ENW2O-D16-R00025中文资料
en12165-2016国际标准中文
EN xxx-2016国际标准中文一、概述EN xxx-2016是一项重要的国际标准，其内容涉及到许多难以理解的技术术语和概念。
本文旨在对该标准的主要内容进行解读和分析，帮助读者更好地理解和运用这一标准。
二、标准概况EN xxx-2016标准的全称是“EN xxx:2016 Copper and copper alloys - Seamless, round copper and copper alloy tubes for 本人r conditioning and refrigeration - Technical conditions”。
该标准规定了空调和制冷用途的无缝铜及铜合金管材的技术条件，包括材料、尺寸、允许偏差、化学成分、力学性能、表面质量、检验方法等方面的要求，适用于空调和制冷设备的制造和安装。
三、标准的重要性1. 对产品质量的保证EN xxx-2016标准对铜及铜合金管材的材料、尺寸、化学成分、力学性能等方面进行了严格的规定，这些规定可以有效保证产品的质量和性能稳定性。
通过遵循该标准，生产厂家可以生产出合格的管材产品，从而为用户提供更加可靠和安全的空调和制冷设备。
2. 促进国际贸易的发展EN xxx-2016标准是一项国际标准，其统一的技术要求可以促进不同国家和地区之间的贸易往来。
在国际贸易中，遵循同一套技术标准可以降低产品的技术壁垒，提高产品的竞争力，有利于扩大市场份额，增加企业的出口额。
3. 保障用户的权益EN xxx-2016标准对铜及铜合金管材的使用与安装也进行了规范，包括了合适的尺寸、允许偏差、表面质量等要求。
符合该标准的产品能够更好地满足用户的需求，保障用户的权益，避免因产品质量问题带来的损失。
四、标准的主要内容EN xxx-2016标准的内容主要包括以下几个方面：1.范围标准规定了适用于空调和制冷设备的铜及铜合金无缝管材的技术条件，包括了材料、尺寸、允许偏差、化学成分、力学性能、表面质量、检验方法等方面的要求。
TI无刷DC电机控制器UC1625-SP说明书
UC1625-SP ZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER2011耐辐射V类,无刷DC电机控制查询样品:UC1625-SP特性•装有理想二极管的高速电流感应放大器•逐脉冲和平均电流感应•经QML-V标准认证，SMD5962-91689•过压及欠压保护•耐辐射:40kRad(Si)TID(1)•用于安全方向反转的方向闩•直接驱动功率场效应管（MOSFET）或者达灵顿功率管（Darlington）•转速计•50-V开路集电极高层驱动器•修整参考源30mA•锁存软启动•可编程交叉传导保护(1)辐射容限是基于初始器件鉴定（放射量率=10mrad/sec）的•两象限和四象限运算典型值。
可提供辐射批量接受测试——详情请与厂家联系。
说明/订购信息UC1625电机控制器在一个封装内集成了高性能无刷dc电机控制所需的大多数功能。
当与外部功率场效应管（MOSFET）或者达灵顿功率管（Darlington）耦合的时候，此器件在电压或者电流模式下件执行固定频率PWM 电机控制的同时执行闭环速度控制和具有智能噪音抑制功能的刹车，安全方向反转，和交叉传导保护。
虽然额定工作电压范围是10V至18V，UC1625可借助于外部电平位移组件来控制具有更高电源电压的器件。
UC1625含有用于低侧功率器件的快速、高电流推挽驱动器和用于高侧功率器件或者电平位移电路的50V开路集电极输出。
UC1625额定军用工作温度范围是-55°C至125°C。
ORDERING INFORMATION(1)ORDERABLE PARTT A PACKAGE(2)TOP-SIDE MARKINGNUMBER5962-9168902VYA–55°C to125°C CDIP–JT5962-9168902VYAUC1625-SP(1)For the most current package and ordering information,see the Package Option Addendum at the endof this document,or see the TI website at .(2)Package drawings,thermal data,and symbolization are available at /packaging.Please be aware that an important notice concerning availability,standard warranty,and use in critical applications of TexasInstruments semiconductor products and disclaimers thereto appears at the end of this data sheet.UC1625-SPZHCS012A –SEPTEMBER 2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER 2011Typical ApplicationABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (1)(2)over operating free-air temperature range (unless otherwise noted)VALUEUNITVCC 20Supply voltage PWR VCC20PWM IN–0.3to 6E/A IN(+),E/A IN(–)–0.3to 12V ISENSE1,ISENSE2–1.3to 6OV-COAST,DIR,SPEED-IN,SSTART,QUAD SEL –0.3to 8H1,H2,H3–0.3to 12PU Output Voltage–0.3to 50PU +200continuous PD ±200continuousE/A ±10Output currentmA I SENSE –10TACH OUT ±10VREF –50continuousT J Maximum Junction Temperature 150°C (1)Currents are positive into and negative out of the specified terminal.(2)Stresses above these ratings may cause permanent damage.Exposure to absolute maximum conditions for extended periods may degrade device reliability.These are stress ratings only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those specified is not implied.PWR VCCRC-OSC PWM IN E/A OUT VCC SSTART OV-COAST QUAD SEL E/A IN(-)ISENSE VREF H3SPEED-INH2ISENSE1ISENSE2DIR E/A IN(+)H1PDC PUB RC-BRAKE TACH-OUT PUA PDB PDAGNDPUCUC1625-SPZHCS012A –SEPTEMBER 2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER 2011RECOMMENDED OPERATING CONDITIONSover operating temperature range (unless otherwise noted)MINNOMMAX UNIT V CC Supply Voltage 1018V PU Output Current+85mA continuous PD ±85mA continuousT AOperating temperature range-55125°CTable 1.THERMAL RATINGS TABLER θJA (°C/W)R θJC (°C/W)PACKAGE (Junction-to-ambient thermal resistance)(Junction-to-case thermal resistance)DIL-28(JT)43.14.95Figure 1.CONNECTION DIAGRAMUC1625-SPZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICSUnless otherwise stated,these specifications apply over the full temperature range,typical values at T A=25°C;Pwr V CC=V CC=12V;R OSC=20kΩto V REF;C OSC=2nF;R TACH=33kΩ;C TACH=10nF;and all outputs unloaded.T A=T J.PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT OverallSupply current14.530.0mAVCC turn-on threshold-55°C to125°C8.658.959.55V VCC turn-off threshold7.758.058.55 Overvoltage/CoastOV-COAST inhibit threshold 1.65 1.75 1.85OV-COAST restart threshold 1.535 1.65 1.75V-55°C to125°COV-COAST hysteresis0.050.100.155OV-COAST input current–10–110μA Logic InputsH1,H2,H3low threshold0.8 1.0 1.25-55°C to125°C V H1,H2,H3high threshold 1.6 1.9 2.0H1,H2,H3input current-55°C to125°C,to0V–400–250–120μAQUAD SEL,dir thresholds0.8 1.4 3.0VQUAD SEL hysteresis70130mVDIR hysteresis-55°C to125°C0.40.60.9VQUAD SEL input current–3050150μA DIR input current–30–130PWM Amp/ComparatorE/A IN(+),E/A IN(–)input current To2.5V–5.0–0.1 5.0μA PWM IN input current To2.5V0330Error amp input offset0V<V COMMON-MODE<3V–1010mVError amp voltage gain7090dBE/A OUT range25°C to125°C0.25 3.50V-55°C0.25 4.2 Pullup current To0V,25°C-16–10–5μATo0V,-55°C to125°C–17.5-5S STARTDischarge current To2.5V0.10.4 3.0mARestart threshold0.10.20.3V Current AmpGain I SENSE1=0.3V,I SENSE2=0.5V to0.7V 1.75 1.95 2.15V/VLevel shift I SENSE1=0.3V,I SENSE2=0.3V 2.4 2.5 2.65Peak current threshold0.140.200.26VI SENSE1=0V,force I SENSE2Over current threshold0.260.300.36I SENSE1,I SENSE2input current–850–3200To0VμAI SENSE1,I SENSE2offset current-12±212Range I SENSE1,I SENSE2–12V Tachometer/BrakeTACH-OUT high level 4.75 5.3-55°C to125°C,10kΩto2.5V V TACH-OUT low level0.2On time170220280μsOn time change with temp-55°C to125°C0.1%RC-BRAKE input current To0V–4.0–1.9mAUC1625-SP ZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER2011ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS(continued)Unless otherwise stated,these specifications apply over the full temperature range,typical values at T A=25°C;Pwr V CC=V CC=12V;R OSC=20kΩto V REF;C OSC=2nF;R TACH=33kΩ;C TACH=10nF;and all outputs unloaded.T A=T J.PARAMETER TEST CONDITIONS MIN TYP MAX UNIT Threshold to brake,RC-brake0.8 1.0 1.2V Brake hysteresis,RC-brake0.090.4-55°C to125°CSPEED-IN threshold220257290mVSPEED-IN input current–30–530μA Low-Side Drivers(1)Voh,–1mA,down from V CC 1.60 2.50Voh,–50mA,down from V CC 1.75 2.45-55°C to125°C V Vol,1mA0.050.4Vol,50mA0.360.9Rise/fall time10%to90%slew time,into1nF50500ns High-Side DriversVol,1mA0.10.4-55°C to125°C V Vol,50mA 1.0 1.8Leakage current Output voltage=50V30μAFall time10%to90%slew time,50mA load50ns OscillatorFrequency-55°C to125°C3080kHz ReferenceIref=0mA,25°C 4.85 5.0 5.15 Output voltage V-55°C to125°C 4.7 5.0 5.3 Load regulation0mA to–20mA load–40–5mV Line regulation10V to18V V CC–10–110Short circuit current-55°C to125°C20100150mA MiscellaneousOutput turn-on delay1μs Output turn-off delay1(1)Current available from these pins can peak as high as0.5A.QUAD SELRC-OSCPW M IN E/A OUT E/A IN(+) E/A IN(–)SSTARTISENSE ISENSE1 ISENSE2VCC OV-COASTDIR SPEED-INH1H2H3 RC-BRAKE PUAPUBPUCPDAPDBPDC GND TACH-OUT PW R VCC VREFUC1625-SPZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED Block DiagramUC1625-SP ZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER2011DEVICE INFORMATIONTerminal FunctionsTERMINALDESCRIPTIONNAME NO.The position decoder logic translates the Hall signals and the DIR signal to the correct driversignals(PUs and PDs).To prevent output stage damage,the signal on DIR is first loadedinto a direction latch,then shifted through a two-bit register.As long as SPEED-IN is less than250mV,the direction latch is transparent.WhenSPEED-IN is higher than250mV,the direction latch inhibits all changes indirection.SPEED-IN can be connected to TACH-OUT through a filter,so that the direction latch is onlytransparent when the motor is spinning slowly,and has too little stored energy to damagepower devices.Additional circuitry detects when the input and output of the direction latch are different,or DIR,SPEED-IN6,7when the input and output of the shift register are different,and inhibits all output drivesduring that time.This can be used to allow the motor to coast to a safe speed beforereversing.The shift register ensures that direction can not be changed instantaneously.The register isclocked by the PWM oscillator,so the delay between direction changes is always going to bebetween one and two oscillator periods.At40kHz,this corresponds to a delay of between25μs and50μs.Regardless of output stage,25μs deadtime should be adequate to ensureno overlap cross-conduction.Toggling DIR causes an output pulse on TACH-OUTregardless of motor speed.E/A IN(+)and E/A IN(–)are not internally committed to allow for a wide variety of uses.Theycan be connected to the ISENSE,to TACH-OUT through a filter,to an external commandvoltage,to a D/A converter for computer control,or to another op amp for more elegantfeedback loops.The error amplifier is compensated for unity gain stability,so E/A OUT canbe tied to E/A IN(–)for feedback and major loop compensation.E/A IN(+),E/A IN(–),E/A1,28,27,26E/A OUT and PWM In drive the PWM comparator.For voltage-mode PWM systems,PWM In OUT,PWM INcan be connected to RC-OSC.The PWM comparator clears the PWM latch,commandingthe outputs to chop.The error amplifier can be biased off by connecting E/A IN(–)to a higher voltage than/EAIN(+).When biased off,E/A OUT appears to the application as a resistor to ground.E/A OUTcan then be driven by an external amplifier.GND15All thresholds and outputs are referred to the GND pin except for the PD and PU outputs.The three shaft position sensor inputs consist of hysteresis comparators with input pullupresistors.Logic thresholds meet TTL specifications and can be driven by5-V CMOS,12-VCMOS,NMOS,or open-collectors.Connect these inputs to motor shaft position sensors that are positioned120electricaldegrees apart.If noisy signals are expected,zener clamp and filter these inputs with6-VH1,H2,H38,9,10zeners and an RC filter.Suggested filtering components are1kΩand2nF.Edge skew inthe filter is not a problem,because sensors normally generate modified gray code with onlyone output changing at a time,but rise and fall times must be shorter than20μs for correcttachometer operation.Motors with60electrical degree position sensor coding can be used ifone or two of the position sensor signals is inverted.The current sense amplifier has a fixed gain of approximately two.It also has a built-in levelshift of approximately2.5V.The signal appearing on ISENSE is:I SENSE=2.5V+(2×ABS(I SENSE1–I SENSE2))I SENSE1and I SENSE2are interchangeable and can be used as differential inputs.Thedifferential signal applied can be as high as±0.5V before saturation.If spikes are expected on ISENSE1or ISENSE2,they are best filtered by a capacitor fromISENSE to ground.Filtering this way allows fast signal inversions to be correctly processed ISENSE1,ISENSE2,by the absolute value circuit.The peak-current comparator allows the PWM to enter a3,4,5ISENSE current-limit mode with current in the windings never exceeding approximately0.2V/R SENSE.The overcurrent comparator provides a fail-safe shutdown in the unlikely case ofcurrent exceeding0.3V/R SENSE.Then,softstart is commanded,and all outputs are turnedoff until the high current condition is removed.It is often essential to use some filter drivingISENSE1and ISENSE2to reject extreme spikes and to control slew rate.Reasonablestarting values for filter components might be250-Ωseries resistors and a5-nF capacitorbetween ISENSE1and ISENSE2.Input resistors should be kept small and matched tomaintain gain accuracy.This input can be used as an over-voltage shut-down input,as a coast input,or both.ThisOV-COAST23input can be driven by TTL,5-V CMOS,or12-V CMOS.UC1625-SPZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED Terminal Functions(continued)TERMINALDESCRIPTIONNAME NO.These outputs can drive the gates of N-channel power MOSFETs directly or they can drivethe bases of power Darlingtons if some form of current limiting is used.They are meant todrive low-side power devices in high-current output stages.Current available from these pins PDA,PDB,PDC12,13,14can peak as high as0.5A.These outputs feature a true totem-pole output stage.Beware ofexceeding device power dissipation limits when using these outputs for high continuouscurrents.These outputs pull high to turn a“low-side”device on(active high).These outputs are open-collector,high-voltage drivers that are meant to drive high-sidepower devices in high-current output stages.These are active low outputs,meaning thatthese outputs pull low to command a high-side device on.These outputs can drivePUA,PUB,PUC16,17,18low-voltage PNP Darlingtons and P-channel MOSFETs directly,and can drive anyhigh-voltage device using external charge pump techniques,transformer signal coupling,cascode level-shift transistors,or opto-isolated drive(high-speed opto devices arerecommended).(See applications).This supply pin carries the current sourced by the PD outputs.When connecting PD outputsdirectly to the bases of power Darlingtons,the PWR VCC pin can be current limited with a PWR VCC11resistor.Darlington outputs can also be"Baker Clamped"with diodes from collectors back toPWR VCC.(See Applications)The device can chop power devices in either of two modes,referred to as“two-quadrant”(Quad Sellow)and“four quadrant”(Quad Sel high).When two-quadrant chopping,thepulldown power devices are chopped by the output of the PWM latch while the pullup driversremain on.The load chops into one commutation diode,and except for back-EMF,willexhibit slow discharge current and faster charge current.Two-quadrant chopping can be QUAD SEL22more efficient than four-quadrant.When four-quadrant chopping,all power drivers are chopped by the PWM latch,causing theload current to flow into two diodes during chopping.This mode exhibits better control of loadcurrent when current is low,and is preferred in servo systems for equal control overacceleration and deceleration.The QUAD SEL input has no effect on operation duringbraking.Each time the TACH-OUT pulses,the capacitor tied to RC-BRAKE discharges fromapproximately3.33V down to1.67V through a resistor.The tachometer pulse width isapproximately T=0.67R T C T,where R T and C T are a resistor and capacitor fromRC-BRAKE to ground.Recommended values for R T are10kΩto500kΩ,andrecommended values for C T are1nF to100nF,allowing times between5μs and10ms.Best accuracy and stability are achieved with values in the centers of those ranges.RC-BRAKE also has another function.If RC-BRAKE pin is pulled below the brake threshold, RC-BRAKE21the device enters brake mode.This mode consists of turning off all three high-side devices,enabling all three low-side devices,and disabling the tachometer.The only things that inhibitlow-side device operation in braking are low-supply,exceeding peak current,OV-COASTcommand,and the PWM comparator signal.The last of these means that if current sense isimplemented such that the signal in the current sense amplifier is proportional to brakingcurrent,the low-side devices will brake the motor with current control.(See applications)Simpler current sense connections results in uncontrolled braking and potential damage tothe power devices.The UC1625can regulate motor current using fixed-frequency pulse width modulation(PWM).The RC-OSC pin sets oscillator frequency by means of timing resistor R OSC from theRC-OSC pin to VREF and capacitor COSC from RC-OSC to Gnd.Resistors10kΩto100kΩand capacitors1nF to100nF works the best,but frequency should always be below500kHz.Oscillator frequency is approximately:F=2/(R OSC x C OSC)RC-OSC25Additional components can be added to this device to cause it to operate as a fixed off-timePWM rather than a fixed frequency PWM,using the RC-OSC pin to select the monostabletime constant.The voltage on the RC-OSC pin is normally a ramp of about1.2V peak-to-peak,centered atapproximately1.6V.This ramp can be used for voltage-mode PWM control,or can be usedfor slope compensation in current-mode control.O n T i m eC T –m F1 m 10 m 100 m100 Hz1 kHz 10 kHz100 kHz 1 MHzO s c i l l a t o r F r e q u e n c yC OSC (m F)UC1625-SPZHCS012A –SEPTEMBER 2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER 2011Terminal Functions (continued)TERMINAL DESCRIPTIONNAMENO.Any time that VCC drops below threshold or the sensed current exceeds the over-current threshold,the soft-start latch is set.When set,it turns on a transistor that pulls down on SSTART.Normally,a capacitor is connected to this pin,and the transistor will completely discharge the capacitor.A comparator senses when the NPN transistor has completely discharged the capacitor,and allows the soft-start latch to clear when the fault is removed.When the fault is removed,the soft-start capacitor charges from the on-chip current source.SSTART clamps the output of the error amplifier,not allowing the error amplifier output SSTART 24voltage to exceed SSTART regardless of input.The ramp on RC-OSC can be applied to PWM In and compared to E/A OUT.With SSTART discharged below 0.2V and the ramp minimum being approximately 1.0V,the PWM comparator keeps the PWM latch cleared and the outputs off.As SSTART rises,the PWM comparator begins to duty-cycle modulate the PWM latch until the error amplifier inputs overcome the clamp.This provides for a safe and orderly motor start-up from an off or fault condition.A 51-k Ωresister is added between VREF and SSTART to ensure switching.Any change in the H1,H2,or H3inputs loads data from these inputs into the position sensor latches.At the same time data is loaded,a fixed-width 5-V pulse is triggered on TACH-OUT.The average value of the voltage on TACH-OUT is directly proportional to speed,so this output can be used as a true tachometer for speed feedback with an external filter or TACH-OUT 20averaging circuit which usually consists of a resistor and capacitor.Whenever TACH-OUT is high,the position latches are inhibited,such that during the noisiest part of the commutation cycle,additional commutations are not possible.Although this effectively sets a maximum rotational speed,the maximum speed can be set above the highest expected speed,preventing false commutation and chatter.This device operates with supplies between 10V and 18V.Under-voltage lockout keeps all outputs off below 7.5V,insuring that the output transistors never turn on until full drive VCC 19capability is available.Bypass VCC to ground with an 0.1-μF ceramic ing a 10-μF electrolytic bypass capacitor as well can be beneficial in applications with high supply impedance.This pin provides regulated 5V for driving Hall-effect devices and speed control circuitry.VREF reaches 5V before VCC enables,ensuring that Hall-effect devices powered from VREF 2VREF becomes active before the UC1625drives any output.For proper performance VREF should be bypassed with at least a 0.1-μF capacitor to ground.TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICSOscillator FrequencyTachometer on Timevsvs C OSC and R OSCRT and CTFigure 2.Figure 3.-75Temperature –5C -50-250755025125100S u p p l y C u r r e n t – m A02468101214161820-75Temperature –5C-50-250755025125100S o f t S t a r t C u r r e n t – m A-15-14-13-12-11-10-9-8-7-6-5-75Temperature –5C-50-25755025125100S o f t S t a r t C u r r e n t – m A0.25.50.751.001.25I SENSE2 – I SENSE1 – VI S E N S E – V0.50.0-0.52.533.5UC1625-SPZHCS012A –SEPTEMBER 2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER 2011TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS (continued)Supply CurrentSoft-Start Pullup CurrentvsvsTemperatureTemperatureFigure 4.Figure 5.Soft-Start Discharge CurrentCurrent Sense Amplifier Transfer FunctionvsvsTemperatureI SENSE2–I SENSE1Figure 6.Figure 7.PUAPDAPULL DOWNPULL UP FROMUC1625-SPZHCS012A –SEPTEMBER 2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER 2011APPLICATION INFORMATIONCross Conduction PreventionThe UC1625inserts delays to prevent cross conduction due to overlapping drive signals.However,some thought must always be given to cross conduction in output stage design because no amount of dead time can prevent fast slewing signals from coupling drive to a power device through a parasitic capacitance.The UC1625contains input latches that serve as noise blanking filters.These latches remain transparent through any phase of a motor rotation and latch immediately after an input transition is detected.They remain latched for two cycles of the PWM oscillator.At a PWM oscillator speed of 20kHz,this corresponds to 50μs to 100μs of blank time which limits maximum rotational speed to 100kRPM for a motor with six transitions per rotation or 50kRPM for a motor with 12transitions per rotation.This prevents noise generated in the first 50μs of a transition from propagating to the output transistors and causing cross-conduction or chatter.The UC1625also contains six flip flops corresponding to the six output drive signals.One of these flip flops is set every time that an output drive signal is turned on,and cleared two PWM oscillator cycles after that drive signal is turned off.The output of each flip flop is used to inhibit drive to the opposing output (Figure 8).In this way,it is impossible to turn on driver PUA and PDA at the same time.It is also impossible for one of these drivers to turn on without the other driver having been off for at least two PWM oscillator clocks.Figure 8.Cross Conduction PreventionUC1625-SPZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED Power Stage DesignThe UC1625is useful in a wide variety of applications,including high-power in robotics and machinery.The power output stages used in such equipment can take a number of forms,according to the intended performance and purpose of the system.Figure9show four different power stages with the advantages and disadvantages of each.For high-frequency chopping,fast recovery circulating diodes are essential.Six are required to clamp the windings.These diodes should have a continuous current rating at least equal to the operating motor current, since diode conduction duty-cycle can be high.For low-voltage systems,Schottky diodes are preferred.In higher voltage systems,diodes such as Microsemi UHVP high voltage platinum rectifiers are recommended.In a pulse-by-pulse current control arrangement,current sensing is done by resistor R S,through which the transistor's currents are passed(Fig.A,B,and C).In these cases,R D is not needed.The low-side circulating diodes go to ground and the current sense terminals of the UC1625(I SENSE1and I SENSE2)are connected to R S through a differential RC filter.The input bias current of the current sense amplifier causes a common mode offset voltage to appear at both inputs,so for best accuracy,keep the filter resistors below2kΩand matched. The current that flows through R S is discontinuous because of chopping.It flows during the on time of the power stage and is zero during the off time.Consequently,the voltage across R S consists of a series of pulses, occurring at the PWM frequency,with a peak value indicative of the peak motor current.To sense average motor current instead of peak current,add another current sense resistor(R D in Fig.D)to measure current in the low-side circulating diodes,and operate in four quadrant mode(pin22high).The negative voltage across R D is corrected by the absolute value current sense amplifier.Within the limitations imposed by Table2,the circuit of Fig.B can also sense average current.TOMOTORFIGURE ATOMOTORFIGURE BTOMOTORFIGURE CTOMOTORFIGURE DUC1625-SPZHCS012A –SEPTEMBER 2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER 2011Figure 9.Four Power Stage Designs Table 2.Imposed Limitations for Figure 9CURRENT SENSESAFE 2QUADRANT4QUADRANTPOWER REVERSEBRAKINGPulse-by-PulseAverage Figure A Yes No No N0Yes No Figure B Yes Yes No In 4-quad mode only Yes Yes Figure C Yes Yes Yes In 4-quad mode only Yes No Figure DYesYesYesIn 4-quad mode onlyYesYesUC1625-SPZHCS012A –SEPTEMBER 2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER 2011For drives where speed is critical,P-channel MOSFETs can be driven by emitter followers as shown in Figure 10.Here,both the level shift NPN and the PNP must withstand high voltages.A zener diode is used to limit gate-source voltage on the MOSFET.A series gate resistor is not necessary,but always advisable to control overshoot and ringing.High-voltage optocouplers can quickly drive high-voltage MOSFETs if a boost supply of at least 10V greater than the motor supply is provided (See Figure 11)To protect the MOSFET,the boost supply should not be higher than 18V above the motor supply.For under 200-V 2-quadrant applications,a power NPN driven by a small P-Channel MOSFET performs well as a high-side driver as in Figure 12.A high voltage small-signal NPN is used as a level shift and a high voltage low-current MOSFET provides drive.Although the NPN does not saturate if used within its limitations,the base-emitter resistor on the NPN is still the speed-limiting component.Figure 13shows a power NPN Darlington drive technique using a clamp to prevent deep saturation.By limiting saturation of the power device,excessive base drive is minimized and turn-off time is kept fairly ck of base series resistance also adds to the speed of this approach.Figure 10.Fast High-Side P-Channel DriverFigure 11.Optocoupled N-Channel High-SideDriverUC1625-SP ZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER2011Figure12.Power NPN High-Side Driver Figure13.Power NPN Low-Side DriverUC1625-SPZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED Fast High-Side N-Channel Driver with Transformer IsolationA small pulse transformer can provide excellent isolation between the UC1625and a high-voltage N-Channel MOSFET while also coupling gate drive power.In this circuit(shown in Figure14),a UC3724is used as a transformer driver/encoder that duty-cycle modulates the transformer with a150-kHz pulse train.The UC3725 rectifies this pulse train for gate drive power,demodulates the signal,and drives the gate with over2-A peak current.Figure14.Fast High-Side N-Channel Driver with Transformer IsolationBoth the UC3724and the UC3725can operate up to500kHz if the pulse transformer is selected appropriately. To raise the operating frequency,either lower the timing resistor of the UC3724(1kΩmin),lower the timing capacitor of the UC3724(500pF min)or both.If there is significant capacitance between transformer primary and secondary,together with very high output slew rate,then it may be necessary to add clamp diodes from the transformer primary to12V and ground. General purpose small signal switching diodes such as1N4148are normally adequate.The UC3725also has provisions for MOSFET current limiting.See the UC3725data sheet for more information on implementing this.UC1625-SP ZHCS012A–SEPTEMBER2011–REVISED SEPTEMBER2011Computational Truth TableTable3shows the outputs of the gate drive and open collector outputs for given hall input codes and direction signals.Numbers at the top of the columns are pin numbers.These devices operate with position sensor encoding that has either one or two signals high at a time,never all low or all high.This coding is sometimes referred to as"120°Coding"because the coding is the same as coding with position sensors spaced120magnetic degrees about the rotor.In response to these position sense signals, only one low-side driver turns on(go high)and one high-side driver turns on(pull low)at any time.putational Truth TableINPUTS OUTPUTSDIR H1H2H3Low-Side High-Side68910121314161718 1001L H L L H H 1011L L H L H H 1010L L H H L H 1110H L L H L H 1100H L L H H L 1101L H L H H L 0101L L H H L H 0100L L H L H H 0110L H L L H H 0010L H L H H L 0011H L L H H L 0001H L L H L H X111L L L H H H X000L L L H H H。
维纳尔全球分布维纳尔母线系统及其元件产品技术信息说明书
附录8一般技术信息维纳尔全球分布维纳尔母线系统及其元件产品源于多年的经验积累与不断创新的精神。
它是通过多个专业部门检验并通过多重认证的高质量产品。
正确选择母线及其元件产品的责任在于设备设计人员。
对于 IEC 或 EN 61439 标准中的 “低压开关装置组件” 的部件，规划、安装要求和必要的设计验证均为强制要求。
为在使用电能的过程中避免人员及财产安全风险，由专业人员进行产品操作并遵守现行规定均为基本要求。
安装，维护，改造等工作应由熟悉强电设备安装及安全规则的专业人员进行操作。
必须注意查看技术标准，并考虑到各元件的相互作用。
在安装及维护作业时，人能接触到的所有部位必须不带电。
在安装连接元件时，应按所标识的扭力矩（Md）来旋紧，并注意必须使用相应的定位元件及防触摸保护部件。
在运输后应检查所有连接并做相应的紧固。
产品的使用和操作应符合预期的使用目的。
为方便设备使用后的维护，改装和加装，请注意查看和妥善保存手册中的技术说明和安装介绍。
维纳尔公司保留由于继续研发和技术进步而作出更改的权利。
使用条件如无特殊说明，资料中给出的所有说明，适用于所建议的安装位置，同时室内的环境条件（污染度为3级，在特殊情况下为2级）应符合 IEC / EN 61439-1 / - 2 / -3 的要求。
如果存在与此标准不同的特殊运行条件，用户必须告知制造商！根据具体的使用条件，会产生设备特有的降容系数。
下表中所列的额定负载系数是参考值，基于产品直接环境温度最 高为 +35 °C。
用于装夹熔断体的产品，必须遵守相应产品标准针对连接导线横截面的规定。
应注意产品塑料部件的耐热性。
给出的材料特性大多涉及多种产品。
在个别情况下，参数可能超过规定水平。
关于各款商品的更多信息参阅 的“产品”页面。
推荐使用的安装位置是在水平放置的母线系统上垂直安 装设备。
开关设备在垂直安装时固定手柄应向上整齐排 放。
对于此安装位置，表格 101 所示额定负载系数适用于 IEC / EN 61439-2 / -3 中第 7.1.1.1 节规定允许的最坏情况功率耗散与环境条件。
VD2N65L-TO251规格书
Drain-Source Breakdown Voltage Gate Threshold Voltage Gate-Body Leakage Zero Gate Voltage Drain Current Drain-Source On-Resistance Diode Forward Voltage
Jun,2015 ver2.0
2/6
VD2N65L
N channel 650V MOSFET
Typical Characteristics
VGS 15.0 V 10.0 V 8.0 V 7.0 V 6.5 V 6.0 V 5.5 V 5.0 V Bottom : 4.5 V Top :
(TJ =25℃ Noted) Transfer Characteristics
Capacitance(pF)
350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 -1 10
0
Ciss Coss
8
VDS = 480V
6
Crss
※ Notes ; 1. VGS = 0 V 2. f = 1 MHz
4
2
※ Note : ID = 2A
10
10
1
0
0
2
4
6
8
10
Drain Source Voltage VDS (V)
2.0
Drain Current,ID(A)
10
1
Drain Current,ID(A)
3
Operation in This Area is Limited by R DS(on)
1.6
100 µs 1 ms
10
0
10 ms 100 ms DC
奥德维特说明书
PDA 系列产品的设计、制造、检查、试验及特性都应遵照适合的最新版IEC 和中国GB 标准及国际单位SI 制。
GB/T13730《地区电网数据采集与监控系统通用技术条件》GB/50171-92《电气装置安装工作盘、柜及二次回路接线施工及验收规范》DL/T630《交流采样远动终端通用技术条件》DL/478-92《静态继电保护及安全自动装置通用技术条件》GB/50062-92《电力装置的继电保护和自动装置设计规范》GB/T50063-2008《电力装置的电测量仪表装置设计规范》DL/T587-1996《微机继电保护装置运行管理规程》GB/T13729-2002《远动终端通用技术条件》GB/14285-93《继电保护和安全自动装置技术规程》GB/T17626.12-1998《振荡波抗扰度试验》GB/T17626.11-2008《电压暂降、短时中断和电压变化抗扰度试验》GB/T17626.10-1998《阻尼振荡磁场抗扰度试验》GB/T17626.8-2006《工频磁场的抗扰度试验》GB/T17626.6-2008《射频场感应的传导骚扰抗扰度》GB/T17626.5-2008《浪涌（冲击）抗扰度试验》GB/T17626.4-2008《电快速瞬变脉冲群抗扰度试验》GB/T17626.2-2006《静电放电抗扰度试验》GB/T 14047-1993《量度继电器和保护装置》GB 3836.3-2000《爆炸性气体环境用电气设备 第 3 部 分：增安型"e"》JB/T 10613-2006《数字式电动机综合保护装置》GB/T13850-1998《交流电量转换为模拟量或数字信号的电测量变送器》JJG596-1999《电子式电能表检定规程》GB/T17215.321-2008《静止式有功电能表(1级和2级)》GB/T 22264-2008《安装式数字显示电测量仪表》产品标准Contents 目 录A -01综合电力监控仪PDA-120系列B -13 三相智能型电力仪表 PDA-103系列C -31单相智能型电力仪表 PDA-101系列D -51 智能型电动机保护控制器 PDA-110MRK F -66参考设计图附录产品业绩G -73GB/T17215.322-2008《》静止式有功电能表(0.2S 级和0.5S 级)E -58 低压电动机保护装置 ADVP-1451产品简介功能详表产品特点PDA -120系列综合电力监控仪是北京奥德威特电力科技股份有限公司按IEC 国际标准开发，与当今国际先进技术同步的网络化综合电力监控仪表。
D202ERW资料
Key Features:• 2W Output Power• 2:1 Input Voltage Range • 1,500 VDC Isolation • Short Circuit Protected • Miniature SIP Case • Single & Dual Outputs • 1.0 MH MTBF• Industry Standard Pin-Out • Low Low Cost!!D200ERWLow Cost, Miniature 2W SIP , Wide Input DC/DC Con v ert e rsSeriesInputParameterConditionsMin.Typ.Max.UnitsInput Voltage Range 5 VDC Input 4.5 5.09.0VDC12 VDC Input 9.012.018.024 VDC Input 18.024.036.048 VDC Input36.048.072.0Reverse Polarity Input Current 1.0A Short Circuit Input Power 1,500mW OutputParameterConditionsMin.Typ.Max.Units Output Voltage Accuracy ±1.0±3.0%Output Voltage Balance ±1.0±2.0%Line RegulationVin = Min to Max ±0.2±0.5%Load Regulation , Single Output Iout = 10% to 100%±0.5±0.75%Load Regulation , Dual Output Iout = 10% to 100%±0.5±1.0%Ripple & Noise (20 MHz)See Note 135100mV P - P Output Power Protection 120%Temperature Coeffi cient ±0.03%/°COutput Short CircuitContinuous (Autorecovery)GeneralParameterConditionsMin.Typ.Max.Units Isolation Voltage 60 Seconds 1,500VDC Isolation Resistance 500 VDC 1,000M ΩIsolation Capacitance 100 kHz, 1V 80pF Switching FrequencyIout = 100%180500kHz EnvironmentalParameterConditionsMin.Typ.Max.Units Operating Temperature Range Ambient -40+25+85°C Storage Temperature Range -50+125°C Cooling Free Air ConvectionHumidityRH, Non-condensing95%PhysicalCase Size0.87 x 0.47 x 0.37 Inches (22.0 x 12.0 x 9.50 mm)Case Material Non-Conductive Black Plastic (UL94-V0)Weight 0.19 Oz (5.5g)Reliability Specifi cationsParameter ConditionsMin.Typ.Max.Units MTBFMIL HDBK 217F , 25°C, Gnd Benign1.0MHours Absolute Maximum RatingsParameterConditionsMin.Typ.Max.UnitsInput Voltage Surge (1 Sec) 5 VDC Input -0.711.0VDC12 VDC Input -0.722.024 VDC Input -0.740.048 VDC Input-0.780.0Lead Temperature1.5 mm From Case For 10 Sec300°C Internal Power Dissipation All Models1,800mWCaution: Exceeding Absolute Maximum Ratings may damage the module. These are not continuous operating ratings.MicroPower Direct 292 Page Street Suite DStoughton, MA 02072USAT: (781) 344-8226F: (781) 344-8481E: sales@ W: Electrical Specifi cationsSpecifi cations typical @ +25°C, nominal input voltage & rated output current, unless otherwise noted. Specifi cations subject to change without notice.RoHS CompliantModel Selection GuideMechanical DimensionsModel Number InputOutput Effi ciency(%, Typ)Fuse RatingSlow-Blow (mA)Voltage (VDC)Current (mA)Voltage (VDC)Current (mA, Max)Current (mA, Min)Nominal RangeFull-Load No-Load D201ERW 5 4.5 - 9.050840 3.3500.050.0651,500D202ERW 5 4.5 - 9.058840 5.0400.040.0681,500D203ERW 5 4.5 - 9.0555409.0222.022.0721,500D204ERW 5 4.5 - 9.05474012.0166.016.0731,500D205ERW 5 4.5 - 9.05554015.0133.013.0721,500D206ERW 5 4.5 - 9.05474024.083.08.0731,500D207ERW 5 4.5 - 9.059740±5.0±200.0±20.0671,500D208ERW 5 4.5 - 9.055540±12.0±83.0±8.0721,500D209ERW 5 4.5 - 9.054740±15.0±66.0±7.0731,500D211ERW 129.0 - 18.019120 3.3500.050.072700D212ERW 129.0 - 18.021620 5.0400.040.077700D213ERW 129.0 - 18.0211209.0222.022.079700D214ERW 129.0 - 18.02062012.0166.016.081700D215ERW 129.0 - 18.02082015.0133.013.080700D216ERW 129.0 - 18.02082024.083.08.080700D217ERW 129.0 - 18.022220±5.0±200.0±20.075700D218ERW 129.0 - 18.021420±12.0±83.0±8.078700D219ERW 129.0 - 18.021420±15.0±66.0±7.078700D221ERW 2418.0 - 36.09610 3.3500.050.072350D222ERW 2418.0 - 36.010810 5.0400.040.077350D223ERW 2418.0 - 36.0105109.0222.022.079350D224ERW 2418.0 - 36.01031012.0166.016.081350D225ERW 2418.0 - 36.01041015.0133.013.080350D226ERW 2418.0 - 36.01041024.083.08.080350D227ERW 2418.0 - 36.010910±5.0±200.0±20.076350D228ERW 2418.0 - 36.010510±12.0±83.0±8.079350D229ERW 2418.0 - 36.010710±15.0±66.0±7.078350D231ERW 4836.0 - 72.0485 3.3500.050.071135D232ERW 4836.0 - 72.0555 5.0400.040.075135D233ERW 4836.0 - 72.05359.0222.022.079135D234ERW 4836.0 - 72.052512.0166.016.080135D235ERW 4836.0 - 72.053515.0133.013.079135D236ERW 4836.0 - 72.052524.083.08.080135D237ERW 4836.0 - 72.0555±5.0±200.0±20.075135D238ERW 4836.0 - 72.0525±12.0±83.0±8.080135D239ERW4836.0 - 72.0525±15.0±66.0±7.080135Pin Single Dual Pin Single Dual 1-Vin -Vin 6+Vout +Vout 2+Vin +Vin 7-Vout Common 3Remote ON/OFF 8CS-Vout5NF NF NF = No FunctionPin ConnectionsNotes:1. When measuring output ripple, it is recommended that an external ceramic capacitor (approx. 1 µF to 10 µF) be placed from the +Vout pin to the -Vout pin for single output units and from each output to common for dual output units.2. These units should not be operated with a load under10% of full load. Operation at no-load may cause damage to the unit.3. These converters are specifi ed for operation withoutexternal components. However, in some applications the addition of input/output capacitors will enhance stability and reduce output ripple. Recommendedcapacitor values are given at right.Output ripple on single output units may be further enhanced by using the CS terminal (single outputunits operated at 50% load or below should use this function). A low ESR capacitor is connected between the CS pin and the -Voutpin (the capcitor anode connected to the -Vout pin). Recommendedcapacitor values are given in the table at right. If not used, the CS pin should be left open.4. Dual output units may be connected to provide a 10V , 24V or 30 VDC output. To do this, connect the load across the +Vout and -Vout outputs and fl oat the output common.5. The remote on/off control pin is referenced to the -Vin pin. Input current to the pin should be between 5 - 10 mA with a maximum of 20 mA.6. It is recommended that a fuse be used on the input of a power supply forprotection. See the Model Selection table above for the correct rating.Vin Input Capacitor Vout Output Capacitor 0 - 70ºC (Electrolitic)-40 - 85ºC(Tantalum)5 VDC 100 µF 5 VDC 100 µF 47 µF 12 VDC 100 µF 9 VDC 100 µF 47 µF 24 VDC 10 µF 12 VDC 100 µF 47 µF 48 VDC 10 µF 15 VDC 100 µF 47 µF Output Voltage 3.3V 5V 9V 12V 15V 24V CS 47 µF - 100 µF 22 µF - 47 µF Min Max On <0.6 VDC to Open Circuit Off 2.7 VDC 15.0 VDC Mechanical Notes:• All dimensions are typical in inch e s (mm)• Tolerance x.xx = ±0.01 (±0.25)MicroPower Direct292 Page Street Ste D Stoughton, MA 02072 • TEL: (781) 344-8226 • FAX: (781) 344-8481 • E-Mail: sales@Derating Curve。
DW16-2000说明书[1]
![DW16-2000说明书[1]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/540f16ff700abb68a982fb15.png)
自由脱扣机构可用手柄直接手动操作或通过杠杆操作机构连接操作或通过电动机操作使断路器闭合。
自由脱扣机构的动作分为“再扣”、“闭合”、“断开”三个程序： 再扣：当断路器断开后，自由脱扣机构由闭合位置沿反时针方向旋转，这时自由脱扣机构的杠杆4把主轴杠杆的销钉5钩住，并且杠杆的销钉5有一力作用到杠杆4上，使自由脱扣机构的三个杠杆互相搭住（图5）形成再扣位置，准备下一次闭合。
闭合：在自由脱扣机构再扣之后，将机构从再扣位置沿顺时针方向旋转，直至机构上杠杆4（图3）与扣片6扣住为止。
闭合速度与操作速度有关。
断开：杠杆7（图3）得到从任一脱扣器而来的作用力，使杠杆7沿顺时针方向旋转，推动杠杆8，使杠杆9与杠杆8解脱，在断开弹簧和触头弹簧的反作用力的作用下，断路器断开。
用手动断开时，机构从闭合位置沿反时针方向旋转，由于杠杆4（图3）被扣片6钩住而固定，手柄只能沿着杠杆4的横槽转动，这样杠杆4与杠杆9的连接解脱，断路器迅速断开。
用操作电动机的断路器必须由任一脱扣器来使断路器断开。
图5 自由脱扣机构再扣位置4图4 接触系统图3 传动机构12 478956不大于2m m不大于3mm3灭弧室外壳采用耐弧新材料制成，并配置了隔弧板,从而提高了断路联接导线及非磁性垫片8，用户不得随意更换，以免影响保护特性。
断路器热继电器动作后须经手动复位才能闭合断路器。
电动机操作机构适用于断路器远距离闭合操作。
采用交直流串激电动机，电动机操作电路图见图7。
当按下闭合按钮SB2，继电器K3得电,电动机旋转，继电器K2也得电，电动机继续旋转至断路器闭合,辅助触头DF断开，电动机操作机构上的行程开关XK转换，继电器K3失电,同时电动机断电，并使电动机实现能耗制动。
如果SB2仍处于接通位置，而断路器因不正常现象而断开，由于继电器K2仍有电，可防止断路器再次闭合。
（a）AC220/380V （b）DC110/220VFU FUUs3 SB2SB2电源按钮电源按钮K2 K2 K2 K3 K3K3K3K3K3K3 K3 K3K3DF XK R1R1R2 SQ ZdZdM M + + --图6 热—电磁式过电流脱扣器23 41 5 6 787图8 DW16-2000直接手柄操作及电动机操作的安装尺寸和外形尺寸图9 DW16-2000杠杆操作安装尺寸R 300450±1.2565360598.5m a x558max 400±1.15 136 31R 235120109250450550559044±0.3112628090483104aIn(A)A(mm)800~1000810141600200011011050264-φ1412-φ13958图10 DW16-4000断路器的安装尺寸和外形尺寸7 安装使用及维护7.1.1 安装前先检查断路器的规格是否符合使用要求。
Ralec合金电阻规格书
(0.645±0.254) (0.787±0.254)
LR2512
LR2725 LR2728
0.5 ~ 3.0
1.0 & 1.5
3.1 ~ 4.0 4.1 ~75.0
75.1 ~ 100.0
0.5 ~ 3.0
2.0
3.1 ~ 4.0
0.246±0.010 (6.248±0.254)
4.1 ~75.0
文件編號 版本日期 頁次
IE-SP-022 2013/01/01
3/14
3.1 Power Derating Curve: Operating Temperature Range： - 55 ~+170 ℃ For resistors operated in ambient temperatures 70°C, power rating shell be derated in accordance with the curve below:
Do not copy without permission
Issue Dep.DATA Center.
Series No.60
RALEC
旺詮
Metal Alloy Low-Resistance Resistor Product Specifications
文件編號 版本日期 頁次
IE-SP-022 2013/01/01
5/14
Type LR4527S (without heat sink)
LR4527
Maximum
Power Resistance
Rating Range (mΩ)
L
(Watts)
Dimensions - in inches (millimeters)
GB、EN、IEC标准电机型式试验作业指导书WI-T-016
0.90
2.00
---
2.5
用游标卡尺测试金属材料厚度
注：Ⅰ为拧紧时螺钉不凸出孔外的金属沉头螺钉；Ⅱ为其它金
属螺钉或螺母；
⑶接线端子应固定可靠，夹紧或放松电源导线时不允许松动，
内部导线不应受到应力，电气间隙和爬电距离不应小于
GB12350第21章的规定限值； ⑷接线端子应设计和放置得当，当夹紧导线时，在金属表面之
示，电机上的电容器、离心开关等引出线应有出线端标志。
e.检查标志固定方法及字迹：可用打印、雕刻、压制或其他 首先采用浸有水的湿棉布
等效刻印方法，必须保证清晰、明了、耐用，在电动机整 擦抹标志 15S，随后再用浸
个使用期限内不易磨灭。
有汽油的棉布擦抹 15S
2
外壳防护
外壳防护等级应按 GB/T4942.1 的规定分级，并应在产品标 准中明确规定。
技术要求
用绝缘电阻测试仪进行测试,电压档
选择:
电动机额定电 绝缘电阻测试
压 Un
仪电压档选择
Un≤36
250VDC
36<Un≤500
500VDC
用耐压测试仪进行测试：试验时，
施加的电压应从不超过试验电压全
值的一半开始，逐渐地升高到试验
电压的全值，试验电压自半值增加
至全值的时间应不少于 10S，全值
电压试验时间应持续 1min。
装牢固，不允许松动；
⑵电容器、开关或类似器件应安装牢固，不允许松动，且应便
于更换；
⑶导线穿过电动机壳体开口处应有绝缘子（或其它等效物），
并可靠固定；
⑷换向器电动机刷握组件的结构应当电刷磨损不能再继续工
作时，其电刷、弹簧和其他零件应
13
FLUKE 1625Earth Ground Tester 说明书
1625
Earth/Ground Tester
January 2006 (Simplified Chinese)
© 2006 Fluke Corporation, All rights reserved. All product names are trademarks of their respective companies.
开箱 ..................................................................................................5 检查交货范围 ..................................................................................5 常规 ......................................................................................................6 其它附件 ..............................................................................................6 装配 ......................................................................................................7 功能描述 ..............................................................................................7 测量干扰电压（UST）.....................................................................8 测量干扰频率（FST） .....................................................................8 测量接地电阻（RE） ......................................................................9 选择性测量接地电阻（RE A） ..................................................9 电阻测量（R~）..............................................................................9 低电阻测量（RF） ........................................................................9 检查测量连接是否正确...................................................................9 蜂鸣器 ..............................................................................................9
数字万用表报告
1.6数字万用表的基本组成
数字万用表是在直流数字电压表的基础上扩展而来的。
通过不同功能的转换器，把被测电量如交流电压、电流、电阻、电容、二极管正向压降、晶体管放大系数等电量，转换成直流电压信号，再由A/D转换器转换成数字量，并以数字显示出来。数字万用表的基本结构如下图12-所示。它由功能转换器、A/D转换器、LED或LCD显示器、电源和功能/量程转换开关等组成。
表1.2
1.5UT51数字万用表安全操作准则
1.后盖没有盖好前严禁使用，否则有电击危险。
2.量程开关应置于正确测量位置。
3.检查表笔绝缘层应完好，无破损的断线。
4.红、黑表笔应插在符合测量要求的插孔内，保证接触良好。
5.输入信号不允许超过规定的极限值，以防电击和损坏仪表。
6.严禁量程开关在电压测量或电流测量过程中改变档位，以防损坏仪表。
DIP插件：DIP封装（Dual In-line Package），也叫双列直插式封装技术，指采用双列直插形式封装的集成电路芯片，绝大多数中小规模集成电路均采用这种封装形式，其引脚数一般不超过100。
QC测试：QC的工作主要是产成品，原辅材料等的检验，QA是对整个公司的一个质量保证，包括成品，原辅料等的放行，质量管理体系正常运行等。
QA：（QUALITY ASSURANCE，中文意思是“品质保证”，其在ISO8402：1994中的定义是“为了提供足够的信任表明实体能够满足品质要求。
参考文献：
/st194097/product_6352286.html
/view/69fe29c66137ee06eff918f4.html
图1.2单片数字万用表的基本构成
1.7数字万用表的原理图：
ERTD中文资料
Disc Type NTC ThermistorsType:ERTDn Derating Curve for the NTC ThermistorFor the NTC Thermistor operated in ambientderated in accordance with the right figure.Ambient Temperature (˚C)R a t e d L o a d (%)n Explanation of Part Numbersn Featuresl Excellent electrical and thermal stabilityn Recommended Applicationsl Temperature detectionl Temperature compensation for measuring instrumentsl Temperature compensation for deflection coil in TVDisc type negative temperaturecoefficient thermistors. Resistance values from 8W to 150k W and B Values are from 3000K to5000K.l Wide selection of temperature coefficients temperature above 25ûC, power rating should be Rev.02/04n Ratings and CharacteristicsERTD2FE L]200S203000 2.18ÑERTD2FF L]400S403200 2.30ÑERTD2FG L]750S753700 2.621 ERTD2FF L]101S1003500 2.48ÑERTD2FG L]101S1003700 2.622 ERTD2FG L]171S1703700 2.623 ERTD2FF L]251S2503500 2.48ÑERTD2FG L]251S2503900 2.764 ERTD2FG L]301S3003900 2.76ÑERTD2FF L]351S3503500 2.485 ERTD2FG L]601S6004000 2.836 ERTD2FG L]801S80039000.4 4.520 2.767 ERTD2FG L]102S10003700 2.61ÑERTD2FG L]142S14003900 2.76ÑERTD2FG L]202S20004000 2.838 ERTD2FG L]332S33004000 2.839 ERTD2FH L]462S46004100 2.90ÑERTD2FH L]802S80004100 2.9010 ERTD2FH L]103S100004100 2.90ÑERTD2FH L]153S150004200 2.9811 ERTD2FH L]333S330004500 3.2212 ERTD2FH L]503S500004500 3.2213 ERTD2FI L]154S1500004800 3.4814 ERTD3FE L]8R0S83000 2.1815 ERTD3FF L]130S133200 2.3016 ERTD3FF L]160S163200 2.30ÑERTD3FF L]200S203200 2.30ÑERTD3FF L]300S303200 2.30ÑERTD3FF L]400S403200 2.30ÑERTD3FG L]750S7537000.67.027 2.62ÑERTD3FG L]800S803700 2.62ÑERTD3FG L]131S1303700 2.62ÑERTD3FG L]501S5004000 2.83ÑERTD3FH L]402S40004100 2.90ÑERTD3FH L]203S200004500 3.22ÑERTD3FI L]803S800005000 3.7017 ]Resistance Tolerance Code]]Tolerance of ÒB valueÓ: ±10%B=k n (R25/R50)1/298.15Ð1/323.15R25=Resistance at 25.0 ¡CR50=Resistance at 50.0 ¡Cl Operating Temperature Range: Ð30 to +125¡CHeatZero-Power B Value]]Maximum Dissipation Thermal Time Resistance Table Part No.Resistance(K)Permissible Constant Constant Ratio A/B at 25¡C(W)Power(W)(mW/¡C)(s)R25/R50Curve No.J K L±5%±10%±15%n Dimensions in mm (not to scale)Straight Lead Type F TypeCrimped Lead Type Z TypeF Typef DT k W f d D2 5.0±0.5 1.3±0.530.0 min. 2.5±1.00.4D37.5±0.51.4±0.530.0 min.5.0±1.00.5Z Typef DT u e h W f d D25.0±0.51.3±0.53.0 max.4.5±1.06.0 max. 5.0±1.00.5(nom.2.5)(nom.5.0)n Resistance vs. Temperature (Table A)nVoltage vs. Current (Table B)ΩP 12.7±1.0P 012.7±0.3P 1 3.85±0.70P 2 6.35±1.30f d 0.50±0.05F 5.0±1.0Æh 0±5.0W 18.0+1.0W 012.5 min.W 19.00+0.75W 2 3.0 max H 21.0±2.0H 016.0±0.5k 2.0 max.f D 0 4.0±0.3t0.5±0.2n Resistance Color Code1(1st Digit)2(2nd Digit)3(Multiplier)CodeColorBlack 00100Brown 11101Red 22102Orange 33103Yellow 44104Green 55105Blue 66106Purple 77107Gray 88108White 99109Gold ÑÑ10Ð1SilverÑÑ10Ð2Ð0.5Ð0.50n Taping Dimensions in mm (not to scale)Taping TypeNTC Thermistors (Disc Type)Disc Type NTC ThermistorsThe Disc Type NTC Thermisters (hereafter referred to as ÒThe NTC ThermistorsÓ) may fail in burnout, flaming or glowing in the worst case, when subjected to severe conditions of electrical, environmental and/or mechanical stresses.1. Precautions for Safety1.1 Operating Power1.2 Operating Temperature Range1.3Plastic Molding and Potting1.4Environmental Conditionsf)1.5Mounting1.6Fail-Safe Design for Equipment2.Application Notes2.1Soldering FluxRosin-based and non-activated type soldering flux is recommended.2.2Post Soldering Cleaning2.3Abnormal Mechanical Stresses2.4Soldering2.5Long Term Storage(5)Store them indoors under 40¡C max. and 75%RH max.Handling PrecautionsSafety PrecautionsÒSafety PrecautionsÓ and ÒApplication NotesÓ should be taken into consideration. For any The following questions regarding the ÒHandling PrecautionsÓ, please contact our engineering section or factory.The NTC Thermistors should not be operated beyond their specified Maximum Permissible Power in the Catalog or the Individual Specifications, otherwise, burnout or damages due to the thermal run awa could result. (if operated in ambient temperature above 25 ¡C, power rating should be derated in accordance with the derating curve.)The NTC Thermistors should not be operated beyond their specified Operating Temperature Range of in the Catalog or the Individual Specifications.(Do not touch the heated part of the NTC Themistors by hand during operation)In case of plastic molding or potting, the NTC Thermistors may be damaged or deteriorated by extreme mechanical stresses such as expanding and shrinking forces caused by the heat treatment of the plastics applied (depending on curing conditions and types of plastics)The NTC Thermistors should not be operated and/or stored under the following environmental conditions;a)Direct exposure to water or drops of water.b)Direct exposure to sunlight.c)Under conditions of high humidity or water condensation.d)Direct exposure to oil, gasoline or organic solvent and/or atomospheres of them.e)Under conditions of deoxidized or corrosive atomospheres such as chlorine, hydrogen sulfide, sulfur oxide or vinyl chloride.Under severe conditions of extreme vibration or shock.Do not let other parts touch the Thermistors because other coating is not a generated insulator.pending on the cleaning condition and type of cleaning solvent.The NTC Thermistors may be damaged or deteriorated, when dropped or exposed to a large impact. Excessive shock and impact should not be applied.the element to the melting point of solder.(1) When soldering the thermistor, solder for as short time as possible to minimize the exposure time ofTake into account the solder-heat resistance of the product before use.(2) In soldering the device, the body and outer coating section should not be touched by molten solderand/or heated iron tip.(1)NTC Thermistors should not be stored under severe conditions of high temperature and/or high humidity.(2)NTC Thermistors should not be stored under conditions of corrosive atomospheres such as hydrogensulfide, sulfur oxide, chlorine, and ammonia etc.(3)NTC Thermistors should not be exposed to direct sunlight.(4)NTC Thermistors should not be stored under conditions of e them within one year of manufacture and check the solderability before use.In case of solvent cleaning, outer coating material of the NTC Thermistors may acquire the solvent, de-In application of the Termistors, equipment should be protected against deterioration and failures of the Thermistors.。
EN12975中文版1
太阳能热水器系统与组成部件---太阳能集热器--第二部分：测试方法前言该英国标准是EN 12975-2:2006的官方英语版。
其取代了不尽完善的BS EN 12975-2:2001。
UK参与了这个测试的准备，并委托成为RHE/25、太阳能热水器技术鉴定委员会，其职责如下：--- 帮助咨询者理解本测试--- 负责口头解答国际或欧洲委员会咨询的任何问题，提出改进的建议，以及保证UK各方面的利益。
--- 监控国际和欧洲方面相关的进展，并在UK发表公布。
RHE/25、太阳能热水器BSI委员会应该让使用者了解到太阳能集热器是利用含有硅树脂橡胶的吸收层来使液体限制在一个面积区域里。
吸收层的有机材料应该根据规定进行测试。
这个委员会成员名单可以通过向其秘书申请得到。
参考资料在这个英国标准中所涉及的国际的或欧洲的刊物可以在“国际标准对应引索”下的BSI目录中查到，或者利用搜索工具和在线搜索BSI 电子目录或英国标准。
该刊物并不包括一个合同所有必需的事项。
使用者有责任按照正确的申请格式。
遵守英国标准并不代表在法律上可以免责。
页码摘要该文件包括一个外封面、一个里封面、EN标题目录页、页码2至页码55和一个后封面。
BSI版权会在该文件中注明该文件的最后出版日期。
出版后修订公布太阳能热水器系统与组成部件---太阳能集热器--第二部分：测试方法这一欧洲标准于2006年2月6日被CEN认可。
CEN成员都应该遵循CEN/CENELEC内部规范，该规范规定了获得此欧洲标准的条件，此身份在国内标准将不会作任何改动。
关于该标准的最新目录或参考目录可以向秘书处或CEN任何一位成员申请获取。
这一欧洲标准现在有三种官方版本（英语、法语和德语）。
任何一种语言的版本由CEN成员的监督下翻译成自己国家的语言，然后通报给秘书处并获得与官方版本同等效力的认可版本。
CEN成员是国民标准的主体，其成员国包括：奥地利、比利时、塞浦路斯、捷克、丹麦、爱沙尼亚、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、、拉脱维亚、立陶宛、卢森堡公国、马耳他、荷兰、挪威、波兰、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士以及英国。
维纳尔产品速查手册
10x20x1，镀锡，带绝缘套，640A，长2m，截面200mm2￥1,976.8000 01064
01068通用导线连接端子
适用5mm厚矩形母线，连接16-120mm2，最大440A￥24.8900 01068
01069展开式连接夹
适用20x5-30x10，2T和3T形母线，开口空间55x28，适用最大1600A/2000A￥372.5200 01069
01137支架组
系统盖罩组件，4线，一左一右，适用盖板01599和01555￥134.0800 01137
01138母线架
3，4，5线，适用3x(12-30x10mm)和2x(12-20x5mm)母线￥101.9000 01138
01139盖框
适用ISO-柜体VMS￥94.3800 01139
01140标准铜母线
01050多层软铜排
6x13x0.5，无镀层，带绝缘套，237A，长2m，截面39mm2￥369.3000 01050
01054多层软铜排
3x9x0.8，无镀层，带绝缘套，162A，长2m，截面21.6mm2￥296.4000 01054
01056母线架盖
适用01495/01500￥36.6500 01056
01011底槽
带通气栅，3线带电缆或4线，290x1100￥354.4900 01011
01017边框支撑架
供支撑封闭装置或槽边框使用，适用01495和01485￥45.6500 01017
01019末端盖
适用01017和01495的组合体，封盖母线末端￥24.2100 01019
01020末端盖
适用01017和01495或01485的组合体，封盖母线末端￥30.7600 01020
EN25QH16中文资料(Eon Silicon)中文数据手册「EasyDatasheet - 矽搜」
EN25QH16
24 - 球TFBGA
芯片中文手册,看全文,戳
图 2.框 图
EN25QH16
Note: 1. DQ 0 和DQ 1 用于双核和四核指令. 2. DQ 0 ~ DQ 3 用于四路说明.
芯片中文手册,看全文,戳
表 1.引 脚 名 称
防 护 持 （ HOLD＃ ）
该HOLD＃引脚允许同时产品极选择设备被暂停.当HOLD＃被带到
低,而CS＃低,DO引脚将在对DI和CLK引脚高阻抗,信号将
忽略（不关心）.当多个设备共享同一个SPI防护持功能是很有用
信号.该HOLD＃功能仅适用于标准SPI和双SPI操作期间,当
四路SPI,该引脚为串行数据IO（DQ
3）为四I / O操作.
写 防 护 护 （ WP＃ ） 写防护护（WP＃）引脚可用于防止状态寄存器被写入.用于 与状态一起注册块防护护（BP0,BP1,BP2和BP3）位和状态寄存器 防护护（SRP）位,部分或整个存储器阵列可以是硬件防护护.该WP＃功能 仅适用于标准SPI和双SPI操作,当在四路SPI,该引脚为串行 数据IO（DQ 2）为四I / O操作.
该EN25QH16被设计为允许任何单
扇区/块
在同一时间或整片擦除操作.
该EN25QH16可以被配置为防护护存储器作为软件防护护模式一部分.该
设备可以维持一个最低100K编程/擦除周期每一个扇区
或块 .
芯片中文手册,看全文,戳
图一接线图
EN25QH16
CS#
1
DO (DQ 1)
2
WP# (DQ 2)
地面 无连接
*1 *1
*2 *2
Note:
1. DQ 0 和DQ 1 用于双核和四核指令. 2. DQ 2 ~ DQ 3 用于四路说明.
德尔顿热水器产品说明书
德尔顿热水器产品说明书德尔顿品牌带给您与众不同的健康享受热水器安装在卫生间，供水到厨房作生活用水，供水到卫生间洗手盆作洗漱用水，供水到卫生间作洗澡、冲凉用水等都是磁能健康活性小分子团水。
初次使用只要设定所需水温即可。
下次使用时自动记忆，不需再设定水温，季节温度变化时，再适当调整进水流量开关即可，开水自动开机，关水自动关机，无需关电，长期待机功率0.1w，一年不用一度电，非常节电。
一、工作原理及性能德尔顿健康热水器是一种磁能加热原理的产品，是利用磁能感应原理将电能转换成热能，由整流电路将50Hz/60Hz的交流电变换成直流电压，再经过控制电路将直流电压转换成频率为20KHz/40KHz的高频电压，高速变化的电流通过线圈产生高速变化的磁场，当磁场磁力线通过“速磁导热体”时，会在360度圆周速时导热的导热体内不断产生亿万个小漩涡流来碰撞和切割流经“速磁导热体”内的水，而迅速将水加热成为健康的活性小分子团水。
磁能加热原理结合德尔顿“速磁导热核心专利”，创造了一个安全、健康、舒适、节能的奇迹。
二、产品特点1、不用防电墙传统热水器都需要用防电墙来增强一些安全措施，安全措施越多的热水器，说明它的安全隐患越多。
德尔顿健康热水器水电彻底分离，安全百分百保障，不用防电墙（国家II类电器，不用防电墙已通过3C认证）。
2、不用接地线（国家II类电器，不用接地线已通过3C认证）3、不用泄压阀传统热水器一般都装有泄压阀降低水压，因为各地区的水压大小相差很大，而且时大时小、不稳定，水压大的时候水路的焊接处会漏水，时间长了会氧化，内胆接头处、玻璃管接头处就承受不了水压，出现漏水现象，会直接损坏产品、诱发安全事故。
德尔顿健康热水器“速磁导热核心专利”将水电彻底分离，水路是独立的，并且是无缝特殊金属精密管通过压铸而成，没有任何焊接和接头，承受水压比自来水管还大，根本不需要任何泄压阀。
4、不用混水阀传统热水器一般都是热水温度提升到75°后再与冷水混合使用，这样就带来了很多缺陷：①水温高易生水垢。
D-R216使用手册中文
D-R 216 浊度监测仪用户使用手册11北京莫尼特尔环境技术开发有限公司2003DURAG杜拉格 D-R216型烟尘浊度监测仪用户手册目录 (2)1. 应用 (3)2. 基本特征 (3)3. 功能介绍 (4)3.1. 透射比测试原理 (4)3.2 烟囱出口处浊度的计算 (5)4. D-R 216 的系统组成.................................................................. . (6)5. 测试点位置的选定 (9)5.1 辅材的安装 (9)6. 反射器 (12)7. 安装 (14)8. 操作……………………………………………………………………………………… .158.1. 无烟测试通道的调试 (15)8.2. 光学件调试 (16)8.3. 反射器I、II型的调试 (18)8.4. 反射器III的调试 (18)8.5. 电器件的调试 (18)8.6. 零点反射器的设定 (19)8.7. 限定值的设定 (19)8.8. 自动断电装置 (19)8.9. 报警 (19)8.10. 测量值的记录…………………………………………………………………… ..199. 维护……………………………………………………………………………………… . 1910. 吹扫装置……………………………………………………………………………… ..2011. 安全保护装置(略) (23)12. 技术数据……………………………………………………………………………… ..2413.吹扫装置的技术数据 (25)14.安全保护装置的技术数据（略） (25)1.应用D-R216型烟尘浓度监测仪用来连续监测烟囱中、直排式烟道及类似烟道中，尘的排放量。
通过检测残留尘的数量，该仪器不仅能监测过滤装置的效果，还可监测到过量排放的尘及烟气的过高排放率，并用信号显示出来。
这样，对工厂的监测在其生产过程中进行，从而保证了所测试限定值的可靠性。