear agitated on the surface; he is always letting off an unnecessarily loud blast of incidental steam. Yet his vitality is not superficial; it is inwardly prom pted, and as sensitive and quick as a m agnetic needle. He is inquisitive, and read y with an answer to any question that he m ay put to himself of his own accord; but if you try to pour instruction into him, on m atters that do not touch his own spontaneous life, he shows the m ost extraordinary powers of resistance and forgetfulness; so that he often is rem arkably expert in som e directions and surprisingly slow in others. He seem s to bear lightly the sorrowful burden of hum an knowledge. In a word, he is young.What sense is there in this feeling, which we all have that the Am erican is young? His country is blessed with as m any elderly people as any other, and his descent from Adam, or from the Darwinian rival of Adam, cannot be shorter than that of his European cousins. Nor are his ideas always very fresh. 0ld conventions and rigid bits of m orality and religion, with m uch seem ly and antique political understanding, rem ain clear-cut in him, as in the m ind of a child; he m ay carry all this about with an unquestioning fam iliarity which does not com port understanding. To keep traditional sentim ents in this way untouched and uncriticised is itself a sign of youth. A good young m an is naturally conservative and loyal on all those subjects which his experience has not brought to a test; advanced opinions on politics, m arriage, or literature are com paratively rare in Am erica; they are left for the ladies to discuss, and usually to condem n, while the m en get on with their work. In spite of what is old fashioned in his m ore general ideas, the Am erican is unm istakably young；and this I should say for two reasons：one that he is chiefly occupied withhis imm ediate environm ent, and the other, that his reactions upon it are inwardly prom pted, spontaneous, and full of vivacity and self-trust. His views are not yet lengthened; his will is not yet broken or transform ed. The present m om ent, however, in this, as in other things, m ay m ark a great change in him; he is perhaps now reaching his m ajority, and all I say m ay hardly apply today, and m ay not apply at all tom orrow. I speak of him as I have known him; and whatever m oral strength m ay occur to him later, I am not sorry to have known him in his youth. The charm of youth, even when it is a 1ittle boisterous, obvious obedience to that pure, sem inal principle which, having form ed the body and its organs, always directs their m ovem ent, unless it is forced by vice or necessity to m ake them crooked, or rem ains young, and, wherever it is able to break through, sprouts into som ething green and tender. W e are all as young at heart as the most youthful Am erican, but the seed in his case has fallen upon virgin soil, where it m ay spring up m ore bravely and with less respect for the giants of the wood. People seem older when their perennial natural youth is encum bered with m ore possessions and prepossessions, and they are m indful of the m any things they have lost or m issed. The Am erican is not m indful to them.(13) Am ericans’ vitality is fairly superficial because deep down in their heart, they are very young.(14) Am ericans tend to be resistant to the things they are told to do and to the things they do notfeel very strongly about.(15) Am ericans are young because in their country, there are not as m any elderly people as thosein any other European countries.(16) A good young m an here is generally quite avant-garde, refuting all conventions and traditions.(17) W e are all as young at heart as the m ost youthful Am ericans but our seed is growing uponvirgin soil.(18) In general, the Am erican character is am biguous and mysterious.C Gap Filling (14 points)Please choose the best sentence from the list after the passage to fill each of the gaps in the text.Selling out to the StudentsUniversity faculties involve them selves unwittingly in the destruction of the university when they bow to all the pressures of their students and loosen up on requirem ents. (19)＿＿＿＿.The students will organize a vote and abolish the language requirem ent and abolish the science requirem ent, and then they'll decide they ought to get two units or five units for learning the sitar. As a faculty m em ber my feeling about all this nonsense is that it's not worth fighting for the innovations the students want because they’re utterly trivial.(20)＿＿＿＿.what he wants is to avoid som e obvious difficulty, like reading som ething he doesn't like to read, or having a sadistic exam, or having to sit still for three hours a week listening to som e bore talk about something the student feels he ought not to be required to 1isten to in the first place. It's stupid to expect genuine ed ucational insights to com e from kids who are the products of this system. (21)＿＿＿＿.But the faculties will do it. They'll do it because they feel guilty about their approach to teaching. They'll do it in ways that won't interfere with what their departm ents are doing. (22)＿＿＿＿.A good teacher is som ebody who is not interested in his own ideas, he is interested in som ebody else's m ind but the young faculty m em ber in a university typically is bursting with hisown ideas, and his notion of teaching is to tell those ideas to other people. This has nothing to do with teaching. (23)＿＿＿＿.Say that a faculty m eeting is scheduled to discuss som e utterly m eaningless provisions of the curriculum. The students com e in with a charm ing protest against it and a rather neat solution：(24)＿＿＿＿.This presupposes the continued existence of courses. With student-initiated courses being ad ded all the tim e, it only strengthens the course system. But the real aim should be to get rid of the course system altogether. A teacher gives it another decade of life by saying to a student, “O. K, you object to the course system? What do you want a course in?” And he says, “African bead, ” or what not. "Sold! Go to it." And so the student goes to it and earns three units. (25)＿＿＿＿.The fact is, however, that he winds up with contem pt for a faculty that permits this sort of thing to go on. The depressing thing is to see, under the guise of revolution, sim ply the old middle class individualistic free market being pushed to its ultim ate absurdity in the name of student consum er dem and. To confuse this with revolution in education is tragic.In the m eantim e he has stopped objecting to courses for a while.They want anything but things taught at universities.To turn academ ic decisions over to them is ludicrous.The kids will get what they think they want, which isn’t really what they want.Confronted with student power the faculty m em ber gives in, and it doesn't bother him because he gets to be a hero by voting yes for freedom."The courses ought to be divided into three groups: a third in the m ajor, a third not in the m ajor, and the other third the student can d o anything he wants with."Teaching is the art of developing or cultivating another m ind, and helping it to increase its powers.The ed ucational im agination of a product for a student of a university is not very significant. II. Please read the following passage and translate the underlined parts into Chinese. (50 points, 5 points each)A Journey by Train：Making Tracks in EuropeW e’re taking a train across Europe, from the coast of France all the way to Athens, a trip that has our friends expressing their concern. (26)The general feeling seem s to be that France and Italy are free—but the ferry from Italy and the train ride across Greece? They call it “travelin g rough.”The first leg is easy, from the French port of Calais to Paris. And very com fortable too. (27) One of the benefits of a Eurail pass is that you get to travel first class (unless you’re using a youth pass), and for the first tim e in our lives we ride a train in a “com partm ent” just as in the m ovies. These com partm ents seat six but today we’re the only occupants so we spread ourselves and our luggage around.(28)Our reward: three days in Paris. W e thrill to all the things you're supposed to thrill to—the Eiffel Tower, the Louvre, the Arc de Triom phe. But the really m em orable m om ent in this city is one of those spontaneous hum an events you can never plan for. The trick of traveling, I guess, is to be ready to savor whatever happens.I’m standing on the corner by one of the fam ous bridges across the River Seine the PontNeuf. (29)There's nothing special about it. In a city battered by the roar of endless cars, it s just another crossroads where two large stream s of traffic m eet. All roar, m ore roar and uproar. (Cars are the great bane of Europe. The inner city streets of m ost of the old cities were never designed for this sort of traffic—and it shows.)(30)I pause am ong the surging pedestrians to ease my weary feet. That’s when I hear it. Rising trium phantly above the howl of the traffic, catchy m usic jingles in the air. I look around m e. It's com ing from...an organ grinder(街头手风琴师).(31)Everyone is hurrying and straining to be som ewhere else. But my wiry little organ grinder pours his heart into bringing this corner alive with his m usic. Old favourite songs dance gaily above our heads—“Can Can”, “Lara's Theme”, “Funiculi-Funicula”—these popular songs from past decades have a European father than an Am erican flavour.(32) Am azingly, a furry cat is fast asleep on top of the m usic m achine ignoring everything around it as if this was som e peaceful garden rather than a precarious perch that shakes with every turn of its owner's arm. And in a basket by the organ's pram wheels, a dog dreams peacefully while comm uters pour out from an underground station.My organ grinder has discovered the miracle of perpetual m otion. Round and round goes his arm, his body rocking to the effort. (33)Casually he transfers the handle from one hand to the other, catching it as it twirls, the m usic leaping around him as if it would whisk him and his m achine over the rooftops and away past Notre Dam e Cathedral (巴黎圣母院) or along the Cham ps Elysees (香榭丽舍大道).Mind you, he’s not the only one presiding over this noisy com er. Two police officers are here as well, charged with m aintaining order. One is m ale, youthful and confident. (34) The other i s... well, a police girl. Her gun is alm ost as big as she is. Her weapon belt sags on her hips. Maybe in a couple of years she’ll develop into a police-wom an, but it’ll take at least that long to grow into her official-issue trousers.But, petite as she is, this Parisienne carries with her all the authority of the French gendarm erie. The traffic at the corner is clogging up-as it does repeatedly during my half-hour here. Boldly she blows her whistle and strides out into the surge of traffic. (35)Angry cars growl to a halt and sullenly crouch at her feet, snarling their annoyance, fretting to be away. But, cowed by her tiny arm they bite back their frustration and wait till this uniform ed child waves them on.III. Translate the following passage into English. (50 points)学问与趣味由小学到中学, 所修习的无非是一些普通的基本知识。

英语专业基础英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编10.doc

英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编10(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.将下列短文译成英语。

(北京外国语大学2009研，考试科目：英汉互译) 2008年11月9日，中国政府出台了进一步扩大内需、促进经济增长的十项措施，预计在未来两年时间内投资4万亿人民币。

中国政府在例行的中央经济工作会议召开之前突然宣布该方案，既显示了中国政府抗击金融危机、防范经济增长下滑的信心，也反映了中国政府对国内经济增长前景的预期明显恶化。

该方案刚一出台便引发世界范围内高度关注，并直接推动全球股市上涨。

然而，由于中国政府并未在第一时间详细披露该方案实施细则，近日来围绕该方案的猜测与争议绵延不绝。

（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________2.将下列短文译为英语。

(北京外国语大学2008研，考试科目：英汉互译) 无论如何，创造财富的物质资源，不论其初始分配如何，最终是要通过各种各样的渠道，流入到具有企业家精神的人手里，这是自由市场的一个基本趋势。

这些人获得对他人的财富的支配权、使用权，以之为自己创造财富，并积累财富。

这正是自由市场具有效率的根源。

它可以动态地、自发地把资源从资源利用效率较低的人手里转移到资源利用效率较高的人手里。

中国人讲“富不过三代”，其中有一些无奈，但也揭示了自由市场的精髓所在：财富本身并不能充当财富的保障。

因为，财富本来就不是财富创造出来的。

所以，由于企业家精神积累了财富的人的后代，未必总是能够最有效地利用他们手里所掌握的资源。

如果是在身份制社会，这就将损害全社会的资源利用效率。

而自由市场向这些家庭提供了足够的制度安排，使之自然地将其掌握的资源交给富有企业家精神的人控制。

假如他们不愿意这样做，那市场就会无情地淘汰他们，以破产倒闭的方式使其交出对资源的控制权。

市场总是顽固地要把资源转移到能力最高的企业家手里。

权力控制经济的社会、身份制社会、国有企业制度，都无法做到这一点，因而其经济整体效率必然要比市场配置资源的社会低很多。

MTI北外百科真题

MTI北外百科真题篇一：2016年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI试题真题及答案才思教育网址：2016年北京外国语大学翻译硕士MTI试题真题及答案各位考研的同学们，大家好！我是才思的一名学员，现在已经顺利的考上研究生，今天和大家分享一下这个专业的真题，方便大家准备考研，希望给大家一定的帮助。

百科写作标准答案一、名词解释鲧（gǔｎ）鲧，姓姬，字熙。

黄帝的后代，昌意之孙，姬颛顼之子，姒文命（大禹）之父。

三吏唐朝诗人杜甫的三首诗：《石壕吏》、《新安吏》、《潼关吏》。

佛教四大名山即山西五台山、浙江普陀山、四川峨眉山、安徽九华山，分别供奉文殊菩萨、观音菩萨、普贤菩萨、地藏菩萨。

有“金五台、银普陀、铜峨眉、铁九华”之称。

四大名山随着佛教的传入，自汉代开始建寺庙，修道场，延续至清末。

明清之际三大思想家即李贽、黄宗羲、顾炎武。

李贽主张是非标准依照时代变化而变化，反对以孔子的是非为标准；认为穿衣吃饭就是“人伦物理”，人不能脱离基本的物质生活去空谈仁义道德。

黄宗羲提出了“天下为主，君为客”的民主思想，这就是他对儒家思想的批判。

顾炎武倡导经世致用。

五代五代十国，一般又简称“五代”。

唐朝灭亡之后，在中原地区相继出现了后梁、后唐、后晋、后汉和后周五个朝代以及割据于西蜀、江南、岭南和河东等地的十几个政权，合称五代十国。

“五代”更偏向于这五个位于中原的王朝，正统史学家们一般称五代为中央王朝。

五代并不是一个指朝代，而是指介于唐宋之间的一个特殊的历史时期。

颜柳颜是颜真卿，柳是柳公权；二人与欧阳询均为唐代楷书大家，常与元代赵孟頫并称：颜柳赵欧。

本草纲目该书由明朝伟大的医药学家李时珍（1518—1593）为修改古代医书中的错误、对本草学进行的全面整理，前后历时29年。

书中载有药物1892种，包括新药374种，收集药方11096个，还绘制了1160幅精美的插图。

全书共190余万字，分52卷，16部、60类。

古代四大发明四大发明是指中国古代对世界具有重大影响的四种发明，即造纸术、指南针、火药、活字印刷术。

英汉翻译教程(张培基)

30. Occasionally there would be days when both of them were free and would together spend a day in their cottage on the edge of the moors.
31. After dinner, the four key negotiators resumed their talks, which continued well into the night.
32. She had talked to the Head of the Department about her worries, who assured her that nothing could possibly go wrong.
33. He took the idea to the manager, who liked it and ordered an investigation to see if it could be applied to their auto production.
12. It is the university, with its 15,000 students, dozens of colleges, and its large numbers of museums, churches, libraries, gardens, and offices, that dominates the look and temperament of the city of Oxford.
16. Thus he grew in body and soul.
17. My grandfather used to tell me that one got more enjoyment out of one hour's fruitful work than out of ten hours' meaningless recreation.

英语专业基础英语(翻译)历年真题试卷汇编29

英语专业基础英语（翻译）历年真题试卷汇编29(总分：40.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、1 翻译(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.Translation from English into Chinese．(北京航空航天大学2010研，考试科目：基础英语)London responded to terrorist attack on July 7th in true Blitz style: rescuers were heroic, and ordinary citizens showed compassion and fortitude. Or so the politically correct version goes. A report this week from the London Assembly takes a sterner line. In fact, radios failed to work, medical supplies were lacking, some ambulances arrived inexplicably late and traumatized people were left to wander off.This is the third official report into the bombs on tube and bus that killed 56 people last year and injured hundreds more. In May the Home Office offered a "narrative" of events but cast blame only on the terrorists. A parliamentary investigation concluded that the intelligence services, stretched thin, had done their best. The London Assembly"s take on the matter will not satisfy those who want an independent public inquiry. But it has, at least, got beneath the gloss.The response to the July 7th bombings was chaotic, and in ways that ought to have been preventable. The emergency services had no coherent plan in place to care for those who survived, the report suggests. But most crippling were the communication failures.Police, ambulance workers and firefighters were unable to talk to each other underground: only the radios of the transport police worked in the tunnels. The emergency services had to reply on runners to pass information to and from disaster areas. Yet a report on a big fire at King"s Cross tube station had drawn attention to precisely this problem in munications above ground were not much better. Rescue workers competed with bewildered bystanders for access to overloaded mobile-phone networks. The City of London Police, for its part, asked one wireless operator to favor certain rescue workers by limiting service for ordinary users. Earlier, a body headed by the Metropolitan Police had decided this was unnecessary.Richard Barnes, who chaired the assembly"s July 7th review committee, says the report is not meant to disparage the work of the rescuers but rather to fix the problems they encountered. Almost a year later, the situation has barely improved: a new digital radio network for London"s underground, for example, is running behind schedule. The assembly plans new hearings in November to hold various feet to the fire. （分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：伦敦方面应对七月七日恐怖袭击时的情景跟当年应对德国闪电战般空袭时如出一辙：救援人员英勇无比，普通百姓则富有同情心而且不屈不挠。

张培基《英汉翻译教程》学习辅导书(短文翻译及详解)【圣才出品】

附录短文翻译及详解说明：本章全面收录《英汉翻译教程》（张培基主编，修订本）中的短文翻译练习，每篇短文后面不仅有参考译文，而且还列举出相应的翻译要点及解析，对于以该书为教材的考生来说，具有极高的参考价值和较强的指导性，同时可以帮助考生巩固该书所学内容。

1When Chou En-lai’s door opened they saw a slender man of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautiful①. Yet it was a manly face, serious and intelligent, and Chu judged him to be in his middle twenties②.Chou was a quiet and thoughtful man, even a little shy as he welcomed his visitors, urged them to be seated and to tell how he could help them.Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was, what he had done in the past, how he had fled from Yunnan, talked with Sun Yat-sen, been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai, and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China. He wanted to join the Chinese Communist Party group in Berlin, he would study and work hard, he would do anything he was asked to do but return to his old life, which had turned to ashes beneath his feet③.As he talked Chou En-lai stood facing him, his head a little to one side as was his habit, listening intently until the story was told, and then questioning him.When both visitors had told their stories, Chou smiled a little, said he would help them find rooms, and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received. When the reply came a few months later they were enrolled as full members④, but Chu’s membership was kept a secret from outsiders.General Chu explained this procedure as necessary because, as a general in the Yunnan Army, he had been one of the earliest Kuomintang members and he might be sent back to Yunnan by the Communist Party at some future date⑤. Though not publicly known as a Communist, General Chu said that he broke all connections with his past, and with the old society in every way, “so that a heavy burden seemed to fall from my shoulders.” There were hundreds of Chinese students in Germany at the time, most of them rich men’s sons with whom he might have associated⑥in the past. Such men he now avoided and he spent his time studying hungrily, avidly⑦, with young men many of whom were almost young enough to be his sons.(From The Great Road, by Agnes Smedley) 【参考译文】周恩来的房门打开时，他们看到的是一个身材瘦长、比普通人略高一点的人，两眼闪着光辉，面貌很引人注意，称得上清秀①。

考研英语2007年翻译真题

(46)Traditionally,legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers,rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.【句子详解】主干：legal learning has been viewed as the special preserve of lawyers其他：traditionally 副词做时间状语；in such institutions 介词短语作地点状语，rather than...并列连词，与前面the special preserve of lawyers 并列【参考翻译1】传统上来说，法律知识一直被加拿大这样的大学视为律师独有的学习内容，而并非是受教育者知识储备的必要组成部分。

——顺译为被动【参考翻译2】传统上来说，加拿大这样的大学一直将法律知识视为律师独有的学习内容，而并非是受教育者知识储【重点词汇】①learning n.知识；学问②institution n.学校；机构；制度③preserve v.专属内容④intellectual a.知识的【语法难度】难度指数：☆考查的语法点较简单，主干可简单处理为：主谓宾。

be viewed as 可看作是符合谓语。

【翻译要点】1.institution 、preserve 一词多义2.被动可转移为主动（体现翻译技巧）(47)On the other,it links these concepts to everyday realities in a manner which is parallel to the links journalists forge on a daily basis as they cover and comment on the news.【句子详解】主干：it links these concepts to everyday realities其他：on the other是连接词；in a manner...是介词短语作方式状语；which...on the news是限制性定语从句。

英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】

《英汉翻译教程》第一章总论翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。

（张培基等1983）我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有“象胥”（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。

”这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。

用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。

（罗新璋1984）一、关于翻译何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。

根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。

根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，“翻译”这个中性术语是指将一种语言（“原语”）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（“目的语”）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。

美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。

（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学（science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术（art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft），因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。

在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：“将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。

”（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社1980）凡此种种，不一而足。

但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。

翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里1979）。

季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。

前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。

2007-2008学年第2学期汉英翻译课程A卷

2007-2008学年第2学期汉英翻译课程A卷PartⅠIntroductory T ext T ranslation (25 points)1.梅贻琦，教育家、天津人。

1909年考取清华第一批“直接留美生”，入吴斯特工业学院（Worcester Polytechnic Institute）学习电机工程。

1915年9月应聘来清华大学任物理学教授，1926年出任教务长。

1931年出任校长直至1948年底。

他仅用几年时间就使当时的清华大学（T singhua University）在许多方面跻身于世界名大学之林。

作为教育家，梅贻琦有一套完整的教育思想体系，其治校方略可归结为三个组成部分：通才教育（或“自由教育”）、教授治校（或“民主管理”）和学术自由（或“自由探讨之风气”）。

Part II Government Document T ranslation (25 points)2.从19世纪中叶到20世纪中叶的100年间，中国人民的一切奋斗，都是为了实现祖国的独立和民族的解放，彻底结束民族屈辱的历史。

这个历史伟业，我们已经完成了。

从20世纪中叶到21世纪中叶的100年间，中国人民的一切奋斗，则是为了实现祖国的富强、人民的富裕和民族的伟大复兴。

这个历史伟业，我们党领导全国人民已经奋斗了50年，取得了巨大的进展，再经过50年的奋斗，也必将胜利完成。

Part ⅢBusiness Document T ranslation (25 points)3.东方公司是6年前我一人白手起家，靠4万元银行贷款一手创立起来的。

经过几年的风雨磨难，它生存了下来，并得到了发展。

虽然它现在规模还不大，只是中国软件汉化领域中的一个小公司，但已成为该行业的代表。

我因此获得了荣誉，当选为中国软件行业协会理事和中国全国术语标准化技术委员会专家委员。

东方公司也于1999年被中国软件行业协会《软件工程师》杂志评为“软件新秀”。

东方公司之所以能有今天，就是因为它恪守真诚、信誉、公平、规范的准则，加之独到的远见。

2007-2008第二学期汉英翻译课程参考答案（B）

2007-2008第二学期汉英翻译课程参考答案（B）1．词语的理解与搭配（共8分）（1）她特别喜欢唱卡拉OK。

（1分）________________________________________________________________ ___（2）以上事实说明中国出口商品越来越受国外顾客的青睐。

（1分）________________________________________________________________ ___ （3）他责怪我的奢侈。

（1分）________________________________________________________________ ___ （4）连长正在审问战俘。

（1分）________________________________________________________________ ___（5）昨天我打热线询问了一个关于如何购买、安装、使用数字传呼机的问题。

（2分）________________________________________________________________ ___ （6）这位作家指责评论者没有公正地对待他的处女作。

（2分）________________________________________________________________ ___2．减词法，注意词语搭配得当(共4分)（1）它带来了社会主义科学文化的极大繁荣、极大昌盛。

（1分）___________________________________________________________________ （2）据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。

（1分）________________________________________________________________ ___ （3）勇之过度则为蛮，爱之过度则为宠，俭之过度则为贪。

北外英语翻译资格中级笔译试题

教育部全国翻译证书考试2001年试题（中级笔译）2001年北外英语翻译资格中级笔译试题passage 1artificial speechbecause speech is the most convenient form of communication, in the future we want essentially natural conversations with computers. the primary point of contact will be a simple device that will act as our window on the world. you will simply talk to it. the device will be permanently connected to the internet and will beep relevant information up to you as it comes in.just how quickly people will adapt to a voice-based internet world is uncertain. many believe that, initially at least, we will need similar conventions for the voice to those we use at present on screen: click, back, forward, and so on. but soon you will undoubtedly be able to interact by voice with all those it-based services you currently connect with over the internet by means of a keyboard. this will help the internet serve the entire population, not just techno-freaks.changes like this will encompass the whole world. because english is the language of science, it will probably remain the language in which the technology is most advanced, but most speech-recognition techniques are transferable to other languages provided there is sufficient motivation to undertake the work.within ten years we will have computers that respond to goal-directed conversations, but for a computer to have a conversation that takes into account human social behaviour is probably 50 years off. we’re not going to be chatting to the big screen in the living room just yet.there are those in the it community who believe that current techniques will eventually hit a brick wall. personally, i believe that incremental developments in performance are more likely. but it’s true that by about 2040 or so, computer architectures will need to beco me highly parallel if performance is to keep increasing. perhaps that will inspire some radically new approaches to speech understanding that will supplant the methods we’re developing now. small vendors engage in simple spot-market transactions, with buyers and sellers dealing face to face to trade fairly standard products whose quality is easy to verify. lange multinational firms exchange more differentiated products, face greater difficulties in verifying quality, and must span greater separations in time and space between one part of the transaction and the other. most economies have both types of markets. but the first is relatively more common in developing countries, the second in industrial economies.developed markets- more global, more inclusive, and more integrated-offer more opportunity and choice. underdeveloped markets, more likely in poor countries, tend to be more local and segmented. so, compared with farmers in canada, poor farmers in bangladesh have fewer opportunities and far fewer formal institutions (such as banks and formal courts ) to reduce their risks and increase their opportunities.what limits market opportunities? the transaction costs stemming from inadequate information and incomplete definition and enforcement of property rights. and barriers to entry for new participants. what increases them? institutions that raise the returns from market exchange, reduce risk, and increase efficiency.yet not all institutions promote inclusive markets. institutional designs that evolve through historical circumstances or are directed by policy makers are not necessarily the best for all of society or for economic growth and poverty reduction. for instance, state agricultural marketing boards, instead of helping farmers, have often resulted in lower incomes for them in africa. and institutions that once supported market transactions can outlive their usefulness, for example, privatization agencies and bank restructuring agencies. the challenge for policymakers is to shape institutional development in ways that enhance economic developmentPart 2 Translation from Chinese into English 2 hoursPassage 1保姆校长常常听到一些大学校长说：“我把学生当自己的儿女看待。

英汉翻译教程张培基【完整版】1

《英汉翻译教程》第一章　总论翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确的介绍给中国读者，使中国读者得到的概念等于英俄日德法等国的读奈达认为更准确地反映出好的翻译的实际过程是：（１）分析：从语法和语义两方面对原文的信息进行词层不对等的情况词层不对等采取的策略对等译法的实例第二章　词语翻译相关链接 family的------------------------2009年11月30日阅读三、修辞引申 “言之无文，行之不远。

”为使译文增色，除了真实地再现原作中包含的内容外We should simplify procedures and take prompt action to import urgently needed technology （ Georges 是他的大臣Cardinal Georges ）。

本例背景是美国前国务卿黑格辞职，而由 George Schu Despite their differences , their love will conquer. 尽管他们之间存在着分歧，他们的恋爱1．运用语境这种手段主要用于语篇上找不到明显的衔接标记，但从意义上来讲是连贯统一的。

接表达出来的语言活动。

（张培基等 1983）我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有“象胥于英俄日德法等国的读者从原文得来的概念。

（瞿秋白：1931） “动态对等”（Dynamic Equivalence）是奈方面对原文的信息进行分析；（２）传译：译者在脑子里把经过分析的信息从原语转译成译语；（３）重新组织：把相关链接 family的译法：原文：Do you have a family? 译文1：你有家庭吗？译文2：你成家了吗？辨析：现原作中包含的内容外，还得讲究修辞。

这样，在翻译时，往往因修辞需要而增添一些引申意义。