小案例 Petrobrás of Brazil and the Cost of Capital
复制该文章英文题目
复制该文章英文题目Digital Transformation in Healthcare: Unleashing the Power of Technology to Revolutionize Patient CareIntroductionThe healthcare industry is undergoing a profound transformation, driven by the rapid adoption of digital technologies. From the proliferation of wearable devices and remote monitoring systems to the integration ofartificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR), technology is transforming the way healthcare is delivered, experienced, and evaluated. This digital revolution holds immense promise for improving patient outcomes, enhancing healthcare efficiency, and empowering patients to take an active role in managing their health.Remote Monitoring and TelehealthOne of the most significant advancements in digitalhealthcare is the emergence of remote monitoring and telehealth technologies. These technologies allow healthcare providers to monitor patients' health remotely, enabling early detection of potential health issues and timely intervention. Wearable devices such as fitness trackers and smartwatches can continuously monitor vital signs, sleep patterns, and activity levels, providing a wealth of data that can be used to identify trends and assess health risks. Remote monitoring also facilitates timely communication between patients and healthcare providers, reducing the need for in-person visits and improving access to care for patients in remote areas.Artificial Intelligence in HealthcareArtificial intelligence (AI) is transforming healthcare by enabling computers to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as diagnosing diseases, analyzing vast amounts of medical data, and personalizing treatment plans. AI-powered algorithms can identify patterns and insights in medical data that are often invisible to the human eye, leading to more accuratediagnoses, personalized treatment options, and improved decision-making. AI is also being used to develop virtual assistants that can provide patients with information, support, and guidance, empowering them to become more actively involved in their healthcare.Virtual Reality in HealthcareVirtual reality (VR) is emerging as a powerful tool for improving surgical training, providing immersive simulations that allow surgeons to practice complex procedures in a safe and controlled environment. VR can also be used for pain management, allowing patients to experience immersive distractions that reduce their perception of pain during procedures or recovery. Additionally, VR is being used to create virtual environments that provide patients with personalized rehabilitation exercises and support groups, enhancingtheir recovery journey and improving their overall well-being.Digital Health Records and InteroperabilityThe adoption of electronic health records (EHRs) and interoperability standards is a cornerstone of digital healthcare. EHRs enable healthcare providers to securely store and share patient medical information, improving coordination of care and reducing medical errors. Interoperability standards allow different EHR systems to communicate seamlessly, ensuring that patient data can be easily transferred between providers and healthcare organizations. This improved data sharing facilitates the development of population health management programs and personalized medicine approaches, which can lead to better health outcomes and reduced costs.Empowering PatientsDigital technologies are not only transforming the way healthcare is delivered but also empowering patients to take an active role in managing their health. Patient portals provide secure online access to medical records, test results, and treatment plans, enabling patients to better understand their condition and make informeddecisions about their care. Mobile health apps offer personalized health and wellness tracking, providing patients with tools to monitor their health, set goals, and make lifestyle changes to improve their well-being. This patient-centric approach fosters greater engagement and adherence to treatment plans, leading to improved health outcomes and reduced healthcare costs.Challenges and the Future of Digital HealthcareWhile the digital transformation of healthcare holds immense promise, there are challenges that need to be addressed. Concerns about data privacy and security must be carefully addressed to ensure that patient information is protected from unauthorized access. Interoperability challenges must be overcome to ensure seamless data sharing across healthcare organizations. Additionally, the digital divide must be bridged to ensure equitable access todigital healthcare technologies for all patients.Looking towards the future, the integration of digital technologies in healthcare will continue to accelerate,leading to further advancements in patient care. The convergence of AI, VR, and IoT (Internet of Things) will create new opportunities for personalized medicine, remote care, and predictive analytics. The adoption of blockchain technology can enhance data security and privacy, fostering trust and confidence in digital healthcare systems.ConclusionThe digital transformation of healthcare is a journey that is still in its early stages, but the potentialbenefits are vast. By harnessing the power of digital technologies, healthcare providers can improve patient outcomes, enhance healthcare efficiency, and empowerpatients to become active partners in their own health. As the digital healthcare ecosystem continues to evolve, it is essential to address challenges, promote innovation, and ensure equitable access to these transformative technologies. The future of healthcare lies in the seamless integration of technology and human expertise, leading to a healthcare system that is more patient-centric, data-driven, and effective.。
城市污水处理厂设计(氧化沟工艺)
城市污水处理厂设计（氧化沟工艺)贾琳琳（复旦大学化学与环境科学学院环境工程专业071班）指导老师:岳思羽[摘要］本设计是某城市污水处理厂的初步设计和施工图设计，此污水处理厂主要处理城市生活污水,水质较为复杂。
根据设计要求,该污水处理厂进水中N、P含量均偏高，在去除BOD5和SS的同时，还需要进行脱氮除磷处理，故采用采用以Carrousel氧化沟为主体的污水处理工艺流程，以及以重力式浓缩池为主体的污泥工艺流程。
该工艺具有工艺流程短、处理效果好、出水水质稳定、剩余污泥少、运行管理方便、基建与运行费用低等特点。
因此,更具有广泛的适应性，完全适合本设计的实际要求。
［关键词]城市污水处理厂Carrousel氧化沟重力式污泥浓缩池The Primary Design of an Urban Sewage Treatment PlantJia Linlin(Grade06, Class1, Environmental Engineering,School of Chemical and Environmental Sciences, Shaanxi University of Technology，Hanzhong 723001，Shaanxi)Tutor：Yue SiyuAbstract: It is a primary design and construction drawing for the sewage treatment plant development zone。
The municipal sewage is mainly treated in this plant。
Its water quality is more complicated。
According to the demands for the design, the contents of nitrogen and phosphorus are high in the water quality of this project 。
案例伯尔克造纸公司
D(p) = S(p) + W
练习
• 1，某种产品的市场需求函数为
D(p)=300020p，符合完全竞争的假设，
共有100个同样的企业在该行业生产，每 个企业的成本函数为 Ci=30qi+qi2+300 求： （1）每个企业的供应曲线（短期）； （2）市场的供应曲线；（3）市场供求 均衡时的价格与供求量。
• A firm owns a patent or copyright; • Natural monopoly: • Government franchise. • The comparative degree of monopoly
厂商的规模——某些行业中的世界最大厂商
行业
最大的厂商 销售额(百分美元)
Four Types of Market Structure
• Perfect Competition
• Monopolistic Competition
• Oligopoly • Monopoly
Imperfect Competition
Perfect Competition is the form of market organization in which
Short-Run Price and Output Determination by a Monopolist
D P*
MR Q*
MC = R(Q)C(Q)
the first order
AC
condition:
R/Q=C/Q,or
MR = MC
D
Long-Run Price and Output Determination by a Monopoly
中石油职称英语考试课文详解
中石油职称英语考试课文详解中石油职称英语考试通常包含一篇阅读理解课文，考察考生对文章内容的理解和分析。
为了帮助考生更好地准备考试，本文将对中石油职称英语考试课文进行详细解析。
课文：《The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on the Oil and Gas Industry》Artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely adopted in various industries, including oil and gas. With its advanced algorithms and machine learning capabilities, AI has great potential to revolutionize the way the oil and gas industry operates.Firstly, AI can improve exploration and production processes. By analyzing vast amounts of geological and seismic data, AI algorithms can identify potential drilling locations with higher accuracy. This not only reduces exploration costs but also increases the success rate of finding new oil and gas reserves.Secondly, AI can enhance operational efficiency. In oil and gas production, AI-powered systems can monitor equipment conditions in real-time and predict failures before they occur. By implementing preventive maintenance based on these predictions, companies can minimize downtime and improve overall operational efficiency.Moreover, AI can optimize the refining process. With AI algorithms, refineries can adjust production parameters in real-time to maximize outputand minimize energy consumption. This not only increases productivity but also reduces costs and environmental impact.Additionally, AI can improve safety in the oil and gas industry. By analyzing sensor data and monitoring worker behavior, AI systems can detect potential safety hazards and provide early warnings. This helps prevent accidents and ensures the well-being of employees.Despite the numerous benefits, there are also challenges associated with the adoption of AI in the oil and gas industry. One major challenge is the data quality and availability. AI algorithms rely on high-quality and large-scale data for accurate analysis and predictions. However, acquiring and managing such data can be a complex and costly process.Furthermore, there are concerns about the impact of AI on jobs in the industry. AI-powered systems have the potential to automate various tasks that were previously done by humans. While this can increase efficiency, it may also lead to job displacement and require workers to acquire new skills to adapt to the changing landscape.To address these challenges, companies in the oil and gas industry need to invest in data infrastructure and talent development. They should prioritize collecting and managing high-quality data, as well as training their employees to work effectively with AI systems.In conclusion, artificial intelligence has a significant impact on the oil and gas industry. From exploration and production to refining and safety, AI has the potential to revolutionize various aspects of the industry. However, challenges related to data and workforce need to be addressed for successfulimplementation. Companies should embrace AI and invest in the necessary resources to fully leverage its benefits.。
学术英语-综合-第二单元
▪ Profit maximization is the right goal for a business---- Adam Smith
2016年3·15晚会：共筑消费新生态
▪ 【曝光】“饿了么”惊现黑心作坊 看完你还会饿 么？
▪ 【曝光】制造用废钢料 这样的假牙你敢戴吗？ ▪ 【权威发布】跨境电商进口儿童用品超三成不合
Stakeholder VS Shareholder
▪ There are two schools of thought regarding how companies should approach a definition for business ethics: the shareholder perspective and the stakeholder perspective.
Stakeholder VS Shareholder
▪ Shareholder Perspective ▪ Those who approach ethical decision making from
a shareholder perspective focus on making decisions that are in the owners' best interest. Decisions are guided by a need to maximize return on investment for the organization's shareholders. Individuals who approach ethics from this perspective feel that ethical business practices are ones that make the most money.
英语的科学壁垒作文
英语的科学壁垒作文Scientific literacy is the ability to understand and apply scientific concepts and principles in everyday life. It is essential for individuals to make informed decisions about their health, the environment, and other important issues. However, many people lack the necessary knowledge and skills to be scientifically literate. This has led to a number of misconceptions and misunderstandings about science, which can have serious consequences for society as a whole.One of the main barriers to scientific literacy is a lack of education in the sciences. Many schools do not place enough emphasis on teaching students about scientific concepts and principles, which can leave them ill-prepared to understand complex scientific issues. In addition, the way that science is taught in schools can often be dry and uninspiring, leading students to lose interest in the subject altogether.Another barrier to scientific literacy is the spread of misinformation and pseudoscience. With the rise of the internet and social media, it has become easier than ever for false information to spread quickly and widely. This can lead to confusion and doubt about establishedscientific facts, making it difficult for individuals to discern between reliable sources of information and those that are not.Furthermore, the language of science itself can be a barrier to scientific literacy. Scientific concepts are often complex and difficult to understand, making it challenging for individuals without a background in the sciences to grasp them. This can lead to a sense of alienation and disengagement from the scientific community, further hindering efforts to promote scientific literacy.In order to overcome these barriers to scientific literacy, it is important for individuals to take an active role in educating themselves about science. This can involve seeking out reliable sources of information, such as scientific journals and reputable websites, and engagingwith the scientific community through events and workshops. By taking the time to learn about scientific concepts and principles, individuals can become better equipped to make informed decisions about important issues that affect their lives.In addition, it is essential for schools to prioritize the teaching of science and to make it more engaging and accessible to students. This can involve incorporating hands-on experiments and real-world examples into the curriculum, as well as encouraging students to ask questions and think critically about scientific issues. By fostering a love of science in students from a young age, schools can help to create a more scientifically literate society in the future.Overall, scientific literacy is crucial for individuals to be able to navigate the complex world in which we live. By addressing the barriers to scientific literacy and promoting a greater understanding of science, we can empower individuals to make informed decisions and contribute to a more knowledgeable and enlightened society.。
跨国金融原理(第三版)课件 C12 MiniCase Petrobras WACC
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall. All rights reserved.
Petrobrás of Brazil and the Cost
of Capital
• Petróleo Brasileiro S.A. (Petrobrás) was the national oil company of Brazil
2. Does this method of using the sovereign spread also compensate for currency risk?
3. The final quote on “one’s view on the direction of the broad Brazilian market” suggests that potential investors consider the relative attractiveness of Brazil in their investment decision. How does this perception show up in the calculation of the company’s cost of capital?
Petrobrás of Brazil and the Cost of Capital
How do you estimate the cost of capital for a multinational enterprise in a global industry – in this case oil – which is based
• Brazil’s sovereign risk had been as high as 24% and as low as 0.4% over the past decade
The Debate Over the Use of Nuclear Energy
The Debate Over the Use of NuclearEnergyThe debate over the use of nuclear energy has been a contentious issue for decades, with strong arguments on both sides of the spectrum. On one hand, proponents of nuclear energy argue that it is a clean and efficient source of power that can help reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change. On the other hand, opponents raise concerns about the safety and environmental impact of nuclear power, pointing to high-profile disasters such as Chernobyl and Fukushima as evidence of the potential risks. Proponents of nuclear energy often point to its low carbon emissions as a key advantage over other forms of energy production. They argue that nuclear power plants do not release greenhouse gases during operation, making them a valuable tool in the fight against climate change. Additionally, they highlight the high energy density of nuclear fuel, which means that a small amount of uranium can produce a large amount of energy, making it an efficient and cost-effective option for power generation. However, opponents of nuclear energy emphasize the potential risks and dangers associated with nuclear power. They highlight the catastrophic accidents that have occurred in the past, such as the Chernobyl disaster in 1986 and the Fukushima disaster in 2011, which resulted in widespread environmental contamination and forced the evacuation of thousands of people. These incidents have raised serious concerns about the safety of nuclear power plants and the potential for human error or natural disasters to cause catastrophic accidents. In addition to safety concerns, opponents of nuclear energy also raise questions about the long-term storage of radioactive waste. The disposal of nuclear waste is a complex and contentious issue, as it remains hazardous for thousands of years and poses a significant risk to the environment and public health. Critics argue that the lack of a viable long-term solution for nuclear waste disposal is a major drawback of nuclear energy and undermines its status as a clean and sustainable energy source. Furthermore, opponents of nuclear energy also point to the potential for nuclear proliferation and the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation. The spread of nuclear technology and materials raises concerns about the potential for terrorist groups or hostilenations to acquire nuclear weapons, posing a grave threat to global security. This connection between civilian nuclear energy and the potential for weapons development is a significant concern for many critics of nuclear power. Despite these concerns, proponents of nuclear energy argue that technological advancements have improved the safety and efficiency of nuclear power plants. They point to the development of new reactor designs and safety measures as evidence that nuclear energy can be a safe and reliable source of power. Additionally, they argue that the potential for nuclear proliferation can be mitigated through international cooperation and strict regulations on nuclear materials and technology. In conclusion, the debate over the use of nuclear energy is a complex and multifaceted issue with strong arguments on both sides. Proponents emphasize the low carbon emissions and high energy density of nuclear power, while opponents raise concerns about safety, environmental impact, and the long-term disposal of radioactive waste. As the world continues to grapple with the challenges of climate change and energy production, the debate over nuclear energy is likely to remain a central issue in the global energy landscape.。
二八定律的英文作文
二八定律的英文作文英文：The Pareto principle, also known as the 80/20 rule or the law of the vital few, is a concept that states that roughly 80% of effects come from 20% of causes. This principle can be applied to many areas of life, such as business, economics, and even personal relationships.For example, in business, 80% of revenue may come from only 20% of customers, or 80% of problems may be caused by only 20% of employees. In personal relationships, 80% of happiness may come from only 20% of activities or people.The 80/20 rule can also be seen in nature, where 80% of resources are often consumed by only 20% of organisms. This principle can be used to optimize efficiency and productivity, by focusing on the most important 20% of factors that contribute to the desired outcome.Overall, the 80/20 rule is a useful tool for understanding the distribution of effects and causes in various aspects of life, and can be applied to improve decision-making and problem-solving.中文：帕累托原则，也称为80/20法则或关键少数定律，是一个概念，指出大约80%的效果来自20%的原因。
Assignment 1
Use techniques we’ve learned to paraphrase the following text.The Past below the WavesMore than three million shipwrecks are believed to lie on the seabed, the result of storms and accidents during thousands of years of sea-borne trading. These wrecks offer marine archaeologists valuable information about the culture, technology and trade patterns of ancient civilizations, but the vast majority has been too deep to research.Scuba divers can only operate down to 50 meters, which limit operations to wrecks near the coast, which have often been damaged by storms or plant growth.A few deep sea sites (such as the Titanic) have been explored by manned submarines, but this kind of equipment has been too expensive for less famous subjects. However, this situation has been changed by the introduction of a new kind of mini submarine: the automatic underwater vehicle (AUV). This cheap, small craft is free moving and does not need an expensive mother-ship to control it. Now a team of American archaeologists are planning to use an AUV to explore an area of sea north of Egypt which was the approach to a major trading port 4,000 years ago.In the course of thousands of years’ sea-borne trading, it is believed that more than 3oooooo marine perils which wrecks supply useful information such as the civilization, technology and trade patterns of immemorial culture are caused by storms and casualties and lie on the seabed. However, most part of the information is hardly to research because the wrecks are so deep that scuba drivers can just work above 50 meters. And the damage of the wrecks result in storms or plant growth is also an important reason for it. Another reason is that the exploitation cost is too high to apply to the unknown wrecks.Nevertheless, a new mini submarine named AUV (the automatic underwater vehicle, a kind of economical ship) has changed this phenomenon. Compared with the piloted submarine used on celebrated Titanic, the AUV can move freely without the control of the mother-ship. At present, the AUV will be used by a team of American archaeologists to explore a major trading port existed in the sea north of Egypt about 4000 years ago.1。
科学应用到生产中的案例 申论范文
科学应用到生产中的案例申论范文英文回答：Science has played a crucial role in various industries, revolutionizing the way we produce goods and services. One example of science applied to production is the use of automation in manufacturing processes. With the advancement of technology, machines and robots are now capable of performing repetitive tasks with precision and efficiency, replacing human labor in many production lines.Take the automotive industry as an example. In the past, car manufacturing involved a significant amount of manual labor, which was time-consuming and prone to human errors. However, with the integration of science and technology, automated assembly lines have been introduced, enabling faster and more accurate production. Robots are now responsible for tasks such as welding, painting, and assembling components, reducing production time and improving the overall quality of the cars.Another case where science has greatly influenced production is in the field of agriculture. Throughscientific research and development, new crop varieties with improved yield and resistance to pests and diseases have been developed. This has not only increased agricultural productivity but also reduced the reliance on chemical pesticides and fertilizers. For instance, genetically modified crops, such as insect-resistant cotton and disease-resistant rice, have significantly reduced crop losses and increased farmers' incomes.Moreover, science has also contributed to the development of sustainable energy sources, which have transformed the way we produce and consume electricity. The use of renewable energy, such as solar and wind power, has become increasingly prevalent in many countries. These technologies not only reduce our dependence on fossil fuels but also mitigate the environmental impact of energy production. For example, solar panels installed on rooftops generate clean electricity, reducing carbon emissions and lowering energy costs for homeowners.中文回答：科学在各个行业中发挥了关键作用，彻底改变了我们生产商品和提供服务的方式。
A compositional approach to representing planning operators
Abstract
1 Introduction
AI has frequently been criticized for being `stuck in the microworld' (eg. 4]), referring to the common inability for methods to scale up from toy domains to more complex, real-world domains. Microworlds o er simple regularity, whereas the diversities and idiosyncracies of the real world are often complex to represent and reason about. One cause of this scaling di culty is that adding detail removes regularity, and hence can potentially transform a representation from a simple set of general statements to a large, unwieldy collection of specialized ones. We address this problem in the context of representing planning operators { domain-speci c knowledge about the e ects of actions in a domain { for use by AI planning systems. We present a novel approach in which an operator set is built from components, rather than manually enumerated. Each component encapsulates information about a feature of the domain that may contribute to many plan operators. We show how the compositional approach addresses the problem of building complex, detailed representations by factoring them, and thus can help ease the representational task in a domain. In addition, we describe how the choice of what to model and what to ignore in a domain can be easily varied with this approach, based on the particular requirements of each planning problem, simply by controlling which components are composed into the operator set. Finally, we show how planning algorithms can be easily modi ed to use operators speci ed in this manner. Our approach draws heavily on a recent, novel approach to software reuse, called the GenVoca method, developed in software engineering 1, 2, 3]. GenVoca automatically generates implementations for a set of software operations (analogous to plan operators in our domain) by combining
专四阅读
B.traditional
C.concerned
D.hysterical
3.Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?
A.Noise is a major problem; most people recognize its importance.
Some adventuresome educators and watchers have openly begun to suggest that college may not be the best, the proper, the only place for every young person after the completion of high school. We may have been looking at all those surveys and statistics upside down, it seems, and through the rosy glow of our own remembered college experiences. Perhaps college doesn’t make people intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, or quick to learn things—may it is just the other way around, and intelligent, ambitious, happy, liberal, quick-learning people are merely the ones who have been attracted to college in the first place. And perhaps all those successful college graduates would have been successful whether they had gone to college or not. This is heresy to those of us who have been brought up to believe that if a little schooling is good, more has to be much better. But contrary evidence is beginning to mount up.
Poincare-Bendixson-Theorem
Be trapped inside a set or not
Consider a simple closed curve defined by the equation V(x)=c, where V(x) is continuously differentiable.The vector field f(x) points inward if f(x)・∇V (x)<0; points outward if f(x)・∇V (x)>0; and it is tangent to the curve if f(x)・∇V (x)=0.
9
Proof of Lemma1
▪ It cannot return to any other point on L between A and B either, so if it ever crosses L again, it will have to be further along in the same direction on L, as in the point C indicated in the figure.
17
Proof of Poincare-Bendixson Theorem
• If the orbit through x is not closed, it must pass close enough to z that it must cross L, infinitely often in a sequence that approaches z from one side.
Furthermore, if it crosses several times, the crossing points are ordered along line in the same way as on the orbit itself.
The magic of diasporas1
The magic of diasporas移民者的魔力Immigrant networks are a rare bright spark in the world economy. Rich countries should welcome them移民网成为世界经济罕有的闪光点，富国应当欢迎这些移民者Nov 19th 2011 | from the print editionTHIS is not a good time to be foreign. Anti-immigrant parties are gaining ground in Europe. Britain has been fretting this week over lapses in its border controls (see article). In America Barack Obama has failed to deliver the immigration reform he promised (see article), and Republican presidential candidates would rather electrify the border fence with Mexico than educate the children of illegal aliens. America educates foreign scientists in its universities and then expels them, a policy the mayor of New Y ork calls “national suicide”.现在不是移居国外的好时机。
反移民者的队伍在欧洲正日渐壮大，本周，英国一直对其边境上的纰漏担心不已。
在美国，巴拉克•奥巴马未能如他所允诺的进行移民改革，共和党总统候选人甚至宁愿在美墨边境设置电网也不愿教育这些非法移民的孩子。
最新考博英语阅读资料
考博英语阅读资料Unit OnePassage 1The physical distribution of products has two primary aspects: transportation and storage. Both aspects are highly developed and specialized phases of marketing. The costs of both trans-porting and storing are built into the prices of products. Transportation can be by truck, rail- way, ship, or barge. For some items, such as exotic plants and flowers, or when rapid delivery is essential, air freight may be used.Storage, or warehousing, is a necessary function because production and consumption of goods rarely match: items generally are not sold as quickly as they are made. Inventories build up, both in warehouses and at retail establishments, before the foods are sold. The transporta-tion function is involved in bringing goods to a warehouse and taking them from it to retail stores.Storage performs the service of stabilizing market price. If, for example, no agricultural product could be stored, all food would have to be put on the market immediately. This would, of course, create a glut and lower prices drastically. There would be an immediate benefit to consumers, but in the long run they would suffer. Farmers, because of low prices, would be forced off the land, and the amount of food produced would decrease. This, in turn, would raise consumer prices.Warehouses for storage are of several types. Private warehouses are owned by manufactur-ers. Public warehouses, in spite of their name, are privately owned facilities, but they are in-dependent of manufacturer ownership. General-merchandise warehouses store a great variety of products. Cold-storage warehouses store perishable goods, especially food products. Grain ele-vators are a kind of warehouse used to keep wheat and other grains from spoiling. A bonded warehouse is one that stores foods, frequently imported, on which taxes must be paid before they are sold. Cigarettes and alcoholic beverages are common examples.The distribution center is a more recently developed kind of warehouse. Many large com- panics have several manufacturing plants, sometimes located outside the country. Each plant does not make every company product but specializes in one or more of them. The distribution center allows a manufacturer to bring together all product lines in one place. Its purpose is to minimize storage and to ease the flow of goods from manufacturers to retailers rather than build up extensive inventories. It reduces costs by speeding up product turnover. Very large corporations will have several distribution centers regionally or internationally based1. The main subject of this passage is______.A) transportation and storage B) storage of productsC) distribution center D) two main aspects of product distribution2. Warehousing is important in that _A) inventories build up before the goods are soldB) the prices will go downC) more goods are produced than can be consumedD) the food has to be put on the market immediately3. How many types of warehouses for storage are discussed in the passage?A) 3. B) 4. C) 6. D) 7.4. Where might one find meat and milk?A) Grain elevator. B) Cold-storage warehouse.C) Private warehouse. D) Bonded warehouse.5. What is NOT true of a distribution center?A) It is a relatively new type of warehouse.B) Product is replaced more quickly and costs are down.C) Some distribution centers are not built in the sane country as the factoryD) It builds up extensive inventories to minimize storage.Passage 2How much pain do animals feel? This is a question which has caused endless controversy. Opponents of big game shooting, for example, arouse our pity by describing tile agonies of a badly-wounded beast that has crawled into a comer to die. In countries where the fox, the hare and the deer are hunted, animal-lovers paint harrowing pictures of the pursued animal suffering not only the physical distress of the chase but the mental anguish of anticipated death.The usual answer to these criticisms is that animals do not suffer in the same way, or to the same extent, as we de. Man was created with a delicate nervous system and has never lost his acute sensitiveness to pain; animals, on the other hand, had less sensitive systems to begin with and in the course of millions of years, have developed a capacity of ignoring injuries and disorders which human beings would find intolerable. For example, a dog will continue to play with a ball even after a serious injury to his foot; he may be unable to run without limping, but he will go on trying long after a human child would have had to stop because of the pain. We are told, moreover, that even when animals appear to us to be suffering acutely, this is not so; what seems to us to be agonized contortions caused by pain are in fact no more than muscular contractions over which they have no control.These arguments are unsatisfactory because something about which we know a great deal is being compared with something we can only conjecture. We know what we feel; we have no means of knowing what animals feet. Some creatures with a less delicate nervous system than ours may be incapable of feeling pain to the same extent as we do: that as far as we are entitled to do, the most humane attitude, surely, is to assume that no animals are entirely exempt from physical pain and that we ought, therefore, wherever possible, to avoid causing suffering even to the least of them.6. Animal-lovers assume that animals, being hunted, would suffer from ____.A) a great deal of agony both in body and in spiritB) mental distress once they are woundedC) only body pains without feeling sadD) crawling into the comer to die7. Supporters of game shooting may argue that animals ______.A) cannot control their muscular contractionsB) have developed a capacity of feeling no painC) are not as acutely sensitive as human beings to injuriesD) can endure all kinds of disorders8. The author feels sure that _____.A) animals don't show suffering to usB) dogs are more endurable than human childrenC) we cannot know what animals feelD) comparing animals with human beings is not appropriate9. What is the author's opinion about animal hunting?A) We should feel the same as the hunted animals do.B) We should protect and save all the animals.C) We shouldn't cause suffering to them.D) We should take care of them if we can.10. This passage seems to ____.A) argue for something B) explain somethingC) tell a story D) describe an objectPassage 3In science, a theory is a reasonable explanation of observed events that are related. A the-ory often involves an imaginary model that helps scientists picture the way an observed event could be produced. A good example of this is found in the kinetic molecular theory, in which gases are pictured as being made up of many small particles that are in constant motion.A useful theory, in addition to explaining past observations, helps to predict events that have not as yet been observed. After a theory has been publicized, scientists design experi-merits to test the theory. If observations confirm the scientists' predictions, the theory is sup-ported. If observations do not confirm the predictions, the scientists must search further. There may be a fault in the experiment, or the theory may have to be revised or rejected.Science involves imagination and creative thinking as well as collecting information and performing experiments. Facts by themselves are not science. As the mathematician Jules Henri Poincare said: "Science is built with facts just as a house is built with bricks, but a collection of facts cannot be called science any more than a pile of bricks can be called a house."Most scientists start an investigation by finding out what other scientists have learned about a particular problem. After known facts have been gathered, the scientist comes to the part of the investigation that requires considerable imagination. Possible solutions to the problem are formulated. These possible solutions are called hypotheses.In a way, any hypothesis is a leap into the unknown. It extends the scientist's thinking beyond the known facts. The scientist plans experiments, performs calculations, and makes ob-servations to test hypotheses. For without hypotheses, further investigation lacks purpose and direction. When hypotheses are confirmed, they are incorporated into theories.11. The word "this" in the 3rd sentence in paragraph 1 refers to ______.A) a good example B) an imaginary modelC) the kinetic molecular theory D) an observed event12. Bricks are mentioned in the 3rd paragraph to indicate how ____.A) mathematicians approach scienceB) building a house is like performing experimentsC) science is more than a collection of factsD) scientific experiments have led to improved technology13. In the last paragraph, the author refers to a hypothesis as "a leap into the unknown" in or- der to show that hypotheses ______.A) are sometimes ill-conceived B) can lead to dangerous resultsC) go beyond available facts D) require effort to formulate14. What is a major function of hypotheses as implied in the last paragraph7A) Sifting through known facts.B) Communicating a scientist's thoughts to others.C) Providing direction for scientific research.D) Linking together different theories.15. Which of the following statements is supported by the passage?A) Theories are simply imaginary models of past events.B) It is better to revise a hypothesis than to reject it.C) A scientist's most difficult task is testing hypotheses.D) A good scientist needs to be creative.B) Education systems need to be radically reformed.C) Going to school is only part of how people become educated.D) Education involves many years of professional training.20. The passage is organized by ___A) listing and discussing several educational problemsB) contrasting the meanings of two related conceptsC) narrating a story about excellent teachersD) giving examples of different kinds of schoolsPassage 5The phrase "civil disobedience" is usually attributed to the nineteenth-century American philosopher Henry David Thoreau. Although the concept is unquestionably much older (its roots lie in ancient Greek philosophy), the designation is nonetheless telling: people tend to credit Thoreau, an American, with the idea because civil disobedience, is a hallmark of American eth- ics and politics. The clash between the dictates of individual conscience on one hand, and the imperatives of civil law on the other, forms much of this country's history. Examples range from the incidents leading up to the Revolution through the many social protests of the 1960'S.What constitutes an act of civil disobedience? First, an act of civil disobedience requires a formal legal structure that is enforced by the government. Second, it requires as its target a specific law or policy, rather than the entire legal system. This is true even if the protester's ul- timate goal is to alter radically the legal system; an act of civil disobedience must be directed against one concrete example of that system's inequities. The American civil rights movement, for example, first targeted discrimination on public transportation, then used its victories as a springboard to address other injustices. Third, the act must be done publicly, because the ef- fectiveness of such a protest depends on its ability to mobilize public sentiment against the protest's target. Finally, those protesting must understand the penalties their acts entail--us-ually jailing--and be willing to accept those penalties. This last requirement strengthens the act's effect on public opinion, since it serves to underscore the injustice of the protest's target.21. The word "telling" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to _____.A) inappropriate B) revealing C) insignificant D) challenging22. In the passage, the author mentions that the civil rights movement _______.A) focused its early efforts on public transportationB) did not always practice civil disobedienceC) started in nineteenth centuryD) used the Revolution of 1776 as its model23. According to the passage, for which of the following reasons should civil protests be donepublicly?A) To alter the legal system in radical way.B) To uphold the imperatives of civil law.C) To stimulate public support for a cause.D) To announce the success of a previous act of civil disobedience.24. The author suggests that when protesters go to jail _______.A) it helps convince the public to support their causeB) they usually do so unwillinglyC) it is because their protest has not gone according to planD) they are always released almost immediately25. In the 2nd paragraph, the author ________.A) argues that civil disobedience is unnecessaryB) provides an extensive history of civil disobedienceC) presents several differing viewpoints on civil disobedienceD) defines the concept of civil disobediencePassage 6In taking up a new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the harshness of existence on the new continent nor the scattered population nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.City and country dwellers, of course, conducted this pursuit in different ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also, thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists took so seriously an expression of the period, "Leisure is time for doing something useful." In the countryside farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such double-purpose relaxations as hunting, fishing, and trapping. When a neighbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist in building a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep, or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group workprovided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural parties. Hundreds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, including the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically included horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some of the rural diversions. Favored recreations included fishing, hunting, skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also developed other pleasures, which only compact communities made possible. 26. What is the passage mainly about?A) Methods of fanning used by early settlers of the United States.B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States.C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States.D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed.27. What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?A) They followed a pattern Begun in Europe.B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.C) The clergy organized them.D) Only the wealthy participated in them.28. Which of the following can be said about the country dwellers' altitude toward "the pursuitof pleasure" ?A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.B) They felt that it was not necessary.C) They felt that it should be productive.D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.29. What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in the 4th sentence in paragraph 2?A) Very frequent. B) Useful and enjoyable.C) Extremely necessary. D) Positive and negative.30. What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following this passage?A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people.B) Leisure activities of city dwellers.C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas.D) Changes in lifestyles of settlers as they moved to the cities.Passage 7For me, scientific knowledge is divided into mathematical sciences, natural sciences or sciences dealing with the natural world (physical and biological sciences), and sciences dealing with mankind (psychology, sociology, all the sciences of cultural achievements, every kind of historical knowledge). Apart from these sciences is philosophy, about which we will talk later. In the first place, all this is pure or theoretical knowledge that is intrinsic and consubstautial to man. What distinguishes man from animal is that he knows and needs to know. If man did not know that the world existed, and that the world was of a certain kind, that he was in the world and that he himself was of a certain kind, he wouldn't be a man. The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.But even while enjoying the results of technical progress, he must defend the primacy and autonomy of pure knowledge. Knowledge sought directly for its practical applications will have immediate and foreseeable success, but not the kind of important result whose revolutionary scope is in large part unforeseen, except by the imagination of the Utopians. Let me recall a we N-known example. If the Greek mathematicians had not applied themselves to the investigation of conic sections zealously and without the least suspicion that it might someday be useful, it would not have been possible centuries later to navigate far from shore. The first men to study the nature of electricity could not imagine that their experiments, carried on because of mere intellectual curiosity, would eventually lead to modern electrical technology, without which we can scarcelyconceive of contemporary life. Pure knowledge is valuable for its own sake, be-cause the human spirit cannot resign itself to ignorance. But, in addition, the foundation for practical results would not have been reached if this knowledge had not been sought disinterestedly.31. The most important advances made by mankind come from __.A) technical applications B) apparently useless informationC) the natural sciences D) philosophy32. The word "Utopians" in the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaning to __.A) idealists B) Greek mathematiciansC) scientists D) true human33. In the paragraph the follows this passage, we may expect the author to discuss __.A) the value of technical research B) the value of pure researchC) philosophy D) unforeseen discoveries34. The word "resign" in the 6th sentence in the 2nd paragraph is closest in meaning toA) dismiss B) quit C) remark D) submit35. The title that best expresses the ideas of this passage is __.A) "Technical Progress"B) "A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing"C) "Man's Distinguishing Characteristics"D) "The Function of Theoretical Knowledge as Compared to Its Practical Applications"Passage 8In most of the human civilization of which we have any proper records, youth has drawn on either art or life for models, planning to emulate the heroes depicted in epics on the shadow play screen or the stage, or those known human beings, fathers or grandfathers, chiefs or craftsmen, whose every characteristic can be studied and imitated. As recently as 1910, this was the prevailing condition in the United States. If he came from a nonliterate background, the recent immigrant learned to speak, move, and think like an American by using his eyes and ears on the labor line and in the homes of more acculturated cousins, by watching school children, or by absorbing the standards of the teacher, the foreman, the clerk who served him in the store. For the literate and the literate children of the nouliterate, there was art--the story of the frustrated artist in the prairie town, of the second generation battling with the limitations of the first. And at a simpler level, there were the Western and Hollywood fairy tales which pointed a moral but did not, as a rule, teach table manners.With the development of the countermovement against Hollywood, with the efflorescence (全盛)of photography, with Time-Life-Fortune types of reporting and the dead-pan New Yorker manner of describing the life of an old-clothes dealer in a forgotten street or of presenting the "accurate", "checked" details of the lives of people whose eminence gave at least a sort of license to attack them, with the passion for "human documents" in Depression days--a necessary substitute for proletarian art among middle class writers who knew nothing about proletarians, and middleclass readers who needed the shock of verisimilitude(真实)--a new era in American life was ushered in, the era in which young people imitated neither life nor art nor fairy tale, but instead were presented with models drawn from life with minimal but crucial distortions. Doctored life histories, posed carelessness, "candid" shots of people in their own homes which took hours to arrange, pictures shot from real life to scripts written months before supplementedby national polls and surveys which assured the reader that this bobby soxer (少女)did indeed represent a national norm or a growing trend--replaced the older models.36. This article is based on the idea that ________.A) people today no longer follow modelsB) People attach little importance to whoever they followC) people generally pattern their lives after modelsD) People no longer respect heroes37. Stories of the second generation battling against the limitations of the first were often re- sponsible for ______.A) inspiring literate immigrantsB) frustrating educated immigrantsC) preventing the assimilation of immigrantsD) instilling into immigrants an antagonistic attitude toward their forebears38. The countermovement against Hollywood was a movement ______A) toward realism B) toward fantasyC) against the teaching of morals D) away from realism39. The author attributes the change in attitudes since 1910 to ____A) a logical evolution of ideas B) widespread moral decayC) the influence of the press D) a philosophy of plenty40. The word "distortions" at the end of the 2nd sentence in paragraph 2 is closest in meaningto ______.A) presentations B) misinterpretationsC) influences D) limitationsPassage 9The conflict between good and evil is a common theme running through the great literature and drama of the world, from the time of the ancient Greeks to all the present. The principle that conflict is the heart of dramatic action when illustrated by concrete examples, almost always turns up some aspect of the struggle between good and evil.The idea that there is neither good nor evil--in any absolute moral or religious sense—is widespread in our times. There are various relativistic and behavioristic standards of ethics. If these standards even admit the distinction between good and evil, it is as a relative matter and not as whirlwind of choices that lies at the center of living. In any such state of mind, conflict can at best, be only a petty matter, lacking true universality. The acts of the evildoer and of the virtuous man alike become dramatically neutralized. Imagine the reduced effect of Crime and Punishment or The Brothers Karamazoc, had Dostoevsky thought that good and evil, as portrayed in those books, were wholly relative, and if he had had no conviction about them.You can't have a vital literature if you ignore or shun evil. What you get then is the world of Pollyanna, goody-goody in place of the good. Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel because Alan Paton, in addition to being a skilled workman, sees with clear eyes both good and evil, differentiates them, pitches them into conflict with each other, and takes sides. He sees that the native boy Absalom Kumalo, who has murdered, cannot be judged justly without taking into account the environment that has had part in shaping him. But Paton sees, too, that Absalom the individual, not society the abstraction, committed the act and is responsible for it. Mr. Patonunderstands mercy. He knows that this precious thing is not evoked by sentimental impulse, but by a searching examination of the realities of human action. Mercy follows a judgment; it does not precede it.One of the novels by the talented Paul Bowles, Let It Come Down, is full of motion, full of sensational depravities, and is a crashing bore. The book recognizes no evil, and is coldly indifferent to the moral behavior of its characters. It is a long shrug. Such a view of life is non- dramatic and negates the vital essence of drama.41. In our age, according to the author, a standpoint often taken in the area of ethics is the _____.A) relativistic view of morals B) greater concern with religionC) emphasis on evil D) greater concern with universals42. The author believes that in great literature, as in life, good and evil are ____A) relative B) unimportantC) constantly in conflict D) dramatically neutralized43. When the author uses the expression "it is a long shrug" in referring to Bowles's book, heis commenting on the ___A) length of the novelB) indifference to the moral behavior of the charactersC) monotony of the storyD) sensational depravities of the book44. In the opinion of the author, Cry, The Beloved Country is a great and dramatic novel be-cause of Paton's ____.A) insight into human behaviorB) behavioristic beliefsC) treatment of good and evil as abstractionsD) willingness to make moral judgments45. The word "shun" in the 1st sentence in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ______.A) shut B) attend C) show D) avoidPassage 10African-American filmmakers should be in an enviable position, for since the early 1990s there has been a steady wave of low budget black films which have turned a solid profit due toa very strong response in the African-American community and a larger crossover audience than anticipated. Any rational business manager would now identify this sector as a prime candidate for expansion, but if the films have done so well with limited production and marketing costs, why have they not received full scale support7Many analysts feel the business is engulfed in a miasma of self-serving and self-fulfilling myths based on the unspoken assumption that Mfrican-American films can never be vehicles of prestige, glamour, or celebrity. The relationship players have convinced themselves that black films can do only a limited domestic business under any circumstance and have virtually no for- eign box office potential. As executives who now control the film industry grew up in those de- cades when there were few black images on the screen and those that did exist were produced by film-makers with limited knowledge of the black community, it is little wonder that they avoid ideological issues, and seek to continue making films that they are comfortable with by avoiding they negative imagery of films they would prefer to eschew entirely.。
科学应用到生产中的案例 申论范文
科学应用到生产中的案例申论范文英文回答：Science has played a crucial role in various industries, revolutionizing production processes and enhancing efficiency. One notable example is the application of robotics in manufacturing. Robots are now widely used in factories to perform repetitive tasks, such as assembling products or packaging goods. These robots are equipped with advanced sensors and artificial intelligence, allowing them to work autonomously and with great precision. This notonly reduces the risk of human error but also increases production speed and output. As a result, companies canmeet the growing demand for their products whilemaintaining high quality standards.Another example of science applied to production is the use of biotechnology in agriculture. Through genetic engineering, scientists have developed crops that are resistant to pests and diseases, as well as crops withimproved nutritional content. These genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have significantly increased crop yields and reduced the need for chemical pesticides. This not only ensures food security but also promotes sustainable farming practices. Farmers can now produce more food using fewer resources, contributing to the overall well-being of society.中文回答：科学在各个行业中发挥了至关重要的作用，革新了生产过程，提高了效率。
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Q4 Is the cost of capital really a relevant factor in the competitiveness and strategy of a company like Petrobrás? Does the corporate cost of capital really affect competitiveness?
Cost of Capital (WACC), which is often used as a hurdle rate against which to access the Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) performance is employed by security analysts to value and make recommendations for investments. It is what is recommended for consideration by potential investors related to the capital market imperfections of Brazil,the country in which Petrobras is located. Calculation: WACC = (Debt/capital) x kdx (1 – Tax rate) + (Equity/capital x k e)
The cost of equity (ke) from Petrobras is also influenced by the country risk that has been tailored to the risk free interest rate (risk-free rate). The estimated cost of equity of Petrobras can be done by using the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM): k e= risk-free rate + (βPetrobras
Q2 Does this method of using the sovereign spread also compensate for currency risk?
Sovereign spread is the difference in the yield received from a government bond issued by Brazil and the yield received from a similar bond issued by the US. This difference is due to the US having a better sovereign rating and therefore a greater credit worthiness (relative to Brazil). Here the US dollar is being used as the benchmark currency. Brazil’s credit worthiness is affected by factors such as the levels of external debt, the pace of economic growth and political stability, among other factors. Currency risk is not the same as sovereign spread. In this instance, currency risk represents the possibility that the value of the Brazilian Reais will fluctuate more than the value of the US dollar.
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Q3 The final quote that “one’s view on the direction of the broad Brazilian market” suggests that potential investors consider the relative attractiveness of Brazil in their investment decision. How does this perception show up in the calculation of the company’s cost of capital.
The cost of capital is definitely an important factor in the competitiveness and strategy for all “for profit” companies because it determines the hurdle rate that investment opportunities must exceed in order to be considered viable. The higher the cost of capital the higher the required rate of return on potential investments and consequently the fewer project can be undertaken. However it must be noted that the cost of capital is only one among a number of factors that affect a business’ competitive advantage.
Petrobrás of Brazil and the Cost of Capital
Q1 Why do you think Petrobrás’s cost ’ of capital is so high? Are there better ways, or other ways, of calculating its weighted average cost of capital?
In the case of Petrobrás, which operates in the highly capital intensive petroleum industry, the cost of capital is clearly considered a critical factor to its competitiveness.However Petrobras is still largely government owned and controlled and therefore in addition to its economic objectives has broader national objectives such as energy security with possible attendant subsidies, incentives and government loan guarantees that wholly privatized international oil companies would not enjoy. All of these factors in addition to the cost of capital would affect Petrobras competitiveness.
*
market risk premium)
A base Brazilian portfolio will result in an increase in βPetrobras, which would increase the value of k e, thus increasing the WACC. Petrobras WACC would be greater than if the investor is using a base of global NYSE portfolio.
There are a number of ways to compute the cost of capital of a firm, but with the inherent risk faced by Brazil, there exists no better way as all investors having information about Brazil’s political history and sovereign risk will require higher rates of return to compensate for the risk taken. Perhaps if Petrobras can relinquish some of the governmental control and venture in strong international market where risk diversification can be had, then investors would require lower returns, hence a lower weighted cost of capital for Petrobras.
Lacks a strong international presence which would not enable the company to source capital in cheaper markets. Brazilian economy had a long history of high inflation, economic instability, currency devaluation and depreciation. Accordingly,investors would have required a higher premium to compensate for the relatively higher levels of operational risk to which Petrobras was exposed.