Carbon_footprint_JRC
An Introduction to a carbon footprint低碳方面——碳足迹的介绍
Raw materials
Production
Distribution and retail
Consumer use
End of life
• When you drive a car, the engine burns fuel which creates a certain amount of CO2, depending on its fuel consumption and the driving distance.
What Can YOU Do at school?
• Turn off electronics when not in use • Eat lower on the food chain - less (or
no) meat • Use a mug, not a throw away cup • Walk, bike, or use the bus whenever
possible, don’t drive • Bring lunch and snacks to school in
reusable containers
Thank you.
A measure of the indirect CO2 emissions from the whole lifecycle of products
Greenhouse gases can be emitted through transport, land clearance, and the production and consumption of food, fuels, manufactured goods, materials, wood, roads, buildings, and services .
CET4 模拟测试题6 Model Test 6
Model Test S i xPart I Writing (30minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter to offer your suggestions to your cousin who sought your advice on how to make his resume distinctive . You should write at least120 words but no more than 180 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (25 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear three news reports. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 and 2 are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A) Two. B) Three. C) Four. D) Five.2.A) He called the police after the accident.B)He broke his arm in the accident.C)He was caught taking drugs.D)He was arrested by the police.Questions 3 and 4 are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A) A cure to brain cancer.B)A new surgical instrument.C)A pen that can identify cancerous tissue.D)A new drug that can eliminate cancerous tissue.4.A) Finding the border between the cancerous and normal tissue.B)Identifying the accuracy rate of the new device.C)Improving their speed of removing a tumour.D)Using the new device in brain surgery.Questions 5 to 7 are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A) To collect scientific data on it . C) To take photos of the storm on it.B)To monitor the storm on it. D) To investigate its environment.6.A) It has lasted for nearly 350 years. B) It has lasted for more that 350 months.C) It seems to be getting smaller. D) It seems to be getting larger.7.A) What initially caused the storm. C) What is the impact of the storm.B)What is underneath the storm. D) What makes the storm last for so long.Section BDirections：In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you will hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C), and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 8 to 11 are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A) It’s for disabled adults. B) It’s in a sports centre.C)It’s rewarding and challenging. D) It’s compulsive in her community.9.A) The skills they need. B) The products they have.C) The market they target. D) The language they require.10.A) Diversify markets and sales strategies. B) Reduce costs and jobs.C) Learn from other companies. D) Listen to the opinions of experts.11.A) The salary and the workload.B)The office hour and the penalty system.C)The welfare and the holiday system.D)The ethical policy and the carbon footprint.Questions 12 to 15 are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A) Double-decker buses.B)The traffic in London.C)Bus routes.D)Travels in Britain.13.A) It has no windows.B)People get onto it at the front.C)It has two carriages.D)It is open at the back.14.A) Uncomfortable. B) Noisy. C) Dangerous. D) Shabby.15.A) Bendy buses can help reduce the traffic jam.B)Bendy buses are more environmentally friendly.C)Bendy buses are convenient for people in wheelchairs.D)Bendy buses are more popular among tourists.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C)and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A) They had four toes.B)They were not as big as dogs.C)They lived in South America.D)They lived in thick forests.17.A) They had long legs and a long tail.B)They were smaller and had front eyes.C)They began to eat grass as well as fruit.D)They were bigger and had long legs.18.A) They evolved into donkeys in Asia and Africa.B)They used their long legs to run south to South Africa.C)They began to eat apples on the North American plains.D)They preferred grass to fruit and vegetables.Questions 19 to 21 are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A) Being rejected by friends and teachers.B)Staying away from his native land.C)Adapting to new study expectations.D)Keeping a balance between study and job.20.A) Talking with older brothers or sisters. C) Starting a conversation with close friends.B) Having a casual talk with a college student. D) Playing with friends on the same sports team.21.A) Follow traditions of with a college student. C) Respect the customs of different colleges.B)Take part in as many activities as possible. D) Take others’ advice as reference only.Questions 22 to 25 are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A) They tend to harm wildlife. C) They are thrown away everywhere.B)They are hardly recyclable. D) They are made from useless materials.23.A) It is fatal. B) It is weird.C)It is very serious. D) It is complicated.24.A) The sea creatures that have taken in then are consumed by humans.B)The ocean’s ecology has been polluted and affected humans.C)Humans eat the seabirds that have swallowed plastic particles.D)Humans consume the fish that have eaten sea creatures with them.25.A) Its use has been drastically reduced. C) Most products use natural materials.B) It is still an indispensable material. D) The use of plastic items will be charged.Part ⅢReading Comprehension ( 40 minutes )Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions 26 to 35 are based on the following passage.A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fert ile soil is being lost at the rate of 24bn tonnes a year, according to a new United Nations-backed study that calls for a shift away from destructively intensive agriculture, The alarming 26 , which is forecast to continue as demand for food and productive land increases, will ass to the risks of conflicts unless 27 actions are implemented, warns the institution behind the report.“As the ready supply of healthy and productive land dries u p and the population grows, competition is28 for land within countries and globally,” said executive secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) at the launch of the Global Land Outlook. “ To 29 the losses, the outlook suggests it is in all our interests to step back and rethink how we are managing the pressures and the c ompetition.”The Global Land Outlook is 30 as the most comprehensive study of its type, mapping the interlinked impacts of urbanization, climate change, erosion and forest loss. But the biggest factor is the 31 of industrial farming . Heavy tilling, multiple harvests ans 32 use of agrochemicals have increased yields at the 33 of long-term sustainability. If the past 20 years, agricultural production has increased threefold and the amount of irrigated land has doubled, notes a paper in the outlook by the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European commission. Over time, however, this 34 fertility and can lead to abandonment of land and35 desertification.Section BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.Take Naps at Work. Apologize to No One[A] In the past two weeks I’ve taken three n aps at work, a total of an hour or so of shut-eye while on the clock. And I have no shame or uncertainty about doing it. I couldn’t feel better about it, and my productivity reflects it , too.[B] Sleeping on the job is one of those workplace taboos-like leaving your desk for lunch or taking an afternoon walk-that we’re taught to look down on. If someone naps at 2 p. m. while the rest of us furiously write memos and respond to emails, surely it must mean they’re slacking off (偷懒). Or so the assumption goes.[C] Restfulness and recharging can take a back seat to the perception and appearance of productivity. It’s easier to stay on a virtual hamster (仓鼠) wheel of activity by immediately responding to every email than it is to measure aggregate productivity over a greater period of time. But a growing field of occupational and psychological research is building the case for restfulness in pursuit of greater productivity.[D] Companies are suffering from tremendous productivity problems because people are stressed out and not recovering from the workday, said Josh Bersin, Principal and Founder of Bersin by Deloitte. “They’re beginning to realize that this is their problem ,and they can’t just say to people, ‘Here’s a work -life balance course, go teach yourself how to manage your inbox,’ ”Mr. Bersin said. “It’s way more complicated than that.”[E] To be sure, the ability to nap at work is far from widespread, experts said. Few among us have the luxury of being able to step away for a half-hour snoozefest. But lunch hours and coffee breaks can be great times to duck out, and your increased productivity and alertness will be all the evidence you need to make your case to inquiring bosses.[F] In an ideal world, we’d all solve this problem by unplugging early and getting a good night’s sleep. Here’s our guide on how to do just that .But the next best thing is stealing away for a quick power nap when you’re dragging after lunch.[G] In a study published in Nature Neuroscience, researchers tested subjects on their perceptual performance four times throughout the day. Performance deteriorated with each test, but subjects who took a 30-minute nap between tests stopped the deterioration in performance, and those who took a 60-minute nap even reversed it.[H] “Naps had the same magnitude of benefits as full nights of sleep if they had a quality of nap.” said Sara Mednick, a co-author of the study and associate professor of psychology at the University of C alifornia, Riverside.[I] Dr. Mednick, a sleep researcher and the author of Take a Nap! Change Your Life , said daytime napping can have many of the benefits of overnight sleep, and different types of naps offer specific benefits.[J] For example, Dr. Mednick said a 20-to 60-minute nap might help with memorization and learning specific bits of information. It’s just long enough to enter stage-two sleep, or non-rapid eye movement (R.E.M.) sleep.[K] After 60 minutes, you start getting into R.E.M. sleep, most often associated with that deep, dreaming state we all enjoy at night R.E.M. sleep can improve creativity, perceptual processing and highly associative I) limited J) minimize K) occasionally L) optimizes M) rate N) remedial O) ultimately A) absorbB) abundantC) billedD) declineE) diminishesF) expansionG) expenseH) intensifyingthinking , which allows you to make connections between disparate ideas, Dr. Mednick said. Beyond that , your best bet is a 90-minute nap, which will give you a full sleep cycle.[L]Any nap, however, can help with alertness and perception and cut through the general fog that creeps in during the day, experts said.[M]So how did we even arrive at this point where aptitude is inextricably tied (紧密相连) to working long, concentrated hours? Blame technology, but think broader than smartphones and laptops; the real issue is that tech has enabled us to be available at all times.[N]“We went through a period where people were in denial and business leaders were ignoring it, ”Mr. Bersin said. “They were assuming that if we give people more tools, more emails, more Slack , more chatter, and we’ll just assume they can figure out how to deal with it all. And I think they’ve woken up to the fact that this is a big problem , and it is a ffecting productivity, engagement, health, safety, wellness and all sorts of things.”[O]It isn’t just office workers who can benefit from an afternoon siesta (午睡). A 2015 study published in Current Biology looked at the at the sleeping habits of three hunter-gatherer preindustrial societies in Tanzania, Namibia and Bolivia.[P]“They’re active in the morning, then they get in the shade under the trees and have a sort of quiet time, but they’re not generally napping,” said Jerome Siegel, professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences, and director of the U.C.L.A. Center for Sleep Research, a co-author of the study. “ Then they do some work and go to sleep, and they sleep through the night.”[Q]Still, Mr. Siegel said, “the only genuine way to solve daytime sleepiness and fatigue starts the night before with a solid night’s sleep.” The real Holy Grail of restfulness is a regular sleep schedule with ideally seven or eight hours of sleep each night, which experts say is optimal.[R]“Daytime napping certainly does increase alertness,” Mr. Siegel said. “But it’s not as simple as going to the gas station and filling the tank.”[S]He also advises avoiding caffeine late in the day and waking around the same time every morning, even if you can’t get to sleep at the same time every night, This helps acclimate ( 使适应) your body to your regular wake-up time, regardless of how much sleep you got the night before.[T]So if you’ve made it this far and you’re interested in giving workday naps a try (or just starting to nod off ) , here’s a quick guide to the perfect nap;Find a quiet, unoccupied space where you won’t be disturbed.Try to make your area as dim as possible ( or invest in a sleep mask you can keep in the office ). Earplugs might help. too.Aim for around 20 minutes. Any longer than that and you’re likely to wake up with sleep inertia ( 睡眠惰性) ，which will leave you even groggier (头脑昏沉的) than before.36.Participants’ perceptual performance became better after sleeping one hour between tests in an article inNature Neuroscience.37.Jerome Siegel found that only by sleeping soundly through the previous night could people tackle theirweariness during the day.38.Our talent is closely bound to working with concentration for long periods of time because technologymakes us accessible 24/7.39.Taking a nap at work is normally regarded as laziness that should be held in contempt and avoided inworkplace.40.Between 20 to 60 minutes, people can get into non-REM sleep which may improve memory and learningability according to Dr. Mednick.41.People can doze off at lunch and coffee breaks and defended themselves by saying their improvedproductivity and alertness when bosses investigated their whereabouts.42.The author’s tips on taking a perfect nap involve sleeping place, environment and duration.43.The author believes business leaders are aware that availability at any time due to technology has negativeeffects on every aspect of people’s life.44.The optimal length of a nap was an hour and a half so that people could go through a complete sleep cycle.45.Josh Bersin mentioned the cause of companies’ big productivity problems and the solution which needsmore that just employees’ efforts.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Every office worker hates meetings. But it’s a strange sort of hate, similar to the hatred of Londoners for the Northern Line, or New Yorkers for tourists who walk too slowly: the dislike is real, yet if the despised thing were to vanish, it’d be like surrendering a piece of your soul.When researchers probed into why people put up with the strain that meetings place on their time and sanity, they found something-those who resent and dread meetings the moat also defend them as a “necessary evil”, sometimes with great passion. True, research suggests t hat meetings take up vastly more of the average manager’s time than they used to. True, done badly, they’re associated with lower levels of innovation and employee wellbeing (幸福) .But that’s just office life , right? It’s not supposed to be fun. That’s why they call it work.Underlying(引起) this attitude is an assumption that’s drummed into us not just as workers but as children, parents and romantic partners; that more communication is always a good thing. So suggestions abound for (大量存在) communicating better in meetings-for example, hold them standing up, so speakers will come to the point more quickly. But even when some companies consider abolishing meetings entirely, the principle that more communication is better isn’t questioned. If anything, it’s reinforced when such firms introduce “flat” management structures, with bosses always available to everyone, plus plenty of electronic distraction. In fact, constant connectivity is disastrous for both job satisfaction and the bottom line.And anyway, once y ou give it three seconds’ thought , isn’t it cleat that more communication frequently isn’t a good thing? Often, the difference between a successful marriage and a second-rate one consists of leaving about three or four things a day unsaid. At work, it’s surely many more than four, though for a different reason; office communication comes at the cost of precisely the kind of focus that’s essential to good work. Yet we’re so accustomed to seeing talking as a source of solutions-for resolving conflicts or finding new ideas-that it’s hard to see when it is the problem.46.What does the author say about meetings?A)Londoners hate them as well as the Northern Line.B)They can help to keep workers’ physical and spiritual health.C)W orkers might be reluctant to give up them completely.D)New Yorkers dislike meetings more than Londoners.47.What did researchers find about people’s attitude towards meeting?A. Their attitude and behavior are paradoxical.B)People who hate meetings the most are senior insane.C)Those who like meetings might be considered insane.D)More meetings are regarded as a sign of less innovation.48.Why do people think that more communication is always a good thing?A)Because the concept is firmly believed by workers.B)Because everyone loves to communicate with others.C)Because the idea has been instilled into people’s mind.D)Because communication is vital for building relationships.49.What does the author think of the “flat” management structure?A)It forces bosses to frequently contact their employees.B)It helps to soften employees’ bottom line of work.C)It is definitely a disaster to employees’ job satisfaction.D)It strengthens people’s deeply-rooted notion of communication.50.What is the author’s argument about office communication?A)It is an effective way to solve office conflicts.B)It affects work efficiency in a negative way.C)It should come to a halt at intervals.D)It is useful for workers to find new ideas.Passage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.The Internet has enabled the spread of information at lightning speed. This information revolution has created tremendous business opportunities for online publishers, but not all of them maintain proper quality-control mechanisms to ensure that only good information is being shared. Instead, many publishers aim simply to make money by whatever means possible, with no regard for the implications for society at large.When selfish publishers set up shops online, the primary goal is to publish as much as possible, often at the cost of quality. In this respect, many publishers start numerous online journals focused on overlapping( 重叠的)disciplines—to increase their total number of published papers—and hire young business managers who do not have any experience in either science or publishing. In some cases, online publishers even give up peer review, while still presenting themselves as scientific journals—deception designed to take advantage of scientists who simply want to share their research.If publishers structure their business to make more revenue, it often does harm to their products. When publishers start journals with overlapping domains, in combination with the pressure to publish more studies, this could promote the publication of marginal or even questionable articles. Moreover, publishers with multiple overlapping journals and journals with very narrow specialties(专业)increase the demands on the time and efforts of willing reviewers. With the fact that reviewers are generally not compensated for their time and effort, journal editors are often unable to find enough reviewers to keep up with the increased publication rate.To improve the situation and increase the trust in scientific community, the pressure to publish must be reduced. Funding and promotion decisions should not be based on the number of publications, but on the quality of those publications and a researc her’s long-term productivity and instructions.And that’s just the start. We need additional mechanisms, such as Beall’s list of predatory(掠夺的)publishers, to alert scientists to fake journals and fake articles. In addition, the price for online publication must be controlled and a mechanism must be put in place to honor and reward hard-working reviewers.51.What does the author think of online publishers?A)A small proportion of them can guarantee their publishing quality.B)T hey have lots of opportunities to renovate their business models.C)Many of them tend to try every means to make a buck.D)Social impact is their first priority when publishing books.52.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .A)peer review generally is a criterion to identify academic journalsB)researchers focus their research on the combination of disciplinesC)scientists care about their publications rather than researchD)young business managers are willing to face new challenges53.Why can’t publishers find enough reviewers to review papers?A)Reviewers are pressed for time when reviewing articles.B)Reviewers’ gains can’t make up for what they have done.C)Publishers may compel reviewers to accept marginal articles.D)Publishers urge reviewers to increase publication rate rapidly.54.What is the author’s suggestion for online publication?A)More weight should be put on the quantity of publications.B)It is worthwhile to reward diligent reviewers for their effort.C)Fake journals should be reported to a regulatory organization.D)The price of online publication should be lowered greatly.55.What is the main idea of this passage?A)Online publishers should take measures to fight against fake scientific journals.B)Online publishers are pursuing their work efficiency at the cost of quality.C)Online publishers business models are quite likely to harm their publications.D)Online publishers are sacrificing the quality of research articles to make money.Part ⅣTranslation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.春节是中国的传统节日，相当于美国的圣诞节。
Carbon footprints
Carbon footprints碳足迹Following the footprints追寻碳足迹Environment: Carbon-footprint labels, which indicate a product’s environmental impact, are quietly spreading. Consumers may not have noticed them yet, but there is a lot going on behind the scenes环境：用以表明一个产品的环境影响的碳足迹标签，正悄悄流行起来。
也许仍未引起消费者的注意，但已有诸多事情发生在在公众视线之外Jun 2nd 2011 | from the print editionDO YOU look for carbon-footprint labels on goods when shopping? If you do, you are in a small minority. The practice of adding labels to foods and other products, showing the quantity (in grams) of carbon-dioxide emissions associated with making and transporting them, began in 2007 when th e world’s first such labels were applied to a handful of products sold in Britain. The idea was that carbon labels would let shoppers identify products with the smallest carbon footprints, just as other labels already indicate dolphin-friendly tuna, organic milk or Fairtrade coffee. Producers would compete to reduce the carbon footprints of their products, and consumers would be able to tell whether, for example, locally made goods really were greener than imported ones.在购物时你会查看产品的碳足迹标签吗？少数人会这么做，如果你会，你当属其中一员。
2021年12月大学英语CET四级预测押题卷一和答案解析
2021年12月四级考试预测押题卷（一）Part I Writing(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to write a letter to offer your suggestions to your cousin who sought your advice on how to make his resume distinctive.You should write at least120words but no more than 180words.Part II Listening Comprehension(25minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,you will hear three news reports.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the news report and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions1and2are based on the news report you have just heard.1.A)Two.B)Three.C)Four.D)Five.2.A)He called the police after the accident.B)He broke his arm in the accident.C)He was caught taking drugs.D)He was arrested by the police.Questions3and4are based on the news report you have just heard.3.A)A cure to brain cancer.B)A new surgical instrument.C)A pen that can identify cancerous tissue.D)A new drug that can eliminate cancerous tissue.4.A)Finding the border between the cancerous and normal tissue.B)Identifying the accuracy rate of the new device.C)Improving their speed of removing a tumour.D)Using the new device in brain surgery.Questions5to7are based on the news report you have just heard.5.A)To collect scientific data on it.C)To take photos of the storm on it.B)To monitor the storm on it.D)To investigate its environment.6.A)It has lasted for nearly350years.B)It has lasted for more that350months.C)It seems to be getting smaller.D)It seems to be getting larger.7.A)What initially caused the storm.C)What is the impact of the storm.B)What is underneath the storm.D)What makes the storm last for so long.Section BDirections：In this section,you will hear two long conversations.At the end of each conversation,you will hear four questions.Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C),and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1with a single line through the centre.Questions8to11are based on the conversation you have just heard.8.A)It’s for disabled adults.B)It’s in a sports centre.C)It’s rewarding and challenging.D)It’s compulsive in her community.9.A)The skills they need.B)The products they have.C)The market they target.D)The language they require.10.A)Diversify markets and sales strategies.B)Reduce costs and jobs.C)Learn from other companies.D)Listen to the opinions of experts.11.A)The salary and the workload.B)The office hour and the penalty system.C)The welfare and the holiday system.D)The ethical policy and the carbon footprint.Questions12to15are based on the conversation you have just heard.12.A)Double-decker buses.B)The traffic in London.C)Bus routes.D)Travels in Britain.13.A)It has no windows.B)People get onto it at the front.C)It has two carriages.D)It is open at the back.14.A)Uncomfortable.B)Noisy.C)Dangerous.D)Shabby.15.A)Bendy buses can help reduce the traffic jam.B)Bendy buses are more environmentally friendly.C)Bendy buses are convenient for people in wheelchairs.D)Bendy buses are more popular among tourists.Section CDirections:In this section,you will hear three passages.At the end of each passage,you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once.After you hear a question,you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A),B),C)and D).Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet1 with a single line through the centre.Questions16to18are based on the passage you have just heard.16.A)They had four toes.B)They were not as big as dogs.C)They lived in South America.D)They lived in thick forests.17.A)They had long legs and a long tail.B)They were smaller and had front eyes.C)They began to eat grass as well as fruit.D)They were bigger and had long legs.18.A)They evolved into donkeys in Asia and Africa.B)They used their long legs to run south to South Africa.C)They began to eat apples on the North American plains.D)They preferred grass to fruit and vegetables.Questions19to21are based on the passage you have just heard.19.A)Being rejected by friends and teachers.B)Staying away from his native land.C)Adapting to new study expectations.D)Keeping a balance between study and job.20.A)Talking with older brothers or sisters.C)Starting a conversation with close friends.B)Having a casual talk with a college student.D)Playing with friends on the same sports team.21.A)Follow traditions of with a college student.C)Respect the customs of different colleges.B)Take part in as many activities as possible.D)Take others’advice as reference only.Questions22to25are based on the passage you have just heard.22.A)They tend to harm wildlife.C)They are thrown away everywhere.B)They are hardly recyclable.D)They are made from useless materials.23.A)It is fatal.B)It is weird.C)It is very serious.D)It is complicated.24.A)The sea creatures that have taken in then are consumed by humans.B)The ocean’s ecology has been polluted and affected humans.C)Humans eat the seabirds that have swallowed plastic particles.D)Humans consume the fish that have eaten sea creatures with them.25.A)Its use has been drastically reduced.C)Most products use natural materials.B)It is still an indispensable material.D)The use of plastic items will be charged.PartⅢReading Comprehension(40minutes)Section ADirections:In this section,there is a passage with ten blanks.You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage.Read the passage through carefully before making your choices.Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter.Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.Questions26to35are based on the following passage.A third of the planet’s land is severely degraded and fertile soil is being lost at the rate of24bn tonnes a year, according to a new United Nations-backed study that calls for a shift away from destructively intensive agriculture, The alarming____26____,which is forecast to continue as demand for food and productive land increases,will ass to the risks of conflicts unless____27____actions are implemented,warns the institution behind the report.“As the ready supply of healthy and productive land dries up and the population grows,competition is ___28___for land within countries and globally,”said executive secretary of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification(UNCCD)at the launch of the Global Land Outlook.“To___29____the losses,the outlook suggests it is in all our interests to step back and rethink how we are managing the pressures and the competition.”The Global Land Outlook is____30____as the most comprehensive study of its type,mapping the interlinked impacts of urbanization,climate change,erosion and forest loss.But the biggest factor is the___31___of industrial farming.Heavy tilling,multiple harvests ans___32____use of agrochemicals have increased yields at the____33____of long-term sustainability.If the past20years,agricultural production has increased threefold and the amount of irrigated land has doubled,notes a paper in the outlook by the Joint Research Centre(JRC)of the European commission.Over time,however,this___34___fertility and can lead to abandonment of land and ___35___desertification.A)absorb I)limitedB)abundant J)minimizeC)billed K)occasionallyD)decline L)optimizesE)diminishes M)rateF)expansion N)remedialG)expense O)ultimatelyH)intensifyingSection BDirections:In this section,you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs.Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once.Each paragraph is marked with a letter.Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2.Take Naps at Work.Apologize to No One[A]In the past two weeks I’ve taken three naps at work,a total of an hour or so of shut-eye while on the clock.And I have no shame or uncertainty about doing it.I couldn’t feel better about it,and my productivity reflects it,too.[B]Sleeping on the job is one of those workplace taboos-like leaving your desk for lunch or taking an afternoon walk-that we’re taught to look down on.If someone naps at2p.m.while the rest of us furiously write memos and respond to emails,surely it must mean they’re slacking off(偷懒).Or so the assumption goes.[C]Restfulness and recharging can take a back seat to the perception and appearance of productivity.It’s easier to stay on a virtual hamster(仓鼠)wheel of activity by immediately responding to every email than it is to measure aggregate productivity over a greater period of time.But a growing field of occupational and psychological research is building the case for restfulness in pursuit of greater productivity.[D]Companies are suffering from tremendous productivity problems because people are stressed out and not recovering from the workday,said Josh Bersin,Principal and Founder of Bersin by Deloitte.“They’re beginning to realize that this is their problem,and they can’t just say to people,‘Here’s a work-life balance course,go teach yourself how to manage your inbox,’”Mr.Bersin said.“It’s way more complicated than that.”[E]To be sure,the ability to nap at work is far from widespread,experts said.Few among us have the luxury of being able to step away for a half-hour snoozefest.But lunch hours and coffee breaks can be great times to duck out,and your increased productivity and alertness will be all the evidence you need to make your case to inquiring bosses.[F]In an ideal world,we’d all solve this problem by unplugging early and getting a good night’s sleep. Here’s our guide on how to do just that.But the next best thing is stealing away for a quick power nap when you’re dragging after lunch.[G]In a study published in Nature Neuroscience,researchers tested subjects on their perceptual performance four times throughout the day.Performance deteriorated with each test,but subjects who took a30-minute nap between tests stopped the deterioration in performance,and those who took a60-minute nap even reversed it.[H]“Naps had the same magnitude of benefits as full nights of sleep if they had a quality of nap.”said Sara Mednick,a co-author of the study and associate professor of psychology at the University of California,Riverside.[I]Dr.Mednick,a sleep researcher and the author of Take a Nap!Change Your Life,said daytime napping can have many of the benefits of overnight sleep,and different types of naps offer specific benefits.[J]For example,Dr.Mednick said a20-to60-minute nap might help with memorization and learning specific bits of information.It’s just long enough to enter stage-two sleep,or non-rapid eye movement(R.E.M.)sleep.[K]After60minutes,you start getting into R.E.M.sleep,most often associated with that deep,dreaming state we all enjoy at night R.E.M.sleep can improve creativity,perceptual processing and highly associativethinking,which allows you to make connections between disparate ideas,Dr.Mednick said.Beyond that,your best bet is a90-minute nap,which will give you a full sleep cycle.[L]Any nap,however,can help with alertness and perception and cut through the general fog that creeps in during the day,experts said.[M]So how did we even arrive at this point where aptitude is inextricably tied(紧密相连)to working long, concentrated hours?Blame technology,but think broader than smartphones and laptops;the real issue is that tech has enabled us to be available at all times.[N]“We went through a period where people were in denial and business leaders were ignoring it,”Mr. Bersin said.“They were assuming that if we give people more tools,more emails,more Slack,more chatter,and we’ll just assume they can figure out how to deal with it all.And I think they’ve woken up to the fact that this is a big problem,and it is affecting productivity,engagement,health,safety,wellness and all sorts of things.”[O]It isn’t just office workers who can benefit from an afternoon siesta(午睡).A2015study published in Current Biology looked at the at the sleeping habits of three hunter-gatherer preindustrial societies in Tanzania, Namibia and Bolivia.[P]“They’re active in the morning,then they get in the shade under the trees and have a sort of quiet time, but they’re not generally napping,”said Jerome Siegel,professor of psychiatry and biobehavioral sciences,and director of the U.C.L.A.Center for Sleep Research,a co-author of the study.“Then they do some work and go to sleep,and they sleep through the night.”[Q]Still,Mr.Siegel said,“the only genuine way to solve daytime sleepiness and fatigue starts the night before with a solid night’s sleep.”The real Holy Grail of restfulness is a regular sleep schedule with ideally seven or eight hours of sleep each night,which experts say is optimal.[R]“Daytime napping certainly does increase alertness,”Mr.Siegel said.“But it’s not as simple as going to the gas station and filling the tank.”[S]He also advises avoiding caffeine late in the day and waking around the same time every morning,even if you can’t get to sleep at the same time every night,This helps acclimate(使适应)your body to your regular wake-up time,regardless of how much sleep you got the night before.[T]So if you’ve made it this far and you’re interested in giving workday naps a try(or just starting to nod off),here’s a quick guide to the perfect nap;Find a quiet,unoccupied space where you won’t be disturbed.Try to make your area as dim as possible(or invest in a sleep mask you can keep in the office).Earplugs might help.too.Aim for around20minutes.Any longer than that and you’re likely to wake up with sleep inertia(睡眠惰性)，which will leave you even groggier(头脑昏沉的)than before.36.Participants’perceptual performance became better after sleeping one hour between tests in an article inNature Neuroscience.37.Jerome Siegel found that only by sleeping soundly through the previous night could people tackle theirweariness during the day.38.Our talent is closely bound to working with concentration for long periods of time because technologymakes us accessible24/7.39.Taking a nap at work is normally regarded as laziness that should be held in contempt and avoided inworkplace.40.Between20to60minutes,people can get into non-REM sleep which may improve memory and learningability according to Dr.Mednick.41.People can doze off at lunch and coffee breaks and defended themselves by saying their improvedproductivity and alertness when bosses investigated their whereabouts.42.The author’s tips on taking a perfect nap involve sleeping place,environment and duration.43.The author believes business leaders are aware that availability at any time due to technology has negativeeffects on every aspect of people’s life.44.The optimal length of a nap was an hour and a half so that people could go through a complete sleep cycle.45.Josh Bersin mentioned the cause of companies’big productivity problems and the solution which needsmore that just employees’efforts.Section CDirections:There are2passages in this section.Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements.For each of them there are four choices marked A),B),C)and D).You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions46to50are based on the following passage.Every office worker hates meetings.But it’s a strange sort of hate,similar to the hatred of Londoners for the Northern Line,or New Yorkers for tourists who walk too slowly:the dislike is real,yet if the despised thing were to vanish,it’d be like surrendering a piece of your soul.When researchers probed into why people put up with the strain that meetings place on their time and sanity, they found something-those who resent and dread meetings the moat also defend them as a“necessary evil”, sometimes with great passion.True,research suggests that meetings take up vastly more of the average manager’s time than they used to.True,done badly,they’re associated with lower levels of innovation and employee wellbeing(幸福).But that’s just office life,right?It’s not supposed to be fun.That’s why they call it work.Underlying(引起)this attitude is an assumption that’s drummed into us not just as workers but as children, parents and romantic partners;that more communication is always a good thing.So suggestions abound for(大量存在)communicating better in meetings-for example,hold them standing up,so speakers will come to the point more quickly.But even when some companies consider abolishing meetings entirely,the principle that more communication is better isn’t questioned.If anything,it’s reinforced when such firms introduce“flat”management structures,with bosses always available to everyone,plus plenty of electronic distraction.In fact,constant connectivity is disastrous for both job satisfaction and the bottom line.And anyway,once you give it three seconds’thought,isn’t it cleat that more communication frequently isn’t a good thing?Often,the difference between a successful marriage and a second-rate one consists of leaving about three or four things a day unsaid.At work,it’s surely many more than four,though for a different reason;office communication comes at the cost of precisely the kind of focus that’s essential to good work.Yet we’re so accustomed to seeing talking as a source of solutions-for resolving conflicts or finding new ideas-that it’s hard to see when it is the problem.46.What does the author say about meetings?A)Londoners hate them as well as the Northern Line.B)They can help to keep workers’physical and spiritual health.C)Workers might be reluctant to give up them completely.D)New Yorkers dislike meetings more than Londoners.47.What did researchers find about people’s attitude towards meeting?A.Their attitude and behavior are paradoxical.B)People who hate meetings the most are senior insane.C)Those who like meetings might be considered insane.D)More meetings are regarded as a sign of less innovation.48.Why do people think that more communication is always a good thing?A)Because the concept is firmly believed by workers.B)Because everyone loves to communicate with others.C)Because the idea has been instilled into people’s mind.D)Because communication is vital for building relationships.49.What does the author think of the“flat”management structure?A)It forces bosses to frequently contact their employees.B)It helps to soften employees’bottom line of work.C)It is definitely a disaster to employees’job satisfaction.D)It strengthens people’s deeply-rooted notion of communication.50.What is the author’s argument about office communication?A)It is an effective way to solve office conflicts.B)It affects work efficiency in a negative way.C)It should come to a halt at intervals.D)It is useful for workers to find new ideas.Passage TwoQuestions51to55are based on the following passage.The Internet has enabled the spread of information at lightning speed.This information revolution has created tremendous business opportunities for online publishers,but not all of them maintain proper quality-control mechanisms to ensure that only good information is being shared.Instead,many publishers aim simply to make money by whatever means possible,with no regard for the implications for society at large.When selfish publishers set up shops online,the primary goal is to publish as much as possible,often at the cost of quality.In this respect,many publishers start numerous online journals focused on overlapping(重叠的)disciplines—to increase their total number of published papers—and hire young business managers who do not have any experience in either science or publishing.In some cases,online publishers even give up peer review, while still presenting themselves as scientific journals—deception designed to take advantage of scientists who simply want to share their research.If publishers structure their business to make more revenue,it often does harm to their products.When publishers start journals with overlapping domains,in combination with the pressure to publish more studies,this could promote the publication of marginal or even questionable articles.Moreover,publishers with multiple overlapping journals and journals with very narrow specialties(专业)increase the demands on the time and efforts of willing reviewers.With the fact that reviewers are generally not compensated for their time and effort,journal editors are often unable to find enough reviewers to keep up with the increased publication rate.To improve the situation and increase the trust in scientific community,the pressure to publish must be reduced.Funding and promotion decisions should not be based on the number of publications,but on the quality of those publications and a researcher’s long-term productivity and instructions.And that’s just the start.We need additional mechanisms,such as Beall’s list of predatory(掠夺的)publishers, to alert scientists to fake journals and fake articles.In addition,the price for online publication must be controlled and a mechanism must be put in place to honor and reward hard-working reviewers.51.What does the author think of online publishers?A)A small proportion of them can guarantee their publishing quality.B)They have lots of opportunities to renovate their business models.C)Many of them tend to try every means to make a buck.D)Social impact is their first priority when publishing books.52.It can be inferred from the second paragraph that______.A)peer review generally is a criterion to identify academic journalsB)researchers focus their research on the combination of disciplinesC)scientists care about their publications rather than researchD)young business managers are willing to face new challenges53.Why can’t publishers find enough reviewers to review papers?A)Reviewers are pressed for time when reviewing articles.B)Reviewers’gains can’t make up for what they have done.C)Publishers may compel reviewers to accept marginal articles.D)Publishers urge reviewers to increase publication rate rapidly.54.What is the author’s suggestion for online publication?A)More weight should be put on the quantity of publications.B)It is worthwhile to reward diligent reviewers for their effort.C)Fake journals should be reported to a regulatory organization.D)The price of online publication should be lowered greatly.55.What is the main idea of this passage?A)Online publishers should take measures to fight against fake scientific journals.B)Online publishers are pursuing their work efficiency at the cost of quality.C)Online publishers business models are quite likely to harm their publications.D)Online publishers are sacrificing the quality of research articles to make money.PartⅣTranslation(30minutes)Directions:For this part,you are allowed30minutes to translate a passage from Chinese intoEnglish.You should write your answer on Answer Sheet2.春节是中国的传统节日，相当于美国的圣诞节。
carbon footprint名词解释
碳足迹（Carbon Footprint）是一个衡量个人、组织或产品在其生命周期内产生的温室气体排放量的指标。
这些温室气体主要包括二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、氮氧化物（N2O）等，它们是导致全球气候变暖的主要原因。
碳足迹的概念旨在帮助人们了解自己的生活方式和生产活动对环境的影响，从而采取措施减少碳排放，减缓气候变化的速度。
计算碳足迹的方法包括直接排放和间接排放两部分。
直接排放是指个人或组织直接产生的温室气体排放，如汽车尾气、家庭供暖等。
间接排放则是指与生产和消费相关的温室气体排放，如购买商品和服务所产生的碳排放。
计算间接排放时，需要考虑产品的整个生命周期，包括原材料开采、生产、运输、使用和废弃处理等环节。
降低碳足迹的方法有很多，如节能减排、使用可再生能源、绿色出行等。
政府、企业和个人都可以采取措施减少碳排放，共同应对气候变化挑战。
例如，政府可以通过制定政策和法规，推动能源结构调整和低碳技术发展；企业可以通过改进生产工艺和管理方式，提高能源利用效率，减少废弃物排放；个人则可以通过改变生活方式，如节能用电、绿色出行等，为减缓气候变化做出贡献。
总之，碳足迹是一个衡量温室气体排放的重要指标，有助于我们了解自己的行为对环境的影响，并采取相应措施减少碳排放。
在全球气候变暖的背景下，降低碳足迹已经成为一个迫切的任务，需要政府、企业和个人共同努力。
日本公司为东京残奥会开发田径赛用碳纤维复合材料假肢
日本公司为东京残奥会开发田径赛用碳纤维复合材料假肢日经在线
【期刊名称】《纤维复合材料》
【年(卷),期】2018(37)4
【摘要】日本大型体育用品厂商AS1CS近日宣布,与Xiborg公司共同推出面向顶尖运动员的竞技用假肢产品“SPIKESOLE”.SPIKESOLE是一款用于田径赛场的钉鞋鞋底产品,使用了Xihorge公司的板簧开发而成。
【总页数】1页(P49-49)
【关键词】碳纤维复合材料;假肢;田径;开发;日本;残奥会;东京;体育用品
【作者】日经在线
【作者单位】不详
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TB332
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因版权原因，仅展示原文概要，查看原文内容请购买。
carbon footprint英语作文
carbon footprint英语作文Carbon footprint is a term used to describe the total amount of greenhouse gases that are emitted into the atmosphere as a result of human activities. These activities include driving cars, using electricity, and producing goods and services. The carbon footprint of an individual, organization, or event can have a significant impact on the environment and contribute to climate change. In this essay, we will explore the concept of carbon footprint, its implications, and potential solutions to reduce it.First and foremost, it is important to acknowledge the detrimental effects of carbon footprint on the environment. The excessive emission of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide, contributes to the warming of the Earth's atmosphere. This phenomenon, known as global warming, leads to a myriad of environmental issues, including rising sea levels, extreme weather events, and loss of biodiversity. The consequences of these changes are far-reaching and can have devastating effects on ecosystems, human health, and the economy.Moreover, the concept of carbon footprint is closely linked to the idea of environmental sustainability. As the global population continues to grow and industrialization expands, the demand for energy and resources also increases. This, in turn, leads to higher levels of greenhouse gas emissions and exacerbates the problem of climate change. It is imperative for individuals, businesses, and governments to recognize the importance of reducing their carbon footprint in order to mitigate the negative impact on the environment and ensure the well-being of future generations.In addition to environmental concerns, the issue of carbon footprint also has social and economic implications. For instance, communities that are disproportionately affected by the consequences of climate change, such as extreme weather events and food insecurity, often face social and economic challenges. Furthermore, the reliance on fossil fuels for energy production not onlycontributes to carbon emissions but also perpetuates social inequalities, as certain populations bear the brunt of environmental degradation and health hazards associated with pollution.Despite the grave implications of carbon footprint, there are various measures that can be taken to mitigate its effects. One approach is to promote energy efficiency and conservation, both at the individual and institutional levels. This can be achieved through the adoption of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, as well as the implementation of energy-saving technologies and practices. Additionally, investing in public transportation and sustainable urban planning can help reduce the carbon footprint associated with transportation and infrastructure.Furthermore, the concept of carbon footprint also extends to the realm of consumption and production. By promoting sustainable consumption patterns and supporting environmentally friendly products and services, individuals and businesses can reduce their carbon footprint. This includes minimizing waste, recycling materials, and adopting eco-friendly practices in manufacturing and supply chains. Additionally, policies and regulations that incentivize and enforce sustainable practices can play a crucial role in reducing carbon emissions and promoting environmental stewardship.In conclusion, the concept of carbon footprint is a critical issue that warrants attention and action. The implications of excessive greenhouse gas emissions on the environment, society, and economy are profound and necessitate collective efforts to address. By promoting sustainable practices, investing in renewable energy, and advocating for policy changes, we can work towards reducing our carbon footprint and mitigating the impact of climate change. It is imperative for individuals, businesses, and governments to recognize their role in contributing to carbon emissions and take proactive measures to ensure a more sustainable and resilient future for all.。
carbon footprint presentation for XM seminar_printout version
背景背景2006 20072008200920102012 2006 20072008200920102012PAS 2060价值原理介绍Corporate Carbon Footprint Overview21Product Carbon Footprint related standardsLife Cycle Assessment22什么是LCA ？(Life Cycle Assessment )LCA is a method for looking holistically at the environmental impacts of products or services throughout their entire life cycle i.e. from cradle to grave.简单地说，LCA就是全面分析产品在其整个生命周期中的环境 影响之方法论。
23LCA 原理生命周期评估 – ISO 14040/44Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 环境影响评估 EmissionGreenhouse effect, acid rain, eutrophication, environmental toxin, Waste etc. 温室效应, 酸雨, 富营养化, 环境毒素, 废弃物问题, ...Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 生命周期数据清单Output Input ResourcesOutput InputOutput InputOutput InputOutput InputMass & energy flowLife cycle phases 生命周期各阶段raw material collectionmanufacturinguseRecycle & disposalProduction phaseUse phaseRecycle & disposal phase24CF & LCA 的关系The Carbon Footprint is a subset of the data covered by a more complete Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). 碳足迹是LCA的子集；LCA is an internationally standardized method (ISO 14040/ISO14044) for the evaluation of the environmental burdens and resources/energy consumed along the life cycle of products.LCA采用国际标准ISO14044，评估产品生命周期中全面环境影 响和物耗、能耗等信息；One of the key impact categories considered in an LCA is climate change, typically using the indicator for CO2 equivalents, major applicable standard is PAS2050.碳足迹只重点考虑一项环境影响，即气候变化 / 温室气体排放； 目前主流标准PAS2050。
环境教育研习
節能減碳如何由你我做起~
一、食 1.烹煮食物加鍋蓋：可減少能源的消耗量多達90﹪。 2.食用當地、當季所生產的食物：可節省運送及冷藏所消耗的資 源。 3.吃多少、買多少：因為廚餘佔我們所食用食物的30﹪，放到冰 箱後，仍有被丟棄的機會。所以，盡量不要囤積過多食物。 4.隨身攜帶環保筷：能減少衛生筷的使用，不僅不浪費自然資源， 且能讓身體更健康！ 二、衣 5.穿節能衫：經濟部能源局與文化總會於2006年6月5日「世界環 境日」推出節能衫，採用輕柔、涼爽、透氣、吸汗、排濕的棉、 竹碳纖維、棉麻紗等天然材質，以節省冷氣用電。 6.不打領帶：夏天穿襯衫不打領帶，不但有助於降低體溫，且有 利於改善人們對冷氣的依賴程度，進而達到省電與環保的作用。 7.少洗衣物：家中人口少，可集中大量衣服再清洗，以減少洗衣 頻率，並用陽光曬乾。
節能減碳如何由你我做起~
三、住 8.打開窗戶，不吹冷氣：自然風可降低或調高室內溫度一度。若 以一千九百萬台冷氣計算，一個夏天可省三億度的電量，足夠澎 湖使用一年。 9.使用省電燈泡：可節省80﹪的電力，且發光效率佳。 四、行 10.多搭乘大眾運輸系統：每使用一公升汽油，會產生2.4公斤的 二氧化碳。而搭乘大眾運輸系統使用的燃料，每1.6公里只有汽 車消耗量的一半左右。機車每公里排放廢棄量是汽車的三到四倍。 若每天早上車輛減少兩萬車次，則可以省近1400萬美元、2200萬 噸汽油、7100噸廢氣和汙染。 11.定期保養引擎：能減少15﹪至50﹪汽油消耗。隨時保持輪胎 在充氣狀態，也能減少6﹪汽油消耗。
環境保護廣告影片
結語
節能減碳
環保愛地球 人人有責
節能減碳如何由你我做起~
五、其他 12.節約用水：請參考「節約用水資訊網」 13.清淨家園：常保持環境整潔。 14.下班電腦關機：一台電腦開一整晚，消耗的能源可列印一萬 張紙。 15.充電完成，立刻拔掉充電器插頭：只要全球10﹪行動電話使 用者做到，省下的能源，相當於六萬戶歐洲家庭的耗電量。 16.使用替代能源：如使用水力、風力、太陽能及生質能2等能源， 不僅能永續利用、更不會汙染環境。 17.資源回收：回收一公噸的紙，能節約十七棵樹、二桶油，足 以供應一戶人家五個月所需的電力；或減少25公斤的空氣汙染。 使用再生紙一公噸，可省三萬公升的水及十九棵樹。
Carbon_footprint
CARBON FOOTPRINT - what it is and how to measure itExecutive SummaryClimate change is of high concern, driving growing demand for carbon footprint information. This leaflet is designed to help your organisation get started with an efficient and effective approach to address this topic, building on existing international standards and European reference data; further information and data sources including links to service providers are included.We recommend to maximise the benefits of work on Carbon footprints to “get the most out of this”. This includes providing customers and other stakeholders with broader life cycle information related to your products and for internal purposes such as for identifying hot-spots along the supply-chain, potential risks, opportunities for related improvements, to avoid shifting burdens to other types of environmental impacts as well as to anticipate upcoming demands in the context of “Sustainable Consumption and Production”, a core commitment of the European Commission. This can all be achieved using existing, well-established approaches.What is a carbon footprint?Carbon footprint (CF) – also named Carbon profile - is the overall amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (e.g. methane, laughing gas, etc.) associated with a product 1, along its supply-chain and sometimes including from use and end-of-life recovery and disposal. Causes of these emissions are, for example, electricity production in power plants, heating with fossil fuels, transport operations and other industrial and agricultural processes.The carbon footprint is quantified using indicators such as the Global Warming Potential (GWP). As defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)2, a GWP is an indicator that reflects the relative effect of a greenhouse gas in terms of climate change considering a fixed time period, such as 100 years (GWP 100). The GWPs for different emissions (see Table 1) can then be added together to give one single indicator that expresses the overall contribution to climate change of these emissions.How can I measure the carbon footprint of my product?The carbon footprint is a sub-set of the data covered by a more complete Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is an internationally1ISO 14040 defines the term “product” as both “goods”(e.g. consumer goods, intermediate goods) and “services” (even complex services like events, conferences and exhibitions). 2www.ipcc.chstandardized method (ISO 14040, ISO 14044)3 for the evaluation of the environmental burdens and resources consumed along the life cycle of products; from the extraction of raw materials, the manufacture of goods, their use by final consumers or for the provision of a service, recycling, energy recovery and ultimate disposal.One of the key impact categories considered in an LCA is climate change, typically using the IPCC characterization factors for CO 2 equivalents. Hence, a carbon footprint is a life cycle assessment with the analysis limited to emissions that have an effect on climate change. Suitable background data sources for the footprint are therefore those available in existing LCA databases. These databases contain the life cycle profiles of the goods and services that you purchase, as well as of many of the underlying materials, energy sources, transport and other services.Table 1: Global warming potentials of some Greenhouse Gases (source: IPCC, 2007)SpeciesChemical formulaGWP 100CarbondioxideCO 21 Methane CH 425 Nitrous oxide N 2O 298HFCs - 124 - 14800 Sulphurhexafluoride SF 622800 PFCs - 7390 - 122003ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment –Principles and Framework.ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and Guidelines.Why the evaluation must be broadened to avoid misleading results and wrong decisions?Although building upon a life cycle approach, carbon footprints address only impacts on climate change. When exclusively carbon footprint data are used to support procurement decisions or to improve goods and services, other important environmental impacts are neglected while often running opposite to climate change, resulting in a “shifting ofburdens". Achieving sustainable consumption and production requires theconsideration and evaluation of all relevantenvironmental impacts at the same time,such as e.g. acid rain, summer smog, cancereffects and land use. This can only be ensuredby the more complete Life Cycle Assessment.If organizations are now developing carbon footprint data, then it makes sense to evaluate also relevant non-greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. NOx, particles, SO 2) along the product supply chain or full life cycle. The in-house effort is only slightly higher and same background data sources will be used.Are there standards or guidelines toperform carbon footprint calculations?The international standards ISO 14040-14044provide robust and practice-proven requirements for performing transparent and accepted carbon footprint calculations . Over the past ten years, a wide consensus on climate change evaluations in this life cycle context has been built up in the scientific community and has successfully been applied by many leading companies in all sectors. In a policy context, the carbon footprint can be seen as a subset of the growing demand for life cycle based information that is being used for knowledge-based decision making in the context of sustainable consumption and production.ISO standards also support specific communication needs on climate change topics. The ISO type I Eco-labels and type III Environmental Product Declarations are the best reference framework for third party verified claims on carbon performance of products. We note here the importance of critical third-party reviews to help ensure problems do not arise later.Where do I get professional help, data and further information?There are many available sources of data,software tools, consulting services, handbooks, and technical guidance on Life cycle assessment and the climate change impacts from goods and services, either for a fee or free of charge. The LCA Resources Directory for identifying such sources (in Europe and beyond) is available athttp://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub//directory.vmComplementing available information and services, the European Commission is developing free of charge recommended methodological guidance documents, reference life cycle data for commonly used materials, energy sources, and services, and recommended factors to calculate impact indicators for not only climate change but also other impacts along the life cycle. The objective is to facilitate the availability of high quality and consistent data, studies, and claims.Visit the European Platform on LCA website or contact us.-------------------------------------------------------------- Contact:European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment European Commission – Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability TP 460Via E. Fermi 2749I-21027 Ispra (VA), ItalyFax: +39 0332 78-5601 Email lca@jrc.ithttp://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/You can also pose your questions on the LCT forum:http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EPLCA/mailing.htmDisclaimer:Views expressed are those of the individual and do not necessarily represent official views of the European Commission .Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.© 2007, European Commission。
地道英语口语学习：CarbonFootprint碳足迹
地道英语⼝语学习:Carbon Footprint 碳⾜迹Neil: This is Real English from BBC Learning English. I'm Neil.Lily: ⼤家好，我是杨莉。
Neil: This is the programme in which we look at words and phrases that you may not find in your dictionary.Lily: 地道英语和⼤家⼀起学习现代英式英语中经常出现的流⾏词汇和实⽤表达。
Neil: Today we're looking at an expression which has become very popular over the last year.Lily: What's that?Neil: Carbon footprint.Lily: Carbon footprint. What does it mean?Neil: Well, let's start with the second word, footprint.Lily: OK.Neil: You know what happens when you walk on wet or muddy ground?Lily: Oh yes. 从湿路或泥路上⾛过时会留下⾜迹 – footprint.Neil: That's right. Well your carbon footprint is the impact you make on the planet from your use of energy.Lily: Carbon 碳. 碳⾜迹就是指⼀个⼈的能源意识和⾏为对⾃然界产⽣的影响。
InsertA: I'm going on a weekend break to Barcelona tomorrow. I managed to get a really cheap flight.B: Didn't you fly to Paris last month?A: Yeah, that was a bargain too.B: Don't you ever think about the environment? Your carbon footprint must be terrible!Neil: He uses planes frequently, so he has a large carbon footprint. He uses a lot of energy which puts carbon into the environment.Lily: 这位讲话的男⼦经常乘坐飞机旅⾏，那么他在这个世界上就留下了⼀个很⼤碳⾜迹。
The Guide to PAS 2050-2011
How to carbon footprint your products, identify hotspots and reduce emissions in yoursupply chainThe Guide to PAS 2050:2011The Guide toPAS2050:2011How to carbon footprint your products, identifyhotspots and reduceemissions in yoursupply chainAcknowledgementsThe development of this Guide was co-sponsored by:Defra (Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs)DECC (Department of Energy and Climate Change)BIS (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills)Acknowledgement is given to ERM who authored this Guide. ERM has completed over 1,000 carbon footprints across more than 50 sectors and provides carbon footprinting and carbon reduction services to both UK and international clients. Acknowledgement is also given to the following organizations who assisted in its development:ADAS UK LimitedDefraFood and Drink FederationInstitute of Environmental Management and AssessmentCarbon TrustFirst published in the UK in 2011byBSI389 Chiswick High RoadLondon W4 4AL© British Standards Institution 2011All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of thispublication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means –electronic, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without prior permission in writing from the publisher.Whilst every care has been taken in developing and compiling this publication, BSI accepts no liability forany loss or damage caused, arising directly or indirectly in connection with reliance on its contents exceptto the extent that such liability may not be excluded in law.While every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, anyone claiming copyright should get intouch with the BSI at the above address.BSI has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party internet websitesreferred to in this book, and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,accurate or appropriate.The right of ERM to be identified as the author of this Work have been asserted by the authors inaccordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.T ypeset in Futura by Helius – Printed in Great Britain by Berforts. British Library Cataloguing in Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-0-580-77432-4Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1What is PAS 2050? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Why should I use PAS 2050? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Why this Guide? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2The 2011 revision of PAS 2050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Making product carbon footprinting work in practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3The stepwise footprinting process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Step 1. Scoping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51.1. Describe the product to be assessed and the unit of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . .51.2. Draw a map of the product life cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61.3. Agree and record the system boundary of the study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71.4. Prioritize data collection activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12Step 2. Data collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Types of data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132.1. Draw up a data collection plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142.2. Engaging suppliers to collect primary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142.3. Collecting and using secondary data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .162.4. Collecting data for ‘downstream’ activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .182.5. Assessing and recording data quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19Step 3. Footprint calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213.1. General calculation process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .213.2. Calculations for specific aspects of the footprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30Step4. Interpreting footprint results and driving reductions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .424.1. Understanding carbon footprint results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42ContentsContents4.2. How certain can I be about the footprint and hotspots? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434.3. Recording the footprint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444.4. How can I use footprinting to drive reductions? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45 Annex A. Further examples of functional units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48 Annex B. Setting functional units and boundaries for services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .49 Annex C. Orange juice example: data prioritization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51 Annex D. Primary data collection tips and templates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .59 Annex E. Sampling approaches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 Annex F. A data quality assessment example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66 Annex G. Biogenic carbon accounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70 Annex H. Worked CHP example . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .72 Annex I. Supplementary requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .741Introduction2Introductionclarification on only one, or a small number, of aspects of the calculation process. The concept of supplementary requirements is akin to ‘Product Category Rules’ (i.e. developed through ISO 140255)and ‘Product rules’ (GHG Protocol Product Standard) and may include either of these (if consistent with PAS 2050).This symbol is used in this Guide to denote where you might be able to usefully refer to supplementaryrequirement documents for further clarity or information.Before you begin to carry out your assessment, look to see if there are supplementary requirements that may help you assess the emissions associated with your product. Where they exist they should always be used.If there are no supplementary requirements for your sector, check to see whether other rules or guidance may be applicable.6)If not, you may even want to consider starting to develop supplementary requirements within your industry.For further discussion of supplementary requirements,see Annex I.The Guide to PAS 2050:20113Making product carbonfootprinting work in practiceProduct carbon footprinting should be used as a practical tool that is tailored to the needs of your organization.It can be used to identify the main sources of emissions for all types of goods and services, from oranges to nappies and from bank accounts to hospitality.Consideration of the goal/objectives of a carbon footprint study is of paramount importance, to ensure that it will deliver the information that you need. In assessing your own organization's needs, consider the following:•Your core business priorities.How could an in-depthunderstanding of the wider GHG impacts, risks and opportunities of goods and services support your strategy/business priorities? Are any products, supply chains or markets particular priorities? What are the expectations of your customers and investors?•Judicial selection of products.Identify the productsthat make most sense to assess and improve, e.g. the top-five best sellers or top-three new designs. Decide where you want to focus your attention, bearing in mind that you cannot do everything at once.•The intended audience for a study. This affectsthe degree of accuracy and resolution needed. A footprint analysis to be used to identify opportunities for reduction can be undertaken efficiently and at a high level initially, to be built on as needed. For external claims, gaining assurance is best practice,and a rigorous approach to data collection will need to be demonstrated.•Your timescale. How does this process fit in withyour product management cycle? Decide how much5)ISO 14025:2006 Environmental labels and declarations – T ype III environmental declarations – Principles and procedures.6)For example, see the PCR library at .tw/about/index.asp.Introduction 45ScopingStep IScoping is the most important step when undertakingany product carbon footprint study. It ensures that theright amount of effort is spent in getting the right datafrom the right places to achieve robust results in themost efficient manner possible.There are four main stages to scoping, and they arebest undertaken sequentially.Step I: Scoping 6‘downstream’ of your activities are not overlooked,such as recyclability at end-of-life, or potential to influence use phase emissions.For each stage on the process map:•provide a description of the activity to aid with datacollection•identify the geographic location of each distinct stepwhere possible•include all transport and storage steps between stages.An example for orange juice is shown in Figure 1.1.3. Agree and record the system boundary of the studyOnce the process map is complete, it can be used to help identify which parts of the overall system will, and will not, be included in the assessment.As an output from this scoping stage, you should clearly document and record the ‘system boundary’ in terms of:•a list of all included life cycle stages (e.g. rawmaterials, production, use, end-of-life)•a list of all included activities and processes within each life cycle stage•a list of all excluded activities and processes,and thesteps taken to determine their exclusion.Consider the following when setting system boundaries:•which GHG emissions and removals to include•cradle-to-gate (i.e. business-to-business) assessmentsversus cradle-to-grave (business-to-consumer)assessments•which processes and activities to include or exclude •time boundaries.In some cases, supplementary requirements maydictate the system boundary that should be used for a particular product system. Where these are compatible with PAS 2050, the system boundary set out in these documents should be used.The Guide to PAS 2050:20117Which GHG emissions and removals to include?According to PAS 2050, a carbon footprint must include all emissions of the 63 GHGs listed in the specification.These include carbon dioxide (CO 2), nitrous oxide (N 2O)and methane (CH 4), plus a wide range of halogenated hydrocarbons including CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs.Each of these types of GHG molecule is capable of storing and re-radiating a different amount of energy,and therefore makes a different contribution to global warming. The relative ‘strength’ of a GHG compared with carbon dioxide is known as its global warmingpotential (GWP), for example 25 for methane.T able 1 shows the global warming potentials and common sources of some of the most important GHGs covered under PAS 2050.Removals of carbon from the atmosphere (e.g. by plants and trees) must also be included in the assessment,except in the case of the biogenic carbon contained within food or feed products. This can be a tricky aspect of the footprint calculation process (e.g. for paper- and wood-based materials), and is a newStep I: Scoping8Figure 1: An example process map for orange juicePAS 2050 requirement. Further guidance is provided in Step 3.2, heading ‘Biogenic carbon accounting and carbon storage’, and Annex G of this Guide.A cradle-to-gate or cradle-to-grave assessment?PAS 2050 allows for two standard types of assessment (Figure 2), which are often used for different purposes:The Guide to PAS 2050:20119the carbon footprint of the product they supply. In this case, it makes sense to report emissions that occur only up to the point at which the product is transferred to the buyer. It also enables footprints to be incrementally calculated and reported across a supply chain.While useful in this context, cradle-to-gate assessments lack the completeness of a full cradle-to-graveassessment, and may miss a large proportion of the impact for certain products. For example, for energy-using products, the vast majority of the overall carbon footprint will result from the electricity used in the use phase. This impact would only be included in a cradle-to-grave assessment.Source: IPCC (2007), T able 2.14; see Clause 2.7) 100-year time horizon.Note: the GWP actually used in calculations should be the latest available from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), and you should check this periodically.Table 1: Global warming potentials and common sources of some of the most important GHGs1.Cradle to gate – which takes into account all life cycle stages from raw material extraction up to the point at which it leaves the organization undertaking the assessment.2.Cradle to grave – which takes into account all life cycle stages from raw material extraction right up to disposal at end of life.Cradle-to-gate and cradle-to-grave assessmentsCradle-to-gate assessments are commonly used where a buyer has asked a supplier to provide information onStep I: Scoping10It is vital that at least 95 per cent of the total mass and at least 95 per cent of the total anticipated impact of the final product is being assessed. Double check this during data prioritization calculations (see Step 1.4).System boundaries for services Setting system boundaries for services, in particular, can be challenging. Some guidance on doing so is provided in Annex B.The Guide to PAS2050:2011 11Table 2: Examples of high- and low-intensity materials and processesStep I: Scoping12•Emission factors : values that convert activity dataquantities into GHG emissions – based on the ‘embodied’ emissions associated with producing materials/fuels/energy, operating transport carriers,treating wastes, etc. These are usually expressed in units of ‘kg CO 2e’ (e.g. kg CO 2e per kg of orange cultivation, per litre of diesel, per km of transport or per kg of waste to landfill), and are most often from secondary sources.Choosing between primary and secondary dataCollecting primary activity data for specific activities across the supply chain can be time consuming, and so often dictates the amount of resource needed for a footprinting study. But the use of primary data generally increases the accuracy of the carbon footprint calculated, as the numbers used in the calculation relate directly to the real-life production or provision of the product or service assessed.Secondary data are usually less accurate, as they will relate to processes only similar to the one that actually takes place, or an industry average for that process.The choice between primary and secondary data should be guided by the scoping/prioritization activitiesundertaken in Step 1, as well as the underlying PAS 2050principles of:•relevance – selection of appropriate data andmethods for the specific products•completeness – inclusion of all GHG emissions andremovals arising within the system boundary that provide a material contribution13Data collectionStep 2•consistency – applying assumptions, methods anddata in the same way throughout the assessment •accuracy – reducing bias and uncertainty as far as practical•transparency – where communicating externally,provide sufficient information.In accordance with the principles of ‘relevance’ and ‘accuracy’, primary data are generally preferred.Step 2: Data collection14Note that, while the general rule is that primary data are preferred, there are some exceptions to this; for example, the case of commodity goods (see the following box).A key first task in the data collection process is toconsider primary and secondary data needs and drawup a data collection plan.Some example data collection templates, showing both generic and tailored approaches, as well as some useful tips, are provided in Annex D.The data collection template can also be used to ask for information to assess the quality of data provided. This involves a few additional questions for each data point, which will help you to ascertain how much confidence you can have in the accuracy of the data and, consequently, the accuracy of the carbon footprint. SamplingIn some cases, a product will be produced at a large number of sites. Milk in the UK, for example, is typically supplied by a large number of small/medium-sized farms, each providing an identical product (note: as suppliers are known and constant, this is differentThe Guide to PAS2050:2011 15 from a commodity good as earlier described). In thiscase, data collection for each site could be prohibitivelytime consuming, and a sampling approach is required. Annex E provides some guidance on sampling options.As with all footprinting tasks, resources should beallocated in the most efficient manner, while giving consideration to the core PAS2050 principles earlier described.Table 3: An example data collection plan for orange juice (drinks producer collecting data)Step 2: Data collection16contained in technical reports and published studies.This category also includes cradle-to-gate carbon footprint values that your suppliers might give you in response to a data request.•Disaggregated data are most often found in lifecycle inventory (LCI) databases that list all the inputs and outputs for a given process. These detail the consumption of specific raw materials/energy carriers and individual emissions, as opposed to a summary of the total CO 2e emissions.Aggregated data/emission factor sourcesT able 4 provides a list of useful sources of easilyaccessible emission factors. These are a starting point,but are by no means a definitive list of available resources.If you are using aggregated secondary data/emission factors, be careful to check that they are fit forpurpose. For example, is the system boundary used compliant with PAS 2050 boundaries? Some useful things to check are outlined in the box on page 17.Table 4: Useful sources of emission factors – some examplesDisaggregated/inventory data sourcesA list of common life cycle inventory (LCI) databases can be found at: http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ lcainfohub/databaseList.vm.Some databases are free, whereas some charge a licence fee.•An example of a licensed database is the ecoinvent LCI database found at . This is a useful source of data for over 4,000 materials andprocesses.•Examples of free databases are the European Reference Life Cycle Database (ELCD) found athttp://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub/datasetArea.vm, and US Life Cycle Inventory Database found atThe Guide to PAS2050:2011 17 /lci/database/default.asp, bothof which contain LCI datasets for selected materialsand processes.T ypically, when using LCI databases, the inventory dataare modelled in an LCA software programme, to provide emission factors (aggregated data) that can be used ina carbon footprint. However, if needed, the values for individual emissions listed in the LCI database can beused to estimate the global warming potential withoutthe use of LCA software. Tips for using LCI data in thisway are as follows:•Copying the LCI data into a spreadsheet (e.g.Microsoft Excel) might make it easier to view andinterrogate.Step 2: Data collection18retailed in London/England/Wales) can be defined within your functional unit.RetailFor the majority of products, emissions from retail operations will represent a very small part of theoverall carbon footprint. The main source of emissions will be energy use for both lighting and refrigeration.If primary data for energy use by a retail facility are not available, emissions from retail of products stored at ambient temperatures can reasonably be assumed to be comparable to those from a warehouse (see Step 3.2, heading ‘Storage emissions’, of this Guide).Refrigerated or frozen storage at retail may represent a significant source of emissions, and so should be considered in more detail. See further information on refrigeration in Step 3.2, heading ‘Refrigeration’, of this Guide.You will typically need to consider the volume of space occupied by a product, and how long it is typically stored for at the point of sale (e.g. slow-moving items must be stored for longer, and so incur greater emissions).UseA ‘use profile’ is a description of the typical way in which a product is consumed, or of the average user requirements. For example:•a use profile for product that requires cooking willrefer to the proportion of users that will typically bake, boil or microwave the product and the amount of time required in each case•a use profile for an electrical item will refer to atypical length of time the product is used for, or a typical setting (e.g. the proportion of washing machine cycles at 30/40/60 degrees).For some products, the choices made at this stage can make a significant contribution to the footprint, and introduce considerable variability, and so require careful consideration.•Identify emissions of key GHGs. As a minimum,emissions of fossil/biogenic carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide should be identified, which are the predominant GHGs in the majority of instances.However , other key GHGs, such as CFCs and HCFCs,might also be included in the inventory data.•The identified GHG emissions values can thenbe multiplied by their respective global warming potential, and the results summed to derive a ‘kg CO 2e’ emission factor that can be used in your product carbon footprint calculations.•Ideally, the quantity of all key GHGs will be identified.In practice, this can be a laborious task that might only involve very minor emissions. In this case, it should be recognized that the resulting emission factor might be an underestimate, and should be clearly labelled as such in the product carbon footprint calculations.2.4. Collecting data for ‘downstream’ activitiesDistributionIn many instances you will need to collect primary data for product distribution, if under your operational control.Distribution typically comprises transportation to a retail market and a period of storage in a distribution centre or warehouse. Specific data needs and emissions calculations for these activities are discussed in Step 3.2,headings ‘Refrigeration’ and ‘Storage emissions’, of this Guide.Whether this distribution step represents an average geography (e.g. products retailed in the UK, orEurope – taking a weighted average based on sales in different locations) or specific region (e.g. productsThe Guide to PAS2050:2011 19be assessed against the principles of PAS 2050 is presented in Annex F . Note that this example outlines only one of the ways in which you could undertake a semi-quantitative assessment to flag areas of uncertainty (and potential need for data improvement).The best-quality data should always be sought in an assessment, but is of particular importance where external communication is an ultimate goal of the study. In this case, a full data quality assessment,Step 2: Data collection20along with any accompanying assumptions or calculations, should be recorded with the product carbon footprint calculations.For internal assessments (e.g. to identify hotspots in the value chain), formal assessment/recording may not be needed, but you should ensure that differences in data quality are not unduly influencing the findings of your study (see Step 4 of this Guide for further discussionon this).Consider the examples for orange juice (Figure 3 and T able 5, and Figure 4 and T able 6), which show calculations for the first two life cycle stages.Activity data are often collected in many different formats and relating to different units (e.g. inputs and outputs for a tonne of raw material produced, or a year’s worth of production, or a hectare’s worth of production). An important next step is to balance the flows shown in21Footprint calculationsStep 3Step 3: Footprint calculations22HGV , heavy goods vehicle.aThe emissions from fertilizers and pesticides are dictated by their content of minerals or active ingredients (e.g. the proportion of fertilizer that is nitrogen or the proportion of pesticide that is anthraquinone) not the total weight.However, transport of the fertilizer or pesticide to use should be calculated based on the total weight.Figure 3: Mapping activity data – cultivation of oranges for the production of orange juiceTable 5: Example – 1hectare of orange cultivationThe Guide to PAS 2050:2011 23Table 6: Example – to produce 1tonne of concentrateFigure 4: Mapping activity data – processing of oranges for the production of orange juicethe process map so that all inputs and outputs reflect the provision of the functional unit/reference flow defined in Step 1. This can be either done within the process map itself, or in an Excel spreadsheet or other software tool.This can be the most difficult part of the calculation process. Golden rules are to:•always consider waste in the process•make calculations as transparent as possible, sothey can be traced backwards•record all assumptions and data concerns.Once the flows are balanced to reflect the functional unit, the calculation process is simple.Remember that some flows might be negative, where there are biogenic carbon removals (see Step 3.2,Step 3: Footprint calculations24heading ‘Biogenic carbon accounting and carbon storage’, and Annex H of this Guide).A simplified example for orange juice is shown inT able 7. Specific calculation aspects, such as transport,refrigerant or waste management are also discussed later in this section.The Guide to PAS2050:2011 25 Table 7: Footprint calculations for the production of a 1litre carton of orange juice (example data only)(Continued)(Continued)Table 7: Footprint calculations for the production of a 1litre carton of orange juice (example data only) (continued)Making simplifying assumptionsIt is often possible to use simplifications or estimations to streamline the carbon footprinting process. For example:•grouping all cleaning chemicals and using a generic ‘chemicals’ emission factor, estimating the quantities used•assigning a set of general assumptions for transport– e.g. 50km to waste treatment, 200km for inputs from the UK and 1,000km from central Europe.When making any simplifying assumptions it is important to make them conservative/worst case, and make sure that you record them and are able to change them if needed.In the calculation step of the footprint, it is a good idea to check and confirm that these simplified inputs or activities are not significant contributors to the footprint (e.g. >5 per cent of the footprint). If they are, you may need to go back and collect more specific information.As discussed in Step 2.5 of this Guide, the best quality (and specific) data should always be sought in anassessment, but is of particular importance whereexternal communication is an ultimate goal of the study.For both external and internal assessments, it is most important to ensure that differences in data quality are not unduly influencing the findings of your study (discussed further in Step 4 of this Guide).Co-product allocationSome processes in the life cycle of a product may yield more than one useful output (‘co-products’). For example, in the life cycle of orange juice above,the juicing of oranges yields not only orange juice but also a large volume of pulp (a low-value co-product that can be used as an animal feed) and a small amount of peel oil (a high-value essential oil that can be used as a fragrance in perfumes or household cleaners).In these cases, the input and output flows, or emissions,of the process (juicing) must be split, or ‘allocated’between the product being studied (the juice) and any co-products (the pulp and peel oil).aThis is the global warming potential (GWP) of N 2O gas – not an emission factor. The gas is released directly, and so does not need multiplying by an emission factor. It does, however need to be multiplied by its GWP of 298 to translate into CO 2equivalents (CO 2e).bLand-spreading – this is put to useful purpose, and so is a co-product, albeit with minimal value. A simple approach is to allocate this co-product zero emissions, as its relative value is very small (see Step 3.1, heading ‘Co-product allocation’, of this Guide).cThese values include removals and emissions of biogenic carbon within the packaging material. See Step 3.2,heading ‘Biogenic carbon accounting and carbon storage’, of this Guide.Table 7: Footprint calculations for the production of a 1litre carton of orange juice (example data only)(continued)。
基于生命周期的纺织服装产品碳足迹评价
行业观察Industry Review26纺织导报 China Textile Leader · 2018 No.6作者简介：吴 猛，男，1990年生，工程师，主要研究方向为纺织服装行业企业社会责任与可持续发展。
作者单位：中国纺织信息中心。
基于生命周期的纺织服装产品碳足迹评价文 | 吴 猛摘要：低碳发展是可持续发展的重要内涵之一，文章介绍了碳足迹、产品生命周期的概念，碳足迹的计算及评价标准。
基于生命周期评价，对纺织服装产品的生命周期进行了较详尽的解析，在此基础上，分析了PAS 2050规范中碳足迹计算的方法及节能减排措施，有助于纺织服装企业了解产品的碳足迹，找准节能减排的关键环节，提升企业生产与环境效益。
关键词：碳足迹；产品生命周期；碳足迹计算Abstract: Low-carbon development is an important part of sustainable development. The paper introduces the concepts of carbon footprint and product lifecycle as well as the calculation and evaluation standards of carbon footprint. Based on lifecycle evaluation, the paper elaborates on the lifecycles of textile and apparel products and on the base of which, it analyzes the carbon footprint calculation method in Specification PAS 2050 and related energy-saving and emission-reduction measures, aimed at helping textile enterprises better understand carbon footprint of products, find the key points of energy-saving and emission reduction and improve production and environmental benefits.Key words: carbon footprint; product lifecycle; calculation of carbon footprint一、碳足迹及评价标准近年来，随着国际相关组织和发达国家大力推行低碳经济，碳足迹开始在工业节能减排、产品生态标识和国际碳交易等领域广泛应用。
carbon footprint造句
carbon footprint造句
Carbon footprint是指一个人、一个组织或一个活动所产生的二氧化碳排放量。
下面是一些关于carbon footprint的例句：
1. 由于长时间的汽车通勤，我的carbon footprint比其他同事要高。
2. 为了减少carbon footprint，我们公司决定采用可再生能源。
3. 通过使用节能灯泡，我成功地减少了家庭的carbon footprint。
4. 乘坐公共交通工具可以减少个人的carbon footprint。
5. 每年，工厂的carbon footprint都会被定期检测和报告。
6. 购买本地生产的食品可以减少运输过程中的carbon footprint。
7. 电动汽车比传统汽车具有更小的carbon footprint。
8. 在生活中，我们应该尽量减少能源的使用，从而减少carbon footprint。
9. 通过植树活动，我们可以帮助抵消一部分个人的carbon footprint。
10. 航空旅行对carbon footprint的贡献非常大，应该尽量减少其使用。
希望以上的例句对您有帮助。
OrCAD图文教程添加footprint属性
OrCAD图文教程：添加footprint属性时间:2009-04-30 22:37来源:未知作者:于博士点击: 507次单个元件添加footprint属性第一种方法：直接修改1 双击元件，弹出property editor对话框2 在左上角空白处右键->pivot，改变视图改变后视图如图3 修改PCB Footprint属性第二种方法：在元件库中添加footprint属性，更新到原理图1 打开元件库2 打开元件编辑页面3 菜单option->package property弹出编辑属性对话框修改PCB Footprint属性，保存。
回到原理图，打开cache选中要编辑Footprint的元件，右键replace cache弹出replace cache对话框，Action中选择replace schematic part properties复选框以及preserve Refdef复选框。
如图批量添加FOOTPRINT属性第一种方法：选中要修改的所有同类元件。
右键，Edit property，弹出property editor从窗口。
左上角空白处，右键->pivot，改变视图，如图鼠标左键单击PCB Footprint框，带文字的部分，选择整列。
右键选择edit弹出如下对话框，编辑封装信息。
OK，所选元件封装信息添加到Property Editor中。
单击Apply按钮，信息添加到原理图中所有选中的元件中。
第二种方法：工程管理窗口中，选择某一页右键->Edit object properties打开属性编辑窗口用Pivot命令改变视图显示方式页面放大：CTRL+鼠标滚轮上推。
页面缩小：CTRL+鼠标滚轮下拉。
左键框选Footprint空白处右键单击任意一个待编辑的方框，选择Edit弹出属性值编辑对话框修改属性值，OK。
单击Property Editor中的Apply按钮，信息被添加到原理图中。
关于欧盟电池新规（EU）2023
标准评析关于欧盟电池新规（EU）2023/1542中电池碳足迹的介绍■ 刘 伟（福建星云电子股份有限公司）摘 要：2023年7月28日，欧盟正式颁布了新电池法规——《2023年7月12日欧洲议会和理事会第2023/1542号法规（欧盟） 关于电池和废旧电池，修订指令2008/98/EC和欧盟法规2019/1020以及废止指令2006/66/EC》，其中明确了对电池碳足迹的规定，这一新的规定将成为我国电池产品进入欧盟市场的新技术壁垒。
本文对该法规中的碳足迹规定做了较为详细的介绍，包括范围、定义、功能单元和基准流、系统边界、公司特定和二次数据集的使用、碳足迹影响评价、偏移、碳足迹性能类别和最大碳阈值等，为国内电池设计和制造企业了解欧盟新电池法规中的碳足迹规定提供参考。
关键词：欧盟法规，电池，碳足迹，生命周期DOI编码：10.3969/j.issn.1002-5944.2024.10.021Introduction to the Carbon Footprint Requirements in the EU’s NewBattery Regulation (EU) 2023/1542LIU Wei（Fujian Nebula Electronics Co., Ltd.）Abstract:On July 28, 2023, the European Union offi cially issued a new regulation on batteries— Regulation (EU) 2023/1542 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 concerning batteries and waste batteries, amending Directive 2008/98/EC and Regulation (EU) 2019/1020 and repealing Directive 2006/66/EC. This new regulation specifies the carbon footprint of batteries, which will become a new technological barrier for domestic battery products to enter the EU market. This article provides a detailed introduction to the carbon footprint requirements in the regulation, including scope, defi nition, functional units and reference fl ows, system boundaries, use of company specifi c datasets and auxiliary datasets, carbon footprint impact assessment, offsets, carbon footprint performance categories, and maximum carbon thresholds. It provides a reference for domestic battery design and manufacturing enterprises to understand the carbon footprint requirements in the EU’s new battery regulations. Keywords: EU regulations, battery, carbon footprint, life cycle0 引 言欧盟官方于2023年7月28日正式颁布了新电池法规，即《欧盟法规（EU）2023/1542 关于电池和废旧电池》[1]（以下简称“法规”）。
CarbonFootprintA...
Carbon Footprint Activities in Japan Carbon Footprint Activities in JapanAtsushi INABAProfessor, Department of Environmental and Energy ChemistryFacalty of Engineering, Kogakuin University1-24-2 Nishi-Sinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 163-8677, JAPANPhone;+81-3-3340-2679 Fax;+81-3-3340-0147e-mail:*******************.ac.jpChie Nakaniwa and Masayuki KanzakiJapan Environmental Management Association for Industry(JEMAI)Today,,,,1) What is Carbon Footprint of Products (CFP) ? and Japanese activities in 20082) Japanese experience on LCA-Type 3 Label “Eco-Leaf”-Food Study Group3) Japanese activities in 2009Carbon Footprint of ProductsCarbon Footprint of Products Procurement of raw materials ManufacturingCirculationand salesConsumption,use, andmaintenanceAbandonment andrecyclingP roduction of aluminum cans Juice manufacturingand packagingDelivery andSalesEmpty can collectionand recyclingRefrigerationAll figures are assumptions.○○beverageSpecifically, visualization involves a “carbon footprint”3. Visualization(1)Disseminating the “carbon footprint”system, etc.The government aims to make visible to the consumer the greenhouse gas emissions associated with as many goods, foodstuffs, and services aspossible. ・・・Specifically, visualization involves a “carbon footprint”system that displays the greenhouse gas emissions associated with the life cycle like the complete process from manufacture of goods or production of a foodstuff totransportation and disposal, or the emissions associated with the use of a service. The aim is for guidelines for calculating emissions, ensuring their credibility, and displaying them to be compiled during fiscal 2008, and for the trial implementation to be started in the following fiscal year.“Visualization”Cabinet Decision, July 29, 2008GHG emitted 6.4kgRaw material acquisition5.3%↓Production 1.0%↓Distribution/selling 1.5%↓Use 88.0%↓Disposal/recycling 4.2%ShampooG8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit 7/7-91st 6/172nd 9/11FY2008Jun.Jul.Aug.Sep.Oct.Nov.Dec.Jan.～within FY20081st 7/7“Eco-products 2008”12/11-13･Exhibition of trial products ・Consumer survey, etc.“Eco-products 2008”12/11-13･Exhibition of trial products ・Consumer survey, etc.2nd 8/20CollaborationPublic Comment Policy (Draft)Public Comment Policy (Draft)Practicaloperation WG Practical operation WG Practical operation WG Practical operation WG 3rd 9/26Practical operation WG Practical operation WG Rule Rev iew Meeting Rule Rev iew Meeting 4th (Jan.)3rd (Nov.)4th(Nov.)5th (Jan.)Finalization (Guideline and PCR common determination standard)Finalization (Guideline and PCR common determination standard)Announcem ent of standard mar k Announcem ent of standard mar k ←Joint Meetings →Standard Mark {Review Committee End of October Standard Mark {Review Committee End of October Study Group for Propelling Impl ementati on and Dissemination Study Group for Propelling Impl ementati on and Dissemination Schedule for Carbon Footprint System Implementation/Dissemination Project ・AEON ・Seiyu ・Seven & i Holdings・Lawson ・JCCU (Co-op)・Marui ・UNY・FamilyMart ・CGC ・Sapporo ・KAGOME ・Nestle ・Calbee ・AJINOMOTO ・Nissin Food ・Nippon Meat Packers ・NISSIN SEIFUN ・KAO ・KIBUN FOOD CHEMIFA ・Lion ・Unicharm ・Panasonic ・Toshiba Lighting & Technology ・KOKUYO Furniture ・KOKUYO S&T ・KOKUYO Store Creation ・Dai N ippon Pr inting ・Nihon Tetra Pak ・TOYO SEIKAN ・CHUO KAGAKU ≪Participants: 30 companies ≫Retail ・AEON ・Seiyu ・Seven & i Holdings ・Lawson ・JCCU (Co-op)・Marui ・UNY ・FamilyMart ・CGC Consumer goodsmanufacturers・Sapporo ・KAGOME ・Nestle ・Calbee ・AJINOMOTO ・Nissin Food ・Nippon Meat Packers ・NISSIN SEIFUN ・KAO ・KIBUN FOOD CHEMIFA ・Lion ・Unicharm ・Panasonic ・Toshiba Lighting & Technology ・KOKUYO Furniture ・KOKUYO S&T ・KOKUYO Store Creation ・Dai N ippon Pr inting ・Nihon Tetra Pak ・TOYO SEIKAN ・CHUO KAGAKU FY2009～FY2010○Expansion of trial products○Distribution in the market○Refinement of guidelinesLand, Infrastructure and Transportation attend as observers200792) Japanese experience on LCA-Type 3 Label “Eco-Leaf”-Food Study Group3) Japanese activities in 20094) Sustainable Consumption and Productionmileage (transportation).Basis of calculation is Life CycleAssessment (LCA)1) EcoLeaf is leading in industrial productsEnvironment information disclosure (Type III label):-Instituted by Japan Environmental ManagementAssociation for Industry in 2002.-About 450 products including copy machines andprinters obtained the label.2) The Food Study Group of the Instituteof LCA, Japan*, is leading in foods* Founded in 2004; chaired by Atsushi Inaba15P ow er C om m unim odem P B X system2%D i gi tal5%6%ectornteresk top personalcom puter&m oni tor ectrophotographi cP hotocopi10%Facsi m i l e12%-Type 3 Label “Eco-Leaf”-Food Study Group3) Japanese activities in 20094) Sustainable Consumption and ProductionThe Food Study Group of the Institute of LCA, Japan :（Case Study）About 1.４kg-CO2 The Food Study Group of the Institute of LCA, Japan ：Discussed environmentalissues and the value of foodsThe above photo shows an image of a western menu examined.3) Japanese activities in 20094) Sustainable Consumption and ProductionFrom April ’09CFP Pilot Project (Fiscal 2009)Examination and activities toward international standardization of Carbon Footprint in ISOExamination of Japan’s stance based on the pilot projec t, etc.Examination of issues of system extractedfrom pilot project at examination meetingPilot pr oject for calc ulation and dis play of Car bon Footprint(Sequential s hift to JIS/TS for PCR of mining andindus trial products)When PCR draft is d etermin ed to be appropriateSubmission of PCR draft Support of PCR draft establishment/CFP calculation by METI,MAFF, etc.<PCR certification scheme/CFP calculation resu lt verification scheme>(Coordination by related governmental offices)Disclosure of certified PCR Disclosure of certified PCR When CFP calculation result is determined to be appropriate *TS (standard specific ation): standard document determined and announced with poss ibility of establishing JIS in the future by JISC○Elaboration of rules (general rules (TS Q 0010) concerning calculation/display, etc.),shifting to appropriate JIS/TS**TS (standard specific ation): standard document determined and announced with poss ibility of establishing JIS in the future by JISC ○Examination of certification scheme Enlightenment for dissemination of Carbon Footprint (opening of homepage, holding of explanatory meetings, Carbon Footprint forum, etc.)Enlightenment for dissemination of Carbon Footprint (opening of homepage, holding of explanatory meetings, Carbon Footprint forum, etc.)Data creation and disclosure of GHG discharge volume in basic units Data creation and disclosure of GHG discharge volume in basic units Examination and elaborati on bas ed on the s ur v ey res ults tobusinesses and c ons umers Establishment of PCR draft plan Establishment of PCR draft plan Registration of PCR draft plan Registration of PCR draft plan Granting of CFP mark Granting of CFP mark Recognition survey of consumers Recognition survey of consumers ・Business: oval (pink)・METI/consigned business: rounded rectangle(blue)・PCR committee: rectangle (purple)Establishment of PCR draft Establishment of PCR draft Calculation of Carbon Footprint Calculation of Carbon Footprint Circu lation of CFP mark d isplay produ cts Circu lation of CFP mark d isplay produ cts Review and certification of PCR draft Verification of CFP calculation result Jun. 1 ’09 s tart(Acceptanc e at anytime)Acceptance: Jun. 5 –22 ’09(PCR support public offering)June 11: Ver. 1 sc heduled to be announc ed following the 1st basic unit verification committee meetingnonglutinous rice (japonica rice)powdered laundry detergentKey Elements of CFP Pilot Project Japan 1.PCR (product category rule) approach–Calculation rules are transparent.–Fair comparability is kept.–Data quality is ensured.2.Program basis–Responsible for ensuring credibility and transparency–Establishing a procedure to safeguard the consistency of data within a program–Maintaining publicly available lists and records of PCR and CFP documents–Ensuring the selection of competent independent verifiers and PCR review panel members3.Independent verification–Cost effective based on 14025–Speedy–CredibleDisplays were classified into three situations, HOME, 62 products (including unverified products) from 27 companiesEco-Product 2009 (Dec. 10-12)Eco-Product 2009 (Dec. 10-12)エコプロダクツ2009産業環境管理協会－42－Eco -Product 2009 (Dec. 10-12)4) Sustainable Consumption and ProductionWhat is the Purpose of Carbon Footprint?・Difference by product (difference between oranges and tomatoes)?・Difference by company (comparison of orange juice manufacturers)?・Difference by store (difference in the same product between a supermarket and a convenience store)?How can CO2 be reduced?。
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CARBON FOOTPRINT - what it is and how to measure itExecutive SummaryClimate change is of high concern, driving growing demand for carbon footprint information. This leaflet is designed to help your organisation get started with an efficient and effective approach to address this topic, building on existing international standards and European reference data; further information and data sources including links to service providers are included.We recommend to maximise the benefits of work on Carbon footprints to “get the most out of this”. This includes providing customers and other stakeholders with broader life cycle information related to your products and for internal purposes such as for identifying hot-spots along the supply-chain, potential risks, opportunities for related improvements, to avoid shifting burdens to other types of environmental impacts as well as to anticipate upcoming demands in the context of “Sustainable Consumption and Production”, a core commitment of the European Commission. This can all be achieved using existing, well-established approaches.What is a carbon footprint?Carbon footprint (CF) – also named Carbon profile - is the overall amount of carbon dioxide (CO 2) and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (e.g. methane, laughing gas, etc.) associated with a product 1, along its supply-chain and sometimes including from use and end-of-life recovery and disposal. Causes of these emissions are, for example, electricity production in power plants, heating with fossil fuels, transport operations and other industrial and agricultural processes.The carbon footprint is quantified using indicators such as the Global Warming Potential (GWP). As defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)2, a GWP is an indicator that reflects the relative effect of a greenhouse gas in terms of climate change considering a fixed time period, such as 100 years (GWP 100). The GWPs for different emissions (see Table 1) can then be added together to give one single indicator that expresses the overall contribution to climate change of these emissions.How can I measure the carbon footprint of my product?The carbon footprint is a sub-set of the data covered by a more complete Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). LCA is an internationally1ISO 14040 defines the term “product” as both “goods”(e.g. consumer goods, intermediate goods) and “services” (even complex services like events, conferences and exhibitions). 2www.ipcc.chstandardized method (ISO 14040, ISO 14044)3 for the evaluation of the environmental burdens and resources consumed along the life cycle of products; from the extraction of raw materials, the manufacture of goods, their use by final consumers or for the provision of a service, recycling, energy recovery and ultimate disposal.One of the key impact categories considered in an LCA is climate change, typically using the IPCC characterization factors for CO 2 equivalents. Hence, a carbon footprint is a life cycle assessment with the analysis limited to emissions that have an effect on climate change. Suitable background data sources for the footprint are therefore those available in existing LCA databases. These databases contain the life cycle profiles of the goods and services that you purchase, as well as of many of the underlying materials, energy sources, transport and other services.Table 1: Global warming potentials of some Greenhouse Gases (source: IPCC, 2007)SpeciesChemical formulaGWP 100CarbondioxideCO 2 1Methane CH 425 Nitrous oxide N 2O 298HFCs - 124 - 14800 Sulphurhexafluoride SF 622800PFCs - 7390 - 122003ISO 14040:2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment –Principles and Framework.ISO 14044:2006 Environmental Management – Life Cycle Assessment – Requirements and Guidelines.Why the evaluation must be broadened to avoid misleading results and wrong decisions?Although building upon a life cycle approach, carbon footprints address only impacts on climate change. When exclusively carbon footprint data are used to support procurement decisions or to improve goods and services, other important environmental impacts are neglected while often running opposite to climate change, resulting in a “shifting ofburdens". Achieving sustainable consumption and production requires theconsideration and evaluation of all relevantenvironmental impacts at the same time,such as e.g. acid rain, summer smog, cancereffects and land use. This can only be ensuredby the more complete Life Cycle Assessment.If organizations are now developing carbon footprint data, then it makes sense to evaluate also relevant non-greenhouse gas emissions (e.g. NOx, particles, SO 2) along the product supply chain or full life cycle. The in-house effort is only slightly higher and same background data sources will be used.Are there standards or guidelines toperform carbon footprint calculations?The international standards ISO 14040-14044provide robust and practice-proven requirements for performing transparent and accepted carbon footprint calculations . Over the past ten years, a wide consensus on climate change evaluations in this life cycle context has been built up in the scientific community and has successfully been applied by many leading companies in all sectors. In a policy context, the carbon footprint can be seen as a subset of the growing demand for life cycle based information that is being used for knowledge-based decision making in the context of sustainable consumption and production.ISO standards also support specific communication needs on climate change topics. The ISO type I Eco-labels and type III Environmental Product Declarations are the best reference framework for third party verified claims on carbon performance of products. We note here the importance of critical third-party reviews to help ensure problems do not arise later.Where do I get professional help, data and further information?There are many available sources of data,software tools, consulting services, handbooks, and technical guidance on Life cycle assessment and the climate change impacts from goods and services, either for a fee or free of charge. The LCA Resources Directory for identifying such sources (in Europe and beyond) is available athttp://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/lcainfohub//directory.vmComplementing available information and services, the European Commission is developing free of charge recommended methodological guidance documents, reference life cycle data for commonly used materials, energy sources, and services, and recommended factors to calculate impact indicators for not only climate change but also other impacts along the life cycle. The objective is to facilitate the availability of high quality and consistent data, studies, and claims.Visit the European Platform on LCA website or contact us.-------------------------------------------------------------- Contact:European Platform on Life Cycle Assessment European Commission – Joint Research Centre Institute for Environment and Sustainability TP 460Via E. Fermi 2749I-21027 Ispra (VA), ItalyFax: +39 0332 78-5601 Email lca@jrc.ithttp://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/You can also pose your questions on the LCT forum:http://lca.jrc.ec.europa.eu/EPLCA/mailing.htmDisclaimer:Views expressed are those of the individual and do not necessarily represent official views of the European Commission .Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication.© 2007, European Commission。