The pion form factor from first principles

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Polarization transfer in the $^{4}$He$(vec{e},e' vec{p}^{3}$H reaction

$Polarization transfer in the $^{4}$He$(vec{e},e' vec{p}^{3}$H reaction$

a r X i v :n u c l -e x /0011008v 1 14 N o v 2000Polarization transfer in the 4He ( e ,e ′ p )3H reactionS.Dieterich,1P.Bartsch,2D.Baumann,2J.Bermuth,3K.Bohinc,2,4R.B¨o hm,2D.Bosnar,2,a S.Derber,2M.Ding,2M.Distler,2I.Ewald,2J.Friedrich,2J.M.Friedrich,2,b R.Gilman,1,5C.Glashausser,1M.Hauger,6P.Jennewein,2J.Jourdan,6J.J.Kelly,7M.Kohl,8A.Kozlov 2,K.W.Krygier,2G.Kumbartzki,c,1,c A.Liesenfeld,2H.Merkel,2U.M¨u ller,2R.Neuhausen,2Th.Pospischil,2R.D.Ransome,1D.Rohe,6G.Rosner,2,d H.Schmieden,2M.Seimetz,2I.Sick,6S.Strauch,1J.M.Udias,9J.R.Vignote,9A.Wagner,2Th.Walcher,2G.Warren,6M.Weis 21Rutgers,The State University of New Jersey,Piscataway,New Jersey,USA2Institut f¨u r Kernphysik,Universit¨a t Mainz,Mainz,Germany 3Institut f¨u r Physik,Universit¨a t Mainz,Mainz,Germany4Institut Jozef Stefan,Ljubljana,Slovenia5Thomas Jeﬀerson National Accelerator Facility,Newport News,Virginia,USA6Universit¨a t Basel,Basel,Switzerland7University of Maryland,College Park,Maryland,USA8Institut f¨u r Kernphysik,Technische Universit¨a t Darmstadt,Darmstadt,Germany9Universidad Complutense de Madrid,Madrid,Spain(February 8,2008)Polarization transfer in the 4He( e ,e ′ p )3H reaction at a Q 2of 0.4(GeV/c)2was measured at the Mainz Microtron MAMI.The ratio of the transverse to the longitudinal polar-ization components of the ejected protons was compared with the same ratio for elastic ep scattering.The results are consis-tent with a recent fully relativistic calculation which includes a predicted medium modiﬁcation of the proton form factor based on a quark-meson coupling model.PACS numbers:13.40.Gp,13.88.+e,24.70.+s,25.30.Dh,27.20.+hA long standing question in nuclear physics is the eﬀect of the nuclear medium on the properties of the nucleon.The close proximity of nucleons in the nucleus would lead one to expect eﬀects on the spatial distribution of the nucleon’s constituent particles.However,experi-mentally distinguishing changes of the nucleon structure from other conventional nucleus-related eﬀects,such as meson-exchange currents (MEC),isobar conﬁgurations (IC),and ﬁnal state interactions (FSI)has proven diﬃ-cult.The form factor of a bound nucleon is not directly observable;it must be inferred from calculations which predict how a modiﬁcation of the form factor will aﬀect measurable quantities such as cross sections or polariza-tions.In this paper we report on the ﬁrst measurement of polarization transfer in the 4He( e ,e ′ p )3H reaction in quasielastic parallel kinematics.Polarization provides a sensitive test of any model and should be more sensitive to changes in the form factor than cross section measure-ments.Several recent calculations [1–3]have demonstrated the importance of dynamic enhancement of lower compo-nents of Dirac spinors (spinor distortions)for the (e,e ′p )reaction.The R LT response function is sensitive to dis-tortion of the bound-state spinor while recoil polarization is more sensitive to distortion of the ejectile spinor.Therelativistic calculations of Udias et al.provide excellent descriptions of A T L in 16O(e,e ′p )[4]and the induced polarization for 12C(e,e ′ p )[5].The sensitivity of recoil polarization to possible density dependence of nucleon form factors was investigated ﬁrst by Kelly [6]using a local density approximation for the current operator and an eﬀective momentum approximation (EMA)for spinor distortion.Udias then performed a fully relativistic cal-culation which shows that the accuracy of the EMA for the recoil polarization is better than 1%for missing mo-mentum p m <100MeV/c.Both groups have shown that recoil polarization for modest p m is relatively insensitive to gauge and Gordon ambiguities and to variations of the optical potential and have concluded that polarization transfer provides a promising probe of density-dependent modiﬁcations of nucleon electromagnetic form factors.Polarization transfer was ﬁrst used to study nuclear medium eﬀects in deuterium [7–9].Within statistical uncertainties,no evidence of medium modiﬁcations was found.Malov et al.[10]made the ﬁrst measurement of polarization transfer in a complex nucleus,16O.Their re-sults were consistent with predictions of relativistic cal-culations,with limited statistical precision.Cross section data indicate only upper limits on possi-ble modiﬁcations of the form factors in the nucleus.The limits come primarily from quasielastic electron scatter-ing with separation of the longitudinal and transverse response functions [11–14]and from y -scaling [15–17]of inclusive electron scattering.In the Q 2range of 0.1to 0.5(GeV/c)2L/T separations limit modiﬁcations to 3%for the magnetic and 5-10%for the electric form factor.The limits from y -scaling at higher Q 2,in the range of 1to 5(GeV/c)2,are about the same.While the data exclude substantial form factor mod-iﬁcation,especially of the magnetic form factor,recent theoretical work predicts modiﬁcations within the ex-perimental limits [18–21].Lu et al.[18],using a quark-1meson coupling model(QMC),and Frank et al.[19],us-ing a light front constituent quark model,both predicted changes of a few percent in the form factors.Lu calcu-lated the change for both16O and4He and found littlediﬀerence in the size of the modiﬁcation.We shall later examine the eﬀect on the predicted polarization of the QMC modiﬁcation.In the case of electron-nucleon scattering,there is a direct relationship between the form factors and the po-larization transfer components[22]:G EP′z ·E+E′4He-0.862±0.020±0.03this work1H-0.978±0.044±0.03this work1H-0.952±0.008[8,23,29] Table I lists the extracted polarization ratios for4He and1H.No radiative corrections have been applied;they are expected to have an eﬀect which is of order1%[28].The hydrogen ratio is found to be in agreement with thepolarization ratio derived from the world average of G E/G M[8,23,29]for data between Q2of0.3and0.5 (GeV/c)2.Since systematic eﬀects on the polarization ratio for hydrogen and helium were nearly the same in both size and sign,the eﬀect of systematic uncertainties on the ratio of helium to hydrogen dataR=(P′x/P′z)He/(P′x/P′z)H(3) nearly canceled.This“super-ratio”is estimated to have a systematic uncertainty of less than0.01.The uncertaintyon R is then limited by the statistical uncertainty,mainly of the hydrogen ratio measured in this ing the ratio of G E/G M derived from the world average for hydrogen would give a smaller statistical uncertainty but larger systematic uncertainty.Table II lists the super-ratio,using the hydrogen ratio from this experiment,as a function of p m,along with the value averaged over the entire data set.Negative values of p m correspond to the recoiling nucleus having a momentum component along the direction of q.TABLE II.R as a function of missing momentum.p m(MeV/c)(P′x/P′z)He/(P′x/P′z)Hmean0.88±0.04±0.01A meaningful interpretation of the polarization ratio measured for4He with that of hydrogen can only be made by utilizing theoretical calculations which include the eﬀects of FSI,the oﬀ-shell current operator,relativis-tic eﬀects,MEC,and IC on the ratio.In addition,any calculation must be averaged over the spectrometer ac-ceptance.We now proceed as follows.The polarization transfer is predicted using a model which includes the free form factors and the best phenomenologically determined op-tical potentials and bound state wave functions(BSWF), and FSI.MEC and IC are included in one nonrelativistic model.If the value predicted using the free form factor does not describe the measured value well,within the the-oretical uncertainties,the eﬀect of a modiﬁed form factor will be considered.If the new value predicted provides a better description of the data,we can take it as evidence that the proton form factors inside4He diﬀer from those of a free proton.Figure1shows a comparison of the experimen-tal result R,the4He polarization ratio normal-ized to the hydrogen ratio,with the acceptance-averaged calculations.The hydrogen calculation made use of the same form factor parameteri-zation as does the corresponding4He calculation.parison of measured R(Exp.)with theoretical get-PWIA(1);full calculation(2).Udias -PWIA,cc1(3),cc2(4);positive energy projection,cc1(5), cc2(6);no spinor distortions,cc1(7),cc2(8);fully relativistic, cc1(9),cc2(10);fully relativistic,and QMC,cc1(11),cc2 (12).Weﬁrst examined the eﬀect of MEC and IC using the non-relativistic calculations of Laget[30].The result of the full Laget calculation was found to be nearly identi-cal to the PWIA result,points2and1,respectively,in Fig.1,indicating that MEC and IC do not contribute signiﬁcantly in our kinematics.There is a discrepancy of over two standard deviations between the observed value and both calculations of Laget.We next use the model of Udias et al.to determine the magnitude of relativistic eﬀects.Udias solves the Dirac equation and uses relativistic optical potentials,but does not include MEC or IC.For each case,we give the result for two diﬀerent de Forest[31]oﬀ-shell current operators, cc1and cc2.The PWIA calculation of Udias(points3 and4)includes positive and negative energy components for the bound state,but only positive energy components for the ejected nucleon.It gives nearly the same results as that of Laget,indicating that R is insensitive to the negative energy components of the bound state.The calculations are insensitive to diﬀerences between the two forms of the current operator.The optical potential for p+3H was obtained by fold-ing a density-dependent empirical eﬀective pN interac-tion(EEI)with the measured charge density for tritium. Kelly and Wallace[32]derived an eﬀective interaction for nucleon-nucleus scattering for9≤A≤208,designated IA2,in which spinor distortion is represented by density-dependent modiﬁcations that are very similar to those of the EEI modelﬁtted to proton elastic and inelastic scat-tering data.Some parameters were adjusted toﬁt p4He data yielding a betterﬁt to the proton elastic scattering data than any previous optical potential.Furthermore, the dominant source of density dependence is consistent with the spinor distortion employed by relativistic(e,e′p) calculations.We investigated the sensitivity toﬁnal-state interactions by using several other optical models andfound variations of±0.02in the polarization ratio.In principle,the result should not depend on the gauge used.However,the calculations do show a small gauge dependence.We show the result using the Coulomb gauge,which gives nearly the same ratio as the Landau gauge;the Weyl gauge gives a larger ratio by0.04.The results of the Udias relativistic calculation project-ing out the negative energy sector(points5and6)and with no spinor distortion(points7and8),called EMA-noSV in Ref.[3],are also nearly the same as the PWIA calculation(points3and4),demonstrating the small in-ﬂuence of relativistic eﬀects,other than the negative en-ergy components of the outgoing nucleon wave function, which are not included in any of the calculations1to8, and of FSI,on R.The fully relativistic calculations are shown as points9and10.The ratio decreases noticeably, in particular with cc1,but it remains slightly larger than the observed ratio.Both results are between one and two standard deviations from the observedvalue.FIG.2.R as a function of missing ing the labels of Fig.1,the curves are dotted(3),dashed(9),and solid(11).Finally,we include the density dependent form factor modiﬁcations predicted by the QMC model of Lu et al.[18],using a bag constant of0.8fm(points11and12). These decrease the ratio further by about4%.The diﬀer-ence between the cc1and cc2results are about the same as for points9and10.The eﬀect on the ratio is less than the10%eﬀect discussed in Ref.[18].However,the calcu-lations of Ref.[18]averaged over the bound state wave-function.As discussed in Ref.[10],an integration over theﬁnal state,including the eﬀects of absorption and non-locality corrections,reduces the eﬀect.The addition of QMC brings the calculation into good agreement with the observed value.Calculations using Kelly’s EMA for similar conditions give very similar results.The variations in the result due to choice of the BSWF and the eﬀect of Coulomb distortions were negligible in both models.The dependence of R on the missing momentum was found to be small,as shown in Fig.2.A sample of the calculations given in Fig.1are shown in Fig.2.The other calculations give curves nearly parallel to those shown, with separations about the same as the separations of the averages shown in Fig.1.In conclusion,we have measured polarization trans-fer in the reaction4He( e,e′ p)3H for theﬁrst time.The P′x/P′z ratio is in clear disagreement with PWIA and non-relativistic calculations.A full relativistic calcula-tion agrees at the two standard deviation level.The variation in the result for diﬀerent choices of the bound-state wave function,optical model,and current operator, added in quadrature,is less than one standard deviation. These measurements give theﬁrst evidence that a fully relativistic calculation that includes negative energy com-ponents giving rise to spinor distortions,is required for a correct description of spin transfer in( e,e′ p)for4He, even at low missing momentum.The addition of a mod-iﬁed proton form factor to the calculation,predicted by the QMC model,brings the result into good agreement with the data.Although the data do favor the models with a modiﬁed form factor,the statistical signiﬁcance is not suﬃcient to exclude calculations without form factor modiﬁcation.We wish to thank the MAMI accelerator staﬀfor their excellent work during this experiment.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of get with theoretical calculations.This work was supported in part by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft,U.S.Na-tional Science Foundation,and the Schweizerische Na-tionalfond.a Permanent address:Department of Physics,University of Zagreb,Zagreb,Croatiab Present address:Physik Department E18,T.U. 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FORNELL教授经典的顾客满意度论文1

TOTAL QUALITY MANAGEMENT, VOL. 11, NO. 7, 2000, S869-S882EUGENE W. ANDERSON & CLAES FORNELLNational Quality Research Center, University of Michigan Business School, Ann Arbor,MI 48109-1234, USAABSTRACT How do we know if an economy is performing well? How do we know if a company is performing well? The fact is that we have serious difficulty answering these questions today. The economy—for nations and for corporations—has changed much more than our theories and measurements. The development of national customer satisfaction indices (NCSIs) represents an important step towards addressing the gap between what we know and what we need to know. This paper describes the methodology underlying one such measure, the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI). ACSI represents a uniform system for evaluating, comparing, and—ultimately- enhancing customer satisfaction across ifrms, industries and nations. Other nations are now adopting the same approach. It is argued that a global network of NCSIs based on a common methodology is not simply desirable, but imperative.IntroductionHow do we know if an economy is performing well? How do we know if a company is performing well? The fact is that we have serious difficulty answering these questions today. It is even more difficult to tell where we are going.Why is this? A good part of the explanation is that the economy—for nations and for corporations—has changed much more than our theories and measurements. One can easily make the case that the measures on which we rely for determining corporate and national economic performance have not kept pace. For example, the service sector and information technology play a dominant role in the modern economy. An implication of this change is that economic assets today reside heavily in intangibles—knowledge, systems, customer relationships, etc. (see Fig. 1). The building of shareholder wealth is no longer a matter of the management of ifnancial and physical assets. The same is true with the wealth of nations.As a result, one cannot continue to apply models of measurement and theory developed for a 'tangible' manufacturing economy to the economy we have today. How important is it to know about coal production, rail freight, textile mill or pig-iron production in the modern economy? Such measures are still collected in the US and reported in the media as if theyhad the same importance now as they did over 50 years ago.The problem gets worse when we take all these measures, add them up and draw conclusions. For example, in early 1999, the US stock market set an all time record highCorrespondence: E. W. Anderson, National Quality Research Center, University of Michigan Business School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1234, USA. Tel: (313) 763-1566; Fax: (313) 763-9768; E-mail: genea@ISSN 0954-4127 print/ISSN 1360-0613 online/00/07S869-14 0 2000 Taylor & Francis LtdS870 E. W. ANDERSON & C. FORNELLDow Jones Industrials:Price-to-Book Ratios11970 1999Source: Business Week, March 9, 1999Figure 1. Tangible versus intangible sources of value, 1970-99.with the Dow Jones Index passing 11 000 points, unemployment was at record lows, the economy expanded and inflation was almost non-existent. These statistics suggested a strong economy, which was also what was reported in the press and in most commentary by economists. As always, however, the real question is: Are we better off? How well are the actual experiences of people captured by the reported measures? Do the things economists and Governments choose to measure correspond with how people feel about their economic well-being? A closer inspection of the numbers and their underlying statistics reveals a somewhat different picture of the US economy than that typically held up as an example.?Corporate earnings growth for 1997 and 1998 were much lower than in the previous2 years, with a negative growth for 1998.?The major portion of the earnings growth in 1995 and 1996 was due to cost-cutting rather than revenue growth.?The trade deficit in 1999 was at a record high and growing.?Wages have been stagnant in the last 15 years (although there were small increases in 1997 and 1998).?The proportion of stock market capitalization versus GDP was about 150% of GDP in 1998 (the historical average is 48%; the proportion before the 1929 stock market crash was 82%).?Consumer and business debt were high and rising.?Even though many new jobs were created, 70% of those who lost their jobs got new jobs that paid less.?The number of bankruptcies was high and growing.?Worker absenteeism was at record highs.?Household savings were negative.Add the above to the fact that there is a great deal of worker anxiety over job security and lower levels of customer satisfaction than 5 years ago, and the question of whether we areyrFOUNDATIONS OF ACSI S871better off is cast in a different light. How much does it matter if we increase productivity,that the economy is growing or that the stock market is breaking records, if customers arenot satisifed? The basic idea behind a market economy is that businesses exist and competein order to create a satisifed customer. Investors will lfock to the companies that are expectedto do this well. It is not possible to increase economic prosperity without also increasingcustomer satisfaction. In a market economy, where suppliers compete for buyers, but buyersdo not compete for products, customer satisfaction defines the meaning of economic activity,because what matters in the final analysis is not how much we produce or consume, but howwell our economy satisfies its consumers.Together with other economic objectives—such as employment and growth—thequality of what is produced is a part of standard of living and a source of national competitiveness. Like other objectives, it should be subjected to systematic and uniform measurement. This is why there is a need for national indices of customer satisfaction. Anational index of customer satisfaction contributes to a more accurate picture of economicoutput, which in turn leads to better economic policy decisions and improvement of standard ofliving. Neither productivitymeasures nor price indices can be properly calibrated without taking quality into account.It is difficult to conduct economic policy without accurate and comprehensive measures. Customer satisfaction is of considerable value as a complement to the traditional measures.This is true for both macro and micro levels. Because it is derived from consumption data(as opposed to production) it is also a leading indicator of future proifts. Customer satisfactionleads to greater customer loyalty (Anderson & Sullivan, 1993; Bearden & Teel, 1983; Bolton& Drew, 1991; Boulding et al., 1993; Fornell, 1992; LaBarbera & Mazurski, 1983; Oliver,1980; Oliver & Swan, 1989; Yi, 1991). Through increasing loyalty, customer satisfactionsecures future revenues (Bolton, 1998; Fornell, 1992; Rust et al., 1994, 1995), reduces thecost of future transactions (Reichheld & Sasser, 1990), decreases price elasticities (Anderson,1996), and minimizes the likelihood customers will defect if quality falters (Anderson & Sullivan, 1993). Word-of-mouth from satisifed customers lowers the cost of attracting new customers and enhances the firm's overall reputation, while that of dissatisifed customersnaturally has the opposite effect (Anderson, 1998; Fornell, 1992). For all these reasons, it isnot surprising that empirical work indicates that ifrms providing superior quality enjoy higher economic returns (Aaker & Jacobson, 1994; Anderson et al., 1994, 1997; Bolton, 1998;Capon et al., 1990).Satisfied customers can therefore be considered an asset to the ifrm and should be acknowledged as such on the balance sheet. Current accounting-based measures are probablymore lagging than leading—they say more about past decisions than they do about tomorrow's performance (Kaplan & Norton, 1992). If corporations did incorporate customer satisfactionas a measurable asset, we would have a better accounting of the relationship between theenterprise's current condition and its future capacity to produce wealth.If customer satisfaction is so important, how should it be measured? It is too complicatedand too important to be casually implemented via standard market research surveys. The remainder of this article describes the methodology underlying the American Customer Satisfaction Index (ACSI) and discusses many of the key ifndings from this approach.Nature of the American Customer Satisfaction IndexACSI measures the quality of goods and services as experienced by those that consume them.An individual ifrm's customer satisfaction index (CSI) represents its served market's—its customers'—overall evaluation of total purchase and consumption experience, both actualand anticipated (Anderson et al., 1994; Fonrell, 1992; Johnson & Fornell, 1991).S872 E. W. ANDERSON & C. FORNELLThe basic premise of ACSI, a measure of overall customer satisfaction that is uniform and comparable, requires a methodology with two fundamental properties. (For a complete description of the ACSI methodology, please see the 'American Customer Staisfaction Index: Methodology Report' available from the American Society for Quailty Control, Milwaukee, WI.) First, the methodology must recognize that CSI is a customer evaluation that cannot be measured directly. Second, as an overall measure of customer satisfaction, CSI must be measured in a way that not only accounts for consumption experience, but is also forward-looking.Direct measurement of customer satisfaction: observability with errorEconomists have long expressed reservations about whether an individual's satisfaction or utility can be measured, compared, or aggregated (Hicks, 1934, 1939a,b, 1941; Pareto, 1906; Ricardo, 1817; Samuelson, 1947). Early economists who believed it was possible to produce a 'cardinal' measure of utility (Bentham, 1802; Marshall, 1890; Pigou, 1920) have been replaced by ordinalist economists who argue that the structure and implications of utility-maximizing economics can be retained while relaxing the cardinal assumption. How_ ever, cardinal or direct measurement of such judgements and evaluations is common in other social sciences. For example, in marketing, conjoint analysis is used to measure individual utilities (Green & Srinivasan, 1978, 1990; Green & Tull, 1975).Based on what Kenneth Boulding (1972) referred to as Katona's Law (the summation of ignorance can produce knowledge due to the self-canceling of random factors), the recent advances in latent variable modeling and the call from economists such as the late Jan Tinbergen (1991) for economic science to address better what is required for economic policy, scholars are once again focusing on the measurement of subjective (experience) utility. The challenge is not to arrive at a measurement system according to a universal system of axioms, but rather one where fallibility is recognized and error is admitted (Johnson & Fornell, 1991) .The ACSI draws upon considerable advances in measurement technology over the past 75 years. In the 1950s, formalized systems for prediction and explanation (in terms of accounting for variation around the mean of a variable) started to appear. Before then, research was essentially descriptive, although the single correlation was used to depict the degree of a relationship between two variables. Unfortunately, the correlation coefficient was otfen (and still is) misinterpreted and used to infer much more than what is permissible. Even though it provides very little information about the nature of a relationship (any given value of the correlation coefficient is consistent with an inifnite number of linear relationships), it was sometimes inferred as having both predictive and causal properties. The latter was not achieved until the 1980s with the advent of the second generation of multivariate analysisand associated sotfware (e.g. Lisrel).It was not until very recently, however, that causal networks could be applied to customer satisfaction data. What makes customer satisfaction data difficult to analyze via traditional methods is that they are associated with two aspects that play havoc with most statistical estimation techniques: (1) distributional skewness; and (2) multicollinearity. Both are extreme in this type of data. Fortunately, there has been methodological progress on both fronts particularly from the field of chemometrics, where the focus has been on robust estimation with small sample sizes and many variables.Not only is it now feasible to measure that which cannot be observed, it is also possible to incorporate these unobservables into systems of equations. The implication is that the conventional argument for limiting measurement to that which is numerical is no longer allFOUNDATIONS OF ACSI S873that compelling. Likewise, simply because consumer choice, as opposed to experience, is publicly observable does not mean that it must be the sole basis for utility measurement. Such reasoning only diminishes the influence of economic science in economic policy (Tinbergen 1991).Hence, even though experience may be a private matter, it does not follow that it is inaccessible to measurement or irrelevant for scientific inquiry, for cardinalist comparisons of utility are not mandatory for meaningful interpretation. For something to be 'meaningful,' it does not have to be 'flawless' or free of error. Even though (experience) utility or customer satisfaction cannot be directly observed, it is possible to employ proxies (fallible indicators) to capture empirically the construct. In the ifnal analysis, success or failure will depend on how well we explain and predict.Forward-looking measurement of customer satisfaction: explanation and predictionFor ACSI to be forward-looking, it must be embedded in a system of cause-and-effect relationships as shown in Fig. 2, making CSI the centerpiece in a chain of relationships running from the antecedents of customer satisfaction —expectations, perceived quality and value —to its consequences —voice and loyalty. The primary objective in estimating this system or model is to explain customer loyalty. It is through this design that ACSI captures the served market's evaluation of the ifrm's offering in a manner that is both backward- and forward-looking.Customer satisfaction (ACSI) has three antecedents: perceived quality, perceived value and customer expectations. Perceived quality or performance, the served market's evaluation of recent consumption experience, is expected to have a direct and positive effect on customer satisfaction. The second determinant of customer satisfaction is perceived value, or the perceived level of product quality relative to the price paid. Adding perceived value incorpo-rates price information into the model and increases the comparability of the results across ifrms, industries and sectors. The third determinant, the served market's expectations, represents both the served market's prior consumption experience with the firm's offeringCustomization Complaints to Complaints toinagement PersonnelPriceü GivenQualityQualityGivenPrice DelepurchasePrice Likelihood ToleranceCustomization Reliability O v e r a l l Figure 2. The American Customer Satisfaction Index model.S874 E. W. ANDERSON & C. FORNELLincluding non-experiential information available through sources such as advertising and word-of-mouth—and a forecast of the supplier's ability to deliver quality in the future.Following Hirschman's (1970) exit-voice theory, the immediate consequences of increased customer satisfaction are decreased customer complaints and increased customer loyalty (Fornell & Wemerfelt, 1988). When dissatisifed, customers have the option of exiting (e.g. going to a competitor) or voicing their complaints. An increase in satisfaction should decrease the incidence of complaints. Increased satisfaction should also increase customer loyalty. Loyalty is the ultimate dependent variable in the model because of its value as aproxy for profitability (Reichheld & Sasser, 1990).ACSI and the other constructs are latent variables that cannot be measured directly, each is assessed by multiple measures, as indicated in Fig. 1. To estimate the model requires data from recent customers on each of these 15 manifest variables (for an extended discussion of the survey design, see Fomell et al., 1996). Based on the survey data, ACSI is estimated as shown in Appendix B.Customer satisfaction index properties: the case of the American Customer Satisfaction IndexAt the most basic level the ACSI uses the only direct way to ifnd out how satisifed or dissatisifed customers are—that is, to ask them. Customers are asked to evaluate products and services that they have purchased and used. A straightforward summary of what customers say in their responses to the questions may have certain simplistic appeal, but such an approach will fall short on any other criterion. For the index to be useful, it must meet criteria related to its objectives. If the ACSI is to contribute to more accurate and comprehen-sive measurement of economic output, predict economic returns, provide useful information for economic policy and become an indicator of economic health, it must satisfy certain properties in measurement. These are: precision; validity; reliability; predictive power; coverage; simplicity; diagnostics; and comparability.PrecisionPrecision refers to the degree of certainty of the estimated value of the ACSI. ACSI results show that the 90% confidence interval (on a 0-100 scale) for the national index is ± 0.2 points throughout its first 4 years of measurement. For each of the six measured private sectors, it is an average ± 0.5 points and for the public administration/government sector, it is + 1.3 points. For industries, the conifdence interval is an average ±1.0 points for manufacturing industries, + 1.7 points for service industries and ± 2.5 points for government agencies. For the typical company, it is an average ± 2.0 points for manufacturing ifrms and 2.6 points for service companies and agencies. This level of precision is obtained as a result of great care in data collection, careful variable speciifcation and latent variable modeling. Latent variable modeling produces an average improvement of 22% in precision over use of responses from a single question, according to ACSI research.ValidityValidity refers to the ability of the individual measures to represent the underlying construct customer satisfaction (ACSI) and to relate effects and consequences in an expected manner. Discriminant validity, which is the degree to which a measured construct differs from other measured constructs, is also evidenced. For example, there is not only an importanto-FOUNDATIONS OF ACSI S875 conceptual distinction between perceived quality and customer satisfaction, but also anempirical distinction. That is, the covariance between the questions measuring the ACSI ishigher than the covariances between the ACSI and any other construct in the system.The nomological validity of the ACSI model can be checked by two measures: (1) latentvariable covariance explained; and (2) multiple correlations (R'). On average, 94% of thelatent variable covariance structure is explained by the structural model. The average R2ofthe customer satisfaction equation in the model is 0.75. In addition, all coefficients relatingthe variables of the model have the expected sign. All but a few are statistically signiifcant.In measures of customer satisfaction, there are several threats to validity. The most seriousof these is the skewness of the frequency distributions. Customers tend disproportionately touse the high scores on a scale to express satisfaction. Skewness is addressed by using a fairlyhigh number of scale categories (1-10) and by using a multiple indicator approach (Fornell,1992, 1995). It is a well established fact that vaildity typically increases with the use of more categories (Andrews, 1984), and it is particularly so when the respondent has good knowledgeabout the subject matter and when the distribution of responses is highly skewed. An indexof satisfaction is much to be preferred over a categorization of respondents as either 'satisfied'or 'dissatisfied'. Satisfaction is a matter of degree—it is not a binary concept. If measured asbinary, precision is low, validity is suspect and predictive power is poor.ReliabilityReliability of a measure is determined by its signal-to-noise ratio. That is, the extent to whichthe variation of the measure is due to the 'true' underlying phenomenon versus randomeffects. High reliability is evident if a measure is stable over time or equivalent with identicalmeasures (Fonrell, 1992). Signal-to-noise in the items that make up the index (in terms of variances) is about 4 to 1.Predictive power and financial implications of ACSIAn important part of the ACSI is its ability to predict economic returns. The model, ofwhich the ACSI is a part, uses two proxies for economic returns as criterion variables: (1)customer retention (estimated from a non-linear transformation of a measure of repurchase likelihood); and (2) price tolerance (reservation price). The items included in the index areweighted in such a way that the proxies and the ACSI are maximally correlated (subject tocertain constraints). Unless such weighting is done, the index is more likely to include mattersthat may be satisfying to the customer, but for which he or she is not willing to pay.The empirical evidence for predictive power is available from both the Swedish data andthe ACSI data. Using data from the Swedish Barometer, a one-point increase in the SCSBeach year over 5 years yields, on the average, a 6.6% increase in current return-on-investment (Anderson et al., 1994). Of the firms traded on the Stockholm Stock Market Exchange, it isalso evident that changes in the SCSB have been predictive of stock returns.A basic tenet underlying the ACSI is that satisifed customers represent a real, albeit intangible, economic asset to a ifrm. By deifnition, an economic asset generates future incomestreams to the owner of that asset. Therefore, if customer satisfaction is indeed an economicasset, it should be possible to use the ACSI for prediction of company ifnancial results. It is,of course, of considerable importance that the ifnancial consequences of the ACSI arespecified and documented. If it can be shown that the ACSI is related to ifnancial returns,then the index demonstrates external validity.The University of Michigan Business School faculty have done considerable research onS876 E. W. ANDERSON & C. FORNELLthe linkage between ACSI and economic returns, analyzing both accounting and stock market returns from measured companies. The pattern from all of these studies suggests a statistically strong and positive relationship. Speciifcally:?There is a positive and significant relationship between ACSI and accounting return_ on-assets (Fornell et al., 1995).?There is a positive and signiifcant relationship between the ACSI and the market valueof common equity (Ittner & Larcker, 1996). When controlling for accounting book values of total assets and liabilities, a one-unit change (on the 0-100-point scale used for the ACSI) is associated with an average of US$646 million increase in market value. There are also significant and positive relationships between ACSI and market-to-book values and price/earnings ratios. There is a negative relationship between ACSI and risk measures, implying that firms with high loyalty and customersatisfactionhave less variability and stronger financial positions.?There is a positive and significant relationship between the ACSI and the long-term adjusted financial performance of companies. Tobin's Q is generally accepted as the best measure of long-term performance. It is deifned as the ratio of a firm's present value of expected cash lfows to the replacement costs of its assets. Controlling for other factors, ACSI has a significant relationship to Tobin's Q (Mazvancheryl et al.,1999).?Since 1994, changes in the ACSI have correlated with the stock market (Martin,1998). The current market value of any security is the market's estimate of the discounted present value of the future income stream that the underlying asset will generate. If the most important asset is the satisfaction of the customer base, changes in ACSI should be related to changes in stock price. Until 1997, the stock market went up, whereas ACSI went down. However, in quarters following a sharp drop in ACSI, the stock market has slowed. Conversely, when the ACSI has gone down only slightly, the following quarter's stock market has gone up substantially. For the 6 years of ACSI measurement, the correlation between changes in the ACSI and changes in the Dow Jones industrial average has been quite strong. The interpretation of this relationship suggests that stock prices have responded to downsizing, cost cutting and productivity improvements, and that the deterioration in quality (particularly in the service sectors) has not been large enough to offset the positive effects. It also suggests that there is a limit beyond which it is unlikely that customers will tolerate further decreases in satisfaction. Once that limit is reached (which is now estimated to be approximately —1.4% quarterly decline in ACSI), the stock market will not go up further.ACSI scores of approximately 130 publicly traded companies display a statistically positive relationship with the traditional performance measures used by firms and security analysts (i.e. return-on-assets, return-on-equity, price—earnings ratio and the market-to-book ratio). In addition, the companies with the higher ACSI scores display stock price returns above the market adjusted average (Ittner & Larcker, 1996). The ACSI is also positively correlated with 'market value added'. This evidence indicates that the ACSI methodology produces a reliable and valid measure for customer satisfaction that is forward-looking and relevant to a company's economic performance.CoverageThe ACSI measures a substantial portion of the US economy. In terms of sales dollars, it is approximately 30% of the GDP. The measured companies produce over 40%, but the ACSIFOUNDATIONS OF ACSI S877measures only the sales of these companies to household consumers in the domestic market. The economic sectors and industries covered are discussed in Chapter III. Within each industry, the number of companies measured varies from 2 to 22.The national index and the indices for each industry and sector are relfective of the total value (quality times sales) of products and services provided by the ifrms at each respective level of aggregation. Relative sales are used to determine each company's or agency's contribution to its respective industry index. In turn, relative sales by each industry are used to determine each industry's contribution to its respective sector index. To calculate the national index, the percentage contributions of each sector to the GDP are used to top-weight the sector indices. Mathematically, this is deifned as:Index for industry i in sector s at time t = ES f i;If _S S ,, S I Index for sector s at time t =I g = E ,whereSr…, = sales by ifrm f, industry i, sector s at time t= index for firm f, industry i, sector s at time tandSit = E S,, = total sales for industry i at time tS, = E S i , = total sales for sector s at time t ,The index is updated on a quarterly basis. For each quarter, new indices are estimated for one or two sectors with total replacement of all data annually at the end of the third calendar quarter. The national index is comprised of the most recent estimate for each sectorT S National index at time t — ____________ E 4, V s9t t =T -3 s W,13where I s , = 0 for all t in which the index for a sector is not estimated, and I = I for all ,, quarters in which an index is estimated. In this way, the national index represents company, industry and sector indices for the prior year.SimplicityGiven the complexity of model estimation, the ACSI maintains reasonable simpilcity. It is calibrated on a 0-100 scale. Whereas the absolute values of the ACSI are of interest, much of the index's value, as with most other economic indicators, is found in changes over time, which can be expressed as percentages.DiagnosticsThe ACSI methodology estimates the relationships between customer satisfaction and its causes as seen by the customer: customer expectations, perceived quality and perceived value. Also estimated are the relationships between the ACSI, customer loyalty (as measured by customer retention and price tolerance (reservation prices)) and customer complaints. The。

The Asymptotics of Pion Charge Form Factor

a r X i v :h e p -p h /9805312v 1 13 M a y 1998The Asymptotics of Pion Charge Form Factor.A.F.Krutov,a V.E.Troitsky ba SamaraState University,443011Samara,Russia,b Nuclear Physics Institute,Moscow State University,119899Moscow,RussiaAbstractThe asymptotics of pion charge form factor is obtained in the framework of rela-tivistic Hamiltonian dynamics for the inﬁnite value limit of momentum transfer and zero value limit of constituent–quark mass.It is shown that this asymptotics is the same as given by the perturbative QCD and is determined by relativistic kinematics only,being independent on the constituent quarks interaction in pion.It is now well established that the description of the electromagnetic structure of com-posite quark systems at low and intermediate momentum transfers,i.e.in the region of so called ”soft”processes,needs nonperturbative approaches.Moreover,in the investigation of composite systems of light quarks (e.g.,the pion)one has to take into account relativistic eﬀects,which give essential contribution at low momentum transfers.During last years the relativistic Hamiltonian dynamics (RHD)is widely used in this nonperturbative region for the investigation of composite quark systems (the foundation ofthe approach,references to calculations and some historical aspects can be found in the reviews [1]–[3],see also [4]–[8]).The RHD can be formulated in diﬀerent ways.The most widely used forms are:the instant form dynamics,the point form dynamics and the light front dynamics.The main feature of RHD versus ﬁeld theories is the extraction of the ﬁnite number of the most important degrees of freedom in each concrete case.The establishment of the relation between RHD and space–time ﬁeld theoretical QCD description is a principal and as yet unresolved problem.Now it is widely believed that RHD and QCD complement each other.The conventional (perturbative)QCD is considered to give reliable predictions in high–energy region,whileRHD is considered to describe behavior at rather low energy.However,the boundary be-tween perturbative and nonperturbative regions is not well deﬁned.For example,in the case of exclusive processes,including the calculation of elastic form factors for hadrons the boundaries of the perturbarive regime are diﬀerent in diﬀerent calculations[9].To discuss the relation between RHD and QCD it seems interesting to compare the predictions of both theories in some energy range.One of surely established QCD predictions concerns the asymptotic behavior at Q2→∞(Q2=−q2,where q is momentum transfer)of the elastic form factors of composite quark systems.This behavior was described by classic quark counting laws(see[10]for the details).For the pion,up to logarithmic corrections, the asymptotics has the form:Fπ(Q2)∼Q−2.(1) In the present paper we show that the asymptotics(1)can be obtained in the frame of RHD instant form[4]if Q2→∞,M→0(where M is the constituent quark mass),and that the asymptotic behavior has universal character:it does not depend on the choose of concrete interaction model for constituent quarks and is deﬁned by the relativistic kinematics of two–quark system only.The limits deﬁned above are connected with the following meaning of the physical be-havior at large momentum transfers.At Q2→∞the quarks become free and their mass becomes equal to the initial one(current mass).For the pion with light quarks this means in fact that M→0.If a dimension parameter b deﬁnes the characteristic hadron scale(the conﬁnement scale),then the limits have the following meaning:Q2≫b,M≪b.In our approach the electromagnetic pion form factor is represented in the form of a functional,generated by the so called free two–particle form factor[4].This free form factor describes the electromagnetic properties of the system of two free particles,and in the case of pion it deﬁnes the electromagnetic current matrix element for the system of two free quarks. If the free quarks have the quantum numbers corresponding to pion,then the matrix element has the form[4]:< P,√s′,J′,l′,S′,mJ′>==Aµ(s,Q2,s′)g0(s,Q2,s′).(2) Here Q2=−(P−P′)2,s=P2–system invariant mass square,J=S=l=0,g0(s,Q2,s′)–the free two–particle form factor for the system of particles without interaction.The vector Aµ(s,Q2,s′)is determined by the current transformation properties(Lorentz–covariance and current conservation law)[4].The explicit form of the function g0(s,Q2,s′)in the case of point quarks was obtained in[11]:g0(s,Q2,s′)=(s+s′+Q2)Q2(s−4M2)(s′−4M2)θ(s,Q2,s′)Mξ(s,Q2,s′)sin(ω1+ω2) (3)Hereλ(a,b,c)=a2+b2+c2−2(ab+ac+bc),ξ=M[(√s′)2+Q2]+√s+√s+√M(s+s′+Q2)(2M+√s′)+√2M2(2M2+Q2)(s−2M2)∓1Q2(Q2+4M2)s(s−4M2).Free two–particle form factors wereﬁrst introduced in[12]and were used in[13]–[16]for the description of composite systems in the frame of the modiﬁed dispersion approach.In fact,the form factor g0(s,Q2,s′)in(2)is a regular distribution(generalized function)and is a linear continuous functional on a test functions space[17].To be used for pion form factor the functional given by g0(s,Q2,s′)is to be deﬁned on the space of functionsϕ(s,s′)=ψ(s)ψ(s′)using the following prescription[4]:Fπ(Q2)= d√s′ψ(s)g0(s,Q2,s′)ψ(s′)(5)ψare functions normalized with the relativistic density of states:ψ(s)=4√So,to obtain the asymptotic behavior of the pion form factor one has to evaluate the asymptotics at Q 2→∞,M →0of the generalized function g 0(s,Q 2,s ′),this function deﬁned on a certain class of functions giving the pion form factor.The constituent–quark mass M and the momentum–transfer square Q 2are the param-eters of generalized function g 0(s,Q 2,s ′).So the limits Q 2→∞and M →0are to be considered in the generalized sense (in the sense of distributions)as the limits of general-ized functional.The possibility of realizing the calculation of this limit for the generalized function g 0(s,Q 2,s ′)can be justiﬁed physically by the fact that the pion in the asymptotic region can be considered as a free quark system with pion quantum numbers and the elec-tromagnetic properties of such system are deﬁned just by the free two–particle form factor g 0(s,Q 2,s ′).To obtain the asymptotic expansion of the generalized function we shall make the fol-lowing assumptions.1.Let the generalized function be given on the space R2.During the calculation of (5)we have not used such assumption,in (5)the variables s ,s ′were in the physical region s ,s ′≥4M 2.2.For the test function space let us take as usually the space S (R 2)of inﬁnitely dif-ferentiable functions,decreasing at | s |→∞( s =(s,s ′))with all its derivatives faster than any degree of 1/| s |[17].This means that test functions decrease not slowlier than exp(−β| s |α),α>0.3.Let us deﬁne the functional giving the regular generalized function by<˜g 0(s,Q 2,s ′),ϕ(s,s ′)>= dµ(s,s ′)˜g 0(s,Q 2,s ′)ϕ(s,s ′).(6)Here˜g 0(s,Q 2,s ′)=16ϑ(s −4M 2)ϑ(s ′−4M 2)g 0(s,Q 2,s ′)(7)dµ(s,s ′)=4√4k d √In fact the calculation of the asymptotics of the generalized function is just the calculation of the asymptotics of the functional(6)when Q2→∞,M→0.To estimate the asymptotics of the integral in(6)let us realize the following steps:1.Let us transform the integral in s′to the integral on the segment[0,1].To perform this transformation we use the fact that the free two–particle form factor g0(s,Q2,s′)contains the cutting functionsϑ(s′−s1(s,Q2))−ϑ(s′−s2(s,Q2)).2.Let us introduce the function˜ϕ(s,s′)which is monotone decreasing function of the variable s when s′isﬁxed and of s′when s isﬁxed(s,s′>0)and such that|ϕ(s,s′)−˜ϕ(s,s′)|→0,| s|→∞(8)3.Let us introduce two dimensionless parameters and let us realize the limiting procedure keepingη=Q2/b2→∞,ξ=b/2M→∞.4.In the integral in s let us introduce the new variable y=E/2M,s=4M2+2ME, and let us separate explicitly the dependence on the parameterηintroduced above.5.Let us restrict ourselves by the main term of the integrand in the functional(6)when η→∞.This can be done because the integrals do converge uniformly.As the result we obtain the following estimate for the functional(6)whenη→∞:<˜g0(s,Q2,s′),ϕ(s,s′)>∼1η 2M ya(t)1/41y(2t−1)+√y(2t−1)+ y2M2+1s(s−4M2) .To estimate the inner integral in(9)let us separate explicitly the parameterξ,introduced above and let us obtain the asymptotics of the integral whenξ→∞.The main term has the following form:J(η,ξ,y)∼ 2ξ1s−4M21 0dt˜ϕ(s,˜s0(t))f(t,y),(10)f(t,y)=t1/4y(2t−1)+√y(2t−1)+ y(1−t) .(11)Here˜s0(t)=4ηξ2(s−4M2) 1+b2t,sin(˜ω1+˜ω2)∼√˜s 0(ε),or,by (12),stronger than any inverse power of ηand ξ2.So,the main contribution to the asymptotics of the integral (10)is given by a small neighborhood of the point t =0and is of power law.Let us now write the following expansion in the ε–vicinity of the point t =0:˜ϕ(s,˜s 0)≃˜ϕ(s,0)+4ηξ2(s −4M 2) 1+1s −4M 21b4√y +1+√(√y )2··ε0dt t 1/4exp −4ηξ2(s −4M 2) 1+1s −4M 21˜ϕ(s,0) t .(15)The appearance of the absolute value in (15)is the consequence of the monotonity of the function ˜ϕ(s ,s ′).Let us use the new variable in (15):v =4ξ2(s −4M 2) 1+1s −4M 21˜ϕ(s,0)t.and take into account the fact that to within exponentially decreasing terms the following estimate is valid [18]:εv 0dvv 1/4e −ηv ≃∞ 0dvv 1/4e −ηv =14 .Here Γ(x )is Euler gamma-function.Thus,we have the following asymptotic estimate for the integral (15):J (η,ξ,y )∼2ξ1s −4M 2˜ϕ(s,0)√y y +1−√(2ξ)5/2 ˜ϕ(s,0)4 η5/4.Let us now substitute this estimate in Eq.(9)and return to the s –integration:<˜g 0(s,Q 2,s ′),ϕ(s,s ′)>∼1Q 2Γ 5s 4 (s −2M 2)5/4··√s−4M2s−√˜ϕ′s′(s,0)5/4˜ϕ(s,0).(16)Up to a preasymptotic factor one can write(16)in the form:<˜g0(s,Q2,s′),ϕ(s,s′)>∼<14 (s−2M2)5/4√s−4M2 s−√Q2g(s,s′),Q2→∞,M→0.(18) Let us note that this result is also valid in the case when the test function space is larger than S(R2).It is necessary only that the test functions ensure the uniform convergence of the integrals entering the functional(6).Applying the result(18)to the Eq.(5),one can see that the asympotics does not depend on the choose of the functions u(k),that is on the concrete form of the quark interaction in pion.Thus,we obtained the pion form factor asymptotics which1)coincides with QCD asymp-totics(1),2)does not depend on the interaction model for quarks in pion,3)is deﬁned by the free two–particle form factor considered as generalized function.This free two–particle form factor is obtained through relativistic kinematics method,so the asymptotics is due to the relativistic kinematics.Let us compare our result with the results obtained by other approaches.The asymptotic behavior of the form factor of nucleon considered as pion–nucleon bound state in P11–channel was considered in[15].The asymptotics of the electromagnetic form factor was obtained in terms of the asymptotics of theδ11phase shift of elasticπN–scattering.The system,as in the our case,contains two constituents.However,those constituents are real particles with spins0and1/2,so that two results can not be compared directly.Nevertheless,there is some kind of similarity of results.The formal limit mπ,m N→0gives the asymptotics of electromagnetic form factor of the composite system[15]which does not depend on the character of constituents interaction:the asymptotics ceases to depend on the pion–nucleon scattering phase shift.In the frame of light front RHD[19]the QCD type asymptotic behavior of pion form factor when Q2→∞,M→0was obtained in the case of special power form restriction for the wave function asymptotics.In papers[20],[21]the asymptotics of the form(1)was found for the gaussian wave function.There is a principal diﬀerence between our results and the results of above mentioned papers.In those papers the results are the cosequence of the structure of the argument of the wave function for interacting quarks and of the special limitations for wave function asymptotics.It seems diﬃcult to interprete this fact from the asymptotic freedom point of view which in fact is the base of well known result(1).So the behavior of the two–quark system form factor in the range Q2→∞,where quarks are free,appears to be a kind of ”memory”about the quark interaction.In our approach the result coinciding with(1)follows directly from relativistic kinematics which is valid for all energies.Let us emphasize that if we neglect,for example,the relativistic spin rotation eﬀect(if we let the rotation parametersω1,2in g0(s,Q2,s′)be zero)then the asymptotics of the generalized function in(18)is immediately changed.This is in contrast with the case of light front dynamics.It is easy to show that the analog of the relativistic spin rotation in the light front dynamics–Melosh rotation[20]–does not aﬀect the pion form factor asymptotics.Let us give now the results for pion form factor asymptotics in the cases of harmonic oscillator model[20]:u(k)=N HO exp(−k2/2b2).(19) and for power law wave function[22],[23]:u(k)=N P L(k2/b2+1)−n.(20) The gaussian form of wave function makes the problem of the calculation of asymptoticsmuch simplier because in this case one can use the theorems from[18].We use the model(19)to demonstrate the role of relativism and,in particular,the role of the relativistic spin rotation eﬀect.The estimate for the pion form factor including relativistic spin rotation eﬀect givesFπ(Q2)∼32√Q2,(21)while without relativistic spin rotation:Fπ(Q2)∼4√Q.(22)The contribution of the relativistic spin rotation is essential.If we neglect this contribution, we do not obtain correct(i.e.coinciding with QCD)asymptotics.To clear up the role of relativism in our calculation let us write the nonrelativistic asymp-totics obtained from the asymptotic estimate of nonrelativistic limit of Eq.(5)in the case of the model(19):Fπ(Q2)∼2√Q8b2 .(23)The nonrelativistic asymptotics gives Gaussian decrease for the form factor.The comparison of(21)and(22)with(23)emphasizes the role of relativism.Let us note,that in(21)–(23)the explicit form of the normalization constant in(19)is taken into account:N HO= (4/√Q2 b3N2P L Γ 5n5/4B 54 ,n>5To conclude,let us formulate our main results.1)In the frame of instant form rela-tivistic Hamiltonian dynamics the asymptotics at Q2→∞,M→0of the pion form factor coincides with that given by perturbative QCD.2)The asymptotics is determined only by the relativistic kinematics,in particular,by the relativistic spin rotation eﬀect,and does not depend on the choose of quark wave function in pion,i.e.on the model for quark interaction.The authors thank A.I.Kirillov for helpfull discussion and valuable comments.The work is supported in part by the Russian Foundation for Basic Researches,Grant No.96–02–17288.References[1]W.N.Polyzou,Ann.Phys.193,367(1989).[2]B.D.Keister,W.N.Polyzou,Adv.in Nucl.Phys.,20,225(1991).[3]F.M.Lev,Rev.Nuovo Cim.,16,1(1993);Ann.Phys.(N.Y.),237,355(1995).[4]E.V.Balandina E.V.,A.F.Krutov,and V.E.Troitsky,Teor.Mat.Fiz.,103,41(1995).[5]E.V.Balandina,A.F.Krutov,and V.E.Troitsky,J.Phys.G.,22,1585(1996).[6]A.F.Krutov and V.E.Troitsky,E-print”Electroweak properties of light mesons in rel-ativistic Hamiltonian dynamics”,hep-ph/9704293.[7]A.F.Krutov and V.E.Troitsky,E-print”Instant-form approach to two-body systems”,hep-ph/9707533.[8]A.F.Krutov and V.E.Troitsky,E-print”Relativistic eﬀects in two-body systems:π-and K-mesons and deuteron”,hep-ph9707534.[9]N.Isgur and C.H.Llewellyn Smith,Nucl.Phys.B.,317,526,(1989).[10]V.A.Matveev,Proceedings of the International Seminar”Quarks’94”,World Scientiﬁc,p.41(1994).[11]A.F.Krutov and V.E.Troitsky,J.Phys.G.,19,L127(1993).[12]V.E.Troitsky and Yu.M.Shirokov,Teor.Mat.Fiz.,1,213(1969).[13]V.P.Kozhevnikov,V.E.Troitsky,S.V.Trubnikov,and Yu.M.Shirokov,Teor.Mat.Fiz.,10,47,(1972).[14]V.I.Kukulin,V.E.Troitsky,Yu.M.Shirokov,and S.V.Trubnikov,Phys.Lett.B.,39,319,(1972).[15]A.I.Kirillov,Yu.M.Shirokov,and V.E.Troitsky,Phys.Lett.B,39,249,(1972).[16]A.I.Kirillov,V.E.Troitsky,S.V.Trubnikov,and Yu.M.Shirokov,Fiz.Elem.ChastitsAt.Yadra,6,3,(1975).[17]V.S.Vladimirov,Generalized functions in mathematical physics[in Russian],Nauka,Moscow(1976).[18]F.W.J.Olver,Asymptotics and special functions,Ac.Press,NY and London(1988).[19]M.V.Terentiev,Yad.Fiz.,24,207(1976).[20]P.L.Chung,F.Coester,and W.N.Polyzou,Phys.Lett.B.,205,545(1988).[21]B.D.Keister,Phys.Rev.D,49,1500(1994).[22]F.Cardarelli,I.M.Grach,I.M.Narodetskii,E.Pace,G.Salme´e,and S.Simula,Phys.Lett.B,332,1(1994).[23]F.Schlumpf,Phys.Rev.D,50,6895(1994).。

人民大2023综合商务英语(第1册)(第二版)教学课件综合商务英语B1 U1

Questions on Text A
(3) The profits that a firm earns are dependent on three conditions. What are they? --First, there needs to be a demand for the service that a firm offers. Second, a firm need to attract customers, meaning that they choose a firm instead of their competitors. Third, to earn high profits, a firm need to keep their expenses low.
Questions on Text A
(5) Sequence five factors of production in Text A from the most important one to the least important one, and give reasons for your choice. The most important one is human resources. Human resources are the people who are able to perform work for a business. They may contribute to production by using their physical abilities. The second is natural resources, and it is commonly used by businesses to produce products or services is land.

语言学教程复习题与答案一

语言学教程复习题与答案一语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第一章)Chapter I IntroductionI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on languagefacts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studiesthe basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable inany linguistic study. 7.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies thecombinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningfulsentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can becombined to form words iscalled morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies themorphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words intosentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning notin isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point intime.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the writtenlanguage.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F.deSaussure.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the lettergiven:21. Chomsky defines “competence”as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rulesof his language./doc/8c745149.html,ngue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions andapplication of the rules.23.D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to thepheno广告网址n that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaninglessindividual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g ____ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P ____ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s ____ study of language.III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can bestcomplete the statement.31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, itis said to be ______________.A. prescriptiveB. analyticC. descriptiveD. linguistic32.Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as ____________.A. primaryB. correctC. secondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because___________. A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of informationconveyed. C. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires hismother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a ____ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36.Saussure took a (n)__________ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic and linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, ____ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between_________ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through ____ , rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and BIV. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax 44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language 47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49.Semantics 50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52.Arbitrariness 53 Productivity 54. Displacement 55.Duality 56. Design Features 57. Competence 58 Performance 59. Langue 60 ParoleV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary,not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue andparole?67. How do you understand competence and performance ?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.F 7.T 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.T 12.T 13.T 14.T 15. T 16.F 17.T 18.F 19.F 20.FII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the le tter given: 21. knowledge 22. abstract 23. Duality 24. arbitrary 25. syntax 26.genetic 27. Parole 28. applied 29. productive 30. scientific (or systematic)III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement. 3l.C 32.D 33.C 34.D35.B 36.A 37.C 38.B 39.A 40.DIV. Define the following terms: 41. Linguistics: Linguistics is generally definedas the scientific study of language. 42. Phonology: The study of how soundsare put together and used in communication is called phonology. 43. Syntax: The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentences is calledsyntax. 44.Pragmatics: The study of meaning in context ofuse is calledpragmatics. 45. Psycholinguistics: The study of language with reference tothe workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 46. Language: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.47. Phonetics: The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication iscalled phonetics. 48. Morphology: The study of the way in which morphemesare arranged to form words is called morphology. 49. Semantics: Thestudy of meaning in language is called semantics. 50. Sociolinguistics:The study of language with reference to society is called sociolinguistics.51. Applied linguistics: In a narrow sense, applied linguistics refers to theapplication of linguistic principles and theories to language teaching and learning,especially the teaching of foreign and second languages. In a broad sense, it refersto the application of linguistic findings to the solution of practical problems such asthe recovery of speech ability. 52. Arbitrariness: It is one of the designfeatures of language. It means that there is no logical connection betweenmeanings and sounds 53. Productivity: Language is productive or creative inthat it makes possible the con-struction and interpretation of new signals by itsusers. 54. Displacement: Displacement means that language can be usedto refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in thepast, present, or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be usedto refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker55. Duality: The duality nature of language means that language is a system, whichconsists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other ofmeanings. 56. Design features: Design features refer to the definingproperties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication 57. Competence: Chomsky defines competence as the idealuser's knowledge of the rules of his language, 58. Performance: performance isthe actual realization of the knowl-edge of the rules in linguistic communication.59. langue : Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community; Langue is the set of conventions and rule s which language users all have to follow; Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently 60. Parole: Parole refers to the realization of lang ue in actual use; parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the appli cationof the rules; parole varies from person to person, and from situation t o situation.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give exam ples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.First of all, language is a sys tem, because elements of language are combined according to rules. Secondl y, language is arbitrary because there is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different language s have different words for the same object in the world. This fact is a good i llustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are just symbols; they are associated with object s, actions, ideas, etc. by convention . Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well - developed t heir writing systems are. The term "human" in the definition indicates that l anguage is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the c ommunication systems of other living creatures. The term "communication" m eans that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their communicative needs.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with ex amples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of langu age means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance,there is no necessary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer t o the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirelyarbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sound s by sounds, such as crash, bang in English. Besides, some compound word s are also not entirely arbitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is prod uctive or creative in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand a n infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have ne ver said or heard before. They can send messages which no one else has ev er sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal comm unication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The du ality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meaning s. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or double articulation of language enables its users to talk abou t anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duali ty or even comes near to possessing it. 4)Displacement Displacement mea ns that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away p laces. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed fro m the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmission Huma n beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of an y language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught and learned, but animal call systems are genetically transmi tted.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Traditional gram-mar is prescriptive; it is based on "high "(religious, literary) writte n language. It sets grammatical rules and imposes the rules on language users. But Modern linguistics is descriptive; It collects authentic, and mai nly spoken language data and then it studies and describes the data in a n objective and scientific way.64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study anda diachronic study? The description of a language at some point in timeis a Synchronic study; the description of a language as it changes throu gh time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describesa language as it is at some particular point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language o ver a period of time.65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ-ten for m and most writing systems are derived from the spoken form of langua ge. Second, the spoken form plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purp oses Finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire o ur mother tongue.66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? The distinction between langue, and parole was made by the famous linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the abstract linguisticsystem shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole ref ers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conve ntions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is t he concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Lang ue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is c oncrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is rel atively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from per son to person, and from situation to situation.67. How do you understand competence and performance? American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950’s proposed the distinction between comp etence and performance. Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of hislanguage. This internalized set of rules e nables the language user to produce and understand an infinitely large n umber of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous. According to Chomsky, performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. Although the speaker’s knowledge of his mother tongue is perfect, his performances may have mista kes because of social and psychological factors such as stress, embarras sment, etc.. Chomsky believes that what linguists should study is the co mpetence, which is systematic, not the performance, which is too haphaz ard.68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you thi nk are their major differences? Although Saussure’s distinction and Cho msky’s are very similar, they differ at least in that Saussure took a soci ological view of language and his notion of langue is a mater of social c onventions, and Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of vies and to him, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why? Language isarbitrary in nature, it is not entirely arbitrary, because there are a limited number of words whose connections between forms and meanings can be logically explained to a certain extent, for example, theonomatopoeia,words which are coined on the basis of imitation of sounds by sounds s uch as bang, crash,etc.. Take compounds for another example. The two el ements “photo”and “copy”in “photocopy”are non-motivated, but t he compound is not arbitrary.语言学教程复习题与答案(胡壮麟版第二章)Chapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of thestream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machinecalled spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are containedin three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulationand the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into whichthe consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alv eolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every wayexcept for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over asequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with t he letter given:21. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22. A ____ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p____ of articulation.26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released a nd the air passing out again is called a s________.27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is calledbroad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31. P______ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units t o effect linguistic communication.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the na sal cavity.33. T____ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates ofvibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just li ke phonemes.34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are twokinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stressIII. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark t he choice that can best complete the statement.35. Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible. A. mouth B. lips C. tongue D. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds. A. voiceless B. voiced C. vowel D. consonantal37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D./b/38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________. A. identical B. same C. exactly alike D. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be _________ __.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________. A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position. A. back B. central C. front D. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two ormore phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________. A. phonetic components B. immediate constituents C. suprasegmental features D. se mantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstractunit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features. A. phone B. so und C. allophone D. phoneme44. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme. A. phones B. sounds C. phonemes D. allophonesIV. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47.allophone 48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics 51. auditory phonetics52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone 54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairV. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?I. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.T 2.F 3.F 4.F 5.T 6.T 7.F 8.F 9.T 10.F 11.F 12.T 13.F 14.F 15.F 16. F 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begin s with the letter given:21. Aspiration 22.Articulatory 23. bilabial 24. tongue 25. place 26. stop 27. Suprasegmental 28. sequential 29. narrow 30. intonation 31. P honology 32. oral 33. Tone 34. sentence III. There are four choices following each of the statements below.Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35.C 36.A 37.B 38.D 39.A 40.D 41.C 42.C 43.D 44.DIV. Define the terms below:45.phonology: Phonology studies the system of sounds of a particular lan guage; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patter ns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic com munication.46. phoneme: The basic unit in phonology is called phoneme; it is a unitof distinctive value. But it is an abstract unit. To be exact, a phoneme is not a sound; it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.47. allophone: The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.48. international phonetic alphabet: It is a standardized and internationallyaccepted system of phonetic transcription.49. intonation: When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i ntonation.50.51. phonetics: Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world' s languages52. auditory phonetics: It studies the speech sounds from the hearer's point of view. It studies how the sounds are perceived by the hear-er. 53. acoustic phonetics: It studies the speech sounds by looking at the sound waves. It studies the physical means by which speech sounds a re transmitted through the air from one person to another.54. phone : Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we usewhen speaking a language. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. It does not necessarily distinguish meaning.55. phonemic contrast: Phonemic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes. If two phonemes can occur in the same environment a nd distinguish meaning, they are in phonemic contrast.56. tone: T ones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.57. minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the stri ngs, the two words are said to form a minimal pair.V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give ex-amples for illustration if necessary:58. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing? 1) In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.。

高中英语课时作业(人教版选修第三册)课时作业(十二)

课时作业(十二)UNIT 4Section ⅢUsing Language层级一课时跟踪检测维度1单词拼写1．They've paid 6 months' rent in advance for a 2room apartment and will give it a ________ (彻底的) clean before moving in.2．The old woman's hands were so ________ (粗糙的), for she had been working in the field.3．You can assign him to do the job, because he is a(n) ________ (忠实的) and genuine man.4．After the strict interview, only two ________ (候选人) are qualified for the position.5．Without his generous ________ (指导), I wouldn't have such a deep understanding of Confucianism.6．________ (幸运的是), I own dozens of good friends who can share my happiness and sorrow.7．Henry Clay Frick, a rich New Yorker, died in 1919, leaving his house, ________ (家具) and art collection to the American people.8．Students should make good use of the Internet to study instead of using it for ________ (娱乐).维度2单句语法填空1．As is known to us all, he has remained loyal ________ his political principles and he will never betray his motherland.2．________ (rough) speaking, we receive about fifty letters a week on the subject.3．________ (fortunate), he met with a bitter weather during his expedition to the natural reserve.4．The development and ________ (apply) of new technologies are key to the smooth construction of China's smart airports.5．It is generally accepted in the business world that a satisfied customer is the best ________ (advertise).6．________ (bore) with the same question, the man chose to keep silent.7．I'm writing to ask for your ________ (guide) on a short play, which is adapted from one of our texts.8．If I hadn't gained his guidance, I ________ (fail) in the important examination.9．Whenever I encounter difficulties, she will encourage me and help me cheer ________．10．We did ________ well that we were invited to share our idea and experience with all the students of our school.维度3单句写作(应用文之建议信)1．得知你打算辍学，我写信说服你不要放弃你的学业。

广东省深圳市龙岗区龙城高级中学2022-2023学年高一年下学期期中考试英语试题

广东省深圳市龙岗区龙城高级中学2022-2023学年高一年下学期期中考试英语试题学校:___________姓名：___________班级：___________考号：___________一、单项选择1．We will explore a different_______ to gathering information.A．contribution B．adventure C．desire D．approach 2．There is a________ increase in students’ creativity since they have been greatly encouraged to develop their own ways of doing things in recent years.A．slight B．tight C．significant D．various 3．I’m sorry I broke your vase I’ll_______it.A．run out of B．make up for C．lose track of D．pass down 4．Do remember to put the medicine _______the reach of the children.A．within B．under C．beyond D．at5．_______about her ideal university, Jenny said she had no idea.A．Ask B．When asking C．Asking D．When asked 6．It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house ___________we saw Lily in the passenger seat.A．which B．thatC．when D．where7．In autumn, there are so many_______ leaves on the ground.A．fallen B．falling C．fall D．are falling 8．Please send us all the information ________you have about the Chinese astronaut Wang Yaping, for we are quite interested in her path to success.A．that B．which C．as D．what 9．Great changes ________ in our school since 2016. A lot of progress ________. A．have taken the place; have been made B．had taken place; have been made C．were taken place; has made D．have taken place; has been made 10．It’s an opportunity to make the Chinese culture better ______ to international students. A．knowing B．was known C．is known D．known 11．I’m going to visit the factory__________your brother worked a few years ago. A．that B．which C．in which D．from which12．— Did they visit the famous tourist attraction?— No; They ______ it, but they spent too much time shopping.A．must have visited B．could have visitedC．can’t have visited D．shouldn’t have visited13．If he takes on this work,he will have no choice but_______an even greater challenge A．meet B．to meet C．meeting D．being met 14．Maggie and Jackson, _______ house we are making the party,are a very charming couple. A．which B．from which C．in whose D．whose 15．The old black woman used to tell stories under the tall tree, with her grandchildren ____ around and ______ attentively.A．seating; listening B．seated; listenedC．seating; listened D．seated; listening16．My parents as well as I ______ glad to hear the news that you have succeeded.A．are B．am C．is D．was17．The building ______ since you ______.A．has constructed; have left B．constructed; leftC．has been constructed; left D．has been constructed; have left 18．Look! A volunteer ______ an old lady cross the street.A．is helping B．was helping C．help D．helped 19．They talked about the people and things ________ they saw in that country.A．when B．whose C．who D．that 20．More than one boy of your members ______ to act in the short play, which is ______ tomorrow.A．are; to be performed B．are; to performC．is；to be performed D．is; to perform二、阅读理解Schuylerville High School students have a broad range of interests, which are reflected by the number of clubs and organizations in which our pupils participate. Here are some of the most popular clubs.Environmental ClubOpen to students in grades 9-12Advisor: Mrs. FloresThe High School Environmental Club is open to all students interest increasing environmental awareness throughout the school. Activities include: recycling, environmental competitions, volunteering with green schools and outdoor events. This run student club collects and recycles paper products throughout the school building.Freshman ClassOpen to students in grades 9-10Advisor: Mr. winslowThe freshmen class participates in several activities throughout the year to raise money for the class account. The class officers meet once a month to discuss business that affects the entire class. All members of the freshman class are encouraged to participate in some type of community service during the year.Literary magazineOpen to students in grades 10-12Advisor: Mr. SgambatiMembers of the Literary Magazine collect, edit and often contribute to the body of student work. Literary Magazine meetings will also give students the opportunity to share and receive feedback on the creative pieces that they re working on, as well as the chance to learn about writing practices and strategies.Mock Trial TeamOpen to students in grades 11-12Advisor: Mrs. LewisMock Trial is an after-school activity that helps students develop useful knowledge about the law. Students play out all the roles and use general rules of evidence and fact explanations in a school court. They will work with a real lawyer and an advisor to further understand the court process.21．At which club can you take part in the community service?A．Environmental Club.B．Freshman Class.C．Literary Magazine.D．Mock Trial Team.22．What does Mock Trial Team aim to do?A．To encourage students to be lawyers.B．To develop students’ writing skills. C．To explain all kinds of facts at school.D．To help students learn more about laws.23．Where is this text most likely from?A．A news report.B．A school website.C．A research paper.D．A science magazine.“I'm going to fail !"My best friend cried. She and I had this conversation almost every day while we were in high school.The truth was that my friend never failed in any subjects. I just think that she can't accept failures because she lives her life as a perfectionist (完美主义者). What she fails to understand is that a lot of good can come from failures.For example, failure can help build relationships. Once was cooking dinner for a friend.I was tired, and several dishes I tried to make turned out bad. I grew more and more upset until my friend told me that I shouldn't worry. She cared more about our friendship than the dishes. That day, I learned that failure doesn't always make people dislike you. In fact, after she said those words to me, I grew closer to her.Failure can make success ever more exciting. Every few years, there would be an important test in the PE class at our school. Students had to run a mile within eight minutes. I was never good at running, so I failed every time until the third year at school. Then I began working out regularly, and yet I still failed that year. A few days later, however, the teacher gave me and some other students another chance to run and I got a pass finally! You can 't imagine how excited I was after that. I felt the memory of the success was as sweet as honey, because I had to overcome failure to reach it.Now its clear to see that failure can teach us good lessons. It's not an end—it can be a beginning.24．What can we learn about the author's best friend from the first two paragraphs?A．She liked taking tests.B．She was afraid of failures.C．She often failed in study.D．She knew how to be perfect.25．What did the author finally get from a failed cooking?A．Bad feelings.B．Worries.C．A closer friendship.D．More experience.26．Why did the author feel excited after the running test?A．Because she could work out regularly.B．Because she received honey as a reward.C．Because she got another chance to take the test.D．Because she achieved success after many failures.27．The author wrote this passage________.A．to show the negative effects of failuresB．to point out her best friends fear of failuresC．to encourage the readers to face failures bravelyD．to introduce different types of failuresHoneybees can’t swim, and when their wings get wet, they can’t fly. But one study shows that honeybees do have another, less obvious choice to save them from death in the water: surfing.The discovery began with a lucky accident. When research engineer Chris Roh passed by Caltech’s Millikan Pond, he saw a honeybee resting in the water, and since it was midday, the honeybee’s shadow (影子) fell directly on the bottom of the pond. However, what really caught his eye was the waves created by the honeybee’s wings, as the waves from one wing crashed with those from the other wing.Roh brought honeybees to the lab, where he recreated the conditions, he saw at Mfillikan Pond. He placed a bee in a pan of still water and then shone filtered (过滤的) light from above to pretend it was the midday sun. He did this with 33 bees, but only for a few minutes one single bee at a time, and then gave each bee time to recover.While water prevents a bee from flying by clinging (紧附) to its wings, the same condition obviously provides another way for the bee to escape. The bee pulls water with its wings, creating waves that can push it forward.But there are some limitations. Obviously, the bees can’t produce enough force to get them out of the water. However, the wave can push them forward enough to the edge of the water, where they can then climb out and fly away. This behavior is more tiring than flying, and Roh guesses the bees can only hold it for about 10 minutes before using up their strength, so the chances to get out may, be limited.“This behavior has never been recorded in other insects,” Roh added. This study focused on honeybees, but future studies could investigate whether it is also used by other bee groupsor possibly even by other winged insects.28．According to the new study, what helps honeybees avoid death in water?A．The crash between their wings.B．The water clinging to their bodies.C．The strong will to get out of water.D．The waves produced by their wings.29．Why was filtered light used in the lab probably?A．To help the honeybees recover quickly.B．To make the honeybees gain more force.C．To keep the honeybees in warm conditions.D．To create a shadow on the bottom of the pan.30．How are the limitations of the honeybees’ way presented in paragraph 5?A．By using examples.B．By giving explanations.C．By making a comparison.D．By listing specific numbers.31．What can be inferred from the last paragraph?A．No insects can surf other than honeybees.B．More methods will be used to study insects.C．Researches will be done into other bee species.D．Bees made more and more scientists concerned.What do you do when nobody is around to take your picture? You take a selfie(自拍照). But what about selfies in space? Last year, NASA astronaut(宇航员)Buzz Aldrin who famously became the second man to walk on the moon in July 1969, said that he took the first selfie in space during the Gemini Ⅻ mission in 1966.“For me, it needs to be digital to be a selfie,” argues Jennifer Levasseur, who is in charge of the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. According to Levasseur, the idea of a selfie is directly linked to Internet culture and the human wish to interact(互动)on social platforms. “The thing that makes a selfie is sharing it,” she says.Still, astronauts have been carrying cameras aboard space vehicles since the 1960s, and they’ve taken plenty of pictures of themselves along the way. Astronauts had to pull the filmmagazines(胶卷暗盒)out and leave their cameras behind when they returned to Earth, because early space missions had a weight limit on the return trip.A big change in space camera technology came after the sad loss of the space shuttle Columbus, which broke apart on its return to Earth in 2003. “Fearing that they would never be able to bring the film back from space and lose all that hard work quickened the pace for digital,” Levasseur says.Today, astronauts can have access to the Internet and social platforms in space and post true space selfies taken by digital cameras. Taking selfies and sharing them on social media is a way that astronauts in space can participate in the same activities people on Earth do every day. The first astronaut selfie that went viral(网红的)on the Internet was one by Japanese astronaut Akihiko Hoshide in 2012.32．What does Levasseur think of Aldrin’s words?A．It hardly makes any sense.B．It develops the technology of space selfies.C．It is different from public opinions.D．It needs to be further proved.33．Why were cameras left in space on early space missions?A．To lighten the weight of the spaceship.B．To test cameras in the special environment.C．To prepare for the next space exploration.D．To take more pictures in space.34．What pushed space camera technology?A．The invention of new films.B．The fear of falling behind in the space race.C．The concern about the loss of valuable date.D．The popularity of space selfies.35．What is the best title for the text?A．The Explanation of Space.B．The History of Selfies in Space.C．The Change in Space Camera TechnologyD．The Development in Space Technology三、七选五How your relationships affect your life expectancy(预期寿命) You probably know that things like diet and alcohol drinking affect your life expectancy, but what about relationships? ____36____While our relationships offer us so many gifts like companionship, laughter, fun and joy, they offer us so much more than that. Our relationships quite literally give us life.____37____Social integration(融合) is related to greater life satisfaction, better health and increased life expectancy. People with wide social networks are more likely to be happy, experience fewer health issues, experience better mental health and to live a lot longer.Having a solid social network is important for good healthThe safety and support experienced within our connections help calm ourstress-response system, keeping away from serious stress-related diseases. ____38____ Overall, social isolation(孤立) can increase our mortality rate by 91 per cent and contribute to premature death.The quality of our relationships mattersNow this doesn’t mean that we should dive head first into a relationship whenever we’re lonely in order to avoid early death. ____39____ Harmful relationships can be as isolating as being alone, so who we choose to break bread with is absolutely of great importance to our overall health.The good news is that the worsening of our health often takes decades to occur. And if our health is in fact harmed, social integration can help reduce the health issues we have acquired.____40____ If you should take anything from this, it’s that developing and lasting relationships can be just as significant to your health as taking vitamins is.A．Keep healthy and live longerB．The importance of human connectionC．Let’s explore how relationships can give you life.D．Or that we should seek to join just any social group.E．We should choose wisely to join a group that benefits our health.F．All of this said, it’s largely clear that human connection is important.G．However, lacking social connection can cause anxiety, depression and stress-related diseases.四、完形填空I’ve heard that it’s better to give than to receive. But I’m here to tell you that the___41___ of receiving should never be under estimated(低估).I was nine when my Dad and Mom ___42___, and took me to my grandparents. I decided at that age, in my loneliness and anger that I’d become fiercely ___43___, needing no one.Believe it or not, I took care of everyone in my life, even when I was in worse shape. Once in a while, ___44___, someone would do something for me at just the moment.Once, when I was a single parent, I took my son to see Santa Claus.When he ___45___ me to buy the photo that was taken, I opened my wallet, only to find that I didn’t have enough money. When I got to the counter to ___46___ the photo, I was told that someone inline ahead of me had seen me ___47___ my change and had paid for me. I rushed out to thank the person whose small kindness ___48___ so much. I found no one in sight. I wanted to ___49___ that I didn’t need this and I just didn’t have enough cash on that day. I ___50___ then that it’s okay. It’s okay to let someone do something for me, ___51___ I could have done it myself.I have received the blessings (祝福) of those whose acts of kindness and ___52___ have found me when I needed them most. I believe that it’s not about my strength and independence. It’s about allowing the giver to be blessed when the gift is graciously(优雅地) ___53___. For me, it’s about a long-lost little girl who is no longer ___54___. Now I know that ___55___and receiving are two halves of a whole, each incomplete without the other. 41．A．strength B．power C．force D．energy 42．A．signed up B．set out C．moved out D．made up 43．A．awkward B．confident C．lonely D．independent 44．A．therefore B．though C．instead D．otherwise 45．A．requested B．commanded C．registered D．exchanged 46．A．return B．scan C．share D．copy 47．A．saving B．spending C．paying D．counting48．A．changed B．meant C．owed D．gave 49．A．promise B．challenge C．insist D．admit 50．A．impressed B．attracted C．made D．realized 51．A．as if B．only if C．even if D．if ever 52．A．honour B．determination C．generosity D．arrangement 53．A．received B．delivered C．recognized D．packed 54．A．tough B．alone C．anxious D．frightened 55．A．accepting B．keeping C．leaving D．giving五、用单词的适当形式完成短文阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式In 2021,Chinese scientist Yuan Longping passed away in a hospital in Changsha at the age of 91. Yuan spent his life researching rice and was a household name in China,_____56_____(know)as the “father of hybrid rice”. Worldwide, a fifth of all ricenow____57____(come) from species created by hybrid rice following Yuan’s groundbreaking discoveries.On that sad day, large crowds honored the scientist by marching past the hospital in Changsha____58____ he passed away, calling out ___59___(phrase) such as "Grandpa Yuan, have a good journey!” In____60____1970s,Y uan developed a hybrid strain of rice that recorded an annual yield 20%_____61_____(high) than existing varieties -meaning it could feed an extra 70 million people a year. His work helped transform China from food deficiency(缺乏)_____62_____food security within three decades.Yuan and his team worked with dozens of countries around theworld____63____(address) issues of food security. Even in his later years,Yuan did not stop doing research.In 2017, working with a Hunan____64____(agriculture) academy,his team helped create a strain of low-cadmiun(低镉) indica rice for areas suffering from heavy metal pollution,____65____ (reduce)the amount of cadmium in rice by more than 90%.六、根据所给汉语提示填空66．We played well, but I felt the team were __________(失望) by one member, our point guard.(根据汉语提示完成句子)67．If you ever want to win any more basketball games, you need to work together, and that means____(和……交流) each other clearly and resolving conflicts. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)68．That means __________(与……交流) each other clearly and resolving conflicts. (根据汉语提示完成句子)69．Today, over 800,000 people in 16 countries have_______(从……中受益) thelife-changing gift of clean, safe water. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)70．He _________(突然笑起来)when he realized that he really had made a difference for these children. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)71．__________(除此之外), important advances have been made in medicine and environmental science. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)72．___________(就……而言)of the environment, it is now possible to create an intelligent walking house. (根据汉语提示单词拼写)73．But scientists all agree that if Franklin had actually touched the key, he would have certainly _________(死于) the electric shock. (根据汉语提示完成句子)74．We should________importance________(认为……重要) children’s mental health. (根据汉语提示完成句子)75．Going back to Walter Scott’s lines, we may find even white lies have results we can’t know____(提前). (根据汉语提示完成句子)七、邀请信76．假定你是李华，你们班想邀请外教Jack来参加主题为“中国画(Chinese painting)”的校园艺术展览活动(School ArtExhibition)。

小学下册第十四次英语第6单元真题[含答案]

小学下册英语第6单元真题[含答案]考试时间：90分钟（总分:110）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：The ______ (小鸟) flies south for the winter.2. 选择题：What is the capital of France?A. LondonB. ParisC. BerlinD. Madrid答案: B3. 填空题：I share my secrets with my ____.4. 选择题：What is the name of the first artificial satellite launched into space?A. SputnikB. ApolloC. VoyagerD. Gemini答案: A5. 选择题：What is the main source of energy for all living things?A. WaterB. FoodC. SunlightD. Air答案:C. Sunlight6. 听力题：The chemical formula for potassium phosphate is _______.The main purpose of a catalyst is to speed up a ______.8. 听力题：A __________ is a visual representation of the periodic table.9. 选择题：What is the name of the first artificial satellite?A. Vanguard 1B. Explorer 1C. Sputnik 1D. Luna 110. 选择题：What is the opposite of "hot"?A. ColdB. WarmC. BoilingD. Spicy11. 听力题：I have _____ (两) pets at home.12. 听力题：I can ___ (throw) a ball far.13. 填空题：The ________ was a key treaty that marked the end of hostilities.14. 选择题：What is the capital of Kyrgyzstan?A. BishkekB. OshC. Jalal-AbadD. Talas15. 填空题：The __________ (历史的理解) requires critical thinking.16. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies animals?A. BotanistB. ZoologistC. GeologistD. ArchaeologistThe _____ (自然环境) is important for biodiversity.18. 选择题：What is the capital of France?A. BerlinB. MadridC. ParisD. Rome答案:C19. conservation) of resources is essential for sustainability. 填空题：The ____20. 填空题：_____ (阳光) is essential for photosynthesis.21. 选择题：Which food is made from milk?A. BreadB. CheeseC. RiceD. Pasta22. 填空题：The first successful vaccine for measles was developed in ________.23. 选择题：What do we call the movement of people from one place to another?A. MigrationB. TransportationC. TravelD. Relocation答案: A24. 听力题：The _____ (草坪) is freshly mowed.25. 听力题：The chemical symbol for carbon is ______.26. 填空题：The lotus flower grows in ______ (水) and is very beautiful.27. 听力题：I have a _____ (journal) for my thoughts.My sister has a __________ (乐观的) view on life.29. 填空题：My sister loves her _________ (玩具马) that she brushes every day.30. 选择题：What is the primary color of a honeydew melon?A. GreenB. YellowC. OrangeD. Red31. 选择题：Which of these colors is a secondary color?A. YellowB. RedC. OrangeD. Blue答案: C32. 填空题：A ______ (植物的种植) can be fulfilling.33. 选择题：What do we call a person who studies languages?A. LinguistB. PhilologistC. SociologistD. Anthropologist答案: A34. 选择题：What is the capital of Italy?A. RomeB. ParisC. BerlinD. Madrid答案:A35. 听力题：The main gas that causes acid rain is __________.36. 听力题：We will _______ (have) a barbecue this weekend.My brother likes to learn about ____ (space).38. 听力题：The first woman to fly in space was _______ Ride.39. 听力题：An alloy is a mixture of two or more _____, usually metals.40. 填空题：The ancient Chinese built the Great Wall to prevent _____.41. 听力题：The chemical symbol for calcium is _____ (Ca).42. 填空题：A bumblebee is important for _______ (授粉).43. 听力题：The chemical name for common sugar is _______.44. 听力题：She is _____ (running) a marathon.45. 填空题：The _______ (小长颈鹿) reaches for leaves in tall trees.46. 选择题：How many colors are in a rainbow?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight答案:C47. 听力题：The rabbit is ______ in the garden. (hiding)48. Depression started in the United States in ______ (1929年). 填空题：The Grea49. 选择题：What shape has three sides?A. SquareB. RectangleC. TriangleD. Circle答案: C50. 听力题：I can ________ (jump) very high.51. 听力题：The ________ (stars) are bright in the sky.52. 听力题：Galaxies are huge systems of stars, gas, and ______.53. 选择题：What is the capital of Japan?a. Beijingb. Tokyoc. Seould. Bangkok答案:b54. 填空题：We made a ________ house for birds.55. 听力题：Chemical reactions can be classified based on whether they are _____ or spontaneous.56. 填空题：The _______ (猪) is known for its intelligence.57. 听力题：A solar eclipse happens when the moon blocks the _____.58. 选择题：What do you call the main character in a story?A. VillainB. ProtagonistC. NarratorD. Supporting character答案:B59. 填空题:My favorite vegetable is ________.60. 填空题：The __________ (历史的研究方法) shapes conclusions.A _______ can help to test the effects of temperature changes on materials.62. 选择题：What is the value of 5 × 5 15?A. 10B. 15C. 20D. 25答案:A63. 听力题：The teacher is very ________.64. 选择题：How many continents are there in the world?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight65. 填空题：My dad likes to _______ (动词) on weekends. 他觉得这个活动很 _______ (形容词).66. 填空题：A _______ (金鱼) can live for many years with proper care.67. 填空题：The __________ (历史的启发性思维) encourages exploration.68. 填空题：My grandma is a wonderful __________ (谈话者) who shares stories.69. 选择题：What do we call the chemical process that occurs when plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen?A. RespirationB. PhotosynthesisC. TranspirationD. Fermentation答案: B. Photosynthesis70. 听力题：The ______ is known for her leadership skills.The first successful pancreas transplant was performed in ________.72. 填空题：In winter, I like to play with my ________ (玩具名) inside. It keeps me ________ (形容词) and entertained when it’s cold outside.73. 听力题：We are going ________ a trip.74. 填空题：My friend is very __________ (友好).75. 填空题：The __________ will help us know if we need to prepare for rain. (天气预报)76. 听力题：The cat is on the _____ (桌子).77. 填空题：I enjoy _______ (参加) music classes after school.78. 听力题：Chemicals are often measured in ________.79. 填空题：The sun gives us ______ (光和热).80. 选择题：What do you call a person who creates art?A. ArtistB. PainterC. SculptorD. All of the above答案:D81. 填空题：The _____ (园艺技巧) can be learned through practice.82. 选择题：What do you call the process of growing plants?A. GardeningB. FarmingC. PlantingD. Sowing答案:A83. 填空题：The frog jumps from ______ to ______.84. sustainable transit) options encourage eco-friendly travel. 填空题：The ____85. 听力题：Parrots can ______ human speech.86. 填空题：A ________ (植物文化) enriches society.87. 选择题：What is the main language spoken in the UK?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. EnglishD. German答案:C88. 填空题：Planting trees can help combat ______ change. (种树可以帮助抵御气候变化。

1.1 On The Promise of Bayesian Inference for

tatistics in Astronomical Investigation
3
admitting uncertainty in terms of a prior distribution for (bjI). Also, expecting low counts implies b will be rather small (see also the paper by John Nousek, this volume, in discussion of low count radiation from SN1987A). Using a prior p(sjbI) that is uniform over a `large' range (and does not depend on b), Loredo proceeds to summary inferences based on the posterior p(sjnbI) in his equation (5.13). Throughout the paper, such uniform priors are adopted as a routine on the basis of representing suitable forms of `ignorance' about the quantity concerned. If any area of Bayesian inference has received too much attention during the last couple of decades it is surely the search for unique and `objective' representation of ignorance { see 4] for a recent and partial review of the eld. The maximum entropy school has been in uential in physical sciences, as referenced by Loredo, and particularly predominant in expounding the view that a single prior may be found, in any given situation, to represent vagueness in the sense of maximum entropy subject to certain `plausible' assumptions that typically stand for little more than mathematical convenience in determining a unique solution in the resulting MaxEnt framework. There is nothing unique, objective or otherwise scienti cally persuasive about uniform priors for location parameters, or any of the plethora of vague, reference or indi erence priors that abound. In investigations which admit an `objective' (de ned simply as consensus of informed observers) data model as here (ie. p(njsI)), analysis should necessarily involve study of sensitivity to qualitative and quantitative aspects of the prior, including assessments of pre-data predictive validity of the fdata modelg:fpriorg combination, and post-data determination of the mapping from prior to posterior for ranges of scienti cally plausible priors. The issue of pre-data validity is addressed through the implied (prior) R predictive distribution for the data, here p(njbI) = p(njsI)p(sjbI)ds. When n is observed, the value of this density function provides the normalising constant in Bayes' theorem (C ?1 in Loredo's equation (5.6)). Prior to the data, however, this distribution describes the investigator's view of experimental outcome. A uniform prior over a very large range translates essentially into a similar (though discrete) uniform p(njbI), which most observers would be quite concerned about as a plausible and scienti cally valid representation of expectations. The issue is particularly acute in problems of low counts and source detection when s (when non-zero) will be tend to be small | reasonable priors for s, and thus predictions about n, should surely re ect this. Competing `reference' priors (and there are many { 4]), lead to posteriors that can di er markedly with low counts s, though all such priors claim some form of `vagueness' and `uniformity' (on some scale). Scienti c investigation must involve careful and thorough consideration of initial information, modes of incorporation of such information in summary inferences, and exploration of sensitivity to prior assumptions (which includes model and data assumptions and well as priors for model parameters { and sometimes the distinction is unclear and even irrelevant

History+of+Computer+Development+in+English

The need for personal computers around from the desired to have more control over information technology, as well as the need for more efficiency and conventional ways to process data
Main Features and Innovations
01
The main features of modern computers include high performance, portability, and interconnectivity
02
Innovations such as cloud computing, social media, and mobile computing have transformed the way people use computers and access information
IBM
International Business Machines was instrumental in the development and commercialization of mainframe computers, becoming a dominant player in the computer industry
04 Modern Computers (1990s Present)
History and Background
The 1990s marked a significant turning point in the history of computer development With the risk of the internet and the World Wide Web, the use of computers because more wired, leading to a rapid growth in the computer industry

阅读理解D篇 (解析+技巧+模拟) -2024年1月浙江首考英语卷深度解析及变式训练 (原卷版)

《2024年1月浙江首考英语卷深度解析及变式训练》专题05 阅读理解D篇(解析+词汇+变式+技巧+模拟) 原卷版养成良好的答题习惯，是决定高考英语成败的决定性因素之一。

做题前，要认真阅读题目要求、题干和选项，并对答案内容作出合理预测;答题时，切忌跟着感觉走，最好按照题目序号来做，不会的或存在疑问的，要做好标记，要善于发现，找到题目的题眼所在，规范答题,书写工整;答题完毕时，要认真检查，查漏补缺，纠正错误。

关键词：说明文, 人与社会, 棉花糖测试, 心理测试, 信息轰炸, 抵御诱惑The Stanford marshmallow (棉花糖) test was originally conducted by psychologist Walter Mischel in the late 1960s. Children aged four to six at a nursery school were placed in a room. A single sugary treat, selected by the child, was placed on a table. Each child was told if they waited for 15 minutes before eating the treat, they would be given a second treat. Then they were left alone in the room. Follow-up studies with the children later in life showed a connect ion between an ability to wait long enough to obtain a second treat and various forms of success.As adults we face a version of the marshmallow test every day. We’ re not tempted (诱惑) by sugary treats, but by our computers, phones, and tablets — all the devices that connect us to the global delivery system for various types of information that do to us what marshmallows do to preschoolers.We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value —a feeling of reward and satisfaction. But as we’ve reshaped the world around us, dramatically reducing the cost and effort involved in obtaining calories, we still have the same brains we had thousands of years ago, and this mismatch is at the heart of why so many of us struggle to resist tempting foods that we know we shouldn’t eat.A similar process is at work in our response to information. Our formative environment as a species was information-poor, so our brains developed a mechanism that prized new information. But global connectivity has greatly changed our information environment. We are now ceaselessly bombarded (轰炸) with new information. Therefore, just as we need to be more thoughtful about our caloric consumption, we also need to be more thoughtful about our information consumption, resisting the temptation of the mental “junk food” in order to manage our time most effectively.32. What did the children need to do to get a second treat in Mischel’s test?A. Take an examination alone.B. Show respect for the researchers.C. Share their treats with others.D. Delay eating for fifteen minutes.33. According to paragraph 3, there is a mismatch between_______.A. the calorie-poor world and our good appetitesB. the shortage of sugar and our nutritional needsC. the rich food supply and our unchanged brainsD. the tempting foods and our efforts to keep fit34. What does the author suggest readers do?A. Absorb new information readily.B. Be selective information consumers.C. Use diverse information sources.D. Protect the information environment.35. Which of the following is the best title for the text?A. Eat Less, Read MoreB. The Bitter Truth about Early HumansC. The Later, the BetterD. The Marshmallow Test for Grownups一、高频单词1. originally ad.2. psychologist n.3. nursery n.4. treat n.5. follow-up a.6. version n.7. tempt vt.8. tablet n.9. device n.10. delivery n.11. preschooler n.12. ancestor n.13. calorie-poor a.14. mechanism n. 15. reflect vt.16. reward n.17. reshape vt.18. dramatically ad.19. calorie n.20. mismatch n.21. species n.22. information-poor a.23. prize vt.24. connectivity n.25. ceaselessly ad.26. thoughtful a.27. consumption n.28. resist vt.29. mental a.30. effectively ad.31. delay vt.32. appetite n.33. shortage n. 34. absorb vt.35. readily ad.36. selective a.37. diverse a.38. bitter a.二、高频词块1. in the late 1960s2. sugary treat3. leave sb alone4. be involved in5. at the heart of6. in response to7. show respect for8. delay doing三、长难句翻译1. We are tempted by sugary treats because our ancestors lived in a calorie-poor world, and our brains developed a response mechanism to these treats that reflected their value —a feeling of reward and satisfaction.我们被含糖食物所诱惑，因为我们的祖先生活在一个热量匮乏的世界里，我们的大脑对这些食物产生了反应机制，反映了它们的价值——一种奖励和满足感。

An introduction to Pomerons

< n > = ω0 ln s ; It is obvious that Eq. (3) leads to
ω0 = Const αs ,
(3)
N ∝ sω 0 .
Finally, Eq. (1) can be rewritten in the form: σtot = P (projectile) × σ0 (target) × ( s ω0 ) , s0 (4)
August 1998 DESY 98-120 TAUP 2522/98
An Introduction to Pomerons
arXiv:hep-ph/9808486v1 31 Aug 1998
Eugene Levin
School of Physics and Astronomy Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Science Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, 69978, ISRAEL and DESY Theory Group 22603, Hamburg, GERMANY
s where < n > ∝ ln and ∆y is the average distance in rapidity for partons in one ∆y chain. Reasonable estimate for ∆y is ∆y ≈ α1S . Therefore, we have ﬁnally
∞ l=0
fl (t) (2l + 1) Pl (z ) ,
(6)
where z = cosθ and θ is the scattering angle from initial pion to ﬁnal proton (antiproton). Reggeon is the hypothesis that fl (t) has a pole of the form fl (t) = g1 (t) g2 (t) l − αR (t) (7)

prep08原题

Practice Test #1 Sentence Correction (171-258)170. (32496-!-item-!-188;#058&006571)Margaret Mead, the best-known anthropologist of the twentieth century, helped shape public opinion on fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, along with the relative merits of competition and cooperation.A. shape public opinion on fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, along withB. shape public opinion in such fundamentally important areas as attitudes toward children and families andC. to shape public opinion about such fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, also aboutD. the shaping of public opinion for fundamentally important areas such as attitudes toward children and families, and those towardE. the shaping of public opinion around fundamentally important areas like attitudes toward children and families, and those of171. (27299-!-item-!-188;#058&002324)One of the primary distinctions between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill but in our ability to extend knowledge gained in one context to new and different ones.A. between our intelligence with that of other primates may lay not so much in any specific skill butB. between our intelligence with that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill but insteadC. between our intelligence and that of other primates may lie not so much in any specific skill asD. our intelligence has from that of other primates may lie not in any specific skill asE. of our intelligence to that of other primates may lay not in any specific skill but172. (32542-!-item-!-188;#058&006577)Introduced by Italian merchants resident in London during the sixteenth century, in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically being ship owners, overseas merchants, or professional moneylenders.A. in England life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typically beingB. in England life insurance had remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically wereC. until the end of the seventeenth century life insurance in England had remained a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typicallyD. life insurance in England remained until the end of the seventeenth century a specialized contract between individual underwriters and their clients, typicallyE. life insurance remained until the end of the seventeenth century in England a specialized contract between individual underwriters with their clients, who typically were173. (32450-!-item-!-188;#058&006490)The widely accepted big-bang theory holds that the universe began in an explosive instant10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding ever since.A. that the universe began in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expandingB. that the universe had begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and had been expandingC. that the beginning of the universe was an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that has expandedD. the beginning of the universe to have been an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago that is expandingE. the universe to have begun in an explosive instant 10 to 20 billion years ago and has been expanding174. (28920-!-item-!-188;#058&003515)Often major economic shifts are so gradual as to be indistinguishable at first from ordinary fluctuations in the financial markets.A. so gradual as to be indistinguishableB. so gradual so that they can be indistinguishableC. so gradual that they are unable to be distinguishedD. gradual enough not to be distinguishableE. gradual enough so that one cannot distinguish them175. (27069-!-item-!-188;#058&002220)Experts estimate that ten times as much petroleum exists in sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than in conventional reservoirs.A. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale thanB. sources like tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale than areC. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even in shale as areD. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale asE. such sources as tar sands, heavy oil, and perhaps even shale than176. (25765-!-item-!-188;#058&001724)For at least two decades or more previous to when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he was the most admired painter in Italy.A. For at least two decades or more previous to when the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he wasB. For at least two decades before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, he had beenC. For at least two decades or more before the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo's dying in 1770, he had beenD. When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, for at least two decades previously he wasE. When the Venetian artist Giovanni Battista Tiepolo died in 1770, having been for at least two decades before that177. (24315-!-item-!-188;#058&000969)In her 26 years in the forests of Gombe, Jane Goodall collected data that proved that chimpanzees exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicingA. exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression canbe passed on from each one to others by imitating and practicingB. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitating and practicingC. will exhibit the kind of curiosity so that new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practiceD. exhibit the kind of curiosity by which new patterns of behavior and expression can be passed on from one to another by imitation and practiceE. exhibit the kind of curiosity where new patterns of behavior and expression are passed on to others by imitation and practice178. (31376-!-item-!-188;#058&005785)Last week local shrimpers held a news conference to take some credit for the resurgence of the rare Kemp's ridley turtle, saying that their compliance with laws requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protect adult sea turtles.A. requiring that turtle-excluder devices be on shrimp nets protectB. requiring turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protectingC. that require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets protectD. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets are protectingE. to require turtle-excluder devices on shrimp nets is protecting179. (25535-!-item-!-188;#058&001589)Unlike George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, both of whom running as independent candidates, H. Ross Perot's independent run for the presidency in 1992 arose not from an unsuccessful effort to gain a major party nomination but from a desire to establish a viable third party in American politics.A. George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, both of whom running as independent candidates,B. George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, each of whom ran as independent candidates,C. George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980, both of which ran as an independent candidate,D. the independent candidates, George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980,E. the independent candidacies of George Wallace in 1968 and John Anderson in 1980,180. (26977-!-item-!-188;#058&002184)Noting that the Federal Reserve had raised a key short-term interest rate again last month, analysts said that they expected orders for durable goods to decline soon because rising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on creditA. rising interest rates makes it more expensive to buy them on creditB. rising interest rates make buying on credit more expensiveC. a rise in interest rates make it more expensive to buy on creditD. a rise in interest rates make buying on credit more expensiveE. a rise in interest rates makes it more expensive for them to be bought on credit181. (27438-!-item-!-188;#058&002362)The number of people flying first class on domestic flights rose sharply in 1990, doubling the increase of the previous year.A. doubling the increase ofB. doubling that of the increase inC. double as much as the increase ofD. twice as many as the increase inE. twice as many as the increase of182. (32026-!-item-!-188;#058&006326)The organic food industry has organized a successful grassroots campaign—using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convinced the Department of Agriculture to change the proposed federal regulations for organically grown food.A. using Web sites, public meetings, and also mass mailings—that have convincedB. using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—that has convincedC. by using Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincingD. by the use of Web sites, public meetings, as well as mass mailings—that convincedE. which used Web sites, public meetings, and mass mailings—in convincing183. (27576-!-item-!-188;#058&002504)Despite recent increases in sales and cash flow that have propelled automobile companies' common stocks to new highs, several industry analysts expect automakers, in order to conserve cash, to set dividends more conservatively than they wereA. to set dividends more conservatively than they wereB. to set dividends more conservatively than they have beenC. to be more conservative than they have been in setting dividendsD. that they will be more conservative than they were in setting dividendsE. that they will be more conservative than they have been to set dividends184. (28966-!-item-!-188;#058&003703) (GWD-24-Q39)Japan's abundant rainfall and the typically mild temperatures throughout most of the country have produced a lush vegetation cover and, despite the mountainous terrain and generally poor soils, it has made possible the raising of a variety of crops.A. it has made possible the raising ofB. has made it possible for them to raiseC. have made it possible to raiseD. have made it possible for raisingE. thus making it possible for them to raise185. (27714-!-item-!-188;#058&002536)Because the budget package in Congress promises a combination of higher taxes and reduced spending that may slow economic growth, many in the credit markets wonder whether the Federal Reserve will compensate and help the economy by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even if they push them lower.A. by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even if they pushB. by its keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even by their pushingC. by keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even by pushingD. through their keeping interest rates low, or perhaps even pushE. through their keeping interest rates low, or perhaps it will even push186. (31792-!-item-!-188;#058&006164)Laos has a land area about the same as Great Britain but only 4 million in population, where many are members of hill tribes ensconced in the virtually inaccessible mountain valleys of the north.A. about the same as Great Britain but only 4 million in population, where manyB. of about the same size as Great Britain is, but in Laos there is a population of only4 million, and manyC. that is about the same size as Great Britain's land area, but in Laos with a population of only 4 million people, many of themD. comparable to the size of Great Britain, but only 4 million in population, and manyE. comparable to that of Great Britain but a population of only 4 million people, many of whom187. (27622-!-item-!-188;#058&002521)United States Senator Daniel Inouye was appointed to several posts within the Democratic party during his first term, that included assistant majority whip and vice-chair of the Democratic Senatorial Committee.A. that includedB. which includesC. includingD. some of which wereE. among them being188. (26379-!-item-!-188;#058&001961)Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, are now drawing solid conclusions about how the human brain grows and how babies acquire language.A. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood, areB. Neuroscientists, having amassed a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and areC. Neuroscientists amassing a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood over the past twenty years, and areD. Neuroscientists have amassed a wealth of knowledge over the past twenty years about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,E. Neuroscientists have amassed, over the past twenty years, a wealth of knowledge about the brain and its development from birth to adulthood,189. (25949-!-item-!-188;#058&001761)She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York compared to her native Germany, photographer Lotte Jacobi nevertheless earned a small group of discerning admirers, and her photographs were eventually exhibited in prestigious galleries across the United States.A. She was less successful after she had emigrated to New York compared toB. Being less successful after she had emigrated to New York as compared toC. Less successful after she emigrated to New York than she had been inD. Although she was less successful after emigrating to New York when compared toE. She had been less successful after emigrating to New York than in190. (26333-!-item-!-188;#058&001956)The thirteen original British colonies in North America, some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charter that set forth its form of government and the rights of the colonists.A. some formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, each had a written charterB. some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all of which had written chartersC. some that formed as commercial ventures, others as religious havens, all had written chartersD. with some being formed as a commercial venture, others as religious havens, all had a written charterE. with some formed as commercial ventures, while others as religious havens, each had a written charter191. (32312-!-item-!-188;#058&006469)The loan company announced it would soon lend money to borrowers with proven records of their not paying back their loans on time, collectively known as the subprime lending market.A. of their not paying back their loans on time,B. of not paying back their loans on time, a groupC. of not paying back their loans on time, with such a groupD. that they do not pay back their loans on time,E. that they do not pay back their loans on time, such a group192. (27115-!-item-!-188;#058&002238)In 1988, the Council on Economic Priorities began publishing Shopping for a Better World, with the simple thesis of consumers having the power to change companies by the simple expedient of refusing to buy.A. with the simple thesis of consumers havingB. which had the simple thesis of consumers havingC. where the thesis was simple: consumers havingD. with a thesis that is a simple one: consumers haveE. whose thesis was simple: consumers have193. (27023-!-item-!-188;#058&002210)New equipment and other improvements reduced the amount of time—from eleven hours in 1982 to six in 1988—needed by workers so that they could produce a ton of steel.A. needed by workers so that they could produceB. needed when workers are producingC. workers need in producingD. workers needed to produceE. workers need for their producing of194. (28686-!-item-!-188;#058&003293)Whereas the honeybee’s stinger is heavily barbed and cannot be retracted from the skin, because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and used again.A. because the yellow jacket has a comparatively smooth stinger, it is therefore able to be pulled out and usedB. the comparative smoothness of the yellow jacket’s stinger allows them to pull it out and then can therefore use itC. the yellow jacket’s stinger is co mparatively smooth, and can therefore be pulled out and usedD. in comparison, the yellow jacket’s stinger is smooth, and thus able to be pulled out and usedE. in comparison, the yellow jacket has a smooth stinger, thus allowing it to be pulled out and used195. (29764-!-item-!-188;#058&004338) (GWD-7-Q13)Like the grassy fields and old pastures that the upland sandpiper needs for feeding and nesting when it returns in May after wintering in the Argentine Pampas, the sandpipers vanishing in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes in farming practices.A. the sandpipers vanishing in the northeastern United States is a result of residential and industrial development and of changes inB. the bird itself is vanishing in the northeastern United States as a result of residential and industrial development and of changes inC. that the birds themselves are vanishing in the northeastern United States is due to residential and industrial development and changes toD. in the northeastern United States, sandpipers’ vanishing is due to residential and industrial development and to changes inE. in the northeastern United States, the sandpipers’ vanishing, a result of residential and industrial development and changing196. (33104-!-item-!-188;#058&007132) (T-9-Q26)There are several ways to build solid walls using just mud or clay, but the most extensively used method has been the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laid in the wall in mud mortar.A. the forming of bricks out of mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they are laidB. forming the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay themC. having bricks formed from mud or clay, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, they were laidD. to form the mud or clay into bricks, and, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, to lay themE. that bricks were formed from mud or clay, which, after some preliminary air drying or sun drying, were laid197. (31514-!-item-!-188;#058&005971) (GWD-8-Q20)Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it also caused erosion and very quickly deforested whole regions.A. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it alsoB. Not only did the systematic clearing of forests in the United States create farmland (especially in the Northeast), which gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but alsoC. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States, creating farmland (especially in the Northeast) and giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but alsoD. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States created farmland (especially in the Northeast) and gave consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it alsoE. The systematic clearing of forests in the United States not only created farmland(especially in the Northeast), giving consumers relatively inexpensive houses and furniture, but it198. (28594-!-item-!-188;#058&003161) (GWD-1-Q23)Past assessments of the Brazilian rain forest have used satellite images to tally deforested areas, where farmers and ranchers have clear-cut and burned all the trees, but such work has not addressed either logging, which is the removal of only selected trees, as well as surface fires, burning down individual trees but do not denude the forest.A. which is the removal of only selected trees, as well as surface fires, burningB. which removes only selected trees, or surface fires that burnC. which removes only selected trees, along with surface fires that burnD. removing only selected trees, or surface fires, burningE. removing only selected trees, as well as surface fires that burn199. (27253-!-item-!-188;#058&002304) (GWD5-Q4)The Quechuans believed that all things participated in both the material level and the mystical level of reality, and many individual Quechuans claimed to have contact with it directly with an ichana (dream) experience.A. contact with it directly withB. direct contact with it by way ofC. contact with the last directly throughD. direct contact with the latter by means ofE. contact directly with the mystical level due to200. (28268-!-item-!-188;#058&002937) (T-3-Q14)A scrub jay can remember when it cached a particular piece of food in a particular place, researchers have discovered, and tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat if stored long enough to have rotted.A. tend not to bother to recover a perishable treat ifB. they tend not to bother recovering a perishable treatC. tending not to bother to recover a perishable treat itD. tends not to bother recovering a perishable treatE. tends not bothering to recover a perishable treat it201. (25167-!-item-!-188;#058&001486) (GWD30-Q4)The three women, liberal activists who strongly support legislation in favor of civil rights and environmental protection, have consistently received labor's unqualifying support.A. have consistently received labor's unqualifying supportB. are consistently receiving the unqualifying support of laborC. have consistently received the unqualified support of laborD. receive consistent and unqualified support by laborE. are receiving consistent and unqualified support by labor202. (31980-!-item-!-188;#058&006267) (GWD-27-Q7)Providing initial evidence that airports are a larger source of pollution than they were once believed to be, environmentalists in Chicago report that the total amount of pollutant emitted annually by vehicles at O’Hare International Airport is twice as much as that which is being emitted annually by allmotor vehicles in the Chicago metropolitan area.A. as much as that which is being emitted annually by allB. as much annually as is emitted by theC. as much compared to what is annually emitted by allD. that emitted annually by allE. that emitted annually compared to the203. (25903-!-item-!-188;#058&001738) (T-4-Q29)In late 1997, the chambers inside the pyramid of the Pharaoh Menkaure at Giza were closed to visitors for cleaning and repair due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizing and fungus was growing on the walls.A. due to moisture exhaled by tourists, which raised its humidity to such levels so that salt from the stone was crystallizingB. due to moisture that tourists had exhaled, thereby raising its humidity to such levels that salt from the stone would crystallizeC. because tourists were exhaling moisture, which had raised the humidity within them to levels such that salt from the stone would crystallizeD. because of moisture that was exhaled by tourists raising the humidity within them to levels so high as to make the salt from the stone crystallizeE. because moisture exhaled by tourists had raised the humidity within them to such levels that salt from the stone was crystallizing204. (33010-!-item-!-188;#058&007035) (T-9-Q16)The nineteenth-century chemist Humphry Davy presented the results of his early experiments in his “Essay on Heat and Light,” a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of a new chemistry that Davy hoped to found.A. a critique of all chemistry since Robert Boyle as well as a vision of aB. a critique of all chemistry following Robert Boyle and also his envisioning of aC. a critique of all chemistry after Robert Boyle and envisioning as wellD. critiquing all chemistry from Robert Boyle forward and also a vision ofE. critiquing all the chemistry done since Robert Boyle as well as his own envisioning of205. (29672-!-item-!-188;#058&004315) (T-9-Q15.)The commission’s office of compliance, inspections, and investigations plans to intensify its scrutiny of stock analysts to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they are paid for their work by a firm’s investment banking division.A. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when they areB. to investigate not only whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or they areC. to not only investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also if conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or areD. not only to investigate whether or not research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or areE. not only to investigate whether research is an independent function at brokerage firms, but also whether conflicts result when analysts own the stocks they write about or when206. (24407-!-item-!-188;#058&000995) (GWD-21-Q29)While studying the genetic makeup of corn, a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which led to greater understanding of cell differentiation.A. a new class of mutant genes was discovered by Barbara McClintock, a discovery which ledB. a new class of mutant genes in corn were discovered by Barbara McClintock, leadingC. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, and it ledD. Barbara McClintock discovered a new class of mutant genes, a discovery that ledE. Barbara McClintock, who discovered a new class of mutant genes, leading207. (30188-!-item-!-188;#058&005337) (T-4-Q30)Unlike the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries, a permanently orbiting space station will have to generate its own electricity.A. the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which carried sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,B. the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, with sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights,C. the short flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which enabled them to carry sufficient enough power in fuel cells and batteries,D. the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, which were capable of carrying sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries for their short flights,E. the flights of the shuttle and earlier spacecraft, whose shortness allowed them to carry sufficient power in fuel cells and batteries,208. (26425-!-item-!-188;#058&001968) (GWD-11-40)Scientists who studied the famous gold field known as Serra Pelada concluded that the rich lode was not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions of years concentrated the gold from jungle soils and rivers and rocks.A. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions of yearsB. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but instead swarms of microbes over millions of years thatC. not produced by the accepted methods of ore formation but swarms of microbes over millions of years thatD. produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but by swarms of microbes that over millions of yearsE. produced not by the accepted methods of ore formation but that swarms of microbes over millions of years209. (29580-!-item-!-188;#058&004295) (T-3-Q7)In Scotland, the number of wild salmon have been reduced because of uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting,。

2024届北京市海淀区高三下学期二模考试英语试题

2024届北京市海淀区高三下学期二模考试英语试题一、完形填空Movement is our first language; I believe we’re born to dance. I’ve always had a special liking for dance, and my job.I got great 1 working in the therapeutic (治疗的) world; it felt more like a calling. I enjoyed every moment; my purpose and mission 2 me. My highlights are when I’ve witnessed once dull and hopeless eyes light up when the person felt seen, heard, and accepted.Then, ill health struck. As my health declined progressively, I had to stop doing what I loved. 3 , all I had was being able to facilitate the occasional workshop when opportunity and energy aligned (一致). Chronic fatigue syndrome (慢性疲劳综合症) is a merciless beast.In 2020, the unimaginable happened. In addition to soul-destroying feeling of being 4 , I began experiencing frequent vocal challenges of varying degrees. I could no longer accept facilitation invitations because my 5 was now unreliable. I grieved, feeling like I was being swallowed by a damp, dark fog.After an extended period of being in self-pity, I 6 my thinking. I have internal value. My value or identity is not 7 by what I can or cannot do. Regarding my health journey, in time, I 8 this: it is what it is. For this season, this is my path.So, I started dancing again. Life is full of surprises, pleasant, unpleasant, and neutral, yet what matters is how we 9 to those surprises. Despite ongoing voice loss and health challenges, I found new ways to make a difference.You and I may not be able to choose the 10 life plays for us; however, we do get to choose how we will dance to it. May we dance with strength, courage, and grace.1．A．fame B．surprise C．pleasure D．inspiration 2．A．fuelled B．attracted C．instructed D．calmed 3．A．Simply B．Particularly C．Eventually D．Apparently 4．A．tired B．annoyed C．disappointed D．injured 5．A．mind B．sight C．sense D．voice 6．A．discovered B．adjusted C．abandoned D．controlled7．A．ignored B．selected C．defined D．assisted 8．A．accepted B．recalled C．questioned D．expected 9．A．refer B．appeal C．turn D．respond 10．A．role B．music C．joke D．game二、语法填空阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。

第一件工作36

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11
Chapter 1: Fundamental Principles of Counting
1.2 Permutations E.g. 1.14 Number of Manhattan paths between two points with integer coordinated From (2,1) to (7,4): 3 Ups, 5 Rights Each permutation of UUURRRRR is a path. 8!/(5!3!)=56
Course Outlines: 1. Fundamental Principles of Counting 2. Fundamentals of Logic 3. Set Theory 4. Mathematical Induction 5. Relations and Functions 6. Languages: Finite State Machines 7. The principle of Inclusion and Exclusion 8. Generating Functions 9. Recurrence Relations 10. Graph Theory 11. Number Theory
5
Chapter 1: Fundamental Principles of Counting
1.1 The Rules of Sum and Product
The Rule of Product 第一階段工作 m ways
第二階段工作 n ways
then performing this task can be accomplished in any one of mn ways

小学上册U卷英语第1单元期中试卷

小学上册英语第1单元期中试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do you wear on your head?A. ShoesB. HatC. GlovesD. Scarf答案:B2.The snow is ___. (falling)3.What do we call the study of birds?A. OrnithologyB. ZoologyC. BotanyD. Ecology答案:A4.I love to go ______ during summer vacations.5.What is the opposite of "sweet"?A. BitterB. SourC. SaltyD. Spicy答案:A6.What do you call the study of ancient civilizations?A. AnthropologyB. ArchaeologyC. HistoryD. Sociology7.My toy _____ can fly high.8.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. SugarB. FlourC. RiceD. Salt答案:B9.I can’t believe how much fun my __________ (玩具名) is!10.The process of a liquid turning into a gas is called _______. (蒸发)11. A _______ is the state of matter that has a fixed volume but not a fixed shape.12.What is the largest desert in the world?A. SaharaB. GobiC. ArabianD. Kalahari答案:A13.I like to ________ (打篮球) after school.14.The _______ (The Spanish-American War) marked the emergence of the US as a global power.15.My aunt enjoys giving ____ (advice) to others.16.The chemical formula for ozone is __________.17.The tree is ___ (green/brown).18.What do we call the feeling of being worried?A. JoyB. AnxietyC. HappinessD. Anger答案:B Anxiety19.The sky is _______ (乌云密布).20. A ________ is a body of freshwater surrounded by land.21.The _______ of a material is its resistance to flow.22.What do we call a scientist who studies the atmosphere?A. MeteorologistB. GeologistC. ChemistD. Biologist答案:A23.I found a ___ (coin) on the ground.24.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. VenusB. MarsC. MercuryD. Jupiter答案:B25.What do you call a baby chicken?A. CubB. ChickC. GoslingD. Calf答案:B26. A _______ is a negatively charged ion.27.What is 3 + 9?A. 10B. 11C. 12D. 13答案:C28.The capital of Thailand is _______.29.Where does the president live?A. White HouseB. Buckingham PalaceC. KremlinD. Eiffel Tower30.The __________ (晨曦) over the mountains is stunning.31.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. MarsC. JupiterD. Saturn答案:B32.The tarantula is a type of ______ (蜘蛛).33.Matter can exist in different _______. (状态)34.What do we call the part of a plant that absorbs water?A. StemB. LeafC. RootD. Flower35.What is the color of grass?A. BlueB. GreenC. RedD. Brown答案:B36.What is the name of the fairy tale character who lost her shoe?A. Snow WhiteB. CinderellaC. RapunzelD. Sleeping Beauty答案:B37.The cat is _______ on the sofa.38.What do we call the study of the universe beyond Earth?A. AstrologyB. AstronomyC. GeologyD. Meteorology答案:B39. A __________ is a large body of water surrounded by land.40.What do you call the force that pulls objects toward the Earth?A. MagnetismB. GravityC. FrictionD. Pressure答案:B41.The ________ (城市绿地) enhance urban life.42.She is _______ (reading) a novel.43.My favorite color is ______ (red).44.What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. MadridC. RomeD. Paris答案:A45.The _______ of sound can be perceived as vibration.46.The _______ (The Cold War) was characterized by a struggle for global influence.47.Which animal can be trained to help people?A. CatB. DogC. FishD. Hamster48.I have a ________ (拼图游戏) of famous buildings.49.The Earth’s ______ is made up of solid rock and is where we live.50.The three states of matter are solid, liquid, and ______.51.The cat catches a _______ (猫抓住一只_______).52.The tallest building in the world is in ________ (世界最高的建筑位于________).53.Which of these is a vegetable?A. AppleB. CarrotC. BananaD. Peach54.Which animal is known for being slow and carrying its home?A. RabbitB. TurtleC. FrogD. Fox55.What do you call the person who teaches you in school?A. DoctorB. TeacherC. EngineerD. Chef答案:B56.The chemical formula for zinc oxide is __________.57.What do you call a person who studies the interactions between organisms and their environment?A. EcologistB. BiologistC. GeologistD. Chemist答案:A58. A ________ can hide in its shell.59.What is the name of the first man on the moon?A. Buzz AldrinB. Neil ArmstrongC. Yuri GagarinD. John Glenn答案:B60.The first telephone was invented by _______. (贝尔)61.Plants take in carbon dioxide and release _____ during photosynthesis.62.What do you call a baby horse?A. CalfB. FoalC. KidD. Lamb63. A mixture can be separated into its components by _____ methods.64.My favorite sport is ______ (网球).65.The __________ is important for understanding land use.66.The air is cool and fresh in the ______ (早晨).67.I saw a ________ dancing in the yard.68.In chemistry, a reagent is a substance used to cause a _____.69.Which planet is known as the Red Planet?A. EarthB. VenusC. MarsD. Jupiter70.Heat rises because it is _______ than cold air.71.The _____ (火烈鸟) is a unique and beautiful bird.72.What is the name of the longest river in the world?A. AmazonB. NileC. YangtzeD. Mississippi答案:B73.My grandma loves to __________. (园艺)74. A starfish has ______ arms.75.The bighorn sheep climbs ______ (山) easily.76. A ______ (沙漠) plant can survive with little water.77.What do you call the small, round fruit that is often used in baking?A. BlueberryB. CherryC. RaspberryD. Strawberry答案:B78.He has a big ________.79.The girl enjoys ________.80.Which animal is known for its ability to change color?A. ChameleonB. EagleC. SharkD. Penguin答案:A Chameleon81.What do we use to write on paper?A. BrushB. PencilC. ScissorsD. Eraser答案:B82.The ________ (presentation) was engaging.83.I want to _____ (see) a play.84.What is the main ingredient in peanut butter?A. PeanutsB. AlmondsC. CashewsD. Walnuts85.The chocolate is ___ (sweet/sour).86.What is the name of the famous American author known for "The Catcher in the Rye"?A. J.D. SalingerB. F. Scott FitzgeraldC. Ernest HemingwayD. John Steinbeck87.My friend has a unique __________ (视角) on life.88.The ____ lives in a den and is cunning.89. A solution that contains a weak base is called a ______ solution.90.The flowers brighten up the _______ (花使_______变得明亮).91.The puppy is _______ (在撒娇).92. A frog can leap very ______ (远).93.The ____ is a tiny bird that builds nests in trees.94.The _____ (植物分布) is influenced by climate and geography.95.Which animal is known for its ability to change colors?A. ChameleonB. DogC. CatD. Horse答案:A96.It’s nice to hear the __________ during a light rain. (滴答声)97.What do you call a frozen dessert made from milk or cream?A. CakeB. PieC. Ice CreamD. Pudding答案:C98.The process of ______ can create cliffs and valleys.99.What is the name of the first president of the United States?A. Abraham LincolnB. George WashingtonC. Thomas JeffersonD. John Adams100.The chemical symbol for magnesium is ______.。

小学上册U卷英语第4单元测验试卷

小学上册英语第4单元测验试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.What do you call the person who repairs buildings?A. ArchitectB. BuilderC. ContractorD. Engineer2. A ______ (生态系统) thrives on plant life.3.The chemical symbol for gallium is ______.4.Which word means "to run fast"?A. WalkB. JogC. SprintD. Stroll5.The ______ (小鸟) chirps cheerfully in the ______ (早晨).6.What is the name of the famous artist known for his portraits?A. Vincent van GoghB. Leonardo da VinciC. Pablo PicassoD. Claude Monet7.I can create my own characters with my ________ (玩具名称).8.She is ___ the piano. (playing)9.My ________ (玩具名称) is an essential part of my life.10.There are _______ (three/four) apples on the table.11.I think it's polite to call people ____. (我认为称呼人们为____是礼貌的。

)12.I like to ______ (参加) motivational workshops.13.The __________ (历史的回响) lingers in consciousness.14.How many seasons are there in a year?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5C15.The chemical formula for iodine monochloride is _______.16.What is the largest organ in the human body?A. HeartB. LiverC. SkinD. BrainC17.Respiration is a process that occurs in ________.18.The park is ________ my house.19.What do you call a person who studies plants?A. BotanistB. ZoologistC. BiologistD. Ecologist20.The chemical symbol for selenium is ______.21. A _______ reaction is when energy is absorbed.22.The _______ (金鱼) can come in various colors.23. A _______ is a type of reaction that produces a precipitate.24.The teacher is _____ the students. (helping)25. A ________ (气候带) refers to the climate of an area.26.The ________ (环境修复) is crucial for sustainability.27. A ____(feedback mechanism) collects opinions and suggestions.28.What do you call a story from the past?A. FictionB. MythC. HistoryD. NovelC29.What do you call a young chicken?A. DucklingB. ChickC. CalfD. KidB30.Many _______ can be used for making crafts.31.My sister is a ______. She enjoys helping animals.32.The fire is _______ (warm).33.An electrolyte is a substance that conducts electricity when _____.34.The grass is ________ and green.35. A goldfish can be kept as a ______ (宠物).36.My _______ (狗) loves to dig in the yard.37. A ______ is a type of energy measured in joules.38.What do we call the part of the plant that grows underground?A. LeafB. StemC. RootD. FlowerC39.What is the capital of the Dominican Republic?A. Santo DomingoB. SantiagoC. Puerto PlataD. La RomanaA40.What is the name of the celestial event when the Earth passes between the sun and the moon?A. Lunar EclipseB. Solar EclipseC. Total EclipseD. Partial Eclipse41.Which fruit is red and often eaten in pies?A. BananaB. GrapeC. AppleD. Orange42.My brother is always full of __________ (活力).43.What do we call the smallest unit of life?A. OrganB. CellC. TissueD. OrganismB Cell44.ssance was a period of renewed interest in __________. (艺术与科学) The Rena45.What is the largest mammal in the world?A. ElephantB. Blue WhaleC. GiraffeD. HippopotamusB46.The ______ helps students prepare for exams.47.She is ______ her homework quickly. (finishing)48. A ____ is a tiny animal that loves to hop around in gardens.49. A compound is made up of two or more ______ elements.50.What is the main organ of the human body that pumps blood?A. BrainB. HeartC. LiverD. KidneyB51.The cat is __________ on the sofa.52.What is the term for the distance light travels in one year?A. Light-YearB. Astronomical UnitC. ParsecsD. Cosmic Yard53.We like to sing ________ songs.54.小狼) plays with its siblings. The ___55.The ________ sings beautifully in the morning.56.What is the value of 10 2 × 3 + 1?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8C57.The ancient Greeks made significant advances in ________ (建筑).58.The main component of the air we breathe is ______.59.My friend loves __________ (探索新的领域).60.The panda's diet is mostly ________________ (竹子).61.What is the term for a baby goat?A. CalfB. LambC. KidD. FoalC62.Insects can harm __________ (植物).63.What do you call a shape with six sides?A. TriangleB. SquareC. HexagonD. Pentagon64.ahal was built as a ________ (陵墓). The Taj65.In which country is the Eiffel Tower located?A. ItalyB. GermanyC. FranceD. Spain66.The city of Port Moresby is the capital of _______.67.We are going to _____ a picnic. (have)68.The ______ helps us understand technology better.69.The _______ is essential for pollination.70.What is the name of the famous clock tower in London?A. Elizabeth TowerB. Big BenC. Tower BridgeD. London BridgeB71.The dog loves to ______ (run) in the yard.72.The __________ is refreshing after a hot day. (凉爽的晚风)73.I have a _____ (手链) that I made with colorful beads. 我有一个用彩色珠子制作的手链。

小学下册Y卷英语第二单元全练全测(含答案)

小学下册英语第二单元全练全测(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有50小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1 My cousin is very __________ (勤奋).2 I like _____ (photographing) plants in nature.3 I like to _____ (play) basketball.4 My dad is very ________ (聪明).5 The puppy is ______ at the ball. (playing)6 The capital city of Panama is __________.7 A compound that releases hydrogen ions in solution is called an ______.8 What is the main ingredient in chocolate?A. SugarB. CocoaC. MilkD. Vanilla9 The __________ is the capital city of Italy. (罗马)10 We will have a ______ trip next month. (fun)11 What do you call a young pelican?A. ChickB. KitC. PupD. Calf12 What do we call a tool used for writing?A. BrushB. PencilC. EraserD. Ruler13 My uncle lives in . (我叔叔住在。

)14 My family goes camping in the ______.15 What do we call the act of making something happen?A. CreationB. InnovationC. ProductionD. Action答案:D16 The frog jumped into the ________.17 My teacher is very __________ (独特).18 What is the capital of Japan?A. BeijingB. TokyoC. SeoulD. Bangkok19 The leaves change _______ in the fall, creating a lovely sight.20 What do we call the natural process of changing from a solid to a liquid?A. MeltingB. BoilingC. FreezingD. Evaporating答案:A. Melting21 What is the main ingredient in chocolate chip cookies?A. SugarB. FlourC. Chocolate chipsD. Butter答案:C. Chocolate chips22 The ancient Sumerians are credited with creating the first form of _______.23 The classroom is _______ (整洁的).24 What do we call the smallest unit of life?A. OrganB. CellC. TissueD. Organism答案: B. Cell25 What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. AkureyriC. KeflavikD. Isafjordur答案:A26 The capital of Guyana is __________.27 A horse gallops across the _____.28 What is the main ingredient in pasta?A. RiceB. WheatC. CornD. Oats答案:B29 School is a place where I learn many things. My favorite subject is __________ because I find it __________. I especially enjoy __________ during our lessons. My teacher, __________, always encourages us to __________. She believes that learning should be fun and exciting.30 What do we call the period of time it takes for the moon to revolve around the Earth?a. Dayb. Monthc. Yeard. Week答案:b31 What is the name of the process plants use to make food?A. DigestionB. PhotosynthesisC. RespirationD. Evaporation答案:B32 The ancient Egyptians used ________ (香料) in their rituals.33 Soil is essential for ______ growth.34 What is the term for the process by which plants take in carbon dioxide?A. EvaporationB. PhotosynthesisC. DigestionD. Respiration答案:B35 I can ___ (ride) a horse.36 The first president of the United States was ________.37 I enjoy drawing _____ (树木) in art class.38 The chemical symbol for radon is _____.39 I want to plant ________ that attract butterflies.40 He is a scientist, ______ (他是一名科学家), conducting fascinating experiments.41 What is the capital of Portugal?A. LisbonB. MadridC. RomeD. Paris答案:A42 I have a _____ of toys at home. (collection)43 The _____ (绿色倡导) aims to protect and restore habitats.44 The weather is _____ today. (nice)45 Which animal is known for its speed?A. ElephantB. CheetahC. SlothD. Turtle答案:B46 The main product of the Calvin cycle is ______.47 The ________ is a tiny creature that makes music.48 Which of these shapes has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. RectangleD. Circle49 Which animal is known for its long neck?A. ElephantB. GiraffeC. Polar BearD. Kangaroo答案: B50 I love to ______ (认识) new friends.51 What is the capital of Madagascar?A. AntananarivoB. Nosy BeC. ToamasinaD. Mahajanga答案: A. Antananarivo52 Carta limited the power of the __________. (国王) The Magn53 What do we call a person who studies the relationship between different species?A. BiologistB. EcologistC. Zoologist答案: A54 The __________ is a famous mountain in South America. (安第斯山脉)55 What do you call a baby dog?A. KittenB. PuppyC. CubD. Calf答案:B56 What do you call a large, round fruit that is usually red or green?A. PearB. AppleC. PeachD. Plum答案:B57 The _______ of sound can vary based on the listener's distance from the source.58 My sister is a _____ (学生) in high school.59 What do you need to write on paper?A. PaintB. PencilC. ClayD. Glue答案:B60 What is the capital of Kazakhstan?A. AlmatyC. BishkekD. Tashkent答案:B61 A _____ is a large flat area of grassland.62 The tortoise is a symbol of ________________ (耐心) and wisdom.63 The _____ is a large collection of stars, gas, and dust.64 How many days are in a week?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight65 What do we call a person who repairs shoes?A. TailorB. CobblerC. SeamstressD. Artisan答案: B66 The __________ (历史的回顾) informs our present.67 Binary star systems consist of two stars that are bound by ______.68 What is the largest mammal in the world?A. ElephantB. Blue WhaleC. GiraffeD. Rhinoceros69 The nurse, ______ (护士), works in the pediatric ward.70 What do you call a baby cat?a. Puppyb. Kittenc. Cubd. Foal答案:B71 Which season is known for blooming flowers?A. WinterB. SpringC. SummerD. Fall答案: B72 What do you call the process of making something less harmful?A. MitigationB. RegulationC. ConservationD. Protection答案:A73 A ____ is a tiny insect that plays an important role in nature.74 The ________ is a symbol of good luck.75 The main gas that plants take in is __________.76 My favorite subject is _______ because it’s interesting.77 The __________ (科学探索) leads to innovation.78 A saturated solution is one that cannot dissolve any more _____ (solute).79 The __________ (历史的传播) informs communities.80 What is the name of the longest river in South America?A. AmazonB. NileC. MississippiD. Yangtze81 I believe that laughter is the best _______ (良药). It makes every situation better.82 What do we call the time when it snows?A. SpringB. SummerC. WinterD. Autumn83 What is 10 + 10?A. 15B. 20C. 25D. 3084 When water boils, it turns into _______.85 I have a ___ (great) idea for a project.86 A ____ is a curious animal that explores new places.87 What is 4 + 4?A. 6B. 7C. 8D. 9答案:C88 A ________ can sometimes be very funny.89 The chemical symbol for iodine is __________.90 I love spending time with my family. We often go __________ together and enjoy each other’s compa ny. Our family game nights are always fun!91 A ________ can be both a pet and a friend.92 They go to school __________.93 What is the name of the famous ancient city in Greece?A. AthensB. SpartaC. DelphiD. Corinth答案:A94 A solution that has a high concentration of solute is called a _______ solution.95 What do we call the science of studying the Earth's landforms and features?A. GeologyB. GeographyC. CartographyD. Oceanography答案:A96 The Earth's crust is made of __________ and minerals.97 How many notes are there in a musical scale?A. SixB. SevenC. EightD. Nine98 The Earth's surface is constantly being shaped by wind and ______.99 A frog can change its color based on its ______ (环境).100 What color do you get when you mix red and white?A. PinkB. PurpleC. OrangeD. Brown。