微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课01
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课07
BIOL 533
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Lecture 7
T-Dependent Activation
• Intracellular pathogens
– Digested when released from dying host cell – Peptide Ag presented on MHC class I – Proliferation of cytotoxic T cells (CD8+)
• Two forms; 4th complement components (C4a C4b)
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Lecture 7
Regulator T Cells
• T-helper CD4+
– TH1: IL2, IFN, TNF; macrophage activation – TH2: IL 4, 5, 10, 13; humoral immunity – TH0: not much known
– Also B cell recognizes its Ag through its surface IgM receptor (signal #1 for B cell), subsequently triggered to proliferateplasma cellsAb
BIOL 533
destroys cell
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Lecture 7
T Cell Biology
• Class II MHC bind to fragments arise from exogenous Ag
19年新微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课05
BIOL 533
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Lecture 5
Molecular Basis
• Aspirin prevents both synthesis and effects of prostaglandins
• Antimicrobial substances (lysozyme and peroxidase)
• Can withstand substantial weight, but still be propelled by cilia
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Lecture 5
Defenses of Deep Tissues
• Mediators lead to induction of immune response and also defend against microbial invader
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Lecture 5
Inflammation
• General aspects
– Reaction to tissue injury—manifested by pain, swelling, heat, and throbbing of location
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Lecture 5
Inflammation
• Description of changes
– Blood supply increases to affected part due to vasodilation
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课12
– Some are always associated with disease
• e.g., Shigella, Salmonella, Yersinia pestis
– Some are normal flora that can become opportunistic pathogens
• e.g., E. coli, K. pneumoniae, P. mirabilis
• Infants< 1 year affected
– Enterohemorrhagic (EHEC; hemorrhagic colitis)
• Produces cytotoxin (verotoxin) • Severe abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, little or no
• Can involve all body sites • 5% hospitalized patients develop nosocomial
infections, primarily caused by Enterobacteriaceae
such as Escherichia
• Sites of infection
BIOL 533
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Lecture 12
Virulence Factors
• Capsular K
– Either protein or polysaccharide
• Heat-labile • May interfere with detection of “O” • Removed by boiling organisms
• Cross reactions
– E. coli K1 with N. meningitidis and Haemophilus meningitidis
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课03
– Bordetella pertussis
• Intracranial • Interperitoneal • Respiratory aspiration
BIOL 533
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Lecture Three
Choosing an Animal Model
• Ideally, want model to:
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Lecture Three
Immunological
• Determine whether Ab to bacterial product are protective in infected animals
• Possible problem:
– Ab to bacterial surface molecules might prevent infection by opsonizing or enhancing complement action rather than inactivating virulence factor
– S. typhimurium is pathogen and normal E. coli is not; therefore, the differing
sequences may be virulence genes
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Lecture Three
Wild Type
• Experimental technique:
– Measurements on isolated molecules may not accurately reflect function in intact bacterium
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课01
BIOL 533
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Lecture One
Host-Parasite Interaction
• No term for urinary or genital entry
• By bypassing epithelial tissue, microbes can cause disease without penetrating deep into tissues
– Cholera, whooping cough, infection of urinary bladder
2
Lecture One
Characteristics of Parasitism
• Encounter: agent meets host • Entry: agent enters host • Spread: agent spreads • Multiplication: agent multiplies • Damage: agent, host response, or both
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Lecture One
Digestive System
• More survive in ileum, but need mechanisms to prevent expulsion
– Surface components serve as adhesins to allow adherence to epithelial cells
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课05
BIOL 533
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Lecture 5
Inflammation
• Tissues may return to normal or scarring may result; depends on extent of damage done:
– By injury – By infecting microbes – By inflammatory response
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Lecture 5
Mechanism of Inflammation
• Within capillaries, selectins (cell adhesion molecules) Psel then Esel
– Randomly attract and attach neutrophils – Slow them down; cause to move through
response is severe
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Lecture 5
Molecular Basis
• Inflammatory response leads to production and release of a number of chemical effectors of inflammation responsible for vascular permeability, vasodilation, and pain
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Lecture 5
Inflammation
• Description of changes
– Blood supply increases to affected part due to vasodilation
2023印第安纳大学微生物学与免疫学专业详细介绍
2023印第安纳大学微生物学与免疫学专业详细介绍1500字印第安纳大学微生物学与免疫学专业是该校生命科学学院下属的一个专业,该专业旨在培养学生在微生物学和免疫学领域具有扎实的理论基础和实践能力的专业人才。
该专业的课程设置广泛涵盖了微生物学、免疫学、分子生物学、遗传学、生物化学等相关学科,并注重培养学生的实验操作和科研能力。
该专业的课程设置主要包括以下几个方面:1. 微生物学基础:这门课程介绍了微生物的分类、特征、生长特性、代谢途径以及与人类和环境的相互作用。
学生将学习微生物的培养、观察和实验操作技能,并了解微生物在生态系统中的重要性。
2. 免疫学基础:这门课程介绍了免疫系统的结构、功能和调节机制,以及与免疫系统相关的疾病和治疗方法。
学生将学习免疫系统的免疫细胞、抗体和免疫反应的基本原理,并掌握免疫实验技术。
3. 分子生物学和遗传学:这门课程介绍了基因的结构和功能,基因表达调控机制以及分子生物学实验技术。
学生将学习基因克隆、DNA测序、PCR等技术,并了解基因的突变和遗传疾病的机制。
4. 生物化学:这门课程介绍了生物大分子的结构和功能,代谢途径,生物催化等基础知识。
学生将学习蛋白质结构与功能、酶学等内容,并了解生物化学研究的方法和应用。
除了以上的基础课程,学生还可以选择一些专业选修课程来进一步深入学习微生物学与免疫学领域的特定知识。
比如:1. 微生物遗传学:这门课程介绍了微生物的基因组、遗传变异和基因调控机制。
学生将学习微生物基因组学研究方法和应用,了解微生物遗传多样性的形成和演化。
2. 免疫学实验技术:这门课程重点讲解免疫实验技术,包括细胞培养、免疫印迹、流式细胞术等常用实验技术的原理和操作方法。
学生将通过实验操作掌握免疫学实验技术的基本操作和数据分析能力。
3. 微生物流行病学:这门课程介绍了微生物流行病学的基本概念、研究方法和应用。
学生将学习流行病学的调查设计、数据分析和预防控制措施,了解微生物在人群中的传播规律和预防策略。
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课02
BIOL 533
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Lecture Two
Importance
• Depends on pathogen and on defenses
of host:
– Candida (yeast) causes pneumonia in
people undergoing cancer chemotherapy
BIOL 533
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Lecture Two
Ecology of Normal Flora
• Parts of body colonized
– Contain small numbers, many in trairatory and digestive tracts • Bladder • Uterus
– Finding pathogens at these sites is
suggestive of disease, but not proof
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Lecture Two
Ecology of Normal Flora
• Sterile sites—pathogens in these
– Example: about 10% of population have meningococcus or pneumococcus as normal flora
BIOL 533
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Lecture Two
Importance
• Opportunistic infections: normal flora in unusual sites; for example:
BIOL 533 Lecture 2
BIOL 533
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课10
BIOL 533
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Lecture 10
Virulence Factors of S. aureus
• Stage IV, continued
– Secretion of toxins
• Enterotoxins (A-E)—found in both S. aureus and S. epidermidis
BIOL 533
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Lecture 10
Pathogenesis of S. aureus
• Stage I: encounter—humans are major
reservoir for S. aureus
– Colonize nose and are found in about 30% of individuals
• Acute inflammatory reaction
– Proportion of bacteria survive and are capable of lysing neutrophils that engulfed them » Outpouring of lysosomal enzymes that damage surrounding tissues
• Coagulase—makes fibrin clot (wbc penetrate
badly; only S. aureus)
• Hylauronidase—degrades connective tissues
(facilitates spread; 90% of S. aureus strains)
BIOL 533
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Lecture 10
Staphylococci
2020USNEWS微生物学专业综合排名
2020USNEWS微生物学专业综合排名2020年USNEWS专业排名已经陆续放出了,今天带大家看一下2020年美国USNEWS微生物学专业的综合排名,供大家参考。
综合排名学校名称综合排名学校名称3 耶鲁大学71 弗吉尼亚理工学院7 麻省理工学院71 明尼苏达大学双城分校8 杜克大学71 爱荷华大学8 宾夕法尼亚大学76 迈阿密大学(俄亥俄)11 达特茅斯学院76 马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校14 圣路易斯华盛顿大学76 印第安纳大学伯明顿分校15 康奈尔大学85 加州大学圣克鲁兹分校16 范德堡大学85 佛蒙特大学19 莱斯大学85 密歇根州立大学20 加州大学伯克利分校95 德雷塞尔大学21 艾茉莉大学95 北卡罗来纳州立大学21 乔治敦大学99 新罕布什尔大学23 加州大学洛杉矶分校99 圣路易斯大学23 弗吉尼亚大学103 纽约州立大学水牛城分校27 塔夫斯大学106 俄克拉荷马大学30 北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校106 田纳西大学32 纽约大学106 堪萨斯大学33 罗切斯特大学106 爱荷华州立大学33 威廉玛丽学院106 芝加哥洛约拉大学37 加州大学圣地亚哥分校113 加州大学河滨分校38 加州大学戴维斯分校121 亚利桑那大学38 凯斯西储大学121 科罗拉多州立大学42 伊利诺伊大学厄本那-香槟分校126 薛顿贺尔大学42 加州大学尔湾分校129 辛辛那提大学42 波士顿大学129 肯塔基大学47 威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校129 犹他大学48 迈阿密大学138 乔治梅森大学48 佛罗里达大学142 堪萨斯州立大学48 宾州州立大学公园分校149 圣地亚哥州立大学53 德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校149 阿拉巴马大学伯明翰分校54 杜兰大学149 伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校54 俄亥俄州立大学156 弗吉尼亚联邦大学58 康涅狄格大学161 南佛罗里达大学62 杨百翰大学166 爱达荷大学62 克莱蒙森大学168 夏威夷大学马诺阿分校62 匹兹堡大学173 缅因大学70 罗格斯大学194 蒙大拿大学注:(1)此处的排名是2015USNEWS美国综合性大学排名(2)共统计有165所学校,包括USNEWS本科综排前135位的全部学校,以及其余30所世界排名较高的学校(3)上表是美国研究生阶段开设有微生物学(Microbiology)专业的学校列表。
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课14
BIOL 533
20
Lecture 14
Laboratory Diagnosis
• Detection of Ag in respiratory secretions or urine
– Can be detected immunologically or by hybridization
– Excretion in urine can occur for as long as a year
– Sediment provides shelter as well as nutrition for other
bacteria that can supp9 ly cysteine
Lecture 14
Pathogenesis
• Entry, spread, and multiplication
– Immunosuppressed patients and heavy smokers with a history of respiratory problems
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Lecture 14
Disease Syndromes
• Pontiac fever (flu-like illness)
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Lecture 14
Pathogenesis
• Encounter: aquatic; found in lakes and
streams
– Large numbers in polluted water around power stations
– Can live in chlorinated drinking water
– Normally found in hot water tanks of buildings
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课04
BIOL 533
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Lecture 4
Analysis of Virulence
• Expression problem may explain why 9/15 Pho+ avirulent mutant strains were LPS— rather than being defective in other virulence genes
BIOL 533
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Lecture 4
Analysis of Virulence
• TnphoA narrows, but doesn’t solve all
detection problems
– While disrupting gene, the TnphoA mutations
produce alkaline phosphatase hybrid proteins
• Can also be cloned by complementation
• Cloned DNA can be sequenced
BIOL 533
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Lecture 4
phoA Gene Fusions
• Virulence genes are small subset of total genes, so random mutagenesis will affect many more non-virulence genes
– Two coding sequences must be in frame
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Lecture 4
Technique
• Use transposon vector containing lac
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课08
Prevent Complement Activation
• Cost of having capsule— antigenic
– Elicits activation by primary pathway
• Defend better against immediate defenses than later ones
• Tuberculosis • Psittacosis • Legionnaire’s disease
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Lecture 8
Subversion of Phagocytosis
– Mechanism of tuberculosis
• Induced by complex glycolipids (sulfatides)—not certain
– Since lysosomes do not secrete contents into cytoplasm, organism is safe
– How they enter cytoplasm is not known for certain » Possess surface-bound phospholipase, which may weaken membrane
– Correlates with pathogenicity
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Lecture 8
Subversion of Phagocytosis
• Overall strategies
– Inhibition of phagocyte recruitment
– Microbial killing of phagocytes
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课12
BIOL 533
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Lecture 12
Virulence Factors
• Capsular K
– Either protein or polysaccharide
• Heat-labile • May interfere with detection of “O” • Removed by boiling organisms
flora in this group
• Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB)
– Lactose, eosinY, methylene blue; Lac+; grow with green sheen
BIOL 533
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Lecture 12
Virulence Factors
• Antigens
• Role that Ag’s play in these diseases is not clear
– Some capsular Ag are poor immunogens
• Protect against antibody-mediated phagocytosis
– Flagellar Ag probably play a role in adherence
– Adhesiveness mediated by plasmid-encoded pili
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Lecture 12
Pathogenesis of Escherichia
• Gastroenteritis, continued
– Enteropathogenic (continued)
• Oxidase¯:
微生物学排名
微生物学排名微生物学排名微生物学是研究微观生物的科学领域,包括细菌、真菌、病毒和寄生虫等微生物的结构、生理、生态和遗传等方面。
它对于人类和地球生态系统的研究和了解都具有重要的意义。
随着科技的发展,微生物学在医学、农业、环境科学等领域的应用也越来越广泛。
在全球范围内,有许多大学、研究机构和实验室致力于微生物学的研究和教育。
下面将介绍一些全球知名的微生物学机构和一些重要的微生物学家。
1. 美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)是美国最大的生物医学研究机构之一,也是全球最有影响力的微生物学研究机构之一。
它的国家微生物学研究所(National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases)是全球领先的微生物学研究机构之一,致力于研究和预防传染病。
2. 欧洲分子生物学实验室(EMBL)欧洲分子生物学实验室(EMBL)是欧洲最大的综合性生物科学研究机构之一,旗下设有微生物学研究部门。
EMBL的微生物学研究部门致力于研究微生物的基因组学、生物化学、生物物理学和生态学等方面,为推动微生物学的发展做出了巨大贡献。
3. 中国科学院微生物研究所中国科学院微生物研究所成立于1957年,是中国微生物学研究的权威机构之一。
该研究所致力于微生物分类学、微生物生态学、微生物遗传学和微生物学应用研究等方面,不仅为国内微生物学事业的发展作出了重要贡献,也在国际上享有很高的声誉。
4. 英国微生物学会(Society for General Microbiology, SGM)英国微生物学会是英国最大且最具代表性的微生物学学术组织之一。
该学会定期举办国际性的学术会议和研讨会,促进微生物学领域的交流和合作。
同时,学会还出版了一系列著名的微生物学期刊,推动了该领域的学术交流。
5. 罗克菲勒大学微生物学系罗克菲勒大学微生物学系是美国最顶尖的微生物学研究机构之一,拥有一流的研究设施和实验室。
美国大学本科专业排名:微生物学.doc
美国大学本科专业排名:微生物学美国教育公认的世界第一,有各种类型的学校,也有不同类型的学位,几乎每个学生都可以根据自身情况选择到自己最适合的学校。
美国大学涵盖的课程和范围最大,在开课前可供学生选择的余地非常大。
同时,美国大学师资水平最高,科研最强。
迄今为止,在全部诺贝尔奖获得者中有70%以上是美国人,其中绝大部分是任教于美国大学的教授。
并且美国大学提供丰厚的奖学金,毕业生的就业前景也不错。
随着留学低龄化趋势的发展,有许多中国学生在本科阶段就会去美国留学。
那么去美国攻读本科微生物学专业,有哪些学校可以选择,学校的排名情况如何呢?跟出国留学网一起来看看吧。
专业介绍自古以来,人类在日常生活和生产实践中,已经觉察到微生物的生命活动及其所发生的作用。
中国利用微生物进行酿酒的历史,可以追溯到4 000多年前的龙山文化时期。
殷商时代的甲骨文中刻有”酒”字。
北魏贾思勰的《齐民要术》(533~544)中,列有谷物制曲、酿酒、制酱、造醋和腌菜等方法。
微生物学(microbiology)生物学的分支学科之一。
它是在分子、细胞或群体水平上研究各类微小生物(细菌、放线菌、真菌、病毒、立克次氏体、支原体、衣原体、螺旋体原生动物以及单细胞藻类)的形态结构、生长繁殖、生理代谢、遗传变异、生态分布和分类进化等生命活动的基本规律,并将其应用于工业发酵、医学卫生和生物工程等领域的科学。
请注意,同一专业各个学校的叫法可能不同。
综合排名世界排名学校名称专业英文名203加州大学伯克利分校Microbial Biology238加州大学洛杉矶分校Microbiology, Immunology, and MolecularTrueGeneticsTrue2914密歇根大学安娜堡分校Microbiology3718加州大学圣地亚哥分校Microbiology3837加州大学戴维斯分校Microbiology4028加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校Microbiology4266加州大学尔湾分校Microbiology and Immunology*4727威斯康辛大学麦迪逊分校Microbiology4814华盛顿大学Microbiology4853佛罗里达大学Microbiology and Cell ScienceTrue4852宾州州立大学公园分校Microbiology5330德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校Microbiology6251马里兰大学学院公园分校Microbiology6242匹兹堡大学Microbiology62-克莱蒙森大学Microbiology62205佐治亚大学Microbiology62-杨百翰大学Microbiology6269普渡大学西拉法叶分校Microbiology6886德州农工大学Microbiology7055罗格斯大学Microbiology7129明尼苏达大学双城分校microbiology71121爱荷华大学Microbiology76114印第安纳大学伯明顿分校Microbiology76-迈阿密大学(俄亥俄)Microbiology76115马萨诸塞大学阿默斯特分校Microbiology8575密歇根州立大学Microbiology85484佛蒙特大学Microbiology88381阿拉巴马大学Microbiology95213北卡罗来纳州立大学Microbiology99253内布拉斯加大学林肯分校Microbiology99-新罕布什尔大学Biomedical Science: Medical Microbiology103-奥本大学Microbial, Cellular and Molecular Biology Microbiology Option (MCMB)106208堪萨斯大学Microbiology106155爱荷华州立大学Microbiology106171田纳西大学Microbiology106284俄克拉荷马大学Microbiology113127加州大学河滨分校Microbiology12164亚利桑那大学Microbiology121241科罗拉多州立大学Microbiology129143亚利桑那州立大学Microbiology129-路易斯安那州立大学Microbiology129-俄亥俄大学Microbiology138250俄勒冈州立大学Microbiology138325华盛顿州立大学Microbiology145438俄克拉荷马州立大学Microbiology, Cell and Molecular Biology149492圣地亚哥州立大学Microbiology156-密西西比州立大学Microbiology156438德克萨斯理工大学Microbiology161299南佛罗里达大学Microbiology161-怀俄明大学Microbiology161-罗德岛大学Microbiology166-爱达荷大学Microbiology168-西弗吉尼亚大学Immunology and Medical Microbiology168321夏威夷大学马诺阿分校Microbiology173-缅因大学Microbiology173-波尔州立大学Microbiology173-博林格林州立大学Microbiology181-北达科他州立大学Microbiology181-南达科他州立大学Microbiology189-南伊利诺伊大学卡本代尔分校Microbiology194-内华达大学雷诺分校Molecular Microbiology & Immunology194-蒙大拿大学MicrobiologyTrue194-中密歇根大学Biology: Microscopy美国大学本科专业排名:舞蹈美国教育公认的世界第一,有各种类型的学校,也有不同类型的学位,几乎每个学生都可以根据自身情况选择到自己最适合的学校。
微生物学美国IndianaUniversityPurdueUniversity授课06
• Production of granules during this time
– Azurophil – Produce specific granules later
BIOL 533
7
Lecture 6
Phagocytes—Types of Cells
• Neutrophils—cell origin, continued
– Upon maturation (in numbers of 1010 per day), they move into peripheral blood and circulate for about 6.5 hours
– Next move into capillary bed and marginate
BIOL 533
15
Lecture 6
Mechanism of Phagocyte Killing
• Neutrophils
– General steps
• Attach to microbes • Ingest microbes • Kill microbes
– Granules—considered as enlarged lysosomes containing hydrolytic enzymes
• Monocytes and macrophage
– Compared to neutrophils
• Arrive at damaged tissue later in infection
– Days after neutrophils have been active in fighting intruders
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• Protection of fetal membranes • Do not normally come in contact with
organisms from mother
– Normally only present sporadically – Exceptions: sexual diseases, virus causes, rubella
BIOL 533
8
Lecture One
Normal Flora
• What constitutes normal flora?
– Some people possess Streptococcus pyogenes in their throat for long periods,
but rarely contract disease
Medical Microbiology
Microbial Pathogenesis and Host-Parasite Relationships
BIOL 533 Lecture 1
BIOL 533
1
Lecture One
Lecture One
Lecture One
Encounter
• In utero
• Endogenous: encountered in or on body
– Organisms present on skin can cause disease when they go into deeper tissues
BIOL 533
7
Lecture One
Later Encounters
BIOL 533
10
Lecture One
Host-Parasite Interaction
• Exposure to virulent agents does not always lead to disease
– Typhus and Black Plague epidemics: only half of population became sick, even though most likely exposed
BIOL 533
11
Lecture One
Host-Parasite Interaction
• Response of particular microbe to particular host
– Depends on factors unique to each interaction
– Within a single individual
• Constitutes normal flora if definition is
“any organism present that is not causing disease”
• Not normal flora if used to mean
organisms present in majority of population
• Defenses are good for a period of time, then they wane
BIOL 533
5
Lecture One
Encounter
• Challenge between man and microbe wages many times during lifetime
• Opportunistic pathogen existence (carrier state)
– 95% of people never have this bacterium, and when they do, they get sick
BIOL 533
9
Lecture One
Normal Flora Defined
– Most disappear rapidly – Some become part of normal flora – Only a few cause disease
BIOL 533
6
Lecture One
Later Encounters
• Exogenous: encountered in environment
– With exception of digestive and genitourinary systems, these sites are normally sterile
– Changes with:
• ge
• Nutritional state
• Other factors
BIOL 533
12
Lecture One
Entry
• Much of inside of body is connected to the outside; for example:
– Lumen of intestine – Alveoli of lung – Tubules of kidney
BIOL 533
4
Lecture One
Encounter
• At moment of birth
– Come in contact with organisms present in vaginal canal and on skin
• Previously, antibodies passed from mother to fetus
• Almost all organs within thorax and abdomen are topologically connected to the outside
BIOL 533
13
Lecture One
Entry
• Mechanisms to keep out invaders
– Sphincters and valves
• Example:
– Staphylococcus aureus enters cut and
forms boil – In this case, encounter took place long
before disease (at time skin was colonized)
• Encounter is not always sharply demarcated