1987HKCEE ECON PAPER
高科技带来全新视觉享受
高科技带来全新视觉享受
佚名
【期刊名称】《中国眼镜科技杂志》
【年(卷),期】2006(000)004
【摘要】众所周知，德国物理学家恩斯特-阿贝博士是镜片设计的重要参数——阿贝数的发明者，同时他也是当今世界光学泰斗、卡尔榘司公司创始人之一。
【总页数】2页(P92-93)
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】F124.3
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可持续性资本理论
B OSTON U NIVERSITY Center for Energy and Environmental Studies Working Papers SeriesNumber 9501 September 1995 THE CAPITAL THEORY APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY:A CRITICAL APPRAISALbyDavid Stern675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston MA 02215Tel: (617) 353-3083Fax: (617) 353-5986E-Mail: dstern@WWW: /sterncv.htmlThe Capital Theory Approach to Sustainability:A Critical AppraisalDavid I. SternBoston UniversityNovember 1995______________________________________________________________________________ Center for Energy and Environmental Studies, Boston University, 675 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston MA 02215, USA. Tel: (617) 353 3083 Fax: (617) 353 5986, E-Mail: dstern@The Capital Theory Approach to Sustainability:A Critical Appraisal______________________________________________________________________________ SummaryThis paper examines critically some recent developments in the sustainability debate. The large number of definitions of sustainability proposed in the 1980's have been refined into a smaller number of positions on the relevant questions in the 1990's. The most prominent of these are based on the idea of maintaining a capital stock. I call this the capital theory approach (CTA). Though these concepts are beginning to inform policies there are a number of difficulties in applying this approach in a theoretically valid manner and a number of critics of the use of the CTA as a guide to policy. First, I examine the internal difficulties with the CTA and continue to review criticisms from outside the neoclassical normative framework. The accounting approach obscures the underlying assumptions used and gives undue authoritativeness to the results. No account is taken of the uncertainty involved in sustainability analysis of any sort. In addition, by focusing on a representative consumer and using market (or contingent market) valuations of environmental resources, the approach (in common with most normative neoclassical economics) does not take into account distributional issues or accommodate alternative views on environmental values. Finally, I examine alternative approaches to sustainability analysis and policy making. These approaches accept the open-ended and multi-dimensional nature of sustainability and explicitly open up to political debate the questions that are at risk of being hidden inside the black-box of seemingly objective accounting.I.INTRODUCTIONThe Brundtland Report (WCED, 1987) proposed that sustainable development is "development that meets the needs of the present generation while letting future generations meet their own needs". Economists initially had some difficulty with this concept, some dismissing it1 and others proliferating a vast number of alternative definitions and policy prescriptions (see surveys by: Pezzey, 1989; Pearce et al., 1989; Rees, 1990; Lélé, 1991).In recent years, economists have made some progress in articulating their conception of sustainability. The large number of definitions of sustainability proposed in the 1980's have been refined into a smaller number of positions on the relevant questions in the 1990's. There is agreement that sustainability implies that certain indicators of welfare or development are non-declining over the very long term, that is development is sustained (Pezzey, 1989). Sustainable development is a process of change in an economy that does not violate such a sustainability criterion. Beyond this, the dominant views are based on the idea of maintaining a capital stock as a prerequisite for sustainable development. Within this school of thought there are opposing camps which disagree on the empirical question of the degree to which various capital stocks can be substituted for each other, though there has been little actual empirical research on this question.There is a consensus among a large number of economists that the CTA is a useful means of addressing sustainability issues.2 Capital theory concepts are beginning to inform policy, as in the case of the UN recommendations on environmental accounting and the US response to them (Beardsley, 1994; Carson et al., 1994; Steer and Lutz, 1993). There are, however, a growing number of critics who question whether this is a useful way to address sustainability (eg. Norgaard, 1991; Amir, 1992; Common and Perrings, 1992; Karshenas, 1994; Pezzey, 1994; Common and Norton, 1994; Faucheux et al., 1994; Common, 1995). The literature on sustainable development and sustainability is vast and continually expanding. There are also a large number ofsurveys of that literature (eg. Tisdell, 1988; Pearce et al., 1989; Rees, 1990; Simonis, 1990; Lélé, 1991; Costanza and Daly, 1992; Pezzey, 1992; Toman et al., 1994). I do not intend to survey this literature.The aim of this paper is to present a critique of the capital theory approach to sustainability (CTA henceforth) as a basis for policy. This critique both outlines the difficulties in using and applying the CTA from a viewpoint internal to neoclassical economics and problems with this approach from a viewpoint external to neoclassical economics. I also suggest some alternative approaches to sustainability relevant analysis and policy. The neoclasscial sustainability literature generally ignores the international dimensions of the sustainability problem. I also ignore this dimension in this paper.The paper is structured as follows. In the second section, I discuss the background to the emergence of the capital theory approach, while the third section briefly outlines the basic features of the approach. The fourth section examines the limitations of the CTA from within the viewpoint of neoclassical economics and the debate between proponents of "weak sustainability" and "strong sustainability". The following sections examine the drawbacks of this paradigm from a viewpoint external to neoclassical economics and discuss alternative methods of analysis and decision-making for sustainability. The concluding section summarizes the principal points.SHIFTING DEBATE: EMERGENCE OF THE CAPITAL THEORY II. THEAPPROACHMuch of the literature on sustainable development published in the 1980's was vague (see Lélé, 1991; Rees, 1990; Simonis, 1990). There was a general lack of precision and agreement in defining sustainability, and outlining appropriate sustainability policies. This confusion stemmed in part from an imprecise demarcation between ends and means. By "ends" I mean the definition ofsustainability ie. what is to be sustained, while "means" are the methods to achieve sustainability or necessary and/or sufficient conditions that must be met in order to do the same. As the goal of policy must be a subjective choice, considerable debate surrounded and continues to surround the definition of sustainability (eg. Tisdell, 1988). As there is considerable scientific uncertainty regarding sustainability possibilities, considerable debate continues to surround policies to achieve any given goal.Sharachchandra Lélé (1991) stated that "sustainable development is in real danger of becoming a cliché like appropriate technology - a fashionable phrase that everyone pays homage to but nobody cares to define" (607). Lélé pointed out that different authors and speakers meant very different things by sustainability, and that even UNEP's and WCED's definitions of sustainable development were vague, and confused ends with means. Neither provided any scientific examination of whether their proposed policies would lead to increased sustainability. "Where the sustainable development movement has faltered is in its inability to develop a set of concepts, criteria and policies that are coherent or consistent - both externally (with physical and social reality) and internally (with each other)." (613). Judith Rees (1990) expressed extreme skepticism concerning both sustainable development and its proponents. “It is easy to see why the notion of sustainable development has become so popular ... No longer does environmental protection mean sacrifice and confrontation with dominant materialist values” (435). She also argued that sustainable development was just so much political rhetoric. A UNEP report stated: "The ratio of words to action is weighted too heavily towards the former" (quoted in Simonis, 1990, 35). In the early days of the sustainability debate, vagueness about the meaning of sustainability was advantageous in attracting the largest constituency possible, but in the longer run, greater clarity is essential for sustaining concern.In the 1990's many people have put forward much more precisely articulated definitions of sustainable development, conditions and policies required to achieve sustainability, and criteria toassess whether development is sustainable. This has coincided with a shift from a largely politically-driven dialogue to a more theory-driven dialogue. With this has come a clearer understanding of what kinds of policies would be required to move towards alternative sustainability goals, and what the limits of our knowledge are. There is a stronger awareness of the distinction between ends and means. Most, but not all (eg. Amir, 1992), analysts agree that sustainable development is a meaningful concept but that the claims of the Brundtland Report (WCED, 1987) that growth just had to change direction were far too simplistic.There is a general consensus, especially among economists, on the principal definition of sustainable development used by David Pearce et al. (1989, 1991): Non-declining average human welfare over time (Mäler, 1991; Pezzey, 1992; Toman et al., 1994).3 This definition of sustainability implies a departure from the strict principle of maximizing net present value in traditional cost benefit analysis (Pezzey, 1989), but otherwise it does not imply a large departure from conventional economics. John Pezzey (1989, 1994) suggests a rule of maximizing net present value subject to the sustainability constraint of non-declining mean welfare. It encompasses many but not all definitions of sustainability. For example, it excludes a definition of sustainability based on maintaining a set of ecosystem functions, which seems to be implied by the Holling-sustainability criterion (Common and Perrings, 1992; Holling, 1973, 1986) or on maintaining given stocks of natural assets irrespective of any contribution to human welfare. A sustainable ecosystem might not be an undesirable goal but it could be too strict a criterion for the goal of maintaining human welfare (Karshenas, 1994) and could in some circumstances lead to declining human welfare. Not all ecosystem functions and certainly not all natural assets may be necessary for human welfare. Some aspects of the natural world such as smallpox bacteria may be absolutely detrimental to people. In the context of the primary Pearce et al. definition, the Holling-sustainability criterion is a means not an end.The advantage of formalizing the concept of sustainability is that this renders it amenable to analysis by economic theory (eg. Barbier and Markandya, 1991; Victor, 1991; Common and Perrings, 1992; Pezzey, 1989, 1994; Asheim, 1994) and to quantitative investigations (eg. Repetto et al., 1989; Pearce and Atkinson, 1993; Proops and Atkinson, 1993; Stern, 1995). Given the above formal definition of sustainability, many economists have examined what the necessary or sufficient conditions for the achievement of sustainability might be. Out of this activity has come the CTA described in the next section. The great attractiveness of this new approach is that it suggests relatively simple rules to ensure sustainability and relatively simple indicators of sustainability. This situation has seemingly cleared away the vagueness that previously attended discussions of sustainability and prompted relatively fast action by governments and international organizations to embrace specific goals and programs aimed at achieving this notion of the necessary conditions for sustainability.III. THE ESSENCE OF THE CAPITAL THEORY APPROACHThe origins of the CTA are in the literature on economic growth and exhaustible resources that flourished in the 1970s, exemplified by the special issue of the Review of Economic Studies published in 1974 (Heal, 1974). Robert Solow (1986) built on this earlier literature and the work of John Hartwick (1977, 1978a, 1978b) to formalize the constant capital rule. In these early models there was a single non-renewable resource and a stock of manufactured capital goods. A production function produced a single output, which could be used for either consumption or investment using the two inputs. The elasticity of substitution between the two inputs was one which implied that natural resources were essential but that the average product of resources could rise without bound given sufficient manufactured capital.The models relate to the notion of sustainability as non-declining welfare through the assumption that welfare is a monotonically increasing function of consumption (eg. Mäler, 1991). The path ofconsumption over time (and therefore of the capital stock) in these model economies depends on the intertemporal optimization rule. Under the Rawlsian maxi-min condition consumption must be constant. No net saving is permissible as this is regarded as an unjust burden on the present generation. Under the Ramsey utilitarian approach with zero discounting consumption can increase without bound (Solow, 1974). Here the present generation may be forced to accept a subsistence standard of living if this can benefit the future generations however richer they might be. Paths that maximize net present value with positive discount rates typically peak and then decline so that they are not sustainable (Pezzey, 1994). Pezzey (1989) suggested a hybrid version which maximizes net present value subject to an intertemporal constraint that utility be non-declining. In this case utility will first increase until it reaches a maximum sustainable level. This has attracted consensus as the general optimizing criterion for sustainable development. Geir Asheim (1991) derives this condition more formally.Under the assumption that the elasticity of substitution is one, non-declining consumption depends on the maintenance of the aggregate capital stock ie. conventional capital plus natural resources, used to produce consumption (and investment) goods (Solow, 1986). Aggregate capital, W t,and the change in aggregate capital are defined by:W t=p Kt K t + p Rt S t (1)∆W t=p Kt∆K t + p Rt R t (2)where S is the stock of non-renewable resources and R the use per period. K is the manufactured capital stock and the p i are the relevant prices. In the absence of depreciation of manufactured capital, maintenance of the capital stock implies investment of the rents from the depletion of the natural resource in manufactured capital - the Hartwick rule (Hartwick 1977, 1978a, 1978b). Income is defined using the Hicksian notion (Hicks, 1946) that income is the maximum consumption in a period consistent with the maintenance of wealth. Sustainable income is,therefore, the maximum consumption in a period consistent with the maintenance of aggregate capital intact (Weitzman, 1976; Mäler, 1991) and for a flow of income to be sustainable, the stock of capital needs to be constant or increasing over time (Solow, 1986).The initial work can be extended in various ways. The definition of capital that satisfies these conditions can be extended to include a number of categories of "capital": natural, manufactured, human, and institutional.4 Natural capital is a term used by many authors (it seems Smith (1977) was the first) for the aggregate of natural resource stocks that produce inputs of services or commodities for the economy. Some of the components of natural capital may be renewable resources. Manufactured capital refers to the standard neoclassical definition of "a factor of production produced by the economic system" (Pearce, 1992). Human capital also follows the standard definition. Institutional capital includes the institutions and knowledge necessary for the organization and reproduction of the economic system. It includes the ethical or moral capital referred to by Fred Hirsch (1976) and the cultural capital referred to by Fikret Berkes and Carl Folke (1992). For convenience I give the name 'artificial capital' to the latter three categories jointly. None of these concepts is unproblematic and natural capital is perhaps the most problematic. Technical change and population growth can also be accommodated (see Solow, 1986).Empirical implementation of the CTA tends to focus on measurement of sustainable income (eg. El Serafy, 1989; Repetto, 1989) or net capital accumulation (eg. Pearce and Atkinson, 1993; Proops and Atkinson, 1993) rather than on direct estimation of the capital stock.5 The theoretical models that underpin the CTA typically assume a Cobb-Douglas production function with constant returns to scale, no population growth, and no technological change. Any indices of net capital accumulation which attempt to make even a first approximation to reality must take these variables into account. None of the recent empirical studies does so. For example, David Pearce and Giles Atkinson (1993) present data from eighteen countries on savings and depreciation of natural andmanufactured capital as a proportion of GNP. They demonstrate that only eight countries had non-declining stocks of total capital, measured at market prices, and thus passed a weak sustainability criterion of a constant aggregate capital stock, but their methodology ignores population growth, returns to scale or technological change.IV.INTERNAL APPRAISAL OF THE CAPITAL THEORY APPROACHIn this section, I take as given the basic assumptions and rationale of neoclassical economics and highlight some of the technical problems that are encountered in using the CTA as an operational guide to policy. From a neoclassical standpoint these might be seen as difficulties in the positive theory that may lead to difficulties in the normative theory of sustainability policy. In the following section, I take as given solutions to these technical difficulties and examine some of the problems inherent in the normative neoclassical approach to sustainability.a.Limits to Substitution in Production and "Strong Sustainability"Capital theorists are divided among proponents of weak sustainability and strong sustainability. This terminology is confusing as it suggests that the various writers have differing ideas of what sustainability is.6 In fact they agree on that issue, but differ on what is the minimum set of necessary conditions for achieving sustainability. The criterion that distinguishes the categories is the degree of substitutability believed to be possible between natural and artificial capital.7The weak sustainability viewpoint follows from the early literature and holds that the relevant capital stock is an aggregate stock of artificial and natural capital. Weak sustainability assumes that the elasticity of substitution between natural capital and artificial capital is one and therefore that there are no natural resources that contribute to human welfare that cannot be asymptotically replaced by other forms of capital. Reductions in natural capital may be offset by increases inartificial capital. It is sometimes implied that this might be not only a necessary condition but also a sufficient condition for achieving sustainability (eg. Solow, 1986, 1993).Proponents of the strong sustainability viewpoint such as Robert Costanza and Herman Daly (1992) argue that though this is a necessary condition for sustainability it cannot possibly be a sufficient condition. Instead, a minimum necessary condition is that separate stocks of aggregate natural capital and aggregate artificial capital must be maintained. Costanza and Daly (1992) state: "It is important for operational purposes to define sustainable development in terms of constant or nondeclining total natural capital, rather than in terms of nondeclining utility" (39).8 Other analysts such as members of the "London School" hold views between these two extremes (see Victor, 1991). They argue that though it is possible to substitute between natural and artificial capital there are certain stocks of "critical natural capital" for which no substitutes exist. A necessary condition for sustainability is that these individual stocks must be maintained in addition to the general aggregate capital stock.The weak sustainability condition violates the Second Law of Thermodynamics, as a minimum quantity of energy is required to transform matter into economically useful products (Hall et al., 1986) and energy cannot be produced inside the economic system.9 It also violates the First Law on the grounds of mass balance (Pezzey, 1994). Also ecological principles concerning the importance of diversity in system resilience (Common and Perrings, 1992) imply that minimum quantities of a large number of different capital stocks (eg. species) are required to maintain life support services. The London School view and strong sustainability accommodate these facts by assuming that there are lower bounds on the stocks of natural capital required to support the economy, in terms of the supply of materials and energy, and in terms of the assimilative capacity of the environment, and that certain categories of critical natural capital cannot be replaced by other forms of capital.Beyond this recognition it is an empirical question as to how far artificial capital can substitute for natural capital. There has been little work on this at scales relevant to sustainability. However, the econometric evidence from studies of manufacturing industry suggest on the whole that energy and capital are complements (Berndt and Wood, 1979).In some ways the concept of maintaining a constant stock of aggregate natural capital is even more bizarre than maintaining a non-declining stock of total capital. It seems more reasonable to suggest that artificial capital might replace some of the functions of natural capital than to suggest that in general various natural resources may be substitutes for each other. How can oil reserves substitute for clean air, or iron deposits for topsoil? Recognizing this, some of the strong sustainability proponents have dropped the idea of maintaining an aggregate natural capital stock as proposed by Costanza and Daly (1992) and instead argue that minimum stocks of all natural resources should be maintained (Faucheux and O'Connor, 1995). However, this can no longer really be considered an example of the CTA. Instead it is an approach that depends on the concept of safe minimum standards or the precautionary principle. The essence of the CTA is that some aggregation of resources using monetary valuations is proposed as an indicator for sustainability.The types of models which admit an index of aggregate capital, whether aggregate natural capital or aggregate total capital, is very limited. Construction of aggregate indices or subindices of inputs depend on the production function being weakly separable in those subgroups (Berndt and Christensen, 1973). For example it is only possible to construct an index of aggregate natural capital if the marginal rate of substitution between two forms of natural capital is independent of the quantities of labor or capital employed. This seems an unlikely proposition as the exploitation of many natural resources is impractical without large capital stocks. For example, in the production of caught fish, the marginal rate of substitution, and under perfect competition the price ratio, between stocks of fresh water fish and marine fish should be independent of the number of fishingboats available. This is clearly not the case. People are not likely to put a high value on the stock of deep sea fish when they do not have boats to catch them with.If substitution is limited, technological progress might reduce the quantity of natural resource inputs required per unit of output. However, there are arguments that indicate that technical progress itself is bounded (see Pezzey, 1994; Stern, 1994). One of these (Pezzey, 1994) is that, just as in the case of substitution, ultimately the laws of thermodynamics limit the minimization of resource inputs per unit output. Stern (1994) argues that unknown useful knowledge is itself a nonrenewable resource. Technological progress is the extraction of this knowledge from the environment and the investment of resources in this activity will eventually be subject to diminishing returns.Limits to substitution in production might be thought of in a much broader way to include nonlinearities and threshold effects. This view is sometimes described as the "ecological" viewpoint on sustainability (Common and Perrings, 1992; Common, 1995) or as the importance of maintaining the "resilience" of ecological systems rather than any specific stocks or species. This approach derives largely from the work of Holling (1973, 1986). In this view ecosystems are locally stable in the presence of small shocks or perturbations but may be irreversibly altered by large shocks. Structural changes in ecosystems such as those that come about through human interference and particularly simplification, may make these systems more susceptible to losing resilience and being permanently degraded. There is clearly some substitutability between species or inorganic elements in the role of maintaining ecosystem productivity, however, beyond a certain point this substitutability may suddenly fail to hold true. This approach also asks us to look at development paths as much less linear and predictable than is implied in the CTA literature.All things considered, what emerges is a quite different approach to sustainability policy. It is probable that substitution between natural and artificial capital is limited, as is ultimately technicalchange. Additionally the joint economy-ecosystem system may be subject to nonlinear dynamics. This implies that eventually the economy must approach a steady state where the volume of physical economic activity is dependent on the maximum economic and sustainable yield of renewable resources or face decline ie. profit (or utility) maximizing use of renewable resources subject to the sustainability constraint. As in Herman Daly's vision (Daly, 1977) qualitative change in the nature of economic output is still possible. Sustainability policy would require not just maintaining some stocks of renewable resources but also working to reduce "threats to sustainability" (Common, 1995) that might cause the system to pass over a threshold and reduce long-run productivity.The notion of Hicksian income originally applied to an individual price-taking firm (Faucheux and O'Connor, 1995). However, even here it is not apparent that the myopic policy of maintaining capital intact from year to year is the best or only way to ensure the sustainability of profits into the future. If a competing firm makes an innovation that renders the firm's capital stock obsolete, the latter's income may drop to zero. This is despite it previously following a policy of maintaining its capital intact. The firm's income measured up to this point is clearly seen to be unsustainable. In fact its policy has been shown to be irrelevant to long-run sustainability. In the real world firms will carry out activities that may not contribute to the year to year maintenance of capital and will reduce short-run profits such as research and development and attempts to gain market share.10 These activities make the firm more resilient against future shocks and hence enhance sustainability.b.Prices for AggregationSupposing that the necessary separability conditions are met so that aggregation of a capital stock is possible, analysts still have to obtain an appropriate set of prices so that the value of the capital stock is a sustainability relevant value. The CTA is more or less tautological if we use the "right" prices. However, these correct "sustainability prices" are unknown and unknowable. A number of。
普利兹克奖历届得主及作品赏析
普利兹克奖（1979-2013）一、1979年菲利普·约翰逊Philip Johnson 美国（1）代表作品：1949 美国康涅狄格州纽卡纳安玻璃住宅Glass House New Canaan1980 加利福尼亚州加登格罗夫水晶大教堂Crystal Cathedral Garden Grove1984 美国电报电话公司大楼AT&T Building New York★加利福尼亚州加登格罗夫水晶大教堂：①10，000多盏银色玻璃窗用硅酮胶水粘在建筑上，使建筑物承受8.0级地震及每小时100英里的强风。
②两座90尺高的电动大门在讲坛后打开，以使晨光与和暖的微风来烘托朝拜圣礼。
③祭坛和道坛由花岗岩制成，17尺高的十字架被设计成18开书页宽镶金的老式结构。
（2）设计概念：①注重自然和人造光线之间的搭配以及水对所处位置的重大作用以及光线等方面的作用。
②用雕刻结等方式创造更大的空间。
③他对排列的建筑空间相当感兴趣，并将它当作一种思路来进行思考，将之付诸实际中以领会、理解。
二、1980年路易斯·巴拉甘Luis Barragán 墨西哥（1）代表作品：1948 巴拉干住宅Casa Luis Barragan1955 安东尼奥·格雷夫兹住宅Antonio Galves1968 圣·克里斯特博马厩与别墅San Cristobal★巴拉干住宅：①对墨西哥民居传统的延续。
②生活区门厅是一条黑色熔岩石铺成的长廊，这种过渡空间与传统一致。
③休息厅内有一堵粉红色墙，反射出柔和的粉红色光线。
④起居室有块落地玻璃窗面向庭院，窗子只有两条极细的分隔。
⑤建筑中有许多矮墙隔断，形成良好的光影变换的效果。
（2）设计概念：①色彩浓烈鲜艳的墙体的运用。
②将自然中的阳光与空气带进人的视线与生活当中，并且与色彩浓烈的墙体交错在一起，使两者的混合产生奇异的效果。
③对水运用的灵感来自于那些被摩尔人作为镜子、可视的标签或者音乐元素的喷泉中。
杰里科
《意大利文艺复兴园林〉一书中加贝阿伊阿花园平面图
意大利文艺复兴花园加贝阿伊阿中长长的笔直的步道
意大利巴洛克花园加佐尼
意大利“手法主义”花园布玛簇得新奇与神秘
1925年出版《意大利文艺复兴园林〉成为 权威著作，而且迄今为止也没有失去价值，书 中精美的水彩渲染的平面图和钢笔线描的透视 图仍不断地被各种书籍引用。 那时杰里科只有25岁，在他从事现代景观 设计之前，对古典园林已经有了深入的研究， 这一经历也深刻地影响了他的景观设计的生涯。 毕业后，杰里科在建筑协会学校任教，和 谢菲尔德一起从事建筑实践。 1931年，成立了一个景观设计的咨询公司。
杰里科喜爱并在作品中大量运用古典园林的要素， 如绿篱、雕塑、链式瀑布、远景等。杰里科还将许多 其它传统园林要素单独或一起使用来强化景观，如凉 亭、座椅、棚架、瓶饰和花篮等。这使他的作品带有 浓厚的古典色彩。 长平台或长长的步道是杰里科非常喜爱的要素， 他用长平台或长步道联系一系列单独的有时相对封闭 的花园空间，使之具有很好的整体感，同时也引导人 们体验不同的空间，获得意想不到的感受。 水是杰里科的作品的精华。他善于利用基地的条 件，创造出丰富的水景，如池塘、瀑布、跌水、水池、 喷泉等，水往往成为园林中视觉的中心。水的形状也 非常神秘，有时是与鱼等某种动物有关。
纪念碑和谐地处 在英国乡村风景中， 像永恒的精神，给游 人凝思遐想。 白色的纪念碑后 的美国橡树在每年11 月份叶色绯红，具有 强烈的感染力，这正 是肯尼迪总统遇难的 季节。 碑 肯 尼 迪 总 统 纪 念
杰里科希望参观者能够仅仅通过潜意识来 理解这朴实的景观，使参观者在心理上经过一 段长远而伟大的里程，这就是一个人的生、死 和灵魂，从而感受物质世界中看不到的生活的 深层含义。
从1925年《意大利文艺复兴园林〉的出版到1992年完成美国亚特 兰大历史花园，70年间完成100多个项目，杰里科的设计生涯可以分 为三个阶段： 第一阶段（1927—1960年）：受三种因素影响。 首先是对意大利文艺复兴花园的研究，使他能够深入思考建筑及 其环境之间的整体关系。 其次是随后在建筑协会学校5年的执教生涯，使他融入了那个时 代的前卫艺术之中，他的思想与现代艺术的发展保持着同步。 第三是挚友、家具设计师鲁塞尔对他在花园与建筑设计上的支持。
12第六章光合作用I：植物对光能的吸收与转换
一 叶绿体的结构
1.形状、数量、大小
扁平椭圆形，每个叶 肉细胞有50∽200个 叶绿体。
长 4-6 μm ， 厚 2－3 μm。
随物种，细胞种类，生 理状况和环境而不同
2. 叶绿体超微结构
（一）叶绿体被膜（chloroplast envelope）
•双层膜的屏障：维持相对稳定的内 部环境，控制物质的出入。
（一）光化学反应
光化学反应: 由光引起的反应中心 色素分子与原初电子受体间的氧化 还原反应, 在光化学反应中，光能 通过反应中心色素转变为电能。
D.P.A
D.P*.A D.P+.A－ D+.P.A－
电荷分离
（二）光反应中心
指植物吸收光能进行光化学反应的 场所，它由原初电子供体、原初电子受 体等电子传递体，以及维持这些电子传 递体的微环境所必需的蛋白质组成的色 素蛋白复合体，共同组成光合作用的基 本功能单位。
为“共振转移”。
共振传递示意图
传递效率高，几乎接近100％
激发能传递到作用中心色素
在类囊体膜上天线色 素分子的排列紧密而 有序。从外到内为胡 萝卜素、叶黄素、叶 绿素b、叶绿素a。这 种排列方式有利与能 量向作用中心转移， 另一方面这种排列也 保证了能量不能逆向 传递。
三 光合作用的光化学反应
（一）光化学反应 （二）光反应中心
第六章 光合作用I： 植物对光能的吸收与转换
[教学内容]
了解光合作用的研究历史、概念； 掌握叶绿体的结构与功能；光能的 吸收与传递、光合磷酸化的机理、 类型和意义。
第一节 第二节
第三节 第四节 第五节
光合作用的概述 光合作用的结构基础： 叶绿体的超微结构 光能的吸收和传递 叶绿体中ATP的合成 光能的分配调节和光保护
初一英语学科名人传记阅读单选题40题
初一英语学科名人传记阅读单选题40题1. My hero is a great scientist. He was born in a small town. In his childhood, he was very interested in _____.A. musicB. sportsC. scienceD. art答案：C。
本题考查对文本内容的理解。
文中提到他是一位伟大的科学家，且在童年时期对某事物很感兴趣，根据常识和文本逻辑，科学家通常对科学感兴趣，所以答案是C。
A 选项音乐、B 选项体育、D 选项艺术都与科学家的早期兴趣不符。
2. The famous writer spent his early years in a village. He loved to read books. When he was young, he read _____ every day.A. newspapersB. magazinesC. novelsD. comics答案：C。
根据文本内容，这位作家喜欢读书，在选项中，作家最可能读的是小说，所以答案是C。
A 选项报纸通常新闻较多，不太符合作家早期爱读书的特点。
B 选项杂志内容比较杂，不如小说更符合作家的兴趣。
D 选项漫画一般不是作家早期主要阅读的类型。
3. The great leader had a difficult childhood. But he was always brave.He never gave up. In his early life, he faced many _____.A. chancesB. challengesC. choicesD. changes答案：B。
文本中提到伟大领袖童年艰难且勇敢从不放弃，所以他早期面临的应该是挑战，答案是B。
A 选项机会与艰难的童年不太符合。
C 选项选择在文中未体现。
D 选项变化不太能体现领袖面对的困境。
人类发展指数 (HDI) 的计算
成人识字率 (%)
综合毛入学率 (%)
人均国内生产总值
（按美元购买力平价）
极大值 极小值
85 25
100
0
100
0
40,000 100
计算 HDI 此 HDI 计算演示使用了巴西的数据。
1. 计算预期寿命指数 预期寿命指数用于测度一个国家在出生时预期
寿命方面所取得的相对成就。就巴西来说，其 2004 年的预期寿命为 70.8 岁，所对应的预期寿命指数为 0.764。
40
.400
30
成人识字指数 = 88.6 – 0 = 0.886 100 – 0
毛入学指数 = 86 – 0 = 0.857 100 – 0
教育指数 = 2/3 （成人识字指数）+ 1/3 (毛入学指数)
20 10
0
成人识字率 (%)
毛入学率 (%)
.200 0 教育指数
= 2/3 (0.886) + 1/3 (0.857) = 0.876
预期寿命指数 = 70.8 – 25 = 0.764 85 – 25
2. 计算教育指数
90 阈值 85 岁
80 70.8
70
60
50
40
30 阈值 25 岁
20
0.764
预期寿命 （岁）
1.00 .800 .600 .400 .200 0 预期 寿命 指数
教育指数衡量的是一个国家在成人识字及
初、中、高综合毛入学率两方面所取得的相对
GER 指数
教育指数
体面生活 人均国内生产总值 (GDP)
（按美元购买力平价）
GDP 指数
人类贫穷指数 (HPI-1)
维度 指标
艾丽丝·尼尔：用绝望画出人类灵魂
1900年1月28日，艾丽丝·尼尔（Alice Neel，1900-1984）出生于宾夕法尼亚州梅里恩广场。
她的母亲是美国《独立宣言》签署者的后裔，父亲是宾夕法尼亚铁路公司津贴部门的会计，这是一个标准的中产阶级家庭。
然而在那个对女性的期望和给予的机会都非常有限的时代，女孩想成为艺术家，简直比登天还难。
在一次采访中她这样描述自己成长的地方：“我在那个小镇里长大，我讨厌那里，你知道一个愚昧落后的小镇是什么样子吗？……我的生活无聊至极，小镇里什么都有，就是没有一位艺术家或是作家，当年轻人从窗户探出身子，没有人会把这些场景写下来，当梨花在春天里开得烂漫，也没有画家会把它们画下来，但只有我有这样做的想法，但我还只是个孩子……”从小就想成为艺术家的尼尔高中毕业后参加对页罗伯特·梅普尔索普 （Robert Mapplethorpe）《艾丽丝·尼尔》明胶银版摄影 48.6×37.9 cm© Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation撰文=沈蓉 编辑=关月艾丽丝·尼尔，20世纪最伟大的美国画家之一。
然而，她的所有声誉只出现在她去世之后。
在过去的20年中，人们对她的作品兴趣呈指数级增长，一系列具有里程碑意义的展览和艺术史研究牢牢巩固了她在国际舞台上的地位。
用绝望画出人类灵魂艾丽丝·尼尔：了公务员考试，白天工作，晚上去夜校上艺术课，终于在1921年进入费城女子设计学院（现在的摩尔艺术与设计学院)。
1924年夏天，在一个暑期学校的绘画项目中，她遇到了“古巴人”卡洛斯·恩里克斯（Carlos Enriquez）（尼尔在回忆中总是用标签来指称那些在她生命中占据重要位置的男人）。
两个年轻人情投意合，迅速坠入爱河。
第二年，尼尔刚刚毕业两人便结了婚，一起前往古巴哈瓦那生活。
20世纪初，古巴经历了一系列政治运动和社会变革，包括民主革命和反帝国主义斗争。
激光共聚焦显微镜
激光扫描共聚焦显微镜
四、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜的基本结构
显微镜主机 显微镜控制箱
显示器
操控手柄Biblioteka 电脑主机材料学院中心实验室
激光扫描共聚焦显微镜
五、OLS4000激光扫描共聚焦显微镜的基本参数
➢ 配备LED光源和405nm短波长半导体激光光源 ➢ 配备六组物镜和六孔电动物镜转盘 ➢ 100×100mm超声波电动载物台 ➢ 放大倍数108×—17200× ➢ 水平方向的分辨率为0.12μm，Z轴方向分辨率为0.8μm ➢ 观察范围16×16微米-2560×2560微米
OLS4000使用的是405nm短波长半导体激光光源，所以进一步减小了 入射光的波长，从而得到更高的分辨率。
材料学院中心实验室
金相显微镜的构成
六、激光扫描共聚焦显微镜与普通光学显微镜的区别 ➢ 视场直径
是指在显微镜下看到的视场内所能容纳被检物体的实际范 围。视场直径越大越便于观察。
OLS4000带有图像拼接功能，可以 获得高分辨率宽视野的图像。
➢ 1987年，White和Amos在英国《自然》杂志发表了“共聚焦显微 镜时代的到来”一文，标志着LSCM已成为进行科学研究的重要 工具。
➢ 随后各家公司都推出了商品化的共焦显微镜,英国的Bio-Rad公司 的MRC系列，德国Leica公司的TCS系列，Zeiss公司的LSM系列 等。随着技术的不断发展和完善，产品的性能不断改进和更新， 应用的范围也越来越广泛。
➢ 1978年，阿姆斯特丹大学的G.J.Brakenhoff首次展示了改善了分 辨率的共焦显微镜。
➢ 1984年，Bio-Rad公司推出了世界第一台共聚焦显微镜商品，型 号为SOM-100，扫描方式为台阶式扫描。
高职新能源汽车技术专业课程体系的探索——全国87所院校的调研报告
AUTOMOBILE EDUCATION | 汽车教育时代汽车 高职新能源汽车技术专业课程体系的探索——全国87所院校的调研报告付宽 辜文杰汉中职业技术学院 陕西省汉中市 723002摘 要： 随着国家节能减排政策的不断深化，新能源汽车技术专业逐渐成为近年来各高职院校的热门专业，经过几年的发展，各学校的新能源汽车专业都办出了自己的特色，很多都值得我们学习，笔者面向全国开办有新能源汽车技术专业的院校，针对其专业课程体系做了调研，并将调研结论进行分析，为课程体系的构建提出建设性的意见。
关键词：新能源汽车技术专业 课程体系 线上调研1 调研背景汽车产业是国民经济的重要支柱产业，为解决传统燃油车带来的能源紧张和环境污染问题，国家早在20年前就提出了“节能和新能源汽车战略”。
经过20年的发展，新能源汽车的市场占有率逐年快速上升。
新能源汽车技术专业就业不仅面向售后维修企业，未来会面向通信、能源、交通融合产业。
为了顺应时代需求，迎接产业巨变的挑战，作为培养行业一线操作员的高职院校，培养什么样的人、怎么培养人的问题已经摆在了我们面前。
近年来全国各高职院校争相开办新能源汽车技术专业，为了能了解全国院校的办学情况，学习优秀的办学经验，笔者针对专业课程体系做了一次调研。
2 调研的方式和内容由于疫情的影响，针对全国职业院校的大规模调研无法实地展开，于是笔者利用专业线上调研工具开展有偿调研。
调研问卷共设计题目15项，内容涵盖院校名称、专业的基本情况、构建课程体系的方式方法、课程体系具体内容等方面。
3 调研的过程和结果本调研将问卷通过微信发给全国高职院校的专业带头人，每校一份问卷，每份问卷通过IP严格审核，通过院校名称是否对应答卷IP地址来判断问卷是否有效。
最终发放问卷91份，回收有效答卷87份，参与院校覆盖全国25个省、自治区和直辖市，占全国78.13%。
4 调研的内容及分析本次调研的内容大致可分为三部分：一是新能源汽车技术专业基本情况，二是各院校构建专业课程体系的依据和方法，三是2019年专业课程体系的具体内容。
2022版高考英语一轮复习 第2部分 人与社会 主题群2 文学、艺术与体育 主题语境1 小说、戏剧
Rules Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification. ■Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines. ■Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper. ■On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date. ■Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.
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3．Which of the following will result in disqualification? A．Typing your poem out. B．Writing a poem of 120 words. C．Using both sides of the paper. D．Mailing your entry on October 30. B [推理判断题。根据 Rules 部分的第一条规则可知，参赛作品 的字数不得超过 100 词，所以 B 项中提到的“ 一首 120 词的诗作” 是违 规的。]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
B (2020·浙江 7 月卷·A) I am an active playgoer and play-reader, and perhaps my best reason for editing this book is a hope of sharing my enthusiasm for the theater with others. To do this I have searched through dozens of plays to find the ones that I think best show the power and purpose of the short pl) 小说、戏剧、诗歌、传 记、文学简史、经典演讲、文学名著等
世界十大数学难题
难题”之一：P（多项式算法）问题对NP（非多项式算法）问题难题”之二：霍奇（Hodge）猜想难题”之三: 庞加莱（Poincare)猜想难题”之四：黎曼(Riemann)假设难题”之五：杨－米尔斯(Yang-Mills）存在性和质量缺口难题"之六：纳维叶－斯托克斯（Navier—Stokes）方程的存在性与光滑性难题"之七：贝赫（Birch）和斯维讷通－戴尔(Swinnerton—Dyer）猜想难题”之八：几何尺规作图问题难题”之九：哥德巴赫猜想难题"之十：四色猜想美国麻州的克雷（Clay)数学研究所于2000年5月24日在巴黎法兰西学院宣布了一件被媒体炒得火热的大事：对七个“千僖年数学难题”的每一个悬赏一百万美元.以下是这七个难题的简单介绍。
“千僖难题”之一:P（多项式算法）问题对NP（非多项式算法)问题在一个周六的晚上，你参加了一个盛大的晚会。
由于感到局促不安，你想知道这一大厅中是否有你已经认识的人.你的主人向你提议说,你一定认识那位正在甜点盘附近角落的女士罗丝。
不费一秒钟，你就能向那里扫视，并且发现你的主人是正确的.然而，如果没有这样的暗示，你就必须环顾整个大厅，一个个地审视每一个人，看是否有你认识的人。
生成问题的一个解通常比验证一个给定的解时间花费要多得多。
这是这种一般现象的一个例子。
与此类似的是，如果某人告诉你,数13，717，421可以写成两个较小的数的乘积,你可能不知道是否应该相信他，但是如果他告诉你它可以因子分解为3607乘上3803，那么你就可以用一个袖珍计算器容易验证这是对的.不管我们编写程序是否灵巧，判定一个答案是可以很快利用内部知识来验证，还是没有这样的提示而需要花费大量时间来求解，被看作逻辑和计算机科学中最突出的问题之一。
它是斯蒂文·考克（StephenCook）于1971年陈述的。
“千僖难题”之二：霍奇（Hodge）猜想二十世纪的数学家们发现了研究复杂对象的形状的强有力的办法。
“全球纸业75强”榜首花落宝洁公司，
“全球纸业75强”榜首花落宝洁公司，玖龙纸业产量登顶——2021全球纸业75强榜单解析⊙ 本刊记者 宋雯琪近日，P a p e r360杂志推出了2021全球造纸企业75强年度榜单，榜单主要根据企业在制浆、造纸及加工业务领域的净销售额排名（企业中与造纸无关的业务不计入业绩）。
与2020年相比，2021年上榜企业仍然以“老面孔”为主，只有Sylvamo公司为新上榜企业。
1国际纸业首次让位，宝洁公司跃居榜首纵观2021全球造纸企业75强年度榜单，如表1所示，不难发现此次上榜企业与上年变化不大，除了Sylvamo公司之外均为榜单的常客，Sylvamo是从国际纸业剥离后新建的印刷纸上市公司，首次上榜75强榜单。
而此次年度榜单最令人瞩目的变化之一便是国际纸业首次让出了榜首宝座，位居次席，而生活用纸和纸巾巨头——宝洁公司（Procter & Gamble）跃居榜首。
然而，国际纸业名次下滑却并非由于本身经营业绩不佳，而是国际纸业在2020年12月首次宣布剥离了自身的印刷纸业务，并将其全球印刷纸业务分拆为一家独立的上市公司，即这次新上榜的Sylva m o公司。
剥离之后，国际纸业将继续专注于工业包装和吸收性纤维素纤维业务。
据悉，2020年，国际纸业的印刷纸业务占整体销售额的15%，营业额略高于30亿美元，其中32%来自欧洲、中东和非洲，因此国际纸业剥离印刷纸业务势必使其净销售额下降，引起名次下滑。
尽管如此，国际纸业仍然凭借其强劲的工业包装和纤维业务而居于榜单第二位，并未与榜首宝洁公司拉开较大的差距。
2021年榜单前十强企业之中，宝洁公司、国际纸业、WestRock、王子制纸、Sm u rfit Kappa、芬欧汇川（U P M）、斯道拉恩索七家企业延续了2020年的十强地位，而DS Smith由第11位上升为第7位，Mondi由第12位上升为第10位，玖龙纸业由第13位上升为第8位，成为首家进入全球造纸行业前十强的中国企业。
2023-2024学年浙江省名校协作体高三下学期开学适应性考试英语试题
2023-2024学年浙江省名校协作体高三下学期开学适应性考试英语试题Between 1901 and 2023, the Nobel Prizes and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences were awarded 621 times to 1,000 people and organizations. With some receiving the Nobel Prize more than once, this makes a total of 965 individuals and 27 organizations. Below, you can view the full list of 2023 Nobel Prizes and Nobel Prize winners.The Nobel Prize in Physics 2023Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz and Anne L’Huillier “for experimental methods that generate attosecond pulses (脉冲) of light for the study of electron dynamics in matter”The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023Katalin Kariko and Drew Weissman “for their discoveries concerning DNA that enabled the development of effective vaccines (疫苗) against COVID-19”The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2023Moungi G. Bawendi, Louis E. Brus and Alexei I. Ekimov “for the discovery and combination of quantum dots (量子点)”The Nobel Prize in Literature 2023Jon Fosse “for his innovative works which give voice to the unsayable”The Nobel Peace Prize 2023Narges Moha mmadi “for her fight against the unfair and cruel treatment of women in Iran and her fight to promote human rights and freedom for all”The Noble Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences 2023Claudia Goldin “for having advanced our understanding of women’s labour market outcomes”For further information, you can click here.1. Whose achievement directly contributes to people’s heath?D．Jon Fosse.A．Pierre Agostini. B．Katalin Karikó. C．Alexei I.Ekimov.2. What do the last two winners have in common?A．They make breakthroughs in scientific field.B．They show concern for women’s condition.C．They conduct their research in Asian countries.D．They fight for the freedom of working women.3. Where is the article probably taken from?A．A science website. B．A literary magazine.C．A research paper. D．A science textbook.A rising star from Virginia has secured the title of “America’s Top Young Scientist” for his groundbreaking creation — a bar of soap designed to battle against skin cancer. At just 14 years old, Heman Bekele emerged as the victor of the 2023 Young Scientist Challenge, standing out among the ten finalists with his innovative creation known as the Skin Cancer Treating Soap (SCTS).Bekele’s brilliant concept centers on the development of a soap that is not only affordable, but also has the potential to reacti vate the body’s natural defenders of the skin to stop skin cancer. In Bekele’s own words, “Curing cancer, one bar of soap at a time. ”He always has endless passion for biology and technology, and the Young Scientist Challenge just provided him with the perfect platform to display his ideas. Reflecting on his inspiration, Bekele shared that his childhood played a significant role in shaping his innovative thinking. Having witnessed people work tirelessly under the sun, he couldn’t help but wonder how many we re aware of the risks associated with constant sun exposure.“I wanted to make my idea not only scientifically exceptional but also accessible to a broad audience,” Bekele expressed during an interview with the media. He received invaluable guidance from Deborah Isabelle, a product engineering specialist, who connected him with other scientists to aid him in reaching his ambitious plans.During his presentation, Bekele passionately expressed his vision of turning the soap into “a symbol of hope, accessibi lity, and a world where skin cancer treatment is within reach for all.”Over the coming five years, Bekele longs to perfect his invention and establish a nonprofit organization devoted to distributing his innovative creation to more places including undeveloped communities, offering hope and a practical solution in the fight against skin cancer.4. What made Bekele an instant hit?A．Starting a soap fashion. B．Overcoming skin cancer.C．Being the youngest scientist. D．Creating a soap against skin cancer.5. What inspired Bekele to invent SCTS?A．His concern for others. B．His adventure in childhood.C．His enthusiasm for technology. D．His interest in medical knowledge.6. What will Bekele do in the near future?A．Obtain official approval. B．Visit undeveloped areas.C．Increase the availability of the soap. D．Update the facilities of production.7. Which of the following can best describe Bekele?A．Inspiring and modest. B．Humorous and positive.C．Creative and considerate. D．Curious and independent.Whenever I order food for delivery, I play a little game to guess how many sets of tableware(餐具)the restaurant will provide with my meal. Sometimes restaurants will throw in two, three or four sets for just one order. But I rarely need any tableware at all, and the waste goes into the trash or collects dust in a kitchen drawer.Researchers working with Chinese technology group Alibaba tried a simple approach to this problem. Instead of just wastefully doling out tableware, the company required food-delivery customers in some cities in China to pick how many sets of tableware they wanted to receive.The default (默认设置)was set at zero. The result, published today in the journal Science, was a 638% increase in the share of no-tableware orders. If applied across China, researchers found, the approach would save nearly 22 billion sets of plastic tableware. The study doesn’t cover carbon emissions, but it’s safe to say that the impact would be significant. It struck me as a useful reminder of the many low-hanging fruits across the economy that can cut waste, and emissions.Nudging its customers cost Alibaba nothing more than a few hours of software engineering time and the impact it brought was immense. The concept of nudging comes from the field of behavioral economics known as nudge theory. It suggests that a slight action can encourage good human behavior without the need for policies that limit choice or economic punishment that raises the cost of bad behavior. To nudge customers to eat better, for example, a restaurant might organize its menu by listing healthy options first and bury unhealthy ones at the bottom. More recently, some big companies like Google have also begun to use nudges to advance climate objectives.Behavioral economics broadly, and nudges more specifi cally, aren’t without controversy. Some might think it assigns consumers responsibility for addressing environmental challenges. But there is another way to look at it. In the absence of necessary policy—and policy is needed一companies can help encourage a widespread shift of consumer behavior.And all of that behavioral change can add up. The International Energy Agency found in 2021 that small behavioral changes in energy consumption such as walking instead of driving and adjusting the thermostat could in total shave off 4% of global emissions. The more that companies can do to facilitate such changes, the better.8. What did Alibaba do with tableware waste?A．It stopped restaurants from handing out tableware.B．It withdrew unused tableware from customers.C．It updated the food -delivery device regularly.D．It allowed picking tableware at customers’ demand.9. What do the underlined words “low-hanging fruits” mean in paragraph 2?A．Easily accessible things. B．Fast increasing orders.C．Exceptionally tough choices. D．Widely accepted strategies.10. What can we learn about nudge theory from paragraph 3?A．It brings about economic loss.B．It results from consumption policies.C．It indicates small action changes behaviour.D．It implies bad behaviour impacts economy.11. What is the main idea of the text?A．Nudge theory affects behaviors.B．Good behaviors boost economy.C．Nudging helps build a greener world.D．Behavioral economics benefits customers.Ramirez Castañeda, a Colombian biologist, spends her time in the Amazon studying how snakes eat poisonous frogs without getting ill. Although her findings come in many shapes and sizes, she and her colleagues have struggled to get their biological discoveries out to the wider scientific community. With Spanish as her mother tongue, her research had to be translated into English to be published. That wasn’t always possible because of budget or time-and it means that some of her findings were never published.“It’s not that I’m a bad scientist,” she says. “It’s just because of the language.”Castañeda is not alone. There is plenty of research in non-English-language papers that gets lost in translation, or is never translated. A research looked through more than 400, 000 peer-reviewed papers in 16 different languages and found 1, 234 studies providing evidence on biodiversity conservation which, because they weren’t in English, may have been overlooked. These included Japanese-language findings on the effectiveness of relocating the endangered B lakiston’s fish owl, the largest owl species.Some experts argue that for the sake of the bigger picture, scientific knowledge should converge (转换) into one common language. Science is very globalised and becoming more so, so the use of a global language is enormous for that.Of course, scientists can work with an English partner, or use a translator-but this ultimately strengthens the cycle of dependency on the global north, leading to inequality in international influence. The specific meanings of words can also pose a problem in translation. For example, it is difficult to find in English one single word to describe forest snakes and frogs in the work Castafieda does with indigenous (土著的) communities in the Amazon.“So we’re losing observations for science, too, ” says Castañeda. “For me, it’s not possible to just have everything translated into English. We need multilingual (多语种的) science, and we need people that feel comfortable doing science in their own languages. It could be possible to switch to a world where, say, Chinese, English and Spanish are the three languages of science, just as English, French and German were the languages of science in the 19th century.”12. What prevented Castañeda’s discoveries from being more widely known?A．Poor management. B．Opposition from her colleagues.C．Her bad reputation. D．The language barrier.13. What’s the consequence of the dominant focus on English in scientific research?A．Inefficient wildlife conservation.B．A knowledge gap in the scientific world.C．A growing interest in non-English papers.D．Inadequate job opportunities for translators.14. What does the author want to illustrate by mentioning forest snakes and frogs?A．The urgency to protect rare species.B．The need to adopt one global language.C．The challenges in translating scientific texts.D．The biodiversity on the South American continent.15. What is presented in the last paragraph of the text?A．A potential solution. B．A theoretical model.C．A popular belief. D．A global trend.Pursue Your Dreams Today, Not TomorrowHave you caught yourself daydreaming about your dreams? We often postpone our dreams, trapped in a cycle of delay. But why wait? 16 You don’t have to take a huge, life-changing step. You can take minute steps toward a brighter future. And start right now.17 If you never try, you’re going to be weighed down by your regrets. You’re always going to wonder how your life would’ve turned out if you actually took a chance on yourself. Don’t let your future self be disappointed by your present self.It doesn’t matter how old you are or how many people have warned you that you’re never going to succeed. Even the most successful people have had their hesitations about whether they had what it took to make it in their field. 18 Embrace a mindset of determination, knowing that success is within your reach.At the end of the day, you need to carve out a path for yourself that will lead to the most satisfaction. If you allow your fear to get the best of you, you’re neve r going to forgive yourself. 19 . It’s what you would encourage your friends to do, so why aren’t you giving yourself that same push? Sometimes, following your passion means spending a lot of your time each day. It may require making slight adjustments to your schedule, but you don’t have to sacrifice everything to follow your hearts. Try to strike a balance between your current life and your dreams. 20Pursue your dreams now, even though that means you might need to break out of your comfort zone, and even though it means entering the unknown.I had not visited Eton for many years. When one day passing from th e Fellows’ Library into the Gallery, I caught sight of the _________ of my school friend Digby Dolben hanging just without the door among our most _________ contemporaries. I was _________ arrested and as I stood gazing on it, my _________ asked me if I knew who it was. I was thinking that I must be almost the only person who would know him. Far _________ of my boyhood were crowding _________ upon me: he was standing again beside me in the eager promise of his youth.This portrait-gallery of old Etonians is very _________: outstanding distinction of birth or excellent qualities may win you a place there. _________, how came Dolben there? It was _________ he was a poet; and yet his poems were not known. They were carefully __________ by his family and a few friends. Indeed, such of his poems as could have come to the eyes of the authorities who approved of this memorial would not __________ it. There was another __________— the portrait bears its own certification. Though you might not perhaps understand the poet in it, you can see the soul immersed in deep thought, the habit of stainless (无瑕的) life, of __________, of enthusiasm for high ideals. Such a being must have __________ remarkably among his fellows. When his early death endeared (使价值更高) his memory, loving grief would generously __________ him the glory which he had never worn.21.A．statue B．character C．portrait D．theme22.A．valuable B．distinguished C．familiar D．gracious23.A．wholly B．partly C．curiously D．secretly24.A．peers B．chairman C．leader D．companion25.A．judgment B．thought C．memories D．behaviour26.A．hurriedly B．freshly C．anxiously D．eagerly27.A．selective B．splendid C．handsome D．challenging28.A．Yet B．Therefore C．Thus D．However29.A．because B．why C．that D．what30.A．observed B．captured C．illustrated D．guarded31.A．operate B．promote C．justify D．permit32.A．appreciation B．reason C．cause D．effect33.A．devotion B．ambition C．imagination D．symbol34.A．brought about B．stood for C．stood out D．brought in35.A．interpret B．grant C．appoint D．identify阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
2023-2024学年广东省华附 省实 广雅 深中四校高二下学期期末联考英语试题
2023-2024学年广东省华附省实广雅深中四校高二下学期期末联考英语试题1. After months of hard work and preparation, the company finally saw its business ________, attracting numerous investments.A．take up B．take over C．take off D．take in2. ________ in the planning process for the group project will leave team members feeling disconnected and unproductive.A．Not involving B．Not involvedC．Not having involved D．Not being involved3. It is reported that a new wildlife conservation area has been established in ________ was once known for deforestation to protect endangered species.A．what B．which C．how D．where4. ________ a healthy eating habit, and you can feel more energetic and improve your well-being.A．Have B．To have C．Having D．Had5. ________ unique project, ________ of a series of experiments, is designed to investigate the potential of AI in identifying medical conditions.A．An; consists B．A; consists C．An; consisting D．A; consisting 6. The thrilling moment ________ Susan cherishes most is ________ she reached the peak of the mountain and appreciated the untouched wilderness below.A．that; when B．which; why C．where; when D．what; why7. The new Guangzhou Cultural Museum, ________ a collection of historical relics from various dynasties, ________ visitors with its rich cultural heritage.A．housing; collects B．featuring;attracts C．displayed;gathersD．contained;fascinates8. By the time she ________ next year, Sarah ________ three internships, giving her a strong foundation for her career in finance.A．graduate; will complete B．graduates; will have completedC．graduated; will be completed D．graduating; will be completing9. ________ mutual understanding, cultural exchange programs ________ among the countries participating in the meeting currently.A．Strengthening; is introduced B．Strengthened; is being introducedC．Having strengthened; are introduced D．To strengthen; are being introduced10. ________ the weather is like, the marathon will continue as planned, with participants ________ to prepare for rain or shine.A．Whatever; advised B．However; advisedC．No matter what; being advised D．No matter how; being advised11. A recent survey ________ 60% of US respondents believed social media platforms were evolving too fast, ________ 80% urged caution in introducing new features.A．shows, since B．has shown, so C．showed, while D．had shown, as12. ________ data leaks have become more common, worries about privacy are growing, and the chance ________ a person’s private details are at risk is getting higher.A．Given that; whether B．Now that; thatC．But that; whether D．Except that; that13. The information board ________ that all drones (无人机) under 250 grams must be registered with the local flight agency before ________ in public areas.C．reads; flying D．read; flying A．reads; flew B．read; beingflown14. ________ governments have addressed the problem of affordable housing ________ their commitment to providing accessible living options for all citizensA．What; reflects B．That; reflects C．There; reflected D．Whether;reflected15. Novels by authors such as Dickens and Austen are widely read, some of ________ works, however, are sometimes difficult ________.A．which, to comprehend B．whose, to comprehendC．which, to be comprehended D．whose, to be comprehendedThere are many scientific breakthroughs made by women in the Antarctic. Here are four landmarks in Antarctica and the female pioneers they’re named after.Jones TerraceThe ice-free terrace in easter n Antarctica’s Victoria Land bears Jones’ name. In 1969, geochemist Lois M. Jones led the first all-female research team from the U. S. to work in Antarctica. Jones and her team studied chemical weathering in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, an ice-free area of Antarctica. Through chemical analyses of rocks they had collected, Jones and her team discovered many geochemical characteristics of the valley’s ice-covered lakes.Mount Fiennes8,202-foot-high Mount Fiennes, located on Antarctica’s largest island—Alexander Island—is named after Ginny Fiennes. She established and maintained 80-foot-tall radio towers in the Antarctic with her colleagues. In 1985, Fiennes became the first female invited to join the Antarctic Club, a British supper club open to individuals who have spent extended time in the Antarctic region.Francis Peak The 3,727-foot-tall peak on Antarctica’s Adelaide Island is named after Dame Jane Francis, who is the first female director of the British Antarctic Survey, the national polar research institute of the UK. Her collection of fossils on Seymour Island helped conclude in a 2021 paper that Antarctica’sabundant plant fossils indicate the continent once had a much warmer climate than it currently does.Peden CliffsPeden Cliffs near Antarctica’s Marie B yrd Land are proof of the labor of Irene Peden. She was the first American female scientist to both live and work in the Antarctic, where she used radio waves to study ice sheets. Peden and her team determined how very low frequency radio wave spread over long polar distances by measuring pathways in the ice. They also used varying radio wave frequencies to measure the thickness of Antarctica’s ice sheets.16. What do the first two pioneers have in common?A．They analyzed different chemicals of rocks in Antarctica.B．They both worked with their own team in Antarctica.C．They conducted the research in the ice-free areas in Antarctica.D．They joined the Antarctic Club for their stay in Antarctica.17. Who proved the previous higher temperatures of the Antarctic?A．Lois M. Jones. B．Ginny Fiennes.C．Dame Jane Francis. D．Irene Peden.18. What is the scientific breakthrough of Irene Peden?A．She was the first American scientist to explore the Antarctic.B．She measured the spreading frequencies of radio waves.C．She found out the thickness of Antarctica’s ice sheets.D．She discovered a lot of ice-covered lakes in the Antarctic.Canadian author Alice Munro, a master of the contemporary short story, passed away on May 13, 2024, at 92.Munro’s texts featured depictions of everyday but decisive events, pulling vast themes out of ordinary settings. Her characters often mirrored her own rural Ontario lifestyle. In an interview after winning the Nobel Prize, she said that living in a small town gave her t he freedom to write. “I don’t think I could have been so brave if I had been living in a city, competing with people on what can be called a generally higher cultural level,” she said. “As far as I knew, at least for a while, I was the only person I knew w ho wrote stories.”Munro’s first short story was published when she was 37, a college dropout squeezing in writing time around her children’s naps. By the time she was in her 60s, she had become one of the most celebrated short-story writers in the world. Throughout her long career, she hardly ever failed to wow readers and critics with her quietly powerful language. In reviewing her last collection, Dear Life, NPR critic Alan Cheuse wrote “A Munro story gives us so much life within the bounds of a single tale that it nourishes (滋养) us almost as much as a novel does.”In a literary culture that tends to celebrate novels over shorter fiction, Munro has been a constant advocate for the power of the short story. In the interview, Munro emphasized the significance of her win not f or herself, but for her art form: “I really hope this would make people see the short story as an important art, not just something you play around with until you get a novel written.”When asked “Do you want young women to be inspired by your books and feel inspired to write?” Munro replied, “I don’t care about that. I want people to find not so much inspiration as great joy. I want them to think of my books as related to their own lives in ways.”19. Why did Munro feel free to write while living in rural areas?A．She was inspired by rural landscape and lifestyles.B．She was free from stress of a more cultured setting.C．She had more courage to compete with urban writers.D．She had access to ordinary people and decisive events.20. What did Alan Cheuse say about Munro’s stories in Dear Life?A．They promote readers’ mental well-being.B．They have broken the length limit of short stories.C．They impress readers with quietly powerful language.D．They offer richness and depth in shorter format.21. How did Munro view the short story in literary culture?A．It is more powerful than novels. B．It is a way of entertainment for youngwriters.C．It is as important an art form as novels. D．It is an inspiration for young writers. 22. What did Munro want readers to get by reading her books?A．Inspiration to become writers themselves.B．Enjoyment and connection to their own lives.C．Pleasure and motivation to change their lives.D．Information about art forms and literary culture.Handwriting notes in class might seem old-fashioned as digital technology affects nearly every aspect of learning. But a recent study in Frontiers in Psychology suggests that taking notes with pen and paper is still the best way to learn, especially for young children.The new research builds on a 2014 study that suggested people may type notes quickly, without thinking much about what they’re writing-but writing by hand is slower and makes them activelypay attention to and process the incoming information. This conscious action of building on existing knowledge can make it easier for students to stay engaged and grasp new concepts.To understand specific brain-activity differences during the two note-taking approaches, the authors of the new study sewed 256 electrodes (电极) into a hairnet. These sensors let the scientists record 36 students’ brain activity as they wrote or typed words displayed on a screen. When students wrote by hand, the sensors picked up widespread brain connectivity throughout visual regions that receive and process sensory information, and the motor cortex (运动皮层) that helps the brain use environmental inputs to inform a person’s next action. Typing, however, resulted in minimal activity in these brain regions.Vanderbilt University educational neuroscientist Sophia Vinci-Booher says the recent study highlights the clear tie between physical actions and concept understanding, “As you’re writing a word, you’re taking this continuous understanding of something and using motor system to create it.” That creation then affects the visual system, where it’s processed again-strengthening the connection between an action and the words associated with it.Vinci-Booher notes that the new findings don’t mean technology is always a disadvantage in the classroom. Digital devices can be more efficient for writing essays and offer more equal access to educational resources. However, there’s a growing trend of relying on digital devices to perform cognitive (认知的) tasks, such as taking photos instead of memorizing information. Yadurshana Sivashankar, an researcher at the University of Waterloo says, “If we’re not actively using these areas, then they are going to become worse over time, whether it’s memory or motor skills.”23. Why does the author mention the 2014 study?A．To present different research findings. B．To make the new research moreconvincingC．To compare two note taking approaches. D．To show the advantage of writing slowly 24. What can be learned from the experiment in Paragraph 3?A．Sensors were used to process visual information.B．Electrodes were connected to students’ hair directly.C．Writing by hand activated more brain activity than typing.D．Typing stimulated the motor cortex to inform following action.25. What would Sophia Vinci-Booher probably advise students to do?A．Make better use of motor system. B．Take advantage of digital devices.C．Adopt a new approach to taking notes. D．Memorize words by writing essays.26. What is the main idea of the text?A．Technology is not a disadvantage in classroom.B．Writing by hand comes with learning benefits.C．Taking notes enhances students’ brain activity.D．Two note-taking approaches have clear differences.The more scientists investigate the microbes (微生物) living inside us, the more they learn about the surprising impact of the tiny organisms on how we look, act, think, and feel. Are our health and well-being really driven by the bacteria, viruses and fungi that live in our intestines (肠), in our lungs, on our skin, on our eyeballs? What a weird concept-that the bugs we carry around appear to be essential to establishing the basic nature of who we are.The effects of the microbiome, the microorganisms that exist in human body, can be profound and can start incredibly early. In a study, scientists showed that something supposedly as natural as a child’s character might be related to the bacteria in an infant’s digestive system; the more Bifidobacterium (双歧杆菌) there are, the sunnier the baby is. This observation, from the University of Turku in Finland, is based on an analysis of samples from 301 babies. Those with the highest proportion of Bifidobacterium organisms at two months old were more likely to exhibit a trait the researchers called “positive emotionality” at six months old.Microbiome science is still relatively young. Most studies so far have been initial and small-scale, involving only a dozen or so mice or humans. Scientists have found associations between the microbiome and disease but can’t yet draw clear cause-and-effect conclusions about our extensive collection of microorganisms and their effects on us as hosts. Still, the collection itself is mind-boggling—it’s now thought to be around 38 trillion microbes for a typical young adult male, slightly more than the number of actual human cells. And the prospects for putting that collection to use are more than promising.In the not-too-distant future, according to the most enthusiastic researchers, it might be a routine for us to take a dose of healthy microbes in various forms. Hopefully, with the help of new medical advances, we will be able to achieve our full potential by functioning at peak levels internally and externally.27. What can we learn about microbiome?A．The development of microbiome is quite mature nowadays.B．The more Bifidobacterium an adult has, the healthier one is.C．More microbes than human cells are present in young men.D．Microbes have little influence on shaping our identity28. What docs the underlined word “mind-boggling” in Paragraph 3 probably mean?A．Weakening. B．Astonishing. C．Disturbing. D．Misleading.29. What can be inferred from the text?A．It’s necessary to remove certain fungi from our body.B．2-month-old babies are often more positive than 6-month-old ones.C．New supplements related to microbiome are likely being developedD．The relationship between microorganisms and disease remains unclear.30. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．How microbes benefit our healthB．How microbes shape our lives.C．What affects early childhood personality.D．What Turku University reveals about microbes.On a large scale, making the world a better place can seem challenging. 31 As a leader, your perspectives and ideas can directly impact your community for the better. Here are some ways to make an impact and grow your leadership through emotional intelligence.32 Being able to provide a safe space through deep listening creates trust, which lays the foundation for meaningful relationships and fruitful partnerships. As a result, people are more likely to share openly and honestly. Empathy and listening will increase the quality of your relationships and skyrocket your results.Making a positive impact can also be as simple as taking the time to acknowledge and inspire someone into action. Taking time to acknowledge someone by letting them know you see their efforts and talents. 33 An example of what this could sound like is, “Wow! I am blown away by your project. What I see possible for you is to share with the rest of the team how to do it too.”Get involved with your already existing communities and networking circles. Start by connecting with your peers and ask them about causes they’re already involved in. 34 There is almost no limit to the impact you can create contributing to a cause that matters to you and your peers. With a little time, you can make a big differenceSharing your knowledge and strengths is another essential skill. When you share with others, you’re teaching them something special about you and your journey. Imagine what would be possible if your community was in the mode of cooperation and contribution. This approach creates new ideas and opportunities. 35At one night in July 2020 in Reykjavik, Halli was wandering around the city’s main street with his wife and two kids. During their walk, his three-year-old son was ______ and wanted a drink from the corner store. But Halli soon discovered he couldn’t help with the ______ request: A 20-centimetre step ______ his access to the store.The barrier was all too ______. Born with muscular dystrophy (肌肉萎缩), which causes progressive ______ and loss of muscle, Halli, now 46, has been using a wheelchair since he was 25.As be, ______ his wife and children outside the shop, he recalls, “I thought about how very strange it is that we always ______ families in this way.”Living all over the world as a creative director and digital designer, Halli had ______ first hand how different cities consider and plan for accessibility, from ramps (坡道) and sidewalks to public transportation. He decided to start with a project to make Iceland wheelchair ______.Ramp Up Reykjavik launched as a non-profit in 2021 with a ______ to build 100 ramps within 1 year. Unlike temporary solutions in other cities, these ramps are ______ structures that match the beauty of buildings.With the help of government funding and other sponsors, the Ramp Up team finished ahead of schedule and has ______ its scope to all of Iceland. In three short years, Hali has become a ______ in his hometown. Halli is proud that Ramp Up has ______ others to act “Equal access to society is ______ not something that is a reality yet,” says Hali. But as he’s learned, change starts with just one person.36.A．anxious B．thirsty C．exhausted D．hungry37.A．special B．funny C．simple D．childish38.A．replaced B．ruined C．supported D．blocked39.A．surprising B．familiar C．unique D．complex40.A．weakness B．depression C．strength D．trouble41.A．waited for B．listened to C．worried about D．searched for 42.A．reject B．protect C．separate D．connect43.A．ignored B．recorded C．questioned D．witnessed44.A．accessible B．attractive C．effective D．practical45.A．treatment B．limitation C．goal D．rule46.A．convenient B．permanent C．formal D．useful47.A．broadened B．hidden C．narrowed D．deepened48.A．master B．legend C．success D．expert49.A．prevented B．persuaded C．forced D．motivated50.A．fortunately B．definitely C．eventually D．regularly语法填空When discussing global education systems, Finland stands out for 51 (it) high-ranking performance in international assessments and holistic (全面的) approach to education. The Finnish curriculum prioritizes essential life skills such as 52 (creative), cooperation, critical thinking, and communication. Additionally, Finnish schools 53 (emphasis) social and emotional skills like empathy and self-confidence, ensuring students are well-rounded and prepared for real-world challenges.Finland’s education system values cooperation 54 competition, fostering a cooperative learning environment 55 students learn from and support each other. Meanwhile, Finnish teachers enjoy freedom to design their course, which allows them 56 (tailor) their teaching methods to meet their students’ unique needs. This trust in teachers, combined with the cooperative learning environment,57 (promote) innovation, continuous improvement, and collective responsibility for student success.58 , to imitate Finland’s success requires careful consideration of contextual factors and systemic differences. Finland’s model shows that comprehensive education, 59 (profession) trust, and cooperation are key to 60 (secure) long-term student success.61. 上周六，你校组织了“走进社区”实践活动。
1988年普利兹克建筑奖得主
作品剖析
• 耶鲁大学珍品图书馆
• 在戈登·邦夏的作品名录上，耶鲁大学贝尼克古籍善本图 书馆即拜内克古籍善本图书馆是有别于其它玻璃或混凝 土盒子的一座特殊建筑。“该馆镇馆之宝为欧洲最早的 活字印刷本——古腾堡《圣经》，另外还有《伏尼契手 稿》、中国明代所刻孤本《千家诗》注本等珍品。”
20
作品剖析
Owings)和梅里尔(John Merrill)等建筑师们，在纽约，芝加 哥，旧金山…等合伙工作。 • 1954~60年在哈佛大学、麻省大学当客座教授； • 1959~62年在耶鲁大学当客座教授； • 1962年时成为水牛城艺术学院(Buffalo Fine Arts Academy ) 的名誉院士； • 1963~72年担任艺术委员会(Pvesident? Commission on The Fine Arts)的主席； • 自1975年为纽约现代美术馆中的理事委员； • 1977为匹兹堡的卡内基美仑大学理事委员又为秘鲁首都利马 Universidad Nacional Federico Villareal 名誉教授。 • 他曾经为国际设计学院的艺术院会员，之后参加美国建筑师 协会会员 ， • 1990年去世。
• 耶鲁大学珍品图书馆
• 特点一：整体半透光的外立面 • 半透明的白云石拼砌而成的建筑物外立面有极其震撼的视觉效果，虽然半透明的大理石仅仅围合了建筑物6个界面中的4个，但那更像是制造了
另一片“天空”，其最大的成功之处就在于这层薄薄的大理石界面在对外部环境进行编辑的同时也混合进了自身的特征。 • 在花岗岩后放置了预制的钢衍架系统，将立面承重转移到图书馆四个角落的巨大水泥柱基上。这种结构体系使底层大厅可以几乎全部以落地窗
一个建成的全玻璃外墙的高层商业建筑。是密斯的建筑 理想第一次得到完全实现。 • 高24层，上部22层为板式建筑,全部用浅蓝色玻璃幕墙. 下设2层呈正方形基座形式裙房，底层的敞空柱廊及花园， 为提供城市公共空间而在在首层设置开放的公共空间。 是所有者利华公司为了给人们留下该公司热心公益事业 的印象而特意建造以供行人停留观赏的。
美国Nice-Pak／PDI公司赢得擦布世界国际创新奖
构 （ ｕｔ ｌ ｎＤ ｆｎｅＡ ｐｒ１的材料支持 （ Ａ ｓ ａｉ ｅｅｃ ｐ ａｅ） ｒ ａ 包括弹道学试 验 ） Ｐｄ ｙ 与Ａ ｎ ｌ现正与防弹背 产商合作 ， 。 ａｈ ｅ ｒｏ ｄ 生 希望将这 种羊毛／ 凯夫拉混 合材料商品化。
● 美 国贺氏公司 （ ｏｌ ｇｗ ｒ Ｈ ｌｎ ｓ ｏｔ Ｖ ｓ） 近在其 中国 ｉ ｈ＆ ｏｅ最
（ 王从南 ）
澳大利亚研究 防弹羊毛 混合材料
澳 大利亚 Ｒ Ｔ 大学的研 究人员已开发 出了具有 防弹 用 ＭＩ
途 的含 羊毛与凯夫拉 （ ｖａ 对位芳纶混合物 的材料 。 用 Ｋｅ ｌｒ ） 使
● 美 国盖 菲尔特 公司 （ ａｆｌ ｒ 现 正在 扩大其加拿 大 Ｇｌｔ ｔ ） ｅｅ 魁 北克Ｇａｉ ｅ ｕ ｔ ａ 的专有盒 式 成型产 能 （ ｎ 浆粕 气流成 网布的包 装 采用盒装而不 是卷材形式 ） 以向用户提 供可持续 的竞争优 ，
势。 此次扩大产能是响应了美洲迅速增长的市场需求。
理所需 阻燃添加剂的使用量。
（ 从南 ） 王
美国ＮｉｅＰ ｋ 司添加新 设备 ｃ—ａ公
美国湿擦 布的领 先生产 商Ｎ ｃ －ａ公司， ｉｅＰ ｋ 正在其 阿肯色
ｆｌ ｎ ｓ ｏｏ Ｊ ｅｂ ｒ的工厂与印第安纳ＮＭｏ ｒｓ ｉｅ ｏ ｏｅｖｌ 的工厂 ， ｌ 扩大总 生产能力 ， 并且引入新 的现代化设备与包装 技术 。 ｃ — ａ 公 ＮｉｅＰ ｋ 司会 将其 即将 关闭的威斯康 Ｎ ｆｌ ｅ ｎＢａ ａ Ｇｒ ｅ ｙ工厂的产 能将重 新定位 到其在印第安 纳州 扩大 的生产与批发 设施 中。 这一 战略
江森海：创可贴8的创意独裁者
4月微凉的清晨，阳光照在北京南锣鼓巷的青砖灰瓦上，南来北往的游客在这条786米长的胡同里走来走去。
在创可贴8(Plastered 8)旗舰店门口，身高1.9米的江森海出现了，穿着他的标志性创可贴8T恤。
在微博上自称“爱设计爱北京热爱生活”的他，就是创可贴8的创始人兼创意独裁者。
17岁那年，在英国庄园中长大的Dominc Johnson Hill追求“自由”，开始四处旅行，到过40多个国家。
1993年，19岁时，他以一名背包客的身份来北京看长城，但看完就没钱了，便留下来打工。
从此，他给自己取了个中文名字江森海，最后定居北京。
2006年，他在南锣鼓巷创办创可贴8，是最早在南锣鼓巷开店的人。
创可贴对应的英文单词plastered有三层含义：一是创可贴；二是贴东西，这刚好描述了江森海的生意，把创意图案“贴”到衣服上；三是喝酒喝到烂醉，这蛮符合他爱喝啤酒的习惯。
他特别喜欢数字8，希望大吉大利。
所以，他的公司就叫创可贴8。
江森海中文说得地道，心直口快，有问必答。
他嘴里常冒出的词是“创意”，满脑子稀奇古怪的想法。
“我不会画画，我卖的就是创意，T恤是我创意的载体。
”他的名片上印着“创意独裁者”。
他用外国人的眼光挖掘中国式的设计，选取中国意象图案放在T恤上。
粮票、白瓷缸、纸质地铁票、“收药”、“办证”等具有时代感和中国特色的物件、口号、小广告等，都可以成为创可贴8T恤上的图案。
创可贴8T恤运用中国文化符号，从中国元素中汲取灵感，掀起怀旧时尚风潮。
江森海以独特的创意催生了中国街头品牌创可贴8，他也因此荣获2008年度英国商业大奖中的“年度企业家奖”。
为了扩大品牌影响力，他在当时比较冷清的南锣鼓巷举办胡同模特展，协办胡同文化节、“创意市集”，吸引顾客。
他还充分利用每一个宣传机会。
一次偶然“触电”，江森海成了电视明星。
作为“创业典范”，他在一档电视求职节目中当评委，通过电视混了个脸熟。
如今，经常有人在街头或他的店里让他签名，和他留影。