Chemical and Pesticide
化学耕作还是有机耕作优缺点英语作文
化学耕作还是有机耕作优缺点英语作文Chemical farming, also known as conventional farming, involves the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to enhance crop production. On the other hand, organic farming relies on natural fertilizers and pesticides to nurture the soil and crops. Both methods have their own advantages and disadvantages, and the choice between chemical farming and organic farming depends on various factors such as environmental impact, health implications, and economic considerations.One of the key advantages of chemical farming is higher crop yields. Synthetic fertilizers provide essential nutrients to crops, leading to faster growth and larger harvests. In addition, pesticides help to control pests and diseases, reducing crop losses and increasing productivity. This increased efficiency in crop production can result in higher profits for farmers and a more stable food supply for consumers.Another advantage of chemical farming is the convenience and ease of implementation. Synthetic fertilizers and pesticides are readily available and easy to apply, making them a convenient option for farmers. In addition, the use of chemicals can help to control weeds, reduce labor costs, and simplify farming operations.However, chemical farming also has several disadvantages. One of the main concerns is the environmental impact of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. These chemicals can leach into the soil and water, leading to pollution and harm to ecosystems. In addition, the overuse of synthetic fertilizers can lead to soil degradation, nutrient depletion, and reduced biodiversity.Furthermore, the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides can have negative effects on human health. Residue from these chemicals can contaminate food crops and water sources, leading to potential health risks for consumers. Prolonged exposure to pesticides has been linked to various health conditions, including cancer, hormonal imbalances, and reproductive disorders.On the other hand, organic farming offers several benefits that can address some of the drawbacks of chemical farming. One of the main advantages of organic farming is its environmental sustainability. By avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, organic farming practices help to protect the soil, water, and biodiversity. Organic farmers focus on building healthy soils through composting, crop rotation, and naturalpest control methods, resulting in long-term soil fertility and ecosystem health.Another advantage of organic farming is the promotion of human health and well-being. Organic food is free from synthetic chemicals and pesticides, making it a safer and healthier option for consumers. Organic farming practices also prioritize animal welfare and sustainable farming methods, promoting the well-being of farm workers, communities, and the environment.However, organic farming also has its limitations. One of the main challenges of organic farming is lower crop yields compared to chemical farming. Without the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, organic farmers may struggle to achieve the same level of productivity and profitability. In addition, organic farming requires more labor and resources to implement sustainable practices, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and natural pest control methods.Another disadvantage of organic farming is the higher cost of production. Organic certification, sustainable practices, and labor-intensive methods can increase operating expenses for farmers, resulting in higher prices for organic products. This costfactor can limit the accessibility and affordability of organic food for some consumers.In conclusion, chemical farming and organic farming both have their own advantages and disadvantages. The choice between these two methods depends on various factors, including environmental impact, health implications, and economic considerations. While chemical farming can offer higher crop yields and convenience, organic farming prioritizes sustainability, human health, and environmental protection. By considering the pros and cons of each approach, farmers and consumers can make informed decisions to support a more sustainable and healthy food system.。
化学耕地和有机耕地英语作文
化学耕地和有机耕地英语作文英文回答：Chemical vs. Organic Farming.Chemical farming and organic farming are two distinct agricultural practices that differ in their reliance on synthetic chemicals and natural resources. While chemical farming utilizes chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to increase crop yield and control pests, organic farming emphasizes the use of organic matter and biological methods to maintain soil fertility and control pests.Chemical Farming.Chemical farming involves the application of synthetic chemicals to enhance crop production and protect plants from pests and diseases. Chemical fertilizers provide essential nutrients to plants, enabling them to grow fasterand produce higher yields. Pesticides target specific insects or pests that damage crops, while herbicidescontrol weeds that compete with crops for nutrients and sunlight.However, chemical farming has potential drawbacks. Excessive use of chemicals can lead to environmental pollution, water contamination, and soil degradation. Synthetic fertilizers can contribute to nutrient imbalances in soil, damaging ecosystems and aquatic life. Pesticides and herbicides can also harm beneficial insects and organisms, disrupting natural pest control mechanisms.Organic Farming.Organic farming, on the other hand, prioritizes natural processes and inputs. Organic matter, such as manure, compost, and crop residues, is used to replenish soil fertility and improve soil structure. Biological methods, including crop rotation, cover crops, beneficial insects, and natural predators, are employed to maintain pest and weed control.Organic farming aims to enhance soil biodiversity and promote a balanced ecosystem. By avoiding synthetic chemicals, organic farmers preserve the natural balance of soil microorganisms, beneficial insects, and other organisms. This approach helps to reduce environmental pollution, protect water quality, and promote soil health.Comparison of Chemical and Organic Farming.Crop Yield:Chemical farming generally produces higher crop yields due to the use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.Organic farming yields may be lower in some cases but can still provide a sustainable and nutritious food source.Environmental Impact:Chemical farming has a greater negative impact on the environment, leading to pesticide and herbicide runoff,water contamination, and soil degradation.Organic farming promotes environmental sustainability by reducing pollution and conserving natural resources.Soil Health:Chemical farming can deplete soil of organic matter and biodiversity.Organic farming improves soil health and increases its fertility over the long term.Consumer Health:Chemical farming residues may pose health concerns for consumers.Organic farming minimizes the risk of consuming synthetic chemicals and promotes the production ofnutrient-rich foods.Sustainability:Chemical farming relies heavily on non-renewable resources and can lead to environmental degradation.Organic farming emphasizes sustainable practices and aims to preserve natural resources for future generations.Conclusion.Chemical and organic farming represent two distinct approaches to agricultural production. Chemical farming focuses on maximizing crop yield and pest control through synthetic chemicals, while organic farming prioritizes natural processes and environmental sustainability. Both methods have their advantages and disadvantages, and the choice between them depends on factors such as environmental concerns, consumer preferences, and resource availability.中文回答：化学耕地和有机耕地。
农药肥料业务培训基础知识
农药肥料业务培训基础知识第一篇农药基本常识一、农药定义：农药[Pesticide(s) ；Agricultural chemical；Farm chemical]农药广义的定义是指用于预防、消灭或者控制危害农业、林业的病、虫、草和其他有害生物以及有目的地调节植物、昆虫生长的化学合成或者来源于生物、其他天然物质的一种物质或者几种物质的混合物及其制剂。
是指在农业生产中，为保障、促进植物和农作物的成长，所施用的杀虫、杀菌、杀灭有害动物（或杂草）的一类药物统称。
特指在农业上用于防治病虫以及调节植物生长、除草等药剂。
根据原料来源可分为有机农药、无机农药、植物性农药、微生物农药。
此外，还有昆虫激素。
根据加工剂型可分为粉剂、可湿性粉剂、可溶性粉剂、乳剂、乳油、浓乳剂、乳膏、糊剂、胶体剂、熏烟剂、熏蒸剂、烟雾剂、油剂、颗粒剂和微粒剂等。
大多数是液体或固体，少数是气体。
二、农药的分类：1、病害：真菌杀菌剂细菌杀菌剂病毒抗病毒剂（病毒钝化剂）线虫杀线剂2、虫害：昆虫杀虫剂螨类杀螨剂3、草害：杂草除草剂4、植物生长调节剂：激素类、促进类、抑制类5、鼠害：鼠类杀鼠剂1、杀菌剂按作用原理分类保护性杀菌剂如：代森锰锌、速可杀治疗（内吸）性杀菌剂如：菌立灭、乙磷铝、井冈霉素免疫性杀菌剂如：普力克（霜霉威）按使用方法分类叶面处理性杀菌剂如：最常见的杀菌剂种子处理性杀菌剂如：多菌灵、福美双土壤处理性杀菌剂如：拌种双2、杀虫剂按作用方式分类胃毒剂如杀虫双、灭多威、二嗪农触杀剂如：杀虫双、二嗪农熏蒸剂如：二嗪农内吸剂如：杀虫双、灭多威特异性杀虫剂（不育、驱避、拒食、引诱、生长调节剂）：敌死虫按成分分类生物杀虫剂微生物源杀虫剂如：宁南霉素（菌克毒克）、中生菌素（克菌康）、多杀菌素（催杀）BtA、Bt（目前多为生物杀虫剂和化学杀虫剂复配，但在概念上还是用生物农药）植物源杀虫剂如：烟碱、楝素、苦皮藤素、雷公藤素、藜芦碱等动物源杀虫剂：沙蚕毒素、斑蝥素矿物源杀虫剂：石硫合剂、机油乳剂有机杀虫剂：P.N.CI 如：敌百虫、二嗪农无机杀虫剂拟除虫菊酯类如高效氯氰菊酯、杀灭菊酯3、除草剂按作用性质分类灭生性除草剂如：草甘膦、百草枯选择性除草剂如：丁草胺、拉索、都尔按作用方式分类触杀型除草剂如：除草醚（已在农田上禁用）输导型除草剂如：草甘膦、精稳杀得按使用方法分类土壤处理性除草剂如：拉索、都尔茎叶处理性除草剂如：草甘膦等4、杀螨剂有些为专用如：哒螨灵、三磷锡有些为兼用如：天王星（联苯菊酯）、灭扫利（甲氰菊酯）、齐螨素（阿维菌素）5、杀线虫剂有些为熏蒸如：棉隆（必速灭）有些为非熏蒸如：呋喃丹6、杀鼠剂有机杀鼠剂无机杀鼠剂7、植物生长调节剂抑制生长剂如：比久促进生长发育剂如：细胞分裂素8、抗病毒剂起增抗作用如：NS、83增抗剂、病毒必（毙）克注：（避免使用杀病毒的说法）按毒性分级：剧毒、高毒、中等毒、低毒、微毒按残留分级：高残、中残、低残三、农药常用的剂型1、乳油(英文emulsifiable concentrate缩写EC)：用水稀释后形成乳状液的均一液体制剂。
作文范文之雅思作文真题范文
雅思作文真题范文【篇一：雅思作文题目汇总】一、教育1、教育应该包括哪些内容？母题：it is generally believed that education is of vital importance to the development of individuals and the well-being of societies. what should education consist of to fulfil both these functions? (050312)提示：本题围绕教育的两大功能来展开（个人与社会），准备好这篇文章，即可应付教育类话题中的最大分支—教育的功能，做到以不变应万变。
对于社会角度，可以从促进经济发展、增加社会流动性(social mobility)、维护社会稳定这几个方面来展开，对于个人，可以写改变思维模式、有利于就业和便利生活来写。
子题：大学应当教授理论知识还是实践技能？大学的是应当把学生培养成合格的公民还是让他们自己得益？准备未来职业最好的方法是上大学还是尽快离校积累工作经验？大学要不要扩招？中学阶段应当提供通才教育还是专才教育？要不要延长义务教育年限？要不要让农村地区的学生更容易上学？老师要教学生如何判断是非吗？2、学校的科目谁来选择？(060916)母题：some people think that the government should decide which subjects students should study at the university, while others think that students should be allowed to apply for the subject they prefer. discuss the two views and give your opinion.提示：这类题目采取的策略就是“双批判”，因为题目中提供的两种选择往往都是错误的。
pesticides analysis
Pesticides AnalysisIntroductionPesticides are chemical substances used to control pests, such as insects, weeds, and fungi, that can damage crops or cause harm to humans. Pesticides play a crucial role in modern agriculture, ensuring food security and increasing crop yields. However, the potential negative impact of pesticides on human health and the environment has raised concerns. Therefore, the analysis of pesticides is essential to assess their presence, concentration, and potential risks.Importance of Pesticides AnalysisPesticides analysis is necessary for several reasons:1.Safety of Food and Water: Pesticides can contaminate food andwater sources through agricultural practices. Analyzing thepresence and levels of pesticides in these resources helps inensuring food safety and preventing potential health risks.2.Environmental Monitoring: Pesticides can have detrimental effectson ecosystems and non-target organisms. Analyzing their occurrence and distribution in soil, air, and water bodies helps in assessing their environmental impact and designing appropriate mitigationstrategies.3.Regulatory Compliance: Governments and regulatory agenciesestablish maximum residue limits (MRLs) for pesticides to protectconsumers and the environment. Pesticides analysis is necessaryfor regulatory compliance and to enforce these limits.4.Product Development and Improvement: Pesticide manufacturersanalyze their products to determine their effectiveness, stability, and potential environmental risks. This analysis drives productimprovement and ensures their proper usage.Methods of Pesticides AnalysisDifferent methods are employed for the analysis of pesticides, depending on the sample type and the desired information. Below are some commonly used methods:1. Chromatographic TechniquesChromatographic techniques, such as gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), are widely used for pesticides analysis. These techniques separate the individual pesticide compounds from a complex mixture and allow for their identification and quantification.2. Mass SpectrometryMass spectrometry (MS) is often coupled with chromatographic techniques to enhance the sensitivity and specificity of pesticide analysis. MS provides information about the molecular weight and structure of pesticide compounds, facilitating their identification and characterization.3. ImmunoassaysImmunoassays, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), are rapid and cost-effective methods for screening pesticides. These assays utilize specific antibodies that bind to pesticide molecules, producing a detectable signal in the presence of the pesticide.4. Sample Preparation TechniquesSample preparation is a crucial step in pesticides analysis, as it concentrates and purifies the target compounds. Common sample preparation techniques include solvent extraction, solid-phase extraction, and QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) method.Applications of Pesticides Analysis1. Agricultural MonitoringPesticides analysis plays a vital role in monitoring the use of pesticides in agriculture. By analyzing soil, water, and crop samples, scientists can assess the effectiveness of pesticide application, adherence to safety regulations, and potential risks to the environment.2. Food Safety AssessmentFood safety authorities and regulatory agencies analyze food samples to ensure compliance with pesticide residue limits. Pesticides analysis helps identify potential sources of contamination and contributes to the overall assessment of the safety of the food supply chain.3. Environmental Impact EvaluationPesticides can have unintended consequences on non-target organisms, such as birds, bees, and aquatic life. Pesticides analysis helps in evaluating their ecological impact and determining ways to minimize or mitigate the risks.4. Forensic InvestigationsIn cases of suspected pesticide poisoning or illegal use of pesticides, analysis of biological samples, such as blood or urine, can provide evidence for forensic investigations. Pesticides analysis helps in identifying the presence of specific pesticides and linking them to potential sources.ConclusionPesticides analysis is crucial for ensuring the safety of food, water, and the environment. Through the use of various analytical techniques, scientists can identify and quantify pesticide residues, evaluate their potential risks, and enforce regulatory compliance. Continued advancements in pesticides analysis will further contribute tosustainable agricultural practices and the protection of human health and the environment.。
有机农业英语作文
Organic farming,a practice that has gained significant attention in recent years,is an agricultural method that avoids the use of synthetic fertilizers,pesticides,genetically modified organisms,and other artificial substances.It emphasizes the use of natural processes and ecological principles to maintain soil fertility,control pests,and support plant growth.The Principles of Organic Farming1.Sustainable Soil Management:Organic farming practices focus on maintaining and improving soil health.This includes crop rotation,the use of compost,and green manures to enrich the soil with nutrients and organic matter.2.Biodiversity:Organic farms aim to promote a diverse ecosystem.This is achieved by planting a variety of crops and maintaining natural habitats for wildlife,which helps in pollination,pest control,and nutrient cycling.3.Pest and Disease Management:Instead of relying on chemical pesticides,organic farming uses integrated pest management IPM strategies.These include the use of beneficial insects,crop rotation,and physical barriers to control pests and diseases.4.Animal Welfare:Organic farming standards prioritize the health and wellbeing of animals.Animals are given access to the outdoors,are fed organic feed,and are not treated with antibiotics or growth hormones unless absolutely necessary for their health.5.Water Conservation and Quality:Organic farming practices aim to minimize the impact on water resources.This includes avoiding synthetic fertilizers and pesticides that can leach into waterways,and implementing practices that reduce soil erosion and runoff. Benefits of Organic Farming1.Environmental Protection:Organic farming reduces the environmental impact by minimizing the use of synthetic chemicals,which can contaminate water supplies and harm wildlife.2.Health Benefits:Organic produce is free from synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, which can have negative health effects when consumed over time.3.Taste and Nutrition:Many consumers believe that organic food tastes better and may have higher levels of certain nutrients due to the richer soil conditions.4.Support for Small Farmers:Organic farming often supports smallscale farmers who can produce highquality products without the need for expensive chemical inputs.5.Economic Viability:Organic farming can be economically viable,providing a premium price for products that are in demand by healthconscious consumers.Challenges of Organic Farming1.Yield:Organic farming often has lower yields compared to conventional farming due to the absence of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides.2.Cost:The initial costs of transitioning to organic farming can be high,including the cost of organic inputs and the need for additional labor for certain practices.3.Knowledge and Skills:Farmers need to acquire new skills and knowledge to effectively manage an organic farm,which can be a barrier for some.4.Market Access:Smallscale organic farmers may face challenges in accessing markets and receiving fair prices for their products.5.Regulatory Compliance:Organic farming requires adherence to strict certification standards,which can be complex and timeconsuming.The Future of Organic FarmingAs awareness of the environmental and health impacts of conventional farming practices grows,the demand for organic products is likely to increase.The future of organic farming may involve further technological advancements that support sustainable practices,as well as policy changes that incentivize organic farming and make it more accessible to a wider range of farmers.In conclusion,organic farming is a holistic approach to agriculture that prioritizes the health of the environment,the consumer,and the farmer.While it faces challenges,its benefits make it a viable and important part of the global agricultural landscape.。
砷酸钡制备高三化学流程题
砷酸钡制备高三化学流程题Barium arsenate is a chemical compound that is commonly used as an insecticide and a pesticide in agriculture. It is also known as arsenic acid barium salt, and has the chemical formula Ba3(AsO4)2. The preparation of barium arsenate involves several steps, including the reaction between barium chloride and sodium arsenate to form barium arsenate precipitate.钡砷酸盐是一种常用的杀虫剂和农药，被广泛地用于农业中。
它也被称为砷酸钡盐，化学式为Ba3(AsO4)2。
砷酸钡的制备涉及多个步骤，包括氯化钡和砷酸钠之间的反应，形成砷酸钡沉淀。
One of the key steps in the preparation of barium arsenate is the reaction between barium chloride and sodium arsenate. This reaction forms barium arsenate precipitate, which can be collected and further processed to obtain pure barium arsenate. The reaction is carried out in aqueous solution under controlled conditions to ensure the formation of the desired product.砷酸钡制备的关键步骤之一是氯化钡和砷酸钠之间的反应。
agriculturalpollution农业污染英语作文
It is reported that China use only 9% of world's farmland to feed 22% of the global population. However, that 9% uses 35% of world's fertilizer and 20% of pesticide. This means agricultural chemicals per unit area are much higher than the world average which leads to agricultural pollution.In recent years, frequent agricultural pollution occurrences have caused great losses in both national economy and farmers' personal properties. The improper use of fertilizers, pesticide and agricultural mulch could lead to agricultural contamination including water pollution, air pollution and soil contamination. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides bring about water quality deterioration. Residual agricultural mulch leads to soil contamination and endangers the physical characteristics of soil. And incinerating straws increases CO2levels in rural areas and raises greenhouse gas emission.Agricultural pollution is non-point source pollution which is harder to control because farmland covers a vast area. But we must do as we can. First of all, the most important thing to solve the problem is to train farmers to use chemicals properly and aware of the danger if do as usual. Secondly, to control pesticide and fertilizer pollution, we should improve the efficiency of pesticide and fertilizer use, so as to reduce the amount of pesticide and fertilizer used in fields. Developing green and organic agricultural production with organic fertilizer instead of chemical fertilizer could do some help also. Thirdly, we should develop recyclable and biodegradable mulch with low cost. In addition, the incineration of straws should be banned nationwide, as straws can be used as paper making, livestock feed, organic fertilizers and so on.We must make our greatest efforts to control and reduce agricultural pollution for ourselves and our future generation. Let’s start it right now.。
关于化肥农药和有机农药区别的英语作文
关于化肥农药和有机农药区别的英语作文Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides vs. Organic FarmingHi there! Today, I want to talk about something important –the food we eat and how it's grown. You might have heard about chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and organic farming, but do you really know what they are and how they're different? Let me explain!Chemical Fertilizers and Pesticides:Chemical fertilizers are like special foods for plants. They're made from different chemicals and minerals, and farmers use them to help their crops grow bigger and faster. Pesticides, on the other hand, are like medicine for plants. They protect the crops from bugs, weeds, and diseases that can harm them.While these chemicals can help farmers grow more food, they can also be harmful to the environment and our health. Some of these chemicals can pollute the soil, water, and air, making it harder for other plants and animals to live. They can also leave behind tiny traces in the food we eat, which might not be good for us if we eat too much of it.Organic Farming:Organic farming is a different way of growing food without using any synthetic (man-made) chemicals. Instead of chemical fertilizers, organic farmers use natural things like compost (decayed plant and animal matter) and manure (animal poop) to feed their plants. They also use natural methods to control pests, like introducing good bugs that eat the bad ones, or using special plants that keep pests away.Organic farming is better for the environment because it doesn't pollute the air, water, or soil with harsh chemicals. It's also said to be healthier for us because the food doesn't have any chemical residues. However, organic farming can be more challenging, and the crops might not grow as big or as quickly as those grown with chemical fertilizers.The Pros and Cons:So, which one is better? Well, both have their pros and cons. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides can help farmers grow more food, but they can also harm the environment and our health if not used properly. Organic farming is better for the planet and our bodies, but it can be harder for farmers, and the crops might not be as big or plentiful.Ultimately, it's up to each person to decide what's important to them. Some people might prefer organic food because theybelieve it's healthier, while others might choose conventional (non-organic) food because it's often cheaper and more readily available.My Thoughts:Personally, I think both methods have their place. Chemical fertilizers and pesticides can be useful when used carefully and in moderation, but we should also try to support and encourage organic farming as much as possible. After all, we all want to have healthy food to eat and a healthy planet to live on, right?No matter what you choose, it's important to be informed and make decisions that feel right for you and your family. And remember, every little bit counts – even small changes in the way we grow and consume food can make a big difference in the long run!。
对于化学耕作好不好的看法英语作文
对于化学耕作好不好的看法英语作文英文回答：Chemical farming, also known as conventional farming, heavily relies on synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides to boost crop yields and protect plants from pests and diseases. While it has significantly increased agricultural productivity and fed a growing population, it also poses significant environmental and health concerns.One of the primary environmental impacts of chemical farming is soil degradation. Synthetic fertilizers can alter soil pH levels, disrupt microbial balance, and deplete essential nutrients, leading to reduced soil fertility and increased erosion. Pesticides and herbicides can accumulate in soil and groundwater, posing risks to wildlife and aquatic ecosystems.Another concern is the impact of chemical farming on human health. Residues of pesticides and herbicides canremain on crops and soil, potentially contaminating thefood chain and leading to health problems in humans who consume these products. Exposure to pesticides has been linked to various health issues, including cancer, developmental disorders, and neurological damage.Moreover, chemical farming can contribute to greenhouse gas emissions. Nitrogen fertilizers, when applied in excess, can release nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Additionally, the energy-intensive production of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides contributes to carbon emissions.In contrast, organic farming practices emphasizenatural methods to maintain soil fertility and controlpests and diseases. Organic farmers rely on crop rotation, cover crops, and natural fertilizers to improve soil health and reduce the need for synthetic chemicals. Pest management strategies include biological control, such as the introduction of beneficial insects or microbial agents, and the use of natural repellents and deterrents.Organic farming has many environmental benefits. Byreducing the use of chemical inputs, it helps protect soil health, water quality, and biodiversity. Organic farming practices also contribute to carbon sequestration, as organic matter in the soil helps absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.Organic food production has become increasingly popular as consumers become more aware of the health and environmental risks associated with chemical farming. Organic products are often perceived as healthier and safer, and they command a premium price in the marketplace.In conclusion, while chemical farming has played a significant role in increasing agricultural productivity,it comes with environmental and health costs. Organic farming offers a sustainable alternative that promotes soil health, reduces chemical pollution, and contributes to greenhouse gas mitigation. The choice between chemical and organic farming should be guided by a holisticconsideration of these factors, balancing the need for food production with the preservation of the environment and human well-being.中文回答：化学农业，又称传统农业，极大地依赖合成肥料、杀虫剂和除草剂来提高作物产量并保护植物免受病虫害。
农药登记管理术语
农药登记管理术语-基本术语2009-08-21 10:09:37| 分类：农药登记-综合| 标签：|字号大中小订阅基本术语/ basic terminology农药/pesticide杀虫剂/insecticide杀螨剂/acaricide, miticide杀软体动物剂/moluscicide卫生用农药/public health pesticide杀线虫剂/nematocide杀菌剂/fungicide防腐剂/anti-mould除草剂/herbicide长残留性除草剂/long residual herbicide灭生性除草剂/sterilant herbicide植物生长调节剂/plant growth regulator脱叶剂/defoliant杀鼠剂/rodenticide驱避剂/repellant引诱剂/attractant不育剂/chemosterilant拒食剂/antifeeding化学农药/chemical pesticide生物源农药/biopesticide微生物农药/microbial pesticide细菌农药/bacterial pesticide真菌农药/fungal pesticide病毒农药/viral pesticide原生动物农药/protozoa pesticide农用抗生素/agro-antibiotic植物源农药/botanical pesticide矿物源农药/mineral-based pesticide生物化学农药/biochemical pesticide信息素/pheromone激素/hormone天然植物生长调节剂/natural plant growth regulator天然昆虫生长调节剂/natural insect growth regulator蛋白类农药/protein pesticide寡聚糖类农药/oligosaccharide pesticide转基因生物/transgenic organism天敌生物/natural enemy organism良好实验室规范/good laboratory practice,GLP质量保证/quality assurance, QA试验体系/test system等同确认/peer validation标准操作规程/standard operation procedures,SOPs原始数据/raw data样本/specimen供试物/test item对照物/reference item批/batch媒介物/vehicle农药登记/pesticide registration农药登记资料规定/data requirement on pesticide registration 农药产品安全数据单/material safety data sheet, MSDS 农药登记人/applicant of pesticide registration 农药登记资料保护/data protection of registered pesticide 农药登记试验/pesticide registration trial临时登记/temporary registration正式登记/full registration续展登记/renewal of registration分装登记/repacking registration紧急需要登记/registration for emergency新农药/new pesticide新制剂/unregistered product formulation新剂型/new formulation剂型微小优化/formulation change in data bridging新含量制剂/product of unregistered active ingredient content相同产品/me-too product相同原药（或母药）/me-too TC or TK相同制剂/me-too formulation新登记使用范围/product of unregistered application scope新登记使用方法/product of unregistered application method 扩大使用范围/expending application scope改变使用方法/change of application method变更使用剂量/change of application dosage单制剂/formulation with single active ingredient混配制剂/pesticide ready-mixture药肥混配制剂/pesticide fertilizer mixture 农药田间试验批准证书/certificate for pesticide field trial农药临时登记证/certificate for pesticide temporary registration 农药正式登记证/certificate of pesticide full registration农药登记管理术语-产品化学2009-08-21 15:07:07| 分类：农药登记-分析残| 标签：|字号大中小订阅产品化学/product chemistry国际通用名称/ISO common name农药化学名称/pesticide common nameCA登录号/CAS No. , CA RN国际农药分析协作委员会数字代号/CIPAC code number农药合成/pesticide synthesis农药加工/pesticide processing农药制剂/formulation product原药/technical material TC母药/technical concentrate TK农药剂型/pesticide formulation乳粒剂/emulsifiable granule, EG乳粉剂/emulsifiable powder, EP驱蚊片/repellent mosquito mat, RMM驱蚊粒/repellent mosquito granule, RMG电热蚊香块/vaporizing block, VB蝇香/fly coil, FC杀螨纸/acaricide paper, AP挂条/ strip, SR长效蚊帐/long-lasting insecticidal net, LN驱蚊膏/repellent mosquito paste, RMP可分散油悬浮剂/oil dispersion, oil based suspension concentrate, OD微囊悬浮-悬浮剂/mixed formulation of CS and SC, ZC微囊悬浮-水乳剂/mixed formulation of CS and EW, ZW微囊悬浮-悬乳剂/mixed formulation of CS and SE, ZE种子处理微囊悬浮-悬浮剂/mixed formulation of CS and SC for seed treatment , ZCS有效成分/active ingredient增效剂/synergist安全剂/safener助剂/adjuvant表面活性剂/surfactant乳化剂/emulsifier渗透剂/penetrating agent稳定剂/stabilizer黏着剂/sticker消泡剂/deforming agent, deformer展着剂/spreader警戒色/warning color催吐剂/emetic苦味剂/picricid抛射剂/projectile助燃剂/combustion improver阻燃剂/flame retardant填料/filler, carrier载体/carrier溶剂/solvent助溶剂/co-solvent密度/density熔点,溶点范围/melting point, m.p., melting range沸点/boiling point, b.p.闪点/flash point, f.p.浊点/cloud point旋光度/optical rotation, rotation溶解度/solubility蒸气压/vapour pressure, V.p正辛醇-水分配系数/n-octanol, water partition coefficient 亲水亲油平衡值/hydrophilic lipophilic balance, HLB亲和性/endophilicity, affinity亲水性/hydrophilicity, hydrophily亲油性/lipophilicity相混性/compatibility脂溶性/fat solubility缓释性/controlled release稳定性/stability爆炸性/explosibility氧化性/oxidizability, oxidation腐蚀性/causticity临界温度/critical temperature临界压力/critical pressure燃烧热/combustion heat, burning heat坡度角/angle of slope接触角/contact angle表面张力/surface tension界面张力/interfacial tension离解常数/dissociation constant沉降/sedimentation聚结/coalescence胶体/colloid絮凝/flocculation聚沉/coagulation有效成分含量/content of active ingredient片剂均匀性/tablet dose uniformity释放速率/rate of release of active ingredient游离有效成分/free active ingredient成烟率/smoking rate相关杂质/relevant impurity水分/water干燥减量/loss in weight, loss on drying不溶物/insoluble松密度/bullk density堆积密度/pour and tap density内压力/internal pressure喷射速率/discharge rate喷出率/discharge ratio净含量/net content of formulation单盘质量/average weight of coil润湿时间/wettability透明温度范围/ range of transparent temperature 持久起泡性/persistent foam双盘分离度/separation of twin coil抗折力/strength of coil平整度/level off片剂尺寸/size of mat燃烧时间/burning time自燃温度/autoigniting temperature点燃试验/igniting test挥发性/volatility挥发速度/vaporization rate最低持效期/minimum effective period细度/fineness湿筛试验/wet sieve test筛析/sieve analysis粒度范围/nominal size range粉尘/dustiness微粒范围/particle size range脱落率/fall off rate包衣脱落率/fall off rate from seed跌落破碎率/breaking off rate粉末和碎片/rate of dust and piece完整性/integrity片剂硬度/tablet hardness成膜时间/filming time to seed包衣均匀度/uniformity of seed coating分散性/dispersibility分散度或溶解度/degree of dispersion, dissolution 崩解时间/disintegration time悬浮率/suspensibility分散稳定性/dispersion stability乳液稳定性/emulsion stability再乳化性/remulsification流动性/flowability倾倒性/pourability黏度，黏度范围/viscosity, viscosity range 酸碱度或pH值范围/acidity and alkalinity or pH range与水互溶性/miscibility with water稀释稳定性/dilution stability溶解程度和溶液稳定性/degree of dissolution, solution stability 水溶性袋的溶解性/dissolution of the bag含菌量/microbial density含孢量/spore density病毒包涵体数量/viral inclusion body生物效价/biopotency毒素蛋白/protein toxin活菌数/viability number活菌率/microbial viability杂菌率/microbial contaminant菌丝体/fungal mycelium菌落形成单位/colony forming unit, CFU病原物/pathogen热贮稳定性/storage stability at elevated temperature加速贮存稳定性/stability at elevated temperature低温稳定性/storage stability at low temperature冷贮稳定试验/stability at low temperature冻融稳定性/freeze, thaw stability常温贮存稳定性/storage stability at ambient temperature 农药产品标准/pesticide product standard农药技术指标/pesticide specification农药分析/pesticide analysis定性分析/qualitative analysis红外光谱法/infrared spectroscopy, IR紫外光谱法/ultraviolet spectroscopy, UV核磁共振/nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR质谱法/mass spectroscopy, MS定量分析/quantitative analysis原药全组分分析/full analysis of ingredient of TC仲裁分析/arbitration analysis鉴别试验/identity test测定方法验证报告/certification report of analysis method产品质量检验报告/product quality examination report 农药标准品/reference sample of pesticide定性谱图/chart of qualitative analysis质量分数/mass fraction质量浓度/mass concentration允许范围/tolerance线性关系/linearity方法特异性/method specificity精密度/precision准确度/accuracy重复性/repeatability再现性/reproducibility回收率/recovery添加回收率/fortified recovery相对标准偏差/relative standard deviation, RSD变异系数/coefficient of variation, CV标准偏差/standard deviation, SD方差/variance定量限/limit of quantification, LOQ检测限/limit of detection, LOD农药登记管理术语-产品化学2009-08-21 15:07:07| 分类：农药登记-分析残| 标签：|字号大中小订阅产品化学/product chemistry国际通用名称/ISO common name农药化学名称/pesticide common nameCA登录号/CAS No. , CA RN国际农药分析协作委员会数字代号/CIPAC code number农药合成/pesticide synthesis农药加工/pesticide processing农药制剂/formulation product原药/technical material TC母药/technical concentrate TK农药剂型/pesticide formulation乳粒剂/emulsifiable granule, EG乳粉剂/emulsifiable powder, EP驱蚊片/repellent mosquito mat, RMM驱蚊粒/repellent mosquito granule, RMG电热蚊香块/vaporizing block, VB蝇香/fly coil, FC杀螨纸/acaricide paper, AP挂条/ strip, SR长效蚊帐/long-lasting insecticidal net, LN驱蚊膏/repellent mosquito paste, RMP可分散油悬浮剂/oil dispersion, oil based suspension concentrate, OD 微囊悬浮-悬浮剂/mixed formulation of CS and SC, ZC微囊悬浮-水乳剂/mixed formulation of CS and EW, ZW微囊悬浮-悬乳剂/mixed formulation of CS and SE, ZE种子处理微囊悬浮-悬浮剂/mixed formulation of CS and SC for seed treatment , ZCS有效成分/active ingredient增效剂/synergist安全剂/safener助剂/adjuvant表面活性剂/surfactant乳化剂/emulsifier渗透剂/penetrating agent稳定剂/stabilizer黏着剂/sticker消泡剂/deforming agent, deformer展着剂/spreader警戒色/warning color催吐剂/emetic苦味剂/picricid抛射剂/projectile助燃剂/combustion improver阻燃剂/flame retardant填料/filler, carrier载体/carrier溶剂/solvent助溶剂/co-solvent密度/density熔点,溶点范围/melting point, m.p., melting range沸点/boiling point, b.p.闪点/flash point, f.p.浊点/cloud point旋光度/optical rotation, rotation溶解度/solubility蒸气压/vapour pressure, V.p正辛醇-水分配系数/n-octanol, water partition coefficient亲水亲油平衡值/hydrophilic lipophilic balance, HLB亲和性/endophilicity, affinity亲水性/hydrophilicity, hydrophily亲油性/lipophilicity相混性/compatibility脂溶性/fat solubility缓释性/controlled release稳定性/stability爆炸性/explosibility氧化性/oxidizability, oxidation腐蚀性/causticity临界温度/critical temperature临界压力/critical pressure燃烧热/combustion heat, burning heat坡度角/angle of slope接触角/contact angle表面张力/surface tension界面张力/interfacial tension离解常数/dissociation constant沉降/sedimentation聚结/coalescence胶体/colloid絮凝/flocculation聚沉/coagulation有效成分含量/content of active ingredient 片剂均匀性/tablet dose uniformity释放速率/rate of release of active ingredient 游离有效成分/free active ingredient成烟率/smoking rate相关杂质/relevant impurity水分/water干燥减量/loss in weight, loss on drying不溶物/insoluble松密度/bullk density堆积密度/pour and tap density内压力/internal pressure喷射速率/discharge rate喷出率/discharge ratio净含量/net content of formulation单盘质量/average weight of coil润湿时间/wettability透明温度范围/ range of transparent temperature 持久起泡性/persistent foam双盘分离度/separation of twin coil抗折力/strength of coil平整度/level off片剂尺寸/size of mat燃烧时间/burning time自燃温度/autoigniting temperature点燃试验/igniting test挥发性/volatility挥发速度/vaporization rate最低持效期/minimum effective period细度/fineness湿筛试验/wet sieve test筛析/sieve analysis粒度范围/nominal size range粉尘/dustiness微粒范围/particle size range脱落率/fall off rate包衣脱落率/fall off rate from seed跌落破碎率/breaking off rate粉末和碎片/rate of dust and piece完整性/integrity片剂硬度/tablet hardness成膜时间/filming time to seed包衣均匀度/uniformity of seed coating分散性/dispersibility分散度或溶解度/degree of dispersion, dissolution崩解时间/disintegration time悬浮率/suspensibility分散稳定性/dispersion stability乳液稳定性/emulsion stability再乳化性/remulsification流动性/flowability倾倒性/pourability黏度，黏度范围/viscosity, viscosity range 酸碱度或pH值范围/acidity and alkalinity or pH range与水互溶性/miscibility with water稀释稳定性/dilution stability溶解程度和溶液稳定性/degree of dissolution, solution stability 水溶性袋的溶解性/dissolution of the bag含菌量/microbial density含孢量/spore density病毒包涵体数量/viral inclusion body生物效价/biopotency毒素蛋白/protein toxin活菌数/viability number活菌率/microbial viability杂菌率/microbial contaminant菌丝体/fungal mycelium菌落形成单位/colony forming unit, CFU病原物/pathogen热贮稳定性/storage stability at elevated temperature加速贮存稳定性/stability at elevated temperature低温稳定性/storage stability at low temperature冷贮稳定试验/stability at low temperature冻融稳定性/freeze, thaw stability常温贮存稳定性/storage stability at ambient temperature农药产品标准/pesticide product standard农药技术指标/pesticide specification农药分析/pesticide analysis定性分析/qualitative analysis红外光谱法/infrared spectroscopy, IR紫外光谱法/ultraviolet spectroscopy, UV核磁共振/nuclear magnetic resonance, NMR质谱法/mass spectroscopy, MS定量分析/quantitative analysis原药全组分分析/full analysis of ingredient of TC仲裁分析/arbitration analysis鉴别试验/identity test测定方法验证报告/certification report of analysis method产品质量检验报告/product quality examination report农药标准品/reference sample of pesticide定性谱图/chart of qualitative analysis质量分数/mass fraction质量浓度/mass concentration允许范围/tolerance线性关系/linearity方法特异性/method specificity精密度/precision准确度/accuracy重复性/repeatability再现性/reproducibility回收率/recovery添加回收率/fortified recovery相对标准偏差/relative standard deviation, RSD变异系数/coefficient of variation, CV标准偏差/standard农药登记管理术语-农药药效2009-08-21 18:39:30| 分类：农药登记-综合| 标签：|字号大中小订阅农药药效/pesticide efficacy药效/efficacy毒力/bioactivity药害/phytotoxicity急性药害/acute phytotoxicity慢性药害/chronic phytotoxicity隐形药害/no-observable injury残留药害/carryover injury作用方式/mode of action杀生作用/biocidal activity胃毒作用/stomach poisoning activity触杀作用/contact poisoning activity内吸作用/systemic activity熏蒸作用/fumigant poisoning activity杀卵作用/ovicidal activity传递作用/transmission activity窒息作用/suffocation非杀生作用/non-biocidal acitivity引诱作用/attracting activity驱避作用/repelling activity拒食作用/antifeeding activity杀菌作用/fungicidal activity抑菌作用/fungistatic activity保护作用/protective activity治疗作用/curative activity化学调控/chemical regulation 化学杀雄/emasculation with gametocide 作用机制/mechanism of action联合作用/combined action相加作用/additive effect增效作用/synergic effect拮抗作用/antagonic effect作用谱/biological spectrum选择性/selectivity生态选择/ecological selectivity生理选择/physiological selectivity生化选择/biochemical selectivity人为选择/artificial selectivity位差选择/depth difference selectivity时差选择/timing difference selectivity选择压/selective pressure传导性/translocation速效性/quick bioactivity广谱性/broad spectrum抗药性/pesticide resistance单一抗性/mono-resistance多种抗性/multi-resistance交互抗药性/cross-resistance负交互抗药性/negative cross-resistance代谢抗药性/metabolic detoxication resistance靶标不敏感抗药性/resistance of insensitive target抗药因子/resistance factor耐药性/pesticide tolerance持效性/persistent bioactivity生物测定方法/bioassay method土壤处理/soil treatment木材处理/wood treatment种子处理/seed treatment模拟现场试验/field-simulation test滞留喷洒试验/residual spray test适口性试验/palatability test离体试验/in vitro test盆栽试验/pot test筛选试验/bioactivity screening高通量生化筛选/high throughput biochemical screening, HTBS 室内活性测定试验/laboratory bioassay点滴法/topical application method夹毒叶片法/leaf sandwich method浸虫法/insect-dipping method浸螨法/mite-dipping method浸叶法/leaf-dipping method沉浸法/immersion method喷雾法/spray method滤纸药膜法/filter residual method人工饮料混药法/diet incorporation method锥形瓶法/Erlenmeyer flask method凹玻片法/concave slide method平皿法/petri plate method离体叶片法/detached leaf method盆栽法/potted plant method浑浊度法/turbidimeter method抑制圈法/inhibition zone method孢子萌发法/spore germination method根芽法/root, shoot length method茎叶喷雾法/foliar spray method土壤喷雾法/soil spray method浇灌法/drenching method单细胞藻类法/single-cell algal method浮萍法/common duckweed method田间试验/field trial小区试验/plot trial示范试验/demonstration trial药害试验/phytotoxicity trial对照处理/control treatment药剂对照/standard product control空白对照/untreated control最佳施药时间/optimum application timing持效期/persistent efficacy period杂草覆盖度/weed coverage degree诊断剂量/diagnostic dose致残中量/median lethal dose, LD50致死中浓度/median lethal concentration, LC50有效中量/median effective dose, ED50有效中浓度/median effective concentration, EC50击倒中时/median knockdown time, KT50致死中时/median lethal time, LT50击倒率/rate of knockdown死亡率/mortality校正死亡率/corrected mortality最低致死量/minimum lethal dose最低抑制浓度/minimum inhibitory concentration剂量对数死亡机率值线/log dosage-probit line, LD-p line 毒力回归线/toxicity regression line毒力指数/toxicity index, TI共毒系数/cotoxicity coefficient, CTC共毒因子/cotoxicity factor防治效果/control efficacy虫，螨口减退率/rate of insect or acarid reduction卷叶率/rate of roll leaf卵孵化率/rate of egg hatching虫害指数/insect pest index病情指数/disease index倒伏指数/lodging index叶片受害指数/leaf damage index保蕾效果/efficacy of bud protection花蕾被害率/rate of bud damage保顶效果/efficacy of top bud protection顶芽被害率/rate of top bud damage保铃效果/efficacy of boll protection铃害率/rate of boll damage保株效果/efficacy of plant protection受害株率/rate of plant damage株数防效/efficacy by plant number鲜重防效/efficacy by fresh weight校正防效/corrected efficacy摄食系数/ingestion coefficient药效评价/efficacy evaluationPart A: Methods for the determination of the physico-chemical propertiesA.1 MELTING/FREEZING TEMPERATUREA.2 BOILING TEMPERATUREA.3 RELATIVE DENSITYA.4 VAPOUR PRESSUREA.5 SURFACE TENSIONA.6 WATER SOLUBILITYA.8 PARTITION COEFFICIENTA.9 FLASH-POINTA.10 FLAMMABILITY (SOLIDS)A.11 FLAMMABILITY (GASES)A.12 FLAMMABILITY (CONTACT WITH WATER)A.13 PYROPHORIC PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDSA.14 EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIESA.15 AUTO-IGNITION TEMPERATURE (LIQUIDS AND GASES)A.16 RELATIVE SELF-IGNITION TEMPERATURE FOR SOLIDSA.17 OXIDIZING PROPERTIES (SOLIDS)A.18 NUMBER - AVERAGE MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND MOLECULAR WEIGHT DISTRIBUTIONOF POLYMERSA.19 LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT CONTENT OF POLYMERSA.20 SOLUTION / EXTRACTION BEHAVIOUR OF POLYMERS IN WATERA.21 OXIDISING PROPERTIES (LIQUIDS)Part B: Methods for the determination of toxicityGENERAL INTRODUCTIONB.1bis ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY - FIXED DOSE PROCEDUREB.1tris ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY - ACUTE TOXIC CLASS METHODB.2 ACUTE TOXICITY (INHALATION)B.3 ACUTE TOXICITY (DERMAL)B.4 ACUTE TOXICITY: DERMAL IRRITATION/CORROSIONB.5 ACUTE TOXICITY: EYE IRRITATION/CORROSIONB.6 SKIN SENSITISATIONB.7 REPEATED DOSE (28 DAYS) TOXICITY (ORAL)B.8 REPEATED DOSE (28 DAYS) TOXICITY (INHALATION)B.9 REPEATED DOSE (28 DAYS) TOXICITY (DERMAL)B.10 MUTAGENICITY - IN VITRO MAMMALIAN CHROMOSOME ABERRATION TEST)B.11 MUTAGENICITY - IN VIVO MAMMALIAN BONE-MARROW CHROMOSOME ABERRATION TESTB.12 MUTAGENICITY MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTE MICRONUCLEUS TESTB.13/14 MUTAGENICITY - REVERSE MUTATION TEST USING BACTERIAB.15 GENE MUTATION - SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISAEB.16 MITOTIC RECOMBINATION - SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISAEB.17 MUTAGENICITY - IN VITRO MAMMALIAN CELL GENE MUTATION TESTB.18 DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR - UNSCHEDULED DNA SYNTHESIS - MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITROB.19 SISTER CHROMATID EXCHANGE ASSAY IN VITROB.20 SEX-LINKED RECESSIVE LETHAL TEST IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTERB.21 IN VITRO MAMMALIAN CELL TRANSFORMATION TESTB.22 RODENT DOMINANT LETHAL TESTB.23 MAMMALIAN SPERMATOGONIAL CHROMOSOME ABERRATION TESTB.24 MOUSE SPOT TESTB.25 MOUSE HERITABLE TRANSLOCATIONB.26 SUB-CHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY TEST. REPEATED DOSE 90 - DAY TOXICITY STUDY IN RODENTSB.27 SUB-CHRONIC ORAL TOXICITY TEST: REPEATED DOSE 90 - DAY TOXICITY STUDY IN NON-RODENTSB.28 SUB-CHRONIC DERMAL TOXICITY TEST: 90-DAY REPEATED DERMAL DOSE STUDY USING RODENT SPECIESB.29 SUB-CHRONIC INHALATION TOXICITY TEST: 90-DAY REPEATED INHALATION DOSE STUDY USING RODENT SPECIESB.30 CHRONIC TOXICITY TESTB.31 TERATOGENICITY TEST ?RODENT AND NON-RODENTB.32 CARCINOGENICITY TESTB.33 COMBINED CHRONIC TOXICITY/CARCINOGENICITY TESTB.34 ONE-GENERATION REPRODUCTION TOXICITY TESTB.35 TWO GENERATION REPRODUCTION TOXICITY TESTB.36 TOXICOKINETICSB.37 DELAYED NEUROTOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS SUBSTANCES FOLLOWING ACUTE EXPOSUREB.38 DELAYED NEUROTOXICITY OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS SUBSTANCES 28 DAY REPEATED DOSE STUDYB.39 UNSCHEDULED DNA SYNTHESIS (UDS) TEST WITH MAMMALIAN LIVER CELLS IN VIVO B.40 SKIN CORROSION (IN VITRO)B.41 PHOTOTOXICITY - IN VITRO 3T3 NRU PHOTOTOXICITY TESTB.42 SKIN SENSITISATION: LOCAL LYMPH NODE ASSAYB.43 NEUROTOXICITY STUDY IN RODENTSPart C: Methods for the determination of ecotoxicityGENERAL INTRODUCTIONC.1 ACUTE TOXICITY FOR FISHC.2 ACUTE TOXICITY FOR DAPHNIAC.3 ALGAL INHIBITION TESTC.4 BIODEGRADATION: DETERMINATION OF THE "READY" BIODEGRADABILITYC.4-A DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (DOC) DIE-AWAY TESTC.4-B MODIFIED OECD SCREENING TESTC.4-C CARBON DIOXIDE EVOLUTION TESTC.4-D MANOMETRIC RESPIROMETRY TESTC.4-E CLOSED BOTTLE TESTC.4-F MITI TESTC.5 DEGRADATION : BIOCHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDC.6 DEGRADATION: CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMANDC.7 DEGRADATION: ABIOTIC DEGRADATION: HYDROLYSIS AS A FUNCTION OF PHC.8 TOXICITY FOR EARTHWORMS : ARTIFICIAL SOIL TESTC.9 BIODEGRADATION: ZAHN - WELLENS TESTC.10 BIODEGRADATION: ACTIVATED SLUDGE SIMULATION TESTC.11 BIODEGRADATION: ACTIVATED SLUDGE RESPIRATION INHIBITION TESTC.12 BIODEGRADATION: MODIFIED SCAS TESTC.13 BIOCONCENTRATION: FLOW-THROUGH FISH TESTC.14 FISH JUVENILE GROWTH TESTC.15 FISH, SHORT-TERM TOXICITY TEST ON EMBRYO AND SAC-FRY STAGESC.16 HONEYBEES - ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY TESTC.17 HONEYBEES - ACUTE CONTACT TOXICITY TESTC.18 ADSORPTION/DESORPTION USING A BATCH EQUILIBRIUM METHODC.19 ESTIMATION OF THE ADSORPTION COEFFICIENT (KOC) ON SOIL AND ON SEWAGESLUDGE USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY (HPLC)C.20 DAPHNIA MAGNA REPRODUCTION TESTC.21 SOIL MICROORGANISMS: NITROGEN TRANSFORMATION TESTC.22 SOIL MICROORGANISMS: CARBON TRANSFORMATION TESTC.23 AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC TRANSFORMATION IN SOILC.24 AEROBIC AND ANAEROBIC TRANSFORMATION IN AQUATIC SEDIMENT SYSTEMS。
第三章 PesticideResidues(化学因素)
Pesticide Use In China
1980 – Historic high of 537,000 tonnes (69% high toxicity, high residue). 1987 – 140,000 tonnes 1994 – 263,700 tonnes of of total capacity of 550,000 tonnes. The disparity between production and capacity was due to the loss-making stateowned enterprises that were involved in the industry. 1996 – 339,800 tonnes (estimated to be the larger user in the world)
Pesticide Use in China
Environmental and Health Issues Pesticide residues in agricultural products greatly exceed applicable standards, threatening consumer health as well as exports. The use of sub-standard and prohibited pesticides is widespread and growing. In March 1995, pesticide residue in 80 kg of Chinese chives led to poisoning in Boxin County, Shandong.
Pesticide Use in China
杀虫剂危害英语作文
杀虫剂危害英语作文Title: The Hazards of Pesticides。
Pesticides, while serving a vital role in agricultural productivity and disease control, also pose significantrisks to human health and the environment. This essay aimsto explore the various hazards associated with pesticides and their implications.Firstly, pesticides are designed to eliminate orcontrol pests, but they can also harm non-target organisms, including humans. Exposure to pesticides through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact can lead to acute and chronic health effects. Acute effects may include nausea, dizziness, respiratory problems, and even death in severe cases. Chronic exposure has been linked to various health issues such as cancer, neurological disorders, reproductive problems, and immune system dysfunction.Moreover, pesticide residues can persist in theenvironment long after their application, contaminating soil, water sources, and food products. This contamination can have far-reaching consequences, affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, and ultimately human health. Accumulation of pesticides in the food chain, known as biomagnification, can result in higher concentrations of toxins in organisms at the top of the food chain, including humans.Furthermore, pesticides can contribute to the development of pesticide-resistant pests, rendering the chemicals less effective over time. This phenomenon necessitates the use of increasingly potent pesticides or alternative pest control methods, perpetuating a cycle of chemical dependence and environmental harm.In agricultural settings, pesticide runoff from fields can contaminate nearby water bodies, leading to water pollution and harming aquatic life. Additionally, pesticide drift, where airborne pesticides spread beyond the target area, can affect neighboring communities, posing risks to residents and wildlife alike.The hazardous nature of pesticides also extends to farmworkers and individuals living in agricultural regions. Farmworkers, who are often exposed to pesticides during application, face occupational health risks, including acute poisoning and chronic health conditions. Similarly, residents living near agricultural areas may experience pesticide drift, leading to adverse health effects and environmental contamination.Addressing the hazards of pesticides requires a multifaceted approach that balances agricultural productivity with environmental and human health considerations. Strategies such as integrated pest management (IPM), which emphasizes the use of various pest control methods while minimizing reliance on chemical pesticides, can help mitigate risks. Additionally, promoting organic farming practices, investing in research and development of safer alternatives to chemical pesticides, and implementing stricter regulations on pesticide use and application can all contribute to reducing pesticide-related hazards.In conclusion, while pesticides play a crucial role in modern agriculture and public health, their widespread use also poses significant hazards to human health and the environment. Efforts to mitigate these risks mustprioritize sustainable and environmentally friendly pest management practices to ensure the long-term well-being of both ecosystems and human populations.。
如何解决pesticides的英语作文
如何解决pesticides的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Pesticides have played a crucial role in modern agriculture by helping farmers protect their crops from pests and diseases. However, the use of pesticides also raises concerns about their impact on human health and the environment. In this essay, we will discuss ways to address the issues related to pesticides and promote sustainable agriculture.Firstly, one of the key strategies to reduce the harmful effects of pesticides is to minimize their use. Farmers can adopt integrated pest management practices, which involve a combination of biological, cultural, and chemical control methods. By using natural predators, crop rotation, and other techniques, farmers can reduce their reliance on pesticides while still effectively managing pests.Secondly, it is important to promote the use of alternative pest control methods that are safer for human health and the environment. For example, biopesticides, which are derived from natural sources such as plants and bacteria, can be used tocontrol pests without the harmful side effects associated with synthetic pesticides. Additionally, introducing beneficial insects like ladybugs and lacewings can help control pest populations without the need for chemical pesticides.Furthermore, improving pesticide regulation and monitoring is crucial to ensure that only safe and effective products are being used. Governments can strengthen pesticide registration processes, conduct regular inspections of farms and food products, and establish strict limits on pesticide residues in food. By enforcing these regulations, we can protect consumers and the environment from the harmful effects of pesticides.In addition, raising awareness about the risks associated with pesticides is essential for promoting sustainable agriculture. Farmers, consumers, and policymakers should be informed about the potential health and environmental impacts of pesticides, as well as the benefits of using alternative pest control methods. Education programs, workshops, and outreach efforts can help spread this knowledge and encourage people to make more informed choices about pesticide use.Lastly, supporting research and innovation in the field of sustainable agriculture is key to finding new solutions to pest management challenges. Scientists can work on developing newpesticides that are less toxic and more targeted to specific pests, as well as studying the long-term effects of pesticide exposure on human health and ecosystems. Investing in sustainable agriculture research can help us move towards a more environmentally-friendly and sustainable food system.In conclusion, addressing the issues related to pesticides requires a multi-faceted approach that involves minimizing pesticide use, promoting alternative pest control methods, improving regulation and monitoring, raising awareness, and supporting research and innovation. By working together, we can create a more sustainable agricultural system that protects human health and the environment for future generations.篇2Title: How to Solve the Issue of PesticidesIntroductionPesticides play a crucial role in modern agriculture by protecting crops from pests and diseases, ensuring food security for a growing global population. However, their widespread use has also raised concerns about their impact on human health and the environment. In this essay, we will explore the variousways in which the issue of pesticides can be addressed to ensure sustainable agricultural practices.1. Implementing Integrated Pest Management (IPM)One of the most effective ways to reduce reliance on pesticides is to adopt Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. IPM involves the use of a combination of strategies such as crop rotation, biological control, and the use of resistant crop varieties to manage pests in an environmentally friendly manner. By reducing the need for chemical pesticides, IPM can help to minimize their negative impact on human health and the environment.2. Promoting Organic FarmingOrganic farming offers a sustainable alternative to conventional agriculture by eliminating the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers. Organic farmers rely on natural methods such as crop rotation, composting, and the use of beneficial insects to control pests and maintain soil fertility. By promoting organic farming practices, we can reduce the reliance on chemical pesticides and promote a more environmentally friendly approach to agriculture.3. Encouraging Research and InnovationInvesting in research and innovation is essential to developing safer and more sustainable alternatives to chemical pesticides. Scientists are constantly exploring new methods such as biopesticides, pheromone traps, and genetically modified crops that can help to reduce the need for chemical pesticides while maintaining high levels of crop protection. By supporting research in this field, we can develop innovative solutions to the issue of pesticides.4. Educating Farmers and ConsumersEducation plays a key role in promoting sustainable agricultural practices and raising awareness about the impact of pesticides on human health and the environment. By providing farmers with training on IPM practices and organic farming methods, we can help them reduce their reliance on chemical pesticides. Similarly, educating consumers about the benefits of organic produce and the importance of supporting sustainable agriculture can help to drive demand for pesticide-free food.5. Strengthening Regulation and EnforcementGovernments play a crucial role in regulating the use of pesticides and ensuring that farmers adhere to safety guidelines. By strengthening regulation and enforcement measures, authorities can reduce the environmental impact of pesticidesand protect human health. This can involve setting limits on pesticide residues in food, monitoring pesticide use in agricultural areas, and promoting the use of safer alternatives.ConclusionThe issue of pesticides is a complex and multifaceted problem that requires a coordinated effort from all stakeholders to address. By implementing Integrated Pest Management practices, promoting organic farming, investing in research and innovation, educating farmers and consumers, and strengthening regulation and enforcement, we can work towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly agricultural system. Together, we can ensure that future generations have access to safe and nutritious food while protecting the health of our planet.篇3Pesticides, while essential for controlling pests and protecting crops, can also have detrimental effects on the environment and human health if used improperly. It is crucial for us to find ways to solve this issue and minimize the negative impacts of pesticides. In this essay, we will discuss some potential solutions to the problem of pesticides.Firstly, one of the most effective ways to address the issue of pesticides is to promote the use of integrated pest management (IPM) practices. IPM involves the use of a combination of methods, such as crop rotation, biological control, and the use of pesticides as a last resort. By implementing IPM practices, farmers can reduce their reliance on pesticides and minimize the potential negative effects on the environment and human health.Secondly, increasing education and awareness about the proper use of pesticides is essential in solving this issue. Farmers and agricultural workers should be trained on the correct application of pesticides, as well as the potential risks associated with their use. By providing education and training programs, we can help ensure that pesticides are used safely and responsibly.Furthermore, policymakers should consider implementing stricter regulations on the use of pesticides to protect the environment and human health. This could include restrictions on the types of pesticides that can be used, as well as guidelines on how and when they should be applied. By regulating the use of pesticides, we can help minimize their negative impacts and ensure that they are used in a sustainable manner.In addition, promoting the use of organic farming practices can also help reduce the reliance on pesticides. Organic farmingavoids the use of synthetic pesticides and instead focuses on natural methods of pest control, such as crop rotation and the use of beneficial insects. By supporting organic farming practices, we can help reduce the overall use of pesticides and promote environmentally-friendly agriculture.Lastly, research and development of alternative pest control methods are essential in finding sustainable solutions to the issue of pesticides. Scientists and researchers should explore new technologies and innovations that can help reduce the reliance on pesticides and minimize their negative impacts. This could include the development of genetically modified crops that are resistant to pests, as well as the use of drones and other technology for precision agriculture.In conclusion, the issue of pesticides is a complex and multifaceted problem that requires a comprehensive approach to solve. By promoting integrated pest management practices, increasing education and awareness, implementing stricter regulations, supporting organic farming, and investing in research and development, we can work towards minimizing the negative impacts of pesticides and ensuring a sustainable future for agriculture. It is up to all of us to take action and address thisissue for the well-being of our environment and future generations.。
食品专业英语词汇讲解
食品专业英语化学品/农药残留物检测系统- Chemical/pesticide（杀虫剂）residue（残渣、剩余）testing; 外界污染源勘测仪器- Detection of foreign contaminating objects;实验室设备和传感器- Laboratory equipment and sensors（传感器）;射线杀菌和巴氏杀菌消毒技术- Irradiation sterilization（消毒、杀菌，使不孕）and pasteurization（巴氏杀菌）technology;超高温杀菌设备- Over-temperature sterilization equipment;冷冻速冻设备- Freezing and deep freezing equipment;超临界萃取设备- Over-critical extraction equipment;膜分离设备– Velum（菌膜、软腭）seperation equipment;分子蒸馏设备- Molecule distillation equipment;无菌（真空）包装设备- Vacuum packaging equipment;化学品分析仪器- Chemical analyzers;食品成分分析仪器- Constituent analyzers;过滤设备- Filtration equipment;食品预处理设备- Food preparation equipment;湿度控制仪器- Humidity control equipment;食品配料分析仪器- Ingredient analyzers;污染控制设备- Pollution control equipment;离析器- Separators;饮业清洁设备– Catering（给养）sanitizers（食品防腐剂、消毒杀菌剂）;温度纪录仪器- Temperature recording equipment;检测设备- Testing equipment;废物处理设备- Waste disposal equipment;水质量分析和控制设备- Water quality analysis and control equipment;气相／液相色谱仪- Gas/Liquid chromatogram （色谱）apparatus（装备、设备）.溶剂- Solvents;餐饮业厨房用地板- Kitchen flooring for catering;手套- Gloves;清洁剂- Cleanser;试纸、试剂- Test paper and reagent.审核和认证服务– Auditing（审计）and certification;数据库和软件服务- Databanks and software on regulatory（管理的、控制的）issues;实验室食品分析服务- Food analysis laboratory services;咨询服务- Consulting services;食品质量控制管理服务- Food quality control management services;食品安全管理服务- Food safety management services;食品卫生管理服务- Food hygiene（卫生）management services;HACCP和BRC培训服务- HACCP & BRC training services;微生物检测和认证服务- Microbiology testing and identification services;专家咨询服务- Regulatory experts services;食品安全保障技术- Food safety guarantee technology;生物工程技术- Biology engineering technology食品安全Food Safety食品防御安全Food SecurityEEC serial No. 欧共体（食品添加剂）顺序号EFEMA(European Food Emulsifer（乳化剂）Manufacturers Association) 欧洲食品乳化剂制造者协会encapsulating （压缩、形成胶囊）agent（药剂）for food additives and vitamins 食品添加剂和维生素用包囊剂engineering food 工程食品enrich （食品）增补（营养素），强化；富集，浓缩；加料enriched food 强化（营养素）食品Expert Committee on Food Additive 食品添加剂专家委员会extruded food 挤压食品Fabricated food 合成食品，组合食品FAC(Food Advisory Committee) (英国)食品咨询委员会Fad（时尚）food 应时食品FAO/WHO Joint Committee of Alimentary Codex(CA-C) FAO/WHO食品卫生法规联合委员会FAP(Food Additive Petition（请愿）)(U.S.) 食品添加剂申请书FAS（Food Additives Seriser）食品添加剂丛书FASS(Food Additives and Comtaminants Committee) (英国)食品添加剂及污染物委员会FCC(Food Chemicals Codex（法典、药典）) 食品用化学品法规，食品用化学品法典FD&C (Food,Drug and Cosmetic（化妆品）Act) 食品、药物及化妆品条例（法）FDA 美国食品与药物管理局；美国FDAFDA(U.S.Food and Drug Adinistration) 美国食品与药物管理局FDD(Food and Drug Directorate) 食品和药物理事会fecala [由葛根、木薯等植物淀粉制成的食品]Federal Food Drugs and Cosmetic Act 联邦食品药品化妆品法(美国)Federal food standards （美国）联邦食品标准Federal Food,Drug,and Cosmetic Act(FFDCA) 联邦食品、药物和化妆品条例（法）fermentating food 发酵食品，酿造食品fermented goods 发酵制品，发酵食品FFDCA(Federal Food , Drug ,and Cosmetic Act) 联邦食品、药物和化妆品条例（法）FG(food grade) 食品级FIA(Food Ingredients Asia) 亚洲食品配料展览会FIC(Food Ingredients China) 中国食品配料展览会FIE(Food Ingredients Europe) 欧洲食品配料展览会finished food 制成的食品FISA(Food Ingradients of South American) 南美食品配料展览会flavology （食品）风味学flavor（滋味、香料）food 风味食品flavor industry 食品香料工业，调味料工业flavor-dependent food 依赖香精的食品；与香味有关的食品flavor-independent food 不依赖香精的食品；与香味无关的食品flavorings 食品香精[表示多数]flavour aditive 香味添加剂，食品香精添加剂flavour adjunct（助手、附属的）食品香精辅助物flavouring foods 调味食品flavouring industry 食品香料香精工业flavouring matter 食品香料FMF(Food Manufacturer’s Federation(London)) (伦敦)食品制造商联合会FNP(Food and Nutrition Paper) （联合国粮农组织）食品与营养文集FNS(Food and Nutrition Serise) （联合国粮农组织）食品与营养丛书Fold（折叠）flavor 浓缩过的食品香精(香料)food 食品，食物，粮食，养料food additive 食品添加剂Food Additive Petition (U.S.) (FAP) 食品添加剂申请书food additives 食品添加剂Food Additives Amendment 食品添加剂修正案Food Additives Series(FAS) 食品添加剂丛书food adjunct（附属物、助手）食品助剂food adulteration （掺杂）食品掺假Food Advisory Committee(FAC) 食品咨询委员会food allergy（过敏症、厌恶）食品过敏food analysis 食品分析Food and Drug Administration (FDA) of U.S. 美国食品与药物管理局Food and Drug Administration(U.S.)(FDA) 美国食品与药物管理局Food and Nutrition Board(FNB) 食品与营养委员会Food and Nutrition Paper(FNP) （联合国粮农组织）食品与营养文集Food and Nutrition Series(FNS) （联合国粮农组织）食品与营养丛书food antiseptics 食品防腐剂food chemicals 食品用化学品Food Chemicals Codex Committee 食品用化学品法典（规）委员会Food Chemicals Codex(FCC) 售用化学品法典；食品用化学品法规food chemistry 食品化学food color 食品（用）色素food constituent 食品成分food contamination 食品污染food control 食品质量控制，食品质量检查food distribution center （美）食品分销中心，批发站food dye 食品（用）色素food engineer 食品工程师food engineering 食品工程（学）food enricher 食品强化剂food factory 食品厂food fermentation 食品发酵food flavour 食品香味；食品香精，食品香料；食品调味料food flavouring 食用调味料，调味品，食品香精food fortification（设防）食品强化food fortifier（强化物、加固物）食品强化剂food grade mineral oil 食品级矿物油food green S 食品绿Sfood handling 食品加工food hygiene 食品卫生学food hygiene law 食品卫生法food hygienic quality detection 食品卫生质量鉴定food industry 食品工业food infection 食品（带菌）传染food ingredient 食品成分，食品配料Food Ingredients Asia(FIA) 亚洲食品配料展览会Food Ingredients China(FIC) 中国食品配料展览会Food Ingredients Europe(FIE) 欧洲食品配料展览会Food Ingredients of South American(FISA) 南美食品配料展览会food inspection 食品检验food inspection rules 食品卫生检验规则food irrdiation 食物照射，食品辐照food labelling 食品标志food laws 食品法规food legislation 食品立法food microbiology 食品微生物学food nutrition 食品营养food of animal origin 动物性食品food of plant orgin 植物性食品food packaged 食品包装food packing 食品包装food preservation（保存，保留）食品保藏food preservative 食品保存剂，食品防腐剂food processing 食品加工；食品热杀菌food processing aide 食品加工助剂food processing industry 食品加工工业food processing plant 食品加工厂food product 食物产品，食品food products regulations 食品法规food regulation 食品法规food requirements 对食品的需要food safety 食品安全性Food Safety and Quality Service(FSQS) 食品安全与质量管理处Food Safety Council of U.S. 美国食品安全性协会Food Safey and Inspeciton Service (FSIS) 食品安全检验处food sanitation（环境卫生）law 食品卫生法规food science 食品科学food spoilage（损坏、糟蹋）食物腐败，食品败坏food stability 食品稳定性，食品耐贮性food stamp 食品券food standard committee 食品标准委员会food starch（淀粉，刻板，生硬）, modified 食品用改性淀粉food starch, unmodified 食品用未改性淀粉food sterilization equipment 食品杀菌设备food storage 食品贮存food substance 食品food supervisions 食品卫生监督food supplement 食品增补剂food supplementation 食品增补food surveillance 食品监督gelled foodstuff 凝胶食品generally recognized as safe(GRAS) （食品添加剂的）公认安全，一般认为安全genetically modified food,GMF 转基因食品geriatric （老年人的、衰老病人）food 老年食品GM food (genetically modified food) 转基因食品gourmet food 鲜美食品，珍贵食品grading food quality 食品质量分级GRAS(generally recognized as safe) （食品添加剂的）公认安全，一般认为安全green food 绿色食品grocery 食品杂货；食品杂货店；小酒馆Health food 健康食品，保健食品Health Ingredients Europe(HIE) 欧洲健康（保健）食品配料展览会health-care food 保健食品heat-and-eat food pack 加热即食的包装食品，快速食品heat-and-eat frozen food 加热即食的冷冻食品，速冻快速食品HIE(Health Ingredients Europe) 欧洲健康（保健）食品配料展览会hyposite 低热量食品ICMSF 国际食品微生物标准鉴定委员会；ICMSFIFAC(International Food Additives Council) 国际食品添加剂委员会IFIS(Iternational Food Information Service) 国际食品咨询服务处IFMA(International Food Manufacture Association) 国际食品制造者协会IFST(Institute of Food Science and Technology) 食品科学与工艺学学会IFT(Institute of Food Technologists) 食品工艺学家学会[美]indicator of food hygiene quality 食品卫生质量指标indirect food additive 间接食品添加剂infant food 婴儿食品infant formula 婴儿配制食品INFD(International Network of Food Data) 国际食品数据网inflight meal 航空食品，飞机内用的便餐，机内客饭INS(International Numbering System) 国际编码系统[联合国食品法典委员会] inspector of food hygiene 食品卫生监督员instant food 即食品instantizer 速溶剂；速溶机；速溶食品生产设备Institute of Food Technologists(IFT) 食品工艺学家学会[美]intentional food additive 有意食品添加剂，故意（加入的）食品添加剂intermediate-moisture foods 中等水分食品International Commission on Microbiological Specifications（规格）for Foods of IAMS 国际食品微生物标准鉴定委员会；ICMSFInternational Food Additives Council (IFAC) 国际食品添加剂委员会International Food Information Service(IFIS) 国际食品咨询服务处International Food Manufacture Association(IFMA) 国际食品制造者协会International Network of Food Data (INFD) 国际食品数据网International Uion of Food Science and Technology(IUFOST) 国际食品科学技术协会International Union of Food Science andTechnology 国际食品工艺学联合会；IUFOST International Union of Food Workers (IUF)International Union of 国际食品工作者联合会invalid food 疗效食品，病人食品irradiated food 照射食品，辐照食品irradiated product 照射（杀菌）食品irradiation 辐射，照射；食品照射保藏法isolate flavor 单离食品香料IUF(International Union of Food Workers ) 国际食品工作者联合会IUFOST 国际食品工艺学联合会；IUFOSTIUFOST(International Uion of Food Workers) 国际食品科学技术协会Japan Food Additives Associatiion(JFAA) 日本食品添加剂协会Japanese Standard of Food Additives(JSFA) 日本食品添加剂标准JECFA FAO/WHO 食品添加剂专家联合委员会；JECFAJECFA(Jonint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives) FAO/WHO 食品添加剂联合专家委员会jecorize （食品的）鱼肝油（增补）化，外加鱼肝油JFAA(Japan Food Additives Associtatioin) 日本食品添加剂协会JFCMP(Jonit FAO/WHO Food Contamination Monitoring Programme) FAO/WHO联合食品污染监控计划Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives FAO/WHO 食品添加剂专家联合委员会；JECFAJoint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives(JECFA) FWO/WHO食品添加剂联合专家委员会Joint FAO/WHO Food Contamination Monitoring Programme(JFCMP) FAO/WHO联合食品污染监控计划JSFA(Japanese Standard of Food Additives) 日本食品添加剂标准junior food 幼儿食品junket 凝乳食品Junket dessert 乳酪食品kasher 犹太食品lacquers 漆；（食品容器的）涂料；罐头涂料lasting food 防腐食品，耐入存的食品leavened food 发酵食品，膨发食品low acid foods 低酸性食品[pH在4.6以上的食品]low calorie food 低热量（能量）食品low-fat food 低脂（肪）食品low-fat spread 低脂（肪）涂抹食品lubricating oil for food machine 食品工业用机械润滑油management of food hygiene 食品卫生管理marine food 海产食品，海味marine food 海产食品，海味microwaveable food 微波食品milk substitute 代乳食品minimally processed foods 最少加工食品modified food starch 改性食品用淀粉National Canners Association (NCA) (美国)罐头食品协会National Nutritonal Foods Association(NNFA) （美国）全国营养食品协会NCA(national Canners Association) （美国）罐头食品协会negative list （食品添加剂）禁止使用的一览表；否决单neutraceutical [具有预防疾病性质的一类食品添加剂，如β-胡萝卜素] niacytin 结合烟酸，烟酸与糖的络合物[由烟酸与食品中的某些成分结合而成] NNFA(National Nutritional Foods Association) (美国)全国营养食品协会novel food 新颖食品nutritive 营养的，滋养的，食品的，食物的objectionable constituent （食品中）有害成分olderly food 老年人食品pabulum 食粮，食品，饲料packing 充填物；食品加工业；填充；填料parkelp 褐藻类（制）食品pastry 焙烤（面制）食品，发面点心，面制糕点perishable 易腐的，易坏的；易腐食品；易腐货载perishable food 易腐食品pet food 宠物食品，玩赏动物食品phenylalanine-free food 无苯丙氨酸食品physical hazards, food-related 与食品有关的物理危害pickle 腌菜，泡菜；腌制食品pickled food 腌渍食品picnic 野餐，各人自带食品的聚餐；猪前腿（肉）PL(positive list) (食品添加剂的)准许使用名单positive list(PL) （食品添加剂的）准话使用名单pouch food （小）袋装食品prepared food 预制食品，速煮食品，方便食品，预加工食品preserved food 罐头食品processed cheese food 加工干酪食品；加工干酪制品processed food 加工食品protection food 合格食品，符合质量要求的食品protective food 保健食品puffed food 膨化食品quick-cooking good 速煮食品quick-frozen food 速冻食品quick-serve meal 快餐食品radiated food 辐射食品radicidation 辐射杀菌，辐射灭菌，针对性的杀菌；食品的低剂量射线处理ready-to-eat 方便食品，即食食品，速煮食品ready-to-eat product 方便食品ready-to-eat-meal 快餐食品，方便食品，现成食品ready-to-serve food 速煮食品recombined food 调制食品，重组食品recommended program of food safety evaluation 食品安全性评价程序建议reconstitution 复原，还原，冲调，复水；浓缩食品稀释至初始浓度Red book 红皮书[指美国FDA1982年出版的食品添加剂安全评价的毒物学原则一书] reformed food 改制食品regulatory status 食品法规管理restructured food 重组食品retorted foods 杀菌（袋装）食品，（高压）蒸煮袋食品SAA(The Soyfoods Association of America) 美国大豆食品协会satchel 纸袋，袋装食品[主要指糖果]SCF(European Scientific Committee on Food) （欧洲）食品员会Scientific Committee for Food (欧洲)食品科学委员会semimoist foods 半（湿）食品set milk 凝乳食品sitology 食品学，营养学smoke foods 烟熏食品snack food 小吃食品；休闲食品；零食；快餐食品snack foods 小食品sorption curve 吸收曲线[食品中水分和活性水分之相关曲线]soyfoods 大豆食品space dood 航天食品special used food 特殊用途食品special-purpose food 专用食品specific foods 特种食品standard of food hygiene 食品卫生标准standardized foods 标准化食品sterilized food 灭菌食品synergist and solubilizer for antioxidants and flavours 抗氧化剂和食品香味料的增效剂和增溶剂tannins(food grade) 食品级单宁technical rule of food hygiene 食品卫生技术规范textureizing agent （食品）增稠剂；质地形成剂texturometer （食品）稠度测定仪The Soyfoods Association of America(SAA) 美国大豆食品协会therapeutical food 疗效（性）食品ticbit 珍品，美味食品traditional food 传统食品U.S.Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 美国食品和药品管理局U.S.RDA(U.S.Recommended Daily Allowances) (美国食品和药品管理局)推荐的每日营养素供给量（标准）U.S.Recommended Daily Allowances(U.S.RDA) (美国食品和药品管理局)推荐的每日营养素供给量（标准）unintentional food additive 无意食品添加剂，非故意（加入的）食品添加剂，意外的食品添加剂United States Food and Drug Administration 美国食品与药物管理局；美国FDA untraceuticals 保健食品victual 食品，食物，粮食，饮食vitvers 食品，食物weaning food 断奶食品，离乳食品WFC(World Food Council) 世界食品署WFC(World Food Council) 世界食品署WFP(World Food Programme) 世界食品规划white oil for food-machinery 食品机械用白油wholesome 卫生的，有益健康的（食品）World Food Programme (WFP) 世界食品规划Oysters 牡蜊Mussels 蚌类、黑色、椭圆形、没壳的是淡菜Crab 螃蟹Prawn 虾clams 蛤蚌scallops扇贝(小)Crab stick 蟹肉条Peeled Prawns 虾仁King Prawns 大虾Tiger Prawns 虎虾Whelks Tops 小螺肉Shrimps 基围虾Cockles 小贝肉Lobster 龙虾花椒粉Paprika powder孜然粉Cumin powder姜粉Ginger powder麻椒粉Spicy hot powder去皮姜块Peeled Ginger Pieces月桂粉Cassia powder香味粉Bay Leaves powder胡萝卜粉Carrot granules丁香粉Ground Cloves powder葱片Shallot flakes蒜粉Garlic powder甜椒粉Sweet chilli powder黑胡椒粉Black Pepper Powder甜青椒sweet green chilli powder白胡椒粉White pepper powder香葱粉Shallot powder洋葱粉Onion Powder菠菜粉Spinach powder辣椒粉Chilli powder芹菜粉Celery powder五香粉Five Spices Powder芥茉粉Mustard powder咖喱粉Curry powder百里香粉Herbs powder八角粉(大料) Star Aniseed powder当归Angelic香菇粉Fungus powder芹菜粒Celery granules桂皮粉Cinnamon Powder牛肉粒Beef granules茴香粉Fennel powder南瓜粒Squash powder甘草粉Licorice powder人参粉Panax powder砂仁粉Amomum Powder黑胡椒碎Black pepper broken三奈粉Couidium officinale复合芥茉粉Mixed mustard power沙姜粉Sand ginger powder肉寇(玉果粉) Cardemon姜黄粉Turmeric powder白豆蔻粉White nutmeg powde红豆蔻粉Red nutmeg powder草莓粉Strawberry powder肉不同部位的英文翻译一、腰腹部分(质嫩)：适合炒肉片,火锅——Tenderloin (Short loin) 里脊............. (脊骨内侧(腹侧)条肉) Porterhouse(Short loin) 里脊,外脊........ (臀腰部脊骨背侧肉) T Bone ... (Short loin) 里脊,外脊........ (胸腰部脊骨背侧肉) Strip loin (Short loin) 嫩腰(诈称里脊) ... (二侧腰肉)Rib eye ......... (Rib) 上脑,外脊(诈称里脊)(胸部背脊肉,略肥) Top Sirloin . (Sirloin) 米龙(诈称里脊) ... (盆骨后肌,近腰臀肉) Tir-tip ..... (Sirloin) 三岔肉 ........... (盆骨前肌,近腹腿肉) Hanger ........ (Flank) 牛腩............. (胸腹隔肌)Flank, Skirt .. (Flank) 牛腩,腰窝........ (下腹肌)二、后腿部分（较老,瘦）：适合:烤,酱,卤——Rump ......... (Round) 后腿,仔盖,臀尖... (近腿臀肉)Sirloin tip .. (Round) 后腿,粗和尚头.... (大腿前伸肌)Eye round .... (Round) 后腿,榔头肉...... (大腿肚内芯)Top Round .... (Round) 后腿,底板肉...... (大腿肚)Bottom Round . (Round) 后腿,黄瓜肉,腱子肉(大腿肚近膝) 三、肩胸(前腿) 部分(质老,略肥)：适合:炖,红烧,酱,卤——Blade .... (Chuck eye) 上脑,前烧. (近頸脊背肉,质较嫩)7 Bone ....... (Chuck) 前烧,牛肩肉(肩背肉)Shouder ...... (Chuck) 前烧,牛肩肉(肩臂肉)四、肘子, 胸口(质极老) ：适合:炖,红烧,酱,卤——Shank ... 肘子,蹄胖,牛腱子. (前后小腿,瘦)Plate ... 弓扣,牛筋肉,牛腩 . (上腹肌,瘦)Brisket . 胸口,奶脯,牛筋肉. (胸脯肉,肥)品质、生产名称类词汇QC quality control||品质管理人员FQC final quality control||终点品质管制人员IPQC in process quality control||制程中的品质管制人员OQC output quality control||最终出货品质管制人员IQC incoming quality control||进料品质管制人员TQC total quality control||全面质量管理POC passage quality control||段检人员QA quality assurance||质量保证人员OQA output quality assurance||出货质量保证人员QE quality engineering||品质工程人员品质保证类：FAI first article inspection||新品首件检查FAA first article assurance||首件确认TVR tool verification report||模具确认报告3B 3B||模具正式投产前确认CP capability index||能力指数CPK capability index of process||模具制程能力参数SSQA standardized supplier quality||合格供应商品质评估OOBA out of box audit||开箱检查QFD quality function deployment||品质机能展开FMEA failure model effectiveness analysis||失效模式分析8 disciplines 8||项回复内容FA final audit||最后一次稽核CAR corrective action request||改正行动要求corrective action report||改正行动报告常用仪器的英语YAMATO科学仪器-Scientific-Instruments恒温·干燥器/恒温恒湿器Drying Ovens/Humidity Chambers送风定温恒温器Forced Convection Constant Temperature Ovens惰性气体恒温器Inert Gas Ovens精密恒温器Precision Constant Temperature Ovens洁净烘箱（洁净干燥箱）Clean Ovens送风定温干燥器Forced Convection Constant Temperature Drying Ovens 空气幕送风定温恒温器Forced Convection Ovens With Air Curtain定温干燥箱Constant Temperature Drying Ovens角形真空定温干燥器Vacuum Drying Ovens恒温恒湿器Constant Temperature and Humidity Chambers流水线设备In-Line System for Underfill Adhesive and Encapsulation干燥架drying rack恒温培养器Constant Temperature Incubators可程式低温培养器Low Temperature Program Type Incubators低温培养器Low Temperature Incubators低温稳定性培养器Low Temperature Stability Incubators培养器IncubatorsCO2培养器CO2 Incubators振荡培养器Shaking Incubators冻结干燥器Freeze Dryers---冻结干燥器Freeze Dryers离心形冻结干燥器Centrifugal Freeze Dryers灭菌器Sterilizers---干热灭菌器Drying Sterilizers高压灭菌器Autoclaves Sterilizers低温等离子灭菌器Low Temperature Plasma Sterilizers环形燃烧管灭菌器Loop Cinerator纯水制造装置Water Purifiers---纯水制造装置Water Stills超纯水制造装置Ultra-pure Water Purifiers简易纯水制造装置Water Purifiers超纯水制造装置系统Ultra-pure Water Purifier System大容量纯水制造装置Water Purifiers System洗净器Washers---实验室玻璃器皿清洗机Laboratory Glassware Washers超声波清洗机Ultrasonic Cleaners大型超声波清洗机Aqueous Ultrasonic Cleaning Systems超声波试管清洗机Ultrasonic Pipet Washers超声波清洗机Ultrasonic Cleaners恒温液槽Constant Temperature Baths---投入式恒温装置Constant Temperature Devices油槽Oil Baths振荡式低温水槽Low Constant Temperature Shaking Baths深槽形恒温水槽Constant Temperature Water Baths粘度测定槽Kinematic Viscosity Baths液压式恒温水槽Constant Temperature Water Baths精密低温恒温水槽Precision Low Constant Temperature Water Baths低温恒温水槽Low Constant Temperature Water Baths试验管加热板Heating Blocks冷却液体循环器Cooling Liquid Circulators冷却水循环器Cooling Water Circulators便携式冷却器Immersion Cooler寒流捕获器Cooling Trap冷却水外部循环器Cooling Water Circulators试验槽Thoughs高温炉High Temperature Furnaces Heating Apparatus---马弗炉Muffle Furnaces超高温电气炉Ultra-High Temperature Electric Furnaces高温电气炉High Temperature Electric Furnaces真空气体置换炉Gas Replacement Vacuum Furnaces造粒干燥装置Granulating and Drying Apparatus for Wet Powder Body and Liquid--- 喷雾干燥器Spray Dryer有机溶剂喷雾干燥器Spray Dryer生产线喷雾干燥器Spray Dryer for Product Line浓缩器Evaporators---旋转蒸发仪Rotary Evaporators溶媒回收装置Solvent Recovery Unit乳化·搅拌·振荡器Homogenizers, Stirrers, Shakers---磁力搅拌器Magnetic Stirrers加热板Hot Plates漩涡振荡器Shakers分液漏斗振荡器送液·减压·加压装置Aspirators, Pumps, Compressors搅拌器Stirrers实验室自动乳钵Laboratory Mill/Universal Ball Mill粉碎器Cutting MillsYAMATO电子厂关连仪器Electronics Facilities Related Devices等离子装置Low Temperature Ashers, Cleaners, Etchers---气体等离子蚀刻机Gas Plasma Etcher “Plasma Reactor”气体等离子清洗机Gas Plasma Dry Cleaner气体等离子灰化机Gas Plasma Asher半导体基板自动机器Automatic Machine电子半导体/材料关连仪器Electronics Facilities Related Devices---桌上小型探测显微镜Desk-Top Small Probe Microscope “Nanopics”半导体制造用检查装置Yield Management for Semiconductor Ptoducts非破坏评价解析装置Nondestructive Testing System紫外线洗净·改质装置Ultra-Violet Curing System尘埃计数器Particle Counters风速计Anemometers去静电风机、风幕及静电测定计Auto Balanced Over Head Ion Blower环境试验设备Temperature,Humidity Testing Chamber防湿保管库Moisture-proof StorageNanotechnology半导体用设备ANELV A日本电子制品Jeol振动试验装置Vibration Test Systems冲击试验装置Shock Testing SystemsLCD高压脱泡机YAMATO生命科学关连仪器Life-Science Related Instruments生物技术关连仪器·食品分析仪器Bio-Technology Related Instruments, Food Analysises Instruments—形态观察分析系统Mapping Analyzer生物分子间相互作用分析系统Biomioleculer Interaction Analysis System高速液相色谱仪LC-CE/CEC System血管壁细胞混合培养系统Dynamic Coculture System动植物破碎机基因检查仪器Genopattern AnalyzerATP测定器ATP Measuring Instrument分光光度计Microplate Spectrophotometer细胞培养·发酵用自动分析系统Automated Chemistry Analyzer for Monitoring Cell Culture and Fermentation Processes细胞生死判别系统Cell Vital Analyzer细胞计数分析装置Cell Scaler/Analyzer2元电泳仪荧光Spot Cutter高速冷却离心机High Speed Refrigerated,Centrifuges微量高速离心机High Speed micro-Centrifuges液体中微生物简单测试仪Simple Germ Test Kit “simple Tester”试料混合器Blender防爆冷藏柜Explosion proof Freezer and Refrigerator杀菌水生成系统Sterilization Water Production Device膜式脱气装置Filter-type Air Extractor抗酸化机能水制造装置Acid-Resistant Water Purifier高性能净水器反渗透式高性能净水器分析仪器Analytical Instruments---分光光度计Spectrophotometer元素分析装置Atomic Absorption SpectrophotometerICP发光分光分析ICP Atomic Emission SpectrophotometerX线光分析计X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis气体分析计Gas Analyzers回折/散乱式粒度分布测定装置Analyzer,Particle Size Distribution Laser Diffraction Device低真空走查电子显微镜Scanning Probe Micro Scope高速液相色谱仪Liquid Chromatograph滴定装置Automatic Titration大塚电子制品电位计膜厚计散乱光光度计LCD测定·评价装置热量计天平Balances物性试验·测定器Physical Properties Measuring Apparatus, Testing, and Measuring Apparatus---近红外分析装置Fourier Transform Near Infrared Spectrometer融点测定仪Melting Point Measuring Instrument热分析系统Thermo System自动反应装置Automatic Reactor水分计Moisture Analyzer引张压缩试验机Tester,Tension and Compression数字粘度计Digital Viscometer振动式粘度计Vibro Viscometer浸透压测定装置Osmotic Pressure Meters超临界水酸化系统Small SCWO Systems重金属排液处理装置Heavy Metal Eliminator简易水质检查试验纸Water Quality Tester StripsPH计Phmeter导电率计Conductivity Meters湿度计Hygrothermometers过滤器FilterYAMATO试验研究设施Laboratory Design and Engineering---通风柜Fume Hoods排风机Blowers实验台Laboratory Furniture保管柜Storage Cabinets实验台用附属器具Carts and Laboratory Table Attachments环境制御设施Research Facilities, Product Lines, Environment control Devices---生物安全柜Biohazard Safety Equipment废水处理系统Waste Water Treatment试验动物饲养室Bio Clean Room for Animal experiment环境实验设施Research Facilities, Product Lines, Environment Experiment Facilities---电磁波室隔音室恒温室/恒温恒湿室Constant Temperature and Humidity Facilities低温室Constant Low Temperature Facilities人工气候室Artificial Atmospheric Phenomena Simulator动物研究用高压蒸汽灭菌装置Sterilization Systems, for Animal Research化学品/农药残留物检测系统- Chemical/pesticide residue testing;外界污染源勘测仪器- Detection of foreign contaminating objects;实验室设备和传感器- Laboratory equipment and sensors;射线杀菌和巴氏杀菌消毒技术- Irradiation sterilization and pasteurization technology;超高温杀菌设备- Over-temperature sterilization equipment;冷冻速冻设备- Freezing and deep freezing equipment;超临界萃取设备- Over-critical extraction equipment;膜分离设备- Velum seperation equipment;分子蒸馏设备- Molecule distillation equipment;无菌（真空）包装设备- Vacuum packaging equipment;化学品分析仪器- Chemical analyzers;食品成分分析仪器- Constituent analyzers;过滤设备- Filtration equipment;食品预处理设备- Food preparation equipment;湿度控制仪器- Humidity control equipment;食品配料分析仪器- Ingredient analyzers;污染控制设备- Pollution control equipment;离析器- Separators;饮业清洁设备- Catering sanitizers;温度纪录仪器- Temperature recording equipment;检测设备- Testing equipment;废物处理设备- Waste disposal equipment;水质量分析和控制设备- Water quality analysis and control equipment; 气相／液相色谱仪- Gas/Liquid chromatogram apparatus.溶剂- Solvents;餐饮业厨房用地板- Kitchen flooring for catering;手套- Gloves;清洁剂- Cleanser;试纸、试剂- Test paper and reagent.审核和认证服务- Auditing and certification;数据库和软件服务- Databanks and software on regulatory issues;实验室食品分析服务- Food analysis laboratory services;咨询服务- Consulting services;食品质量控制管理服务- Food quality control management services;食品安全管理服务- Food safety management services;食品卫生管理服务- Food hygiene management services;HACCP和BRC培训服务- HACCP & BRC training services;微生物检测和认证服务- Microbiology testing and identification services; 专家咨询服务- Regulatory experts services;食品安全保障技术- Food safety guarantee technology;生物工程技术- Biology engineering technology.营养与食品卫生学英汉互译词汇acceptable daily intake (ADI)每日允许摄入量acclimatization 气候适应accumulate 蓄积acetylandromedol 乙酰柽木醇毒acceptable risk level 可接受的危险水平acid-forming food 成酸性食品acid value 酸价Achromobacterium 无色菌属Act for preventing the adulteration of articles ex food and drink 防止饮食品掺假法activator 激活剂,活化剂activity coefficient,AC 活性系数actomyosin 肌凝蛋白acute toxicity test 急性毒性试验additive action 相加作用adipose tissue 脂肪组织administrative rule 行政规范adrenal cortical hormone 肾上腺皮质激素adsorption 吸附,吸附作用aerobic repiration 有氧呼吸aflatoxin 黄曲霉毒素after-ripeness 后熟Agaricus 伞草属Agrostemma githago L. 麦仙翁Adequate intake,AI 适宜摄入量alamine 丙氨酸albumin 白蛋白albuminuria 蛋白尿alcohol 酒精alimentary codex 食品法规Alkaligenes 产碱杆菌属allowance 供给量alpha-BHC a-六六六alpha hemolytic streptococcus甲型溶血性链球菌Alternaria 交链孢霉aluminum hydroxide 氢氧化铝aluminum sulfate 硫酸铝Alzheimer's dementia早老性痴呆(阿耳茨海默痴呆)Amanita muscaria 毒蝇伞Amanita pantherina 豹斑毒伞Amanita phalloides 毒伞Amanita verna 白毒伞Amanita virosa 鳞柄白毒伞amaranth 苋莱红amatoxins 毒伞八肽类Ames test Ames 试验,艾姆斯试验amino acid pattern 氨基酸模式ammonia 氨Amoeba 阿米巴属,阿米巴原虫,变形虫属amphetamin chloride 冰毒amygdalin 苦杏仁甙amyl nitrite 亚硝基异戊酯amylose 直链淀粉amylopectin 支链淀粉anabolism 合成代谢anaerobic respiration 厌氧呼吸Andersen`s disease 安德森病angular stomatitis 口角炎anion exchange resins 阴离子交换树脂anisatin 毒八角亭antagonistic action 拮抗作用anthraquinone 蒽醌anti-cancer drugs 抗癌药物antiketogenesis 抗生酮作用antioxidant 抗氧化剂antitrypsin 抗胰蛋白酶anthropometry 人体测量学apatite 磷灰石apparent digestibility 表现消化率appetite 食欲apoferritin 脱铁铁蛋白apolipoprotein 载脂蛋白applied nutrition 应用营养aquatic organism 水生生物aquatic product 水产品arachidonic acid 花生四烯酸arcus senilis 老年环arginine 精氨酸arsenic 砷Arthrinium 节菱孢属Ascaris lumbricoides 蛔虫Ascaris vermicularis 蛲虫Ascomycetes 子囊菌纲ascorbate 抗坏血酸盐scorbic acid 抗坏血酸Aspergillus 曲霉属Aspergillus albicans 白曲霉Aspergillus candidus 亮白曲霉Aspergillus flavus 黄曲霉Aspergillus fumigatus 烟曲霉Aspergillus glaucus 灰绿曲霉Aspergillus nidulans 构巢曲霉Aspergillus niger 黑曲霉Aspergillus niveus 霉白曲霉Aspergillus ochraceus 赭曲霉Aspergillus parasiticus 寄生曲霉Aspergillus restrictus 局限曲霉Aspergillus terreus 土曲霉Aspergillus ustus 焦曲霉Aspergillus versicolor 采色曲霉Aspergillus wentti 温特曲霉atherosclerosis 动脉粥样硬化autophagy 自吞噬availability 可利用率avidin 抗生物素蛋白azide 重氮化合物BBacillus anthracis 炭疽杆菌Bacillus cereous 蜡样芽胞杆菌Bacillus erysipelatos-suis 猪丹毒杆菌Bacillus subtilis 枯草杆菌Bacillus tuberculosis bovis 牛型结核杆菌bacon 咸猪肉bacterial mutation test 细菌诱变试验bacteriocidal substance 杀菌物质bacteriophage 噬菌体balanced diet 平衡膳食balance test 平衡实验Balantidium coli 结肠小袋绦虫B.alcaligenes metalcaligenes 粪产碱杆菌barley 大麦basal metabolic rate,BMR 基础代谢率basal metabolism，BM 基础代谢basic energy exenditure,BEE 基础能量消耗base-forming food 成碱性食品Basidiomycetes 担子菌纲bean curd 豆腐bean curd blade 百叶bean sprout 豆芽beet 甜菜beetle 甲虫类benefit-risk analysis 利害分析benzimidazole 苯骈咪唑benz(a)anthracene (BA) 苯并(a)蒽benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) 苯并(a)芘benzylamine oxidase 苄胺氧化酶beriberi 脚气病beta-BHC β-六六六。
农药基本知识
致死中量(LD50:Median Lethal Dose) ：指在一
定条件下，可致供试生物半数死亡机会的药剂剂量。
表示单位：
毒性
mg(药剂)/kg(体重)(用作高等动物的毒性
表示单位，也可用作对其它大体形生物的毒力表示)
毒力
μ g(药剂)/g(体重)（对昆虫等生物的毒
力表示单位)
致死中浓(LC50:Median Lethal Concentration):
生50%效果的药剂浓度。
药效(Practical effection)：在综合条件下某 种药剂对某种生物作用的大小。也可称防治效果。
综合条件：加工剂型、施药方法和技术、田间条件、施
药场所等自然环境,害物生物学习性及发生发展规律等。
药效常以%来表示，且不同作物、保护对象和处
理对象计算方法不同。常规情况下，药效可分为4个
级别：
特 效
>95%
高 效
85～95%
有 效
50～85%
低效或无效
<50%
一个问题：
——毒力、毒性和药效之间有何区别与联系 ？？？ A.毒力是对防治对象而言，毒性是对高等动物 而言，前者是利，后者是害；就农药的发展趋势而 言，毒力和毒性之间相关性不大；
B.对于除草剂、杀虫剂，没有毒力就谈不上药 效，毒力是药效的基础，但不等于有毒力就肯定有 药效；对于杀菌剂而言，毒力和药效之间基本上关 系不大；
对照组生存率（%）
自然死亡率在20%以下才适合此公式，如果自然死亡率过 低（5%以下），一般情况可不校正。
1.5 毒力与药效
药效的计算： 田间实验中多是在处理后调查虫口密度（或被害 状），以存活的个体数或种群增加及减少百分率或数 量等指标来统计防效，最常用的是Henderson-Tilton 公式： 防效 = （1 – TaCb/TbCa）×100% 式中：Ta – 处理区防治后存活的个体数量 Tb – 处理区防治前存活的个体数量 Ca – 对照区防治后存活的个体数量
化学农业和有机农业的优缺点英语作文
化学农业和有机农业的优缺点英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Debate Between Chemical and Organic Farming MethodsAgriculture has been a fundamental part of human civilization for thousands of years, providing the food necessary to sustain life. However, as the world's population continues to grow and the demand for food increases, the methods used in farming have become a subject of intense debate. Two main approaches have emerged: chemical agriculture and organic agriculture. As a student studying this topic, I believe it's crucial to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each method to make informed decisions about our food production systems.Chemical Agriculture: The ProsIncreased Yield: One of the primary advantages of chemical agriculture is its ability to produce higher crop yields. The use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and herbicides helps to maximize crop growth and protect plants from pests and diseases. Thisincreased productivity is essential for meeting the ever-growing demand for food, especially in areas with high population densities.Cost-effectiveness: Chemical agriculture often involves lower labor costs and higher efficiency compared to organic farming methods. The use of machinery and synthetic inputs can reduce the need for manual labor, making it more cost-effective for large-scale operations.Consistency and Predictability: Chemical agriculture offers a greater degree of consistency and predictability in crop yields. By controlling variables such as soil nutrients and pest management, farmers can better plan and forecast their harvests, which is crucial for meeting market demands and ensuring food security.Chemical Agriculture: The ConsEnvironmental Impact: The use of synthetic chemicals in agriculture can have detrimental effects on the environment. Pesticides and fertilizers can pollute soil, water sources, and air, harming ecosystems and biodiversity. Additionally, the excessive use of chemicals can lead to soil degradation and erosion, compromising long-term agricultural sustainability.Health Concerns: There are growing concerns about the potential health risks associated with consumingchemically-treated produce. Residues of pesticides, herbicides, and synthetic fertilizers may accumulate in the food chain and pose risks to human health, particularly over the long term.Reliance on Non-renewable Resources: Chemical agriculture relies heavily on non-renewable resources, such as fossil fuels used in the production of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides. This dependence raises questions about the long-term sustainability of this approach, especially as these resources become increasingly scarce and expensive.Organic Agriculture: The ProsEnvironmental Friendliness: Organic farming methods prioritize the use of natural, non-synthetic inputs and practices that are more environmentally sustainable. By avoiding synthetic chemicals, organic agriculture helps to preserve soil health, protect water sources, and promote biodiversity.Nutritional Value: Many studies suggest that organically grown produce may have higher nutritional value and contain more antioxidants compared to conventionally grown crops. This can be attributed to the absence of synthetic fertilizers and the emphasis on building healthy, nutrient-rich soil.Reduced Health Risks: By avoiding the use of synthetic chemicals, organic agriculture reduces the potential risks associated with pesticide and fertilizer residues in food. This can provide peace of mind for consumers concerned about the long-term health effects of consuming chemically-treated produce.Organic Agriculture: The ConsLower Yields: Organic farming methods typically produce lower yields compared to chemical agriculture. This is due to the absence of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, which can limit crop growth and make plants more vulnerable to pests and diseases.Higher Labor Costs: Organic farming often requires more manual labor and intensive management practices, such as hand-weeding and crop rotation. This can result in higher production costs, which may be passed on to consumers in the form of higher prices for organic products.Scalability Challenges: Transitioning to organic farming methods on a large scale can be challenging, as it requires significant changes in infrastructure, training, and supply chains. This can make it difficult for organic agriculture to meet the growing global demand for food.As a student, I believe that both chemical and organic agriculture have their merits and drawbacks. While chemical agriculture offers increased yields and cost-effectiveness, it also raises concerns about environmental impact and potential health risks. Conversely, organic agriculture is more environmentally friendly and may offer nutritional benefits, but it faces challenges in terms of scalability and productivity.Ultimately, the decision between chemical and organic farming methods will depend on various factors, including regional conditions, economic considerations, and societal values. It is essential to strike a balance between meeting the world's food needs and promoting sustainable and responsible agricultural practices.One potential solution could be the adoption of integrated farming systems that combine elements of both chemical and organic approaches. By selectively using synthetic inputs and incorporating organic practices, such as crop rotation, cover cropping, and integrated pest management, it may be possible to achieve higher yields while minimizing environmental impact and health risks.Additionally, continued research and innovation in sustainable agriculture practices, such as precision farming,biotechnology, and soil management techniques, could help address some of the challenges faced by both chemical and organic agriculture.As a student, it is crucial for me to remain open-minded and continue learning about the complexities of this issue. By understanding the pros and cons of different farming methods, we can contribute to informed decision-making and work towards a more sustainable and equitable food production system that meets the needs of our growing global population.篇2The Pros and Cons of Chemical Agriculture vs Organic FarmingAs a student studying agriculture, one of the biggest debates I've encountered is the issue of chemical agriculture versus organic farming methods. There are valid arguments on both sides of this complex issue that are worth exploring. In this essay, I'll lay out some of the key pros and cons of each approach.Chemical Agriculture - The ProsOne of the biggest advantages of conventional chemical agriculture is higher crop yields. By using synthetic fertilizers,herbicides, and pesticides, farmers can increase productivity significantly compared to organic methods. This helps address potential food shortages as the global population continues to grow rapidly.Chemical fertilizers provide crops with an easy source of nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. This gives the plants a powerful boost, allowing them to grow larger and faster. Herbicides also control weeds more effectively, reducing competition for sunlight, water and nutrients. And pesticides protect crops from insect pests and plant diseases that can devastate yields.From an economic perspective, these higher yields combined with lower labor requirements make chemical agriculture very profitable and cost-effective for farmers. The synthetic inputs are also relatively inexpensive compared to organic methods like composting and cover cropping.Another pro is that chemical agriculture allows more land to be cultivated since fields don't need to be rotated as frequently to restore soil nutrients. It's a very efficient system in terms of land usage.Chemical Agriculture - The ConsDespite its advantages, the overuse of chemicals in agriculture has raised many environmental and health concerns. Synthetic fertilizers can contaminate groundwater and create oxygen-depleted "dead zones" in bodies of water. Herbicides and pesticides may have detrimental effects on biodiversity, harming pollinators like bees as well as birds and other wildlife.There are also potential health risks for farm workers exposed to these chemicals, as well as potential dietary risks for consumers from pesticide residues on foods. Some pesticides have been linked to cancer and other diseases, although regulatory agencies deem small residue levels as safe.Chemically-intensive monoculture farming also degrades soil quality over time, stripping it of nutrients and nutrients life. This makes the soil less drought-resistant and more susceptible to erosion compared to organic soils rich with organic matter.From an environmental standpoint, the heavy use of fossil fuel-derived fertilizers and pesticides is also concerning in terms of greenhouse gas emissions and sustainability. Chemical agriculture as a whole has a much larger carbon footprint.Organic Agriculture - The ProsThe core principle of organic farming is to work in harmony with nature using ecologically-based pest controls and natural fertilizers like manure, compost and bone meal. This avoids the potential health and environmental risks associated with chemical-intensive methods.Organically-grown produce has no synthetic pesticide residues, which many consumers view as a major health benefit. Organic farms also promote biodiversity by providing food and habitat for a variety of creatures like birds, insects and animals. This creates a more balanced, sustainable ecosystem.Organic farming practices like rotating crops, planting cover crops, applying compost and avoiding tillage all improve soil quality. This helps prevent erosion while increasing the soil's nutrient content and water retention capacity. Over time, these methods can actually increase yields through improved soil fertility.From a sustainability perspective, organic farming avoids the use of non-renewable resources like fossil fuel-based fertilizers. It creates far lower pollution levels overall in terms of air, soil and water contamination. The lack of synthetic chemicals is also better for farm worker safety and health.Organic Agriculture - The ConsOne of the biggest downsides of organic farming is lower yields compared to chemically-treated crops, at least initially before soil fertility is restored over many seasons. These lower yields could potentially create food shortages as the world's population continues rising rapidly.Organic farming is also extremely labor-intensive and time-consuming. Farmers spend many hours controlling weeds by hand or using animal and machine cultivation. They rely on natural fertilizers that break down slowly and require proper aging. Organic pest control is also more laborious than simply spraying synthetic pesticides.All of this manual labor translates into higher production costs for organic farms. Consumers end up paying significantly more for organic produce compared to conventionally-grown crops. For many families, organic is simply not affordable.Another potential issue is that organic farming requires more land to produce the same amount of food as chemical agriculture. This could lead to habitat losses if more wilderness areas need to be cleared for crop cultivation.The TakeawayUltimately, I don't think there's a simple answer as to whether chemical agriculture or organic methods are universally "better." Both systems have legitimate pros and cons to consider.My personal view is that an integrated approach could be a solution - utilizing some organic practices like composting, cover cropping and reducing tillage to improve soil health, while still allowing judicious use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides to boost yields when truly needed.At the end of the day, I believe sustainability needs to be the top priority for the future of agriculture. We need farming methods that can feed the growing global population in an environmentally-friendly way, without depleting natural resources or contaminating our air, water and soil. It's a delicate balancing act, but one I'm optimistic we can achieve through continued research, innovation and balanced policies.篇3The Pros and Cons of Chemical and Organic FarmingAs a student, I've learned a lot about the different farming methods used to grow our food supply. Two of the main approaches are chemical farming, which uses synthetic pesticides and fertilizers, and organic farming, which relies onnatural methods. Both have their advantages and disadvantages that are important to understand.Chemical farming has been the dominant method oflarge-scale agriculture since the Green Revolution of the 1960s. The main pros are higher yields and lower labor requirements compared to traditional farming. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers help crops grow bigger and faster. Pesticides protect crops from insects, weeds, fungi and other threats. This allows a relatively small number of farms to produce vast quantities of inexpensive food.However, there are also major drawbacks to the chemical approach. Pesticides can have harmful effects on the environment, contaminating soil and water supplies. They've been linked to colony collapse disorder decimating bee populations. Some pesticides are also potentially carcinogenic and may have other negative health impacts on farm workers and consumers.Synthetic fertilizers, while initially boosting crop yields, degrade soil quality over time. This forces farmers into a cycle of using more and more fertilizer each year as nutrients get depleted from the soil. Runoff from fertilizers is also a major source of water pollution, creating dead zones and algal blooms.The overuse of antibiotics in animal agriculture is another concerning aspect of chemical farming. This has contributed to the rise of antibiotic-resistant superbugs that makelife-threatening infections harder to treat in humans. Overall, chemical farming trades short-term productivity for long-term sustainability.Organic farming avoids all of those problems by using only natural fertilizers like manure and compost, and natural pesticides derived from plants, minerals and bacteria. No synthetic chemicals are used. This is much better for the environment and consumer health, though yields tend to be about 25% lower.The main pros of organic are environmental sustainability, lack of pesticide exposure for farmers and consumers, and higher nutrient content in crops. Organic farms are also credited with better preserving biodiversity, soil quality and local ecosystems. For people concerned about the effects of chemicals on their health and the planet, organic is the way to go.However, organic farms require more human labor compared to mechanized chemical farms. This makes organic produce more expensive for the consumer, putting it out of reach for many low-income families. There are also someconcerns that organic farms may not be able to produce enough food to feed the world's growing population without using synthetic inputs.From a student's perspective, I can see valid arguments on both sides. The chemical approach has made our food supply much more abundant and affordable, which is crucial for reducing hunger and malnutrition globally. But the toll on environmental and human health can't be ignored. Organic is undoubtedly better for sustainability but requires more resources.My personal opinion is that an integrated approach makes the most sense, utilizing some organic practices on a primarily chemical farming system. This could mean reducing pesticide and fertilizer use, rotating crops, planting cover crops in the offseason, and protecting surrounding habitats. Moderate chemical use combined with sustainable methods may offer the best balance of productivity and sustainability.Ultimately, I think both organic and chemical farming will continue playing important roles. Organic will remain ahigher-end niche market for wealthier consumers willing to pay a premium for products they perceive as healthier and greener.While the bulk of our calorie consumption will still come from large-scale chemical operations.Perhaps in the future, advances in genetics, precision agriculture and other technologies could make it possible to achieve high yields without the heavy chemical use of today. But that's likely a long way off. In the meantime, we'll have to weigh all the pros and cons to make smart choices for our food system.That's my take as a student who wants to ensure we have an abundant, affordable and sustainable food supply for the long haul. Like many issues, there are valid points on both sides of the chemical vs. organic debate. We'd be wise to take a balanced, nuanced approach moving forward.。
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• However, due to the accumulation of DDT and durability of the formation of human health and environment of the potential harm, were disabled. In 1973, the United States banned DDT 。 In 1983, the China disabled DDT
Related research shows that If you stop the use of pesticides, fruits cut> 70%, vegetables cut> 50%, grain production cut> 30%, potatoes cut> 40%, sugar beet production cut> 60%.
Chemistry and Pesticide
Name：Geng Tang Class：Chemical 09-1 Date：2012/4/11 Add：Xingjiang University
Pesticides：Prevention of agriculture, forestry, ：
animal husbandry production in harmful biological and adjust the growth of a plant chemical and biological products 。 The pesticide registered about 2800 kinds of compounds, and the commercial 1300, commonly used about 500 kinds
Not all the expected eff DDT, effective to kill pests, reduce the production of crops decline
The discoverer of DDT role Miller won the 1948 so the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine 。
In order to deal with typhus, people began to use just listed pesticide DDT soon 。
A mosquito in malaria, dengue fever, and encephalitis spread, the death of the millions of people each year
In September 2006, WHO publicly called for Africa to the use of DDT 。 The use of DDT to the African malaria be effectively controlled
In 1845-1852, Irish great famine. When the Irish main food source is the potatoes, but Potato late blight cause potatoes rot. Hunger lead to more than one million Irish people died of famine。 。
Malaria is back and killed one million people each year, mostly children, average 30 seconds a death 。
In July 2000, Britain and the famous scientists joint in the journal nature medicine journal articles on credit, and calls for South Africa to the use of DDT 。 A study shows: malaria deaths, equivalent to 7 full frame children‘s Boeing 747 crash every day 。
In 1812, Typhus attacking the Napoleon's army 600000 and 30000 people left World war ii, typhus caused millions of deaths 。 In 1944, the world war ii came to an end, Allies also appeared typhus 。
In 1965, the American academy of sciences research report, 20 years, at least 500 million people had been saved by DDT of life
Thought of human is very safe DDT, and, therefore, is a large outrageous abuse 。 In total 1.35 billion tons DDT was used。 。
New Words
• • • • • • • Pesticide 农药 insecticide 杀虫剂 Typhus 斑疹伤寒 Malaria 疟疾 Allies 同盟国 Encephalitis 脑炎 Durability 耐久性
• • • • • • • •
Potato late blight 马铃薯晚疫病 bordeaux downy mildew 波尔多霜霉病 Bengal rice til spot disease 孟加拉水稻胡麻斑病 Bangladesh 孟加拉共和国 Locusts 蝗虫； 蝗虫；蝗灾 Kazakhstan 哈萨克斯坦 Beet 甜菜
In 1874, the German people Zeidler first synthesized the DDT.
DDT
• But the kind of compounds with insecticide effect characteristic was find out by the Swiss chemist Miller in 1939.
Locusts: 1949 years ago, our country history happened hundreds of locusts. In 1985, tianjin, hebei locust invasion; In 1995-1998, the huanghuai-hai locusts; In 1995, kazakhstan's locusts; In 2011, shandong, hunan locust invasion 。
In 1880, French grapes in bordeaux downy mildew lead to the French grape planting and wine brewing industryis on the verge of collapse 。
In 1942, Bengal rice til spot disease, famine in Bangladesh, starve to death 2 million people 。