研究方法入门教程handout

Izumi, S., & Bigelow, M. 2000. Does output promote noticing and second language acquisition? TEOSOL Quarterly, 34, 239-78AbstractTask 1Examine the formulas in the table below. For each formula, think about what factor(s) influences the other factor(s) and then complete the sentences in the right column.Task 2Now think of different values the following variables can take, and then compare your notes with your neighbor’s.Task 3Draw a picture to illustrate the relationship between independent and dependent variables.Task 4Identify the independent and dependent variables involved in the following research questions. 1. What are the effects of exercise on levels of body fat? Independent variable: _________________ Dependent variable: __________________2. Does increased consumption of dietary fiber result inadecreased incidence of colon cancer among elderly males?Independent variable: _________________ Dependent variable: __________________3. Do younger drivers initiate more cases of car accidents than senior drivers?Independent variable: _________________Dependent variable: __________________4. Will English learners who are taught by a teacher of the same gender like the subject more than learners taught by a teacher of a different gender?Independent variable: _________________Dependent variable: __________________Task 5Read the following abstract of a research article. Identify the different levels of multiple variable involved in the study and complete the graph.邵继荣. 任务类型和任务条件对EFL写作的影响. 国外外语教学，2003（2）：28-34【摘要】本文调查了不同的任务类型（个人资料写作、图画描述写作和观点陈述写作）和任务条件（有时间限制和无时间限制）对非英语专业大学生写作的影响。

实验结果表明，任务类型、任务条件与完成任务时语言运用的准确度、复杂度和流利度有着复杂的关系。

文章分析了不同任务的特性和认知要求，在此基础上解释了实验结果，并讨论了这类研究对促进外语写作教学的现实意义。

1.1 ____________1. _______________ 1.2 ____________EFL writing task 1.3 _____________(______variables) 2. _______________ 2.1 ___________2.2 ____________1. _______________EFL writing outcome 2. _______________(________ variable) 3. _______________Task 61) Look at the following pairs of variables, think about the possible relationship between each pair, and then write down a statement indicating the relationship.2) Compare your statement with your neighbor’s to see if you two have made the same or different statement, and share with each other reasons for making each statement.1. smoking, likelihood of getting lung cancerStatement: ___________________________________________________________2. economy, divorce rateStatement: ___________________________________________________________3. gender, communication styleStatement: ___________________________________________________________4. age, language learning abilityStatement: ___________________________________________________________Task 81)Look at your statement made in Task 6. What type of hypothesis is each of your statement? Write downyour judgment in the table below.2)Compare your table with your neighbor’s to see if you two have produced the same or different types ofTask 9A research question is often restated as a hypothesis. Restate the following research questions into null (H0), directional (H1), and non-directional (H2) hypotheses, and then compare notes with your neighbors.1. Does increased consumption of dietary fiber result in a decreased incidence of colon cancer among elderly males?H0:H1:H2:2. What are the effects of exercise on levels of body fat?H0:H1:H2:3. Do younger drivers initiate more cases of car accidents than senior drivers?H0:H1:H2:4. Will English learners who are taught by a teacher of the same gender like the subject more than learners taught by a teacher of a different gender?H0:H1:H2:The following are the research questions and corresponding hypotheses taken from a research paper in applied linguistics. Read them and identify the type of hypothesis for each statement.Izumi, S., & Bigelow, M. 2000. Does output promote noticing and second language acquisition? TEOSOL Quarterly, 34, 239-78Research questions:1. Do output activities promote the noticing of linguistic form in subsequent input?2. Do these output-input activities result in improved production of the target form?Hypotheses:1. The experimental group, which was required to produce output, would show greater noticing of the target grammatical form contained in the input than would the comparison group, which did not produce output but instead answered comprehension questions.(This is a ___________________________________________________________ hypothesis.)2. After being exposed to input containing the target form, the experimental group would indicate immediate uptake of the target form in their output during the treatment tasks.(This is a ___________________________________________________________ hypothesis.)3. On the post-tests, the experimental group would show greater gains in accuracy of their use of the target form than would the comparison group.(This is a ___________________________________________________________ hypothesis.)Many studies only give research questions and do not make hypothesis, because sometimes it is difficult for researchers to make predicative answers to research questions, especially when they have little information about the research topic. Below is an example: the paper only raises research questions with no hypothesis formulated.Qi, D., & Lapkin, S. 2001. Exploring the role of noticing in a three-stage second language writing task. Journal of Second Language Writing, 10, 277-303Task 11Read the following accounts of the three research studies. The researchers all collected information form a certain group of people. Discuss with your neighbors whether these researchers used similar or different ways to choose people for study.Study 1A researcher was interested in studying the effects of diet on the attention span of third-grade students in a large city. There were altogether 1,500 third-graders attending the elementary schools in the city. The researcher selected 150 pupils out of the 1,500 third-graders to study, 30 each from five different schools. Study 2An administrator in a large urban high school was interested in determining the opinions of his faculty about a new counseling program that had recently been instituted in the district. He mailed a questionnaire to each faculty member asking his or her opinion of the program.Study 3The principal of an elementary school district wanted to investigate the effectiveness of a new US history textbook being used by some of the teachers in her district. Out of a total of 22 teachers who were using the textbook, she selected 6, comparing the achievement of students in the classes of these 6 teachers with those of another 6 teachers who were not using the textbook.Similarity:Difference:Task 12The following is a list of populations. Think of a sample for each population, and then compare your notes with your neighbor’s.1. Population: All the computer programmers in ChinaSample:2. Population: School children from single-parent families in rural ChinaSample:3. Population: Students who have computers at Nankai UniversitySample:4. Population: English learners in secondary schools in TaiwanTask 13Draw a diagram to illustrate the relationship between population and sample.Task 14The following is the Subject section of a published research paper. Discuss with your neighbors how the sample was selected and whether it represented the population.。