Introduction to Special Issue on Highly Mobile Computing

合集下载

英语作文专刊模板范文

英语作文专刊模板范文Title: English Essay Special Issue Template。

Introduction。

The English Essay Special Issue template is designed to provide a comprehensive guide for writers to create high-quality and informative essays. This template aims to help writers structure their essays effectively and present their ideas in a clear and engaging manner. By following this template, writers can ensure that their essays meet the necessary standards and are well-received by readers.Section 1: Introduction。

The introduction is the first section of the essay and serves to provide an overview of the topic and establish the main argument. In this section, writers should introduce the topic and provide some background information to give readers a clear understanding of the subject matter. The introduction should also include a thesis statement, which outlines the main argument of the essay and sets the tone for the rest of the paper.Section 2: Body。

Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue

Introduction to the Special Issue
Yang Guorong
Professor of philosophy, East China Normal University
Wang Yangming’s philosophy plays an important role in the development of Chinese philosophy. Taking the heart-mind (xin) as the foundation, Wang not only makes an important shift in philosophical horizons, but also demonstrates his endeavor to explore the nature of the world and his concern with human values. Needless to say, designating the heart-mind as the original substance betrays a speculative inclination; however, its underlying purpose is to call attention to how the external world manifests itself in humanity. Wang’s emphasis on the individual consciousness constitutes an important dimension of his philosophical inquiry. Wang believes the individual’s self-awareness shows up as innate knowledge (liangzhi), which is primarily related to the being of the self and serves as the source of personal qualities. Speci cally, innate knowledge is manifested as the individual’s moral consciousness, which is the basis for making ethical choices and moral evaluations. Wang’s epistemological concern, with the heart-mind as the substance, is combined with his sense of responsibility, as entailed by innate knowledge, which leads to a sentiment about the world best captured by the assertion that “the myriad things and I form one body.” is assertion has two aspects. First, there is no distinction between others and the self. Second, there is no distinction between things and the self. The first aspect addresses the interaction between the self and others, and the second concerns the unity of the self and the external world. Wang’s theory of the unity of knowledge and action further lays the foundation for putting his assertion into e ect.

专题报道英语作文模板及范文

专题报道英语作文模板及范文英文回答：Special Report: How to Write an Article。

Introduction。

A special report is an in-depth, investigative piece of journalism that explores a particular topic or issue. Special reports are typically published in magazines, newspapers, or online media outlets. They are often written by experienced journalists who have spent months or even years researching and reporting on the topic.Structure of a Special Report。

Special reports typically follow a standard structure:Introduction: The introduction provides an overview of the topic and explains the importance of the issue. It alsoprovides a brief summary of the research that was conducted.Body: The body of the report presents the findings of the research. This section should be well-organized andeasy to read. It should include specific examples and case studies to illustrate the findings.Conclusion: The conclusion summarizes the findings of the report and provides recommendations for action. It should also provide a call to action for readers.Writing a Special Report。

英文introduction经典模板

英文introduction经典模板Introduction Template:1. Opening statement:Begin with a general statement about the topic to catch the reader’s attention and provide context for the introduction.Example: "In recent years, the issue of climate change has become increasingly urgent, with governments and individuals alike focusing their attention on the need for action."2. Background information:Provide some relevant background information about the topic, including key terms, events, or concepts that the reader may be unfamiliar with.Example: "Climate change refers to the long-term alteration of global temperatures and weather patterns, caused primarily by human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation."3. Purpose/ Thesis statement:State the purpose of the essay or research paper and the main argumentor hypothesis you will be exploring.Example: "The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of human activity on climate change and argue that urgent action is needed to mitigate its effects on the planet."4. Scope:Briefly outline the key points you will be discussing in the essay or research paper to give the reader an idea of what to expect.Example: "The paper will begin by examining the scientific evidence for climate change before analyzing the economic and political factors that have contributed to it. It will then explore potential solutions and the role of global cooperation in addressing this urgent issue."5. Significance:Explain the importance of the topic and why it matters to the reader.Example: "The issue of climate change has profound implications for the future of our planet and generations to come. As responsible citizens, it is our duty to understand the causes and consequences of climatechange and take action to address it."。

PPT中的paraphrase及其示例

Hereby to acknowledge the scores of websites and web pages which have contributed to the following hand outs.n A paraphrase is a restatement of a source's words or ideas into your own words.your version of (rewording) someone else's ideas or words and must be cited.essential information and ideasn A summary is a condensed version of the source.Similar to paraphrasing: using your own words and writing style to express other’s ideas.Be faithful to the original.Unlike the paraphrase:(Para.) presents important details,(Sum.) presents key ideas.Why summarize?n To condense the material.n To omit extras from the material.n To simplify the material.n A quote is the exact wording of the source material.Quotes match the original source word for word.Why quote?n Accuracyn Authorityn Concisenessn Unforgettable languagen A paraphrase is a detailed restatement of the source in your own words.= or ≈meaning of the original.≥length of the originalmore detailed and specific than a summaryWhy paraphrase？n To change the organization of ideas for emphasis.n To simplify the material.n To clarify the material.n Adjust the text to your audience’s reading level.!! Note: summary is much shorter than the original.Paraphrase is sometimes shorter than the original & often longer than or nearly in the samelength as the original.How to paraphrase？1. Chang the structure +organizationn break up long sentences; combine short ones; expand phrases; shorten them for conciseness,n Focusing on specific people rather than abstractions*Base your choice on the focus of your paper2. Change the wordsn only change a few words around, or replace words with synonyms ×n rewrite in your own words, accurate and consistent with the sourcen Use the original 's unique terms or phrases in quotation marks*Make sure : (1) where your paraphrase begins and ends;(2) where your own ideas or comments are included.* Avoid plagiarism1.n Original: Giraffes like Acacia leaves and hay (1) and they can consume 75 pounds of food a day (2).Paraphrase: A giraffe can eat up (2) to 75 pounds of Acacia leaves and hay (1) everyday.2.n Original:Any trip to Italy (1)should include a visit to Tuscany (2) to sample their exquisite wines (3).Paraphrase:Be sure to include a Tuscan (2) wine-tasting experience (3) when visiting Italy (1).3.n Original:To the extent that a woman‘s self-image (1) is challenged or threatened (2) by an unattainable ideal of an impossibly thin female physique(3), she may well become susceptible to disruption of her self-regard (4), and may be more likely to develop an eating disorder (5).n ParaphraseIf a woman interprets the media's representation of thinness as the ideal she must achieve(3), her sense of self-esteem (1)might be threatened and even damaged (2) (4), making her more likely to exhibit disordered eating patterns (5) (Polivy & Herman, 2004, p. 2).Polivy, J., & Herman, C. P. (2004). Sociocultural idealization of thin female body shapes: Anintroduction to the special issue on body image and eating disorders. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 23, 1-6.4.n Original: Of the more than 1000 bicycling deaths each year, three-fourths are caused by head injuries (1). Half of those killed are school-age children.(2) One study concluded that wearing a bike helmet can reduce the risk of head injury by 85 percent. (3) In an accident, a bike helmet absorbs the shock and cushions the head.(4)From "Bike Helmets: Unused Lifesavers," Consumer Reports (May 1990): 348.n Paraphrase: The use of a helmet is the key to reducing bicycling fatalities(3), which are due to head injuries 75% of the time.(1) By cushioning the head upon impact,(4) a helmet can reduce accidental injury by as much as 85%, (3) saving the lives of hundreds of victims annually(3), half of whom are school children (2) ("Bike Helmets" 348).5.n originalStudents frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes （1）, and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper （2）. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quoted matter.（3）Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of source materials while taking notes.（4）Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.n A legitimate paraphrase:In research papers students often quote excessively （2）, failing to keep quoted material down to a desirable level（3）. Since the problem usually originates during note taking （1）, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim（4）(Lester 46-47).n An acceptable summary:Students should take just a few notes in direct quotation from sources （2）to help minimize the amount of quoted material（4）in a research paper (Lester 46-47).n A plagiarized version:Students often use too many direct quotations when they take notes (1), resulting in too many of them in the final research paper(2). In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy should consist of directly quoted material(3). So it is important to limit the amount of source material copied while taking notes (4).6.n Original:Although the high court declined to extend its Apprendi reasoning to strike down minimum mandatory sentencing schemes in a related case also announced Monday, (1) the court's ruling in the death-penalty case is expected to trigger a fresh barrage of appeals in state and federal courts nationwide. (2) (Richey 2002, p. 2)n An Accurate ParaphraseRichey (2002, p. 2) predicts that the current Supreme Court ruling on a death penalty sentencing case will nonetheless be likely to encourage widespread state and federal courtappeals (2) to cases involving minimum mandatory "sentencing schemes.“(1)n An Incorrect Paraphrase (not different enough from the original)Richey (2002, p. 2) reported that the Supreme Court didn't extend the reasoning of Apprendi to strike down the sentencing laws in another case reported a couple of days ago(1), but that the new case will probably result in a number of new appeals in state and federal courts across the country. (2)n An Incorrect Paraphrase (not accurate)Richey (2002, p. 2) says that the Supreme Court might as well have applied the Apprendi case to strike down "sentencing schemes" in other states, since the new case is likely to have the same effect.---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------n Below is a passage taken from Raymond S. Nickerson's "How We Know-and Sometimes Misjudge-What Others Know: Imputing One's Own Knowledge to Others."Psychological Bulletin 125.6 (1999): p737.n Original : In order to communicate effectively with other people, one must have a reasonably accurate idea of what they do and do not know that is pertinent to the communication. Treating people as though they have knowledge that they do not have can result in miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment. On the other hand, a fundamental rule of conversation, at least according to a Gricean view, is that one generally does not convey to others information that one can assume they already have.n Here is an example of what would be considered plagiarism of this passage:n For effective communication, it is necessary to have a fairly accurate idea of what our listeners know or do not know that is pertinent to the communication. If we assume that people know something they do not, then miscommunication and perhaps embarrassment may result (Nickerson, 1999).n Reasons:1. The writer in this example has used too many of Nickerson's original words and phrasessuch as "effective communication," "accurate idea," "know or do not know," "pertinent,""miscommunication," and "embarrassment."2. the passage doesn't have an opening tag to indicate where use of the Nickerson'smaterial begins. A citation at the end of a paragraph is not sufficient to indicate what is being credited to Nickerson.n Here is an example, in APA style, that is considered acceptable paraphrasing of this passage:Nickerson (1999) suggests that effective communication depends on a generally accurate knowledge of what the audience knows. If a speaker assumes too much knowledge about the subject, the audience will either misunderstand or be bewildered; however, assuming too little knowledge among those in the audience may cause them to feel patronized (p.737).n Reasons:1. the writer re-words Nickerson's idea about what determines effective communication.e.g. a. The writer re-phrases "generally accurate knowledge" into "reasonably accurateidea." b. In the second sentence, the writer re-words Nickerson's ideas aboutmiscommunication and embarrassment using instead the words "misunderstand,""bewildered," and "patronized."2. Nickerson is given credit from the beginning as the originator of the ideas. the writerunderstands the ideas espoused by Nickerson, and is able to put them into her own words while being careful to give him credit.n Here is an example, in APA style, that would be considered acceptable summarizing of this passage:Nickerson (1999) argues that clear communication hinges upon what an audience does and does not know. It is crucial to assume the audience has neither too much nor too little knowledge of the subject, or the communication may be inhibited by either confusion or offense (p. 737).Notice that the writer both paraphrases Nickerson's ideas about effective communication and compresses them into two sentences。

关于对校园暴力的看法和解决方法的英语作文

关于对校园暴力的看法和解决方法的英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Views on Campus Violence and SolutionsIntroductionCampus violence has become a severe issue that cannot be ignored in recent years. Various forms of violence such as physical fights, bullying, harassment, and even shootings have caused great concern and fear among students, teachers, and parents. In this essay, I will discuss my views on campus violence and propose some solutions to address this pressing issue.Views on Campus ViolenceCampus violence is a manifestation of deep-rooted social problems such as aggression, abuse, and lack of empathy. It is often fueled by factors such as peer pressure, stress, mental health issues, and easy access to weapons. The consequences of campus violence are devastating, leading to physical injuries, emotional trauma, and even loss of life. As a result, it is essential to understand the causes of campus violence and take proactive measures to prevent and address it.One of the main reasons for campus violence is the lack of effective communication and conflict resolution skills among students. In a competitive and high-pressure academic environment, students may resort to violence as a way to assert their dominance or settle disputes. Furthermore, the influence of social media and violent video games can desensitize students to violence and normalize aggressive behavior. To combat campus violence, schools need to promote positive values such as respect, tolerance, and empathy through education and awareness campaigns.Solutions to Campus ViolenceTo address campus violence effectively, a multi-faceted approach involving students, teachers, parents, and the community is essential. Here are some strategies that can help prevent and reduce campus violence:1. Promote a Culture of Respect and Inclusivity: Schools should create a safe and inclusive environment where students feel respected and valued. A zero-tolerance policy for bullying, harassment, and discrimination should be enforced to ensure that all students are treated with dignity and kindness.2. Teach Conflict Resolution Skills: Schools should provide students with training in conflict resolution, anger management,and communication skills. By empowering students to resolve conflicts peacefully and constructively, schools can reduce the likelihood of violence and aggression.3. Provide Mental Health Support: Many students who engage in violent behavior may be struggling with mental health issues such as depression, anxiety, or trauma. Schools should offer counseling services, mental health screenings, and support groups to help students cope with their emotions and seek help when needed.4. Enhance Security Measures: Schools should implement security measures such as surveillance cameras, metal detectors, and visitor check-in procedures to deter violence and ensure a safe learning environment. In addition, schools should have emergency response plans in place to address violent incidents quickly and effectively.5. Engage Parents and the Community: Parents, teachers, and community members play a crucial role in preventing campus violence. Schools should involve parents in school activities, establish partnerships with local law enforcement agencies, and organize community events to raise awareness about the importance of school safety.ConclusionCampus violence is a complex issue that requires a collaborative and proactive approach to address. By promoting positive values, teaching conflict resolution skills, providing mental health support, enhancing security measures, and engaging parents and the community, schools can create a safe and nurturing environment for all students. Ultimately, by working together to prevent and address campus violence, we can build a brighter future for our youth and create a society free from violence and fear.篇2Title: Thoughts on School Violence and SolutionsSchool violence has become a serious issue in many countries, including physical fights, bullying, and even extreme cases of school shootings. It not only affects the physical and emotional well-being of students but also disrupts the learning environment and safety of schools. In this essay, I will discuss my thoughts on school violence and suggest some solutions to address this growing problem.Firstly, it is important to understand the root causes of school violence. Factors such as social inequality, family problems, peer pressure, and mental health issues can contributeto aggressive behavior among students. Moreover, easy access to weapons and a lack of supervision in schools can exacerbate the problem. Schools need to create a safe and supportive environment for all students to prevent violent incidents from occurring.One of the key solutions to combat school violence is education and awareness. Schools should implement programs that teach students about conflict resolution, empathy, and respect for others. By promoting positive values and fostering a culture of inclusion and acceptance, students can learn to resolve conflicts peacefully and prevent violence from escalating.Furthermore, schools should provide mental health support services for students who may be struggling with emotional issues. Counseling, therapy, and support groups can help students cope with stress, anxiety, and anger in a healthy way. Teachers and school staff should also be trained to recognize warning signs of potential violence and intervene early to prevent conflicts from escalating.Another important aspect of preventing school violence is creating a strong sense of community and collaboration among students, teachers, parents, and law enforcement. By working together to address safety concerns and implement strategies toprevent violence, schools can create a strong support network that promotes a culture of peace and understanding.In addition, schools should have clear policies and protocols in place to address incidents of violence and bullying.Zero-tolerance policies for aggressive behavior should be enforced consistently, and perpetrators should face consequences for their actions. By holding students accountable for their behavior and promoting a culture of respect and responsibility, schools can create a safe and positive learning environment for all students.In conclusion, school violence is a complex issue that requires a multi-faceted approach to address. By promoting education, awareness, mental health support, community collaboration, and clear policies, schools can create a safe and inclusive environment that prevents violence and promotes positive behavior among students. It is crucial for all stakeholders to work together to address this important issue and ensure the safety and well-being of students in schools.篇3Title: Views on Campus Violence and SolutionsCampus violence is a serious issue that has become increasingly prevalent in recent years. From physical fights to verbal abuse, bullying, and even tragic events such as school shootings, the safety and security of students and faculty members are being continuously threatened. In this essay, I will discuss my views on campus violence and propose some solutions to address this pressing issue.First and foremost, I believe that campus violence is unacceptable and should not be tolerated under any circumstances. Educational institutions are meant to provide a safe and nurturing environment for students to learn and grow, not a place where fear and intimidation reign supreme. The emotional and psychological toll that victims of campus violence face can have long-lasting effects on their mental health and well-being, hindering their academic performance and overall success.One of the main factors contributing to campus violence is a lack of awareness and education on the issue. Many students may not fully understand the consequences of their actions or the impact that their behavior can have on others. Therefore, it is crucial for schools to implement comprehensive anti-violenceprograms that educate students on the importance of respect, empathy, and conflict resolution.Another key factor that fuels campus violence is the prevalence of bullying and peer pressure. Students who are bullied or harassed may feel isolated and helpless, leading them to resort to violent behaviors as a means of self-defense or retaliation. To combat this, schools should promote a culture of inclusivity and encourage students to speak up and seek help if they are experiencing abuse or mistreatment.In addition to prevention efforts, it is essential for schools to have effective mechanisms in place to address and respond to incidents of campus violence. This includes implementing clear reporting procedures, providing support services for victims, and enforcing disciplinary measures for perpetrators. By holding individuals accountable for their actions and providing resources for those affected by violence, schools can create a safer and more supportive environment for everyone.In conclusion, campus violence is a complex issue that requires a multifaceted approach to tackle effectively. By raising awareness, promoting positive behavior, and implementing proactive measures, we can work together to create a school environment that is free from violence and conducive to learning.It is imperative that we prioritize the safety and well-being of all individuals on campus and take a stand against violence in all its forms. Together, we can make a difference and build a brighter future for the next generation.。

Agent-based models for economic policy design Introduction to the special issue

Journal of Economic Behavior &Organization 67(2008)351–354EditorialAgent-based models for economic policy design:Introduction to the special issue1.Agent-based models for economic policy designResearch in economics has traditionally been (and to a large degree still is)based on the development and analysis of highly stylized,analytically tractable models.However,thanks to the recent developments in computer technology and numerical methods,large-scale simulation is increasingly becoming a powerful and attractive new approach for understanding the characteristics of economic systems and deriving economic policy recommendations.In particular,by explicitly modeling the decentralized interaction of heterogeneous economic agents in systems such as markets,industries or organizations,agent-based computational economics (ACE)attempts to transcend the numerous over-simplifying assumptions underlying most mainstream analytical models.1Recently published summaries of previous ACE work,most notably a volume of the Handbook of Computational Economics dedicated to ACE (Tesfatsion and Judd,2006),demonstrate that agent-based modeling has not only been employed with success in many different ﬁelds of economics,but also that the majority of the existing work is of descriptive rather than normative nature.The aim of this special issue is to focus on the normative potential of the agent-based approach,in particular on the usefulness of ACE models for the evaluation and design of economic policy measures.Extensive discussions of the potential merits of the agent-based approach for economic modeling can be found,for example,in Pyka and Fagiolo (2007),Tesfatsion (2006),Axtell (2000)and Kirman (1997).Central themes in these discussions are the ability of ACE models to capture explicitly the relationship between structured interaction of heterogeneous individuals and the emerging patterns at the macroeconomic level,and to incorporate different types of boundedly rational individual behavior.In addition,a simulation approach allows us to study the open-ended dynamics (including the transient phase)of the economic system under consideration rather than restrict our attention to the existence and (local)stability analysis of equilibria or characterizations of limit distributions.Most of this discussion is based on a view of ACE models as means for economic theorizing (i.e.as a tool to gain a better understanding of general economic mechanisms in rather abstract settings).Without doubt ACE models have great potential in that domain.In the domain of economic policy,however,it seems that the ability to evaluate policies and institutional changes in rather speciﬁc models of particular economic environments (e.g.particular markets and/or industries,speciﬁc auction types,etc.)has additionally motivated researchers to rely on ACE models.2An important aspect in this respect is that political decision makers might be more willing to trust ﬁndings based on rather detailed simulation models where they see a lot of the economic structure they are familiar with than in general insights obtained in rather abstract mathematical 1Readers not familiar with the ACE approach are referred to Axelrod and Tesfatsion (2006)or Epstein and Axtell (1996).2Examples include detailed models of energy markets (Sun and Tesfatsion,2007),the U.S.coffee market (Midgley et al.,1997)or the pharma-ceutical industry (Malerba and Orsenigo,2002).0167-2681/$–see front matter ©2008Published by Elsevier B.V .doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2007.06.009352Editorial/Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization67(2008)351–354models.3The papers in this issue illustrate these different approaches.The topics addressed stem from very speciﬁc policy design questions to classic general issues in the policy debate.In spite of encouraging signs,ACE models are still far from being considered as a standard tool for economic policy analysis.Besides typical inertia of the profession to pick up new methods,a number of critical aspects of the ACE approach might be blamed for that.Important issues in that respect are empirical model validation and robustness checks of the derived results.The largeﬂexibility with respect to the setup of agent-based models and the almost unrestricted number of potential model parameters give many degrees of freedom to the modeler and make it difﬁcult to restrict the ranges of model parameters based on empirical data.This poses serious challenges to the use of ACE models for the evaluation and design of economic policy measures.For example,to what extent is the dynamics of the economic system in the simulation model indeed a good representation of the impact it would have in reality?In recent years,different proposals have been made on how to deal with this problem,and although the issue is far from being solved,the emerging literature in thisﬁeld is starting to give ACE researchers some systematic guidelines about how to deal with empirical validation issues.We refer to Fagiolo et al.(2007)and Windrum et al.(2007)for an extensive discussion of empirical validation of agent-based models.2.The papers in this special issueThe set of papers contained in this special issue is a selection of work presented in July2005at the Workshop ‘Agent-Based Models for Economics Policy Design’at the Center for Interdisciplinary Research(ZiF)at Bielefeld University.The aim of the workshop was to take stock about what has been done with ACE models in the area of policy design and to discuss the potentials and challenges of the approach.The collection of papers give a good indication of the scope of policy questions,from quite general to very speciﬁc,that were addressed and highlight different approaches to deal with issues of validation and robustness checks.Theﬁrst three papers of the issue deal with questions of industrial policy and market design.Malerba et al.extend their previous work on‘history-friendly’modelling of the evolution of the computer and the semiconductor industry, using the developed simulation model to study the effect of different types of policies,among others anti-trust policies, entry-support policies or public procurement,on the evolution of industry concentration and the rate of technological change.The paper highlights one additional merit of agent-based modelling,namely the ability to compare within one framework the effects of rather diverse policy measures that would typically be dealt with in different branches of the literature using different types of models.Micola et al.consider a stylized model of the value chain in electricity markets,where demand on the wholesale market is driven by market outcomes in the retail market.Prices in both markets are determined using uniform price auctions,whereﬁrms update their bidding behavior using reinforcement learning.In accordance with real-world observations in many countries the authors assume that wholesalers and retailers are vertically integrated and analyze how interdependencies of rewards for managers in the different business units inﬂuence prices and proﬁts on both markets.By considering multi-tier energy markets with netback pricing,the study looks at the problem of the emergence of vertical market power from an innovative angle.The emergence of different types of bidding behavior in different market environments is also the main topic of the contribution of Duffy and Unver.They simulate the behavior of bidders in two types of auctions,hard or soft close auctions,that differ with respect to the rule governing when the auction is closed.Similar differences in closing rules are present in real-world internet auctions and empirical data show that late bidding is much more frequent in hard-close auctions.The agent-based model of Duffy and Unver is able to reproduce this stylized fact.Furthermore, it allows insights into the properties of the bidding functions responsible for the resulting payoffs on both sides.The authors stress the implications of insights of this type for market design.The rest of the papers study effects ofﬁscal policy measures in different parts of the economy.Assessing the impact of labor market policies at both the aggregate and individual levels is the main goal of the paper by Neugart.More speciﬁcally,he develops a multi-sector agent-based model whereﬁrms belonging to different sectors require workers with different skills.In order to catch job opportunities arising in sectors for which they are not3Moss(2002)discusses the importance of involving the actual decision makers in the process of the generation of agent-based models for policy evaluation.Editorial/Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization67(2008)351–354353 qualiﬁed,workers make human-capital investments that are subsidized by the government through the imposition of taxes on employed ing his agent-based model,Neugart shows that government-ﬁnanced training measures increase the outﬂow rate from unemployment,but reduce the outﬂow rate for those who do not receive subsidies. Therefore,although at the aggregate level the impact of government training subsidies is positive(the unemployment rate decreases),at the individual level these labor market policy programs might lead to potential job displacement effects(e.g.they may harm workers who do not receive government transfers).Happe et e an agent-based agricultural policy simulator to analyze the effect of a regime switch in the way agricultural subsidies are paid on changes in farm structure,prices and farm proﬁts.Their model provides a detailed representation of the farm structure in a region,allowing the authors to highlight the different effects that similar policy measures have in regions with different farm structures.Given the importance of agricultural policy(in particular in the EU)and the heterogeneity of farm structure in many regions,this type of analysis seems to have a large potential for improving actual policy design.Mannaro et al.challenge the idea that a Tobin tax is able to stabilize foreign exchange and stock markets,thus reducing speculation.To address this issue,they develop an artiﬁcial agent-basedﬁnancial market populated by behaviourally heterogeneous traders with limited resources and study the effect of levying a transaction tax in two setups,one in which traders act in a single market,and another in which there are two related markets.Their extensive simulation exercises show that Tobin-like taxes actually increase volatility and decrease trading volumes.Chen and Chie address the classical question of determining the tax revenue maximizing tax rate in the framework of lottery markets.Based on an agent-based model where lottery participation of individuals is governed by simple rules that are updated due to social learning,they address the puzzle of why lottery tax rates vary substantially between different countries and lotteries.They show that simulation results indeed provide some explanation for this empirically observed phenomenon.Furthermore,their paper allows insights about the relationship between properties of the individual decision rules and observable patterns such as the effect of the jackpot on lottery participation.The paper by Wilhite and Allen analyzes the impact of several anti-crime policies dynamically undertaken in artiﬁcial societies composed of heterogeneous interacting agents.In their model,individuals,neighborhoods,and cities repeatedly choose how to devote their resources to crime prevention in order to solve the trade-off between costs imposed on the society by criminals and costs associated withﬁghting crime.Interestingly,their model is able to reproduce(and originally explain)several real-world patterns concerning the emergence and distribution of crime and the intertemporal behavior of criminals.For example,larger cities are shown to develop higher crime rates because larger populations increase the incentives to free-ride on public goods.Furthermore,despite crime decreases with protection spending,the impact of prison turns out to be ambiguous,as a higher rate of imprisonment may lead to more crime in the long run.Finally,Carayol et al.employ agent-based simulations to study systematically how properties of networks that emerge due to uncoordinated individual link formation decisions compared to those of efﬁcient networks.Based on their insights policies might be designed with the goal to foster the emergence of efﬁcient networks.Given the strong recent interest in the analysis of the formation and the implications of social networks,this seems to be one more very promising area for fruitful normative application of the ACE approach.ReferencesAxelrod,R.,Tesfatsion,L.,2006.A guide for newcomers to agent-based modeling in the social sciences.In:Tesfatsion,L.,Judd,K.(Eds.),Handbook of Computational Economics.II.Agent-based Computational Economics.North Holland,Amsterdam,pp.1647–1659.Axtell,R.,2000.Why Agents?On the varied motivation for agent computing in the social sciences.Working Paper No.17.Center on Social and Economic Dynamics,The Brookings Institution.Epstein,J.,Axtell,R.,1996.Growing Artiﬁcial Societies:Social Science from the Bottom Up.MIT Press,Cambridge.Fagiolo,G.,Birchenhall,C.,Windrum,P.(Eds.),2007.Special Issue on Empirical Validation in Agent-Based putational Economics 30(3).Kirman,A.,1997.The economy as an interactive system.In:Arthur,W.B.,Durlauf,S.N.,Lane,D.(Eds.),The Economy as an Evolving Complex System.II.Addison-Wesley,Boston,pp.491–532.Malerba,F.,Orsenigo,L.,2002.Innovation and market structure in the dynamics of the pharmaceutical industry and biotechnology:towards a history-friendly model.Industrial and Corporate Change11,667–703.Midgley,D.F.,Marks,R.E.,Cooper,L.G.,1997.Breeding competitive strategies.Management Science43,257–275.Moss,S.,2002.Policy analysis fromﬁrst principles.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences99,7267–7274.354Editorial/Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization67(2008)351–354Pyka,A.,Fagiolo,G.,2007.Agent-based modelling:a methodology for Neo-Schumpeterian economics.In:Hanusch,H.,Pyka,A.(Eds.),The Elgar Companion to Neo-Schumpeterian Economics.Edward Elgar,Cheltenham,pp.467–487.Sun,J.,Tesfatsion,L.,2007.Dynamic testing of wholesale power market designs:an open-source agent-based putational Economics 30,291–327.Tesfatsion,L.,2006.ACE:a constructive approach to economic theory.In:Tesfatsion,L.,Judd,K.(Eds.),Handbook of Computational Economics.II.Agent-based Computational Economics.North Holland,Amsterdam,pp.832–880.Tesfatsion,L.,Judd,K.(Eds.),2006.Handbook of Computational Economics.II.Agent-based Computational Economics.North Holland,Amster-dam.Windrum,P.,Fagiolo,G.,Moneta,A.,2007.Empirical validation of agent-based models:alternatives and prospects.Journal of Artiﬁcial Societies and Social Simulation10(2),8.Herbert Dawid∗Department of Business Administration and Economics,Institute of Mathematical Economics,Bielefeld University,P.O.Box100131,33501Bielefeld,GermanyGiorgio FagioloLaboratory of Economics and Management,Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies,56127Pisa,Italy∗Corresponding author.E-mail addresses:hdawid@wiwi.uni-bielefeld.de(H.Dawid),giorgio.fagiolo@sssup.it(G.Fagiolo)4June2007Available online22April2008。

anisotropic

2nd Annual IASTED International Conference on Computer Graphics and Imaging(CGIM’99) Processing a class of ophthalmological images using ananisotropic diffusion equation.Andrew P.Papli´n ski Computer Science and Software Engineering Monash University,Australiaapp@.auJames F.BoyceWheatstone Laboratory King’s College London,U.K. jfb@AbstractIn this paper we discuss application of an anisotropic diffusion equation in processing Posterior Capsular Opaciﬁcation(PCO)Images.Such images are recorded to monitor the state of a patient’s vision after cataract surgery.Non-linearﬁltering using an anisotropic diffusion equation generates segmentation-like results by enhancing edges represented by the high value of the gradient and smoothing away small inter-regional features.The algorithm ensures an existence of a stableﬁxed-point solution and maintains a mean grey level of image intensity.Keywords:Medical Imaging,Posterior Capsular Opaciﬁcation,Partial Differential Equa-tions,Anisotropic Diffusion Equation,Segmentation.This is to certify that if the paper is accepted one ofthe authors will attend the conference to present it.Address for correspondence:Dr Andrew P.PaplinskiSchool of Computer Science and Software EngineeringMonash University,Clayton,3168,Australiaapp@.auPh.:+61399053242Fax:+613990551461Processing a class of ophthalmological images using ananisotropic diffusion equation.AbstractIn this paper we discuss application of an anisotropic diffusion equation in processing Posterior Capsular Opaciﬁcation(PCO)Images.Such images are recorded to monitor thestate of a patient’s vision after cataract surgery.Non-linearﬁltering using an anisotropicdiffusion equation generates segmentation-like results by enhancing edges represented by thehigh value of the gradient and smoothing away small inter-regional features.The algorithmensures an existence of a stableﬁxed-point solution and maintains a mean grey level of imageintensity.Keywords:Medical Imaging,Posterior Capsular Opaciﬁcation,Partial Differential Equa-tions,Anisotropic Diffusion Equation,Segmentation.1IntroductionPartial differential equations(PDE’s)play an increasing role in image processing and analysis due to their algorithmicﬂexibility.Many theoretical aspects of PDE’s and variety of applications have recently been presented in the IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,Special Issue on Partial Differential Equations...([1]).In general,if represents an evolving image,being the position vector of a pixel, then the spatial and temporal modiﬁcation of an image can be described by the following partial differential equationapplications of the anisotropic diffusion equation have recently been reported,such as in image ﬁltering and restoration[2,3,4].The majority of considerations related to anisotropic diffusion equations can be traced back to a seminal contribution to the solution of such equations given in [5].Other PDEs,such as heat equations and wave equations have also been studied in the context of image processing.In our work we consider a problem related to processing Posterior Capsular Opaciﬁcation (PCO)images.We shall demonstrate how an anisotropic diffusion equation,similar to that stud-ied in[2],can be used to perform a segmentation-likeﬁltering.Conceptually,this work is linked to our efforts(reported in[6])of the application of theﬁrst order wave equation to model some aspects of an underlying biological process,namely the movement of concentration of epithelial cells which are believed to be responsible for the posterior capsular opaciﬁcation.2Description of the class of ophthalmological imagesThe condition of eye lens cataract is ultimately treated by surgery when the patient’s natural lens is replaced by an intra-ocular plastic implant[7].A common post-surgical complication is opaciﬁcation of the posterior capsule[8].It can be assumed that Posterior Capsule Opaciﬁcation is caused by the growth of epithelial cells across the back surface of the capsule,which obscures the implanted lens and again impairs the patient’s vision.The opaciﬁcation is monitored by recording images of the back-surface of the implant at regular intervals after surgery.An example of a PCO image recorded two years after an operation is given in Figure1. The diameter of the implanted lens is approximately6mm,and the image size is in the range of 900900pixels.Note the reﬂection spots characteristic of retro-illumination images.3Figure1:A pre-processed two-year PCO image of a patient with very impaired vision The Department of Ophthalmology at St.Thomas’Hospital,London and the Image Pro-cessing Group from King’s College London have developed a software package to assist in the automatic evaluation of posterior capsular opaciﬁcation and,ultimately,patient’s visual acuity. For details the reader is referred to[9,10,11,12].This paper describes ongoing work on im-proving and enriching methods of interpretation of PCO images.3Filtering using an anisotropic diffusion equationIn this section we shall demonstrate how an anisotropic diffusion equation can be used toﬁlter a PCO image to obtain segmentation-like results.Current methods of segmentation of PCO images4are based on co-occurrence arrays as described in[9,10,11,12].Although the results seem to be satisfactory for practical applications,there is still a non-negligible margin for possible improvements.Let us consider the following system of partial differential equations(similar to that presented in[2]):(3)where is an evolving image,is a22diffusion matrix responsible for anisotropy,and is a22anisotropy“force”matrix which is a function on an image gradient.The time scale parameter is responsible for speed of image evolution.It can be seen from eqn(3)that the diffusion matrix is driven by the image gradient, through the anisotropy force matrix,.Often,in similar diffusion models,the image gradient is smoothed by using an appropriately selectedﬁlter,as we do in the case of the wave equation.However,with the smoothness assump-tions on the anisotropy force matrix,,namely,that is a bounded positive-deﬁnite matrix with bounded derivatives,the low-passﬁltering is in-built into equations(2),(3).For details of the proof the reader is referred to[2].In order to obtain a segmentation-likeﬁltering of an image we wish to preserve edges which are considered to be signiﬁcant,and smooth out image features considered to be a noise.One possible choice of the force function,,which ensures such selectiveﬁltering,would be an orthogonal projection on the direction orthogonal to the image gradient.Such a projection will5be utilised for the image areas in which the gradient magnitude exceeds a threshold parameter,. For the image areas with the gradient values below the threshold,the anisotropy force function should ensure smoothing by means of isotropic diffusion.To achieved such processing,the force function is selected to be of the form:if(4)ifwhere the projection matrix,,is:F=zeros(R,C,2,2);Next,we set three important parameters,the sampling time,,the time scale,, responsible for the speed of iterations,and the stiffness threshold,(image gradient threshold parameter):%sampling time and time scalets=0.2;beta=2;ta=beta*ts;bF=1/(1+beta);bL=beta*bF;%stiffness threshold(squared)s2=.05ˆ2;The main iteration loop:for n=1:N%gradient using central differencesg(:,:,1)=0.5*([U(2:R,:);U(R,:)]-[U(1,:);U(1:R-1,:)]);g(:,:,2)=0.5*([U(:,2:C),U(:,C)]-[U(:,1),U(:,1:C-1)]);%square of the gradient magnitudegm2=g(:,:,1).ˆ2+g(:,:,2).ˆ2;Example values of the square of the gradient magnitude for a small image area at the end of the iteration loop are as follows:48495051126:0.00380.00140.00000.00197127:0.00490.00240.00000.0000128:0.00000.00400.00460.0000129:0.00230.00410.00750.0048The pixel loop to determine the diffusion force matrix,,and to iterate the diffusion tensor:for r=1:Rfor c=1:CFM=[g(r,c,2).ˆ2,-g(r,c,1)*g(r,c,2),g(r,c,1).ˆ2];if(gm2(r,c)>=s2)FM=FM/gm2(r,c);F(r,c,1,1)=FM(1);F(r,c,1,2)=FM(2);F(r,c,2,1)=FM(2);F(r,c,2,2)=FM(3);elseFM=FM/s2;gs2= 1.5*(1-gm2(r,c)/s2);F(r,c,1,1)=FM(1)+gs2;F(r,c,1,2)=FM(2);F(r,c,2,1)=FM(2);F(r,c,2,2)=FM(3)+gs2;end%Iteration of the diffusion tensorLn=bL*permute(L(r,c,:,:),[3412])+...bF*permute(F(r,c,:,:),[3412]);L(r,c,:,:)=Ln;%anisotropy vector,h=L g8h(r,c,:)=Ln*permute(g(r,c,:),[312]);endend%of pixel loopExample values of the force and diffusion tensors at the end of the iteration loop are as follows:1.49780.00040.0004 1.49911.49770.00010.0001 1.4989Divergence and image iteration:%divergence of the anisotropy vector using central differencesdvU=0.5*([h(2:R,:,1);h(R,:,1)]-[h(1,:,1);h(1:R-1,:,1)]...+[h(:,2:C,2),h(:,C,2)]-[h(:,1,2),h(:,1:C-1,2)]);%image updateU=U+ts*dvU;end%of the main iteration loopExample values of the divergence of a small image area at the end of iterations are as follows div48495051126:-0.00210.0005-0.00150.0008127:0.00050.0037-0.00010.0039128:-0.00010.0004-0.00040.0009129:0.00060.00040.00000.0020The number of iterations required for the image to converge to the steady state is relatively small;,was usually satisfactory.The results are presented on Figures2and3.9iter = 120406080100120140160180iter = 32040608010012014016018020406080100120140160180iter = 52040608010012014016018020406080100120140160180iter = 72040608010012014016018020406080100120140160180iter = 112040608010012014016018020406080100120140160180iter = 152040608010012014016018020406080100120140160180Figure 2:Filtering a PCO image with anisotropic diffusion10Theﬁrst image in Figure2is the original PCO image presented in Figure1with two modiﬁ-cations:the reﬂection spots were patched with noise and the image was subsampled by the factor of4.It is possible to observe gradual smoothing of high texture regions classiﬁed as noise and the relative ampliﬁcation of well-deﬁned feature borders.An interesting feature of the diffusion equation in the form(2)is the conservation of the mean grey level of the image intensity.A“cross-sectional”view along the horizontal line number60is shown in Figure3.The two curves represent the initial andﬁnal images.It is possible to note that the anisotropic diffusion11maintains prominent edges represented by the high value of the gradient and smoothes inter-regional noise.This is an important property of the algorithm which can be used to enhance existing segmentation algorithms for the PCO images.These images are segmented into smooth areas representing transparent regions of the implanted lens.See[9,10,11,12]for details.AcknowledgmentThe authors would like to express their gratitude to Mr D.J.Spalton from the Department of Ophthalmology of St Thomas’Hospital for the speciﬁcation of the problem,the provision of the image data and many useful discussions.References[1]V.Caselles,J.-M.Morel,G.Sapiro,and A.Tannenbaum,“Introduction to the special issueon partial differential equations and geometry driven diffusion in image processing,”IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,vol.7,pp.269–273,March1998.[2]G.H.Cottet and M.El Ayyadi,“A Voltera type model for image processing,”IEEE Trans-actions on Image Processing,vol.7,pp.292–303,March1998.[3]S.T.Acton,“Multigrid anisotropic diffusion,”IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,vol.7,pp.280–291,March1998.[4]J.Weickert and B.M.t.H.Romney,“Efﬁcient and reliable schemes for nonlinear diffusionﬁltering,”IEEE Transactions on Image Processing,vol.7,pp.399–410,March1998. [5]P.Perona and J.Malik,“Scale space and edge detection using anisotropic diffusion,”IEEETransactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence,vol.12,pp.629–630,1990. [6]A.P.Papli´n ski and J.F.Boyce,“Aﬁrst-order wave equation in modelling the behaviour ofepithelial cells in an eye posterior capsule,”in Proceedings of the6th IEEE International Workshop on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems(ISPACS’98), (Melbourne,Australia),November1998.12[7]S.A.Barman,J.F.Boyce,D.J.Spalton,P.G.Ursell,and E.J.Hollick,“Measurementof posterior capsule opaciﬁcation,”in Proceedings of the Conference on Medical Image Understanding and Analysis,MIUA97,July1997.Oxford,U.K.[8]D.J.Spalton and P.G.Ursell,“Incidence of PCO with PMMA,Acrilic and Silicone IOLs:Two year follow-up,”in Symposium on Cataract,IOL and Refractive Surgery.Congress on Ophthalmic Practice Management,June1996.Seattle,Washington.[9]A.P.Papli´n ski and J.F.Boyce,“Segmentation of a class of ophthalmological images usinga directional variance operator and co-occurrence arrays,”Optical Engineering,vol.36,pp.3140–3147,November1997.[10]A.P.Papli´n ski,“Directionalﬁltering in edge detection,”IEEE Trans.Image Proc.,vol.7,pp.611–615,April1998.[11]A.P.Papli´n ski and J.F.Boyce,“Co-occurrence arrays and edge density in segmentation ofa class of ophthalmological images,”in Proceedings of the4rd Conference on Digital ImageComputing:Techniques and Applications,DICTA97,(Auckland,),pp.521–528,December 1997.[12]A.P.Papli´n ski and J.F.Boyce,“Tri-directionalﬁltering in processing a class of ophthalmo-logical images,”in Proceedings of the IEEE Region10Annual Conference,TENCON’97, (Brisbane),pp.687–690,December1997.[13]MathWorks,MATLAB Reference Guide.The MathWorks Inc.,1997.13。

湖南省长沙市长郡中学2024-2025学年高三上学期月考试卷(一)英语试卷

湖南省长沙市长郡中学2024-2025学年高三上学期月考试卷（一）英语试卷一、阅读理解As Pakistan and China are marking 2023 as a Year of Tourism, Pakistan’s breathtaking natural beauty, diverse cultural heritage and historical landmarks are all set to catch the attentionof tourists.Balochistan: Nature’s Bounty UnveiledStretching across vast expanses, Balochistan is Pakistan’s largest province, boasting not only abundant mineral resources but unique natural beauty. Its mountain ranges, mines and extensive coastal belt, which is home to the prosperous Gwadar Port, attract adventurers.Punjab: A Tapestry of History and HeritageIn the heart of Pakistan lies Punjab province, a land of green agricultural fields, intricate (交错的) river networks, ancient forts and charming Mughal-era gardens. Over two millennia (千年) ago, the Gandhara Buddhist civilization thrived in northern Pakistan, with Taxil a serving as its primary center of learning.Sindh: A Tapestry of History and CultureSindh, in Pakistan’s southern region, weaves together a tale of history and natural beauty. Itis home to the ancient city of Mohenjo-Daro, a relic of the Indus Valley Civilization, along with the modern city of Karachi and its picturesque coastline.Northern Pakistan: Nature’s MasterpieceSpread over 72,496 square kilometers, Pakistan’s northern regions are a masterpiece of nature. Among towering peaks, including numerous summits over 8,000 meters, peaceful valleys like Gilgit, Hunza and Skardu offer a brief escape.As Pakistan invites the world to explore its diverse and fascinating landscapes, it also extends a warm invitation to discovery the history, spirituality and natural wonders that define this remarkable nation.1．As a Buddhist, your favorite destination in Pakistan might be __________.A．Balochistan B．Punjab C．Sindh D．Gilgit2．What do the four parts have in common?A．Natural beauty.B．Historical origin.C．Cultural relics.D．Diverse resources.3．The passage serves as a(n) __________.A．guidance B．introduction C．commercial D．noticeThere comes a time when the old must give way to the new, and it is not possible to preserve everything from our past as we move towards the future. Finding and keeping the right balance between progress and the protection of cultural sites can be a big challenge.Big challenges, however, can sometimes lead to great solutions. In the 1950s, the Egyptian government wanted to build a new dam across the Nile in order to control floods, produce electricity, and supply water to more farmers in the area. But the proposal led to protests. Water from the dam would likely damage a number of temples and destroy cultural relics that were an important part of Egypt’s cultural heritage. After listening to different voices, the government turned to the United Nations for help in 1959.A committee was established to limit damage to the Egyptian buildings and prevent the loss of cultural relics. The group asked for contributions from different departments and raised funds within the international community. Experts investigated the issue, conducted several tests, and then made a proposal for how the buildings could be saved. Finally, a document was signed, and the work began in 1960.The project brought together governments and environmentalists from around the world. Temples and other cultural sites were taken down piece by piece, and then moved and put back together again in a place where they were safe from the water. In 1961, German engineers moved the first temple. Over the next 20 years, thousands of engineers and workers rescue d 22 temples and countless cultural relics. Fifty countries donated nearly $80 million to the project. When the project ended in 1980, it was considered a great success. Not only had the countries found a path to the future that did not run over the relics of the past, but they had also learnt that it was possible for countries to work together to build a better tomorrow.The spirit of the Aswan Dam project is still alive today. If a problem seems too difficult for a single nation, the global community can sometimes provide a solution.4．What was the major concern regarding the construction of the new dam?A．The damage to local farms.B．The high cost of the construction.C．The disapproval of local communities.D．The potential harm to cultural remains.5．How were the cultural sites rescued?A．By rebuilding similar cultural sites.B．By building fences around them.C．By taking them down into pieces.D．By removing and piecing them together again.6．Which of the following best describes the Aswan Dam project?A．International cooperation is not necessary for large-scale projects.B．It is possible to achieve progress without sacrificing cultural heritage.C．The opinions of experts should be ignored in favor of popular opinion.D．Countries should always prioritize their own interests over global concerns.7．What is the key to the success of the Aswan Dam project?A．Trial and error.B．Adequate investment.C．Global cooperation.D．Careful investigation.Since the last ice age, humans have cleared nearly half of the earth’s forests and grasslands for agriculture. With the world population expanding, there’s ever-increasing pressure on farmland to produce not only more food but also clean energy. In places such as Yakima County, Washington, it’s created competition for space as land-hungry solar panels (板) consume available fields. Last month, the state approved plans to cover 1,700 acres of agricultural land with solar panels, fueling concerns over the long-term impacts of losing cropland.A recent study from the University of California, however, shows how farmers may soon harvest crops and energy together. One researcher, Majdi Abou Najm, explains that visible light spectrum (光谱) can be separated into blue and red light waves, and their photons (光子) have different properties. Blue ones have higher energy than red ones. While that gives blue light what is needed to generate power, it also results in higher temperatures. “From a plant angle, redphotons are the efficient ones,” says Abou Najm. “They don’t make the plant feel hot.”A goal of the study is to create a new generation of solar panels. He sees potential in the organic solar cells, which come from carbon-based materials. Thin and transparent, the cells are applied like a film onto various surfaces. This new technology could be used to develop special solar panels that block blue light to generate power, while passing the red light on to crops planted directly below. These panels could also provide shade for heat-sensitive fruits during the hottest part of the day.By 2050, we’ll have two billion more people, and we’ll need more food and more energy. By maximizing the solar spectrum, “we’re making full use of an endlessly sustainable resource,” says Abou Najm. “If a technology kicks in that can develop these panels, then the sky is the limit on how efficient we can be.”8．What problem does the first paragraph focus on?A．Losing cropland to solar panels.B．Distribution of the world population.C．Reduction in forests and grasslands.D．Competing for land between farmers.9．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?A．Generation of solar power.B．Hot weather increasing efficiency.C．Blue photons having higher energy.D．Separation of visible light spectrum.10．What do we know about the organic solar cells?A．They make fruits heat-sensitive.B．They can cool down in hot days,C．They allow red light to pass through.D．They can store carbon-based materials.11．What does Abou Najm think of the future of the new solar panels?A．Limited.B．Promising.C．Uncertain.D．Challenging.While Industry 5.0 is believed to have started in 2020, the rise of AI in recent years has led experts to say it is now coming. Imagine AI-powered robots that see, hear, touch and more, pooling fresh data from across those groups of sensors to create that data with the vast ranges of digital data stored elsewhere online. The age is a major leap from the First Industrial Revolution, when steam engine started to achieve widespread commercial use.Professor John Nosta says, “The integration of sensory capabilities into AI models is not merely a technological leap. It represents a shift in our philosophical understanding of artificial and human intelligence.”He has also referred to the new era as “the Cognitive (认知) Age,” which will completely change how humans live, work, and think about themselves. According to Nosta, humans don’t typically think of computers as “experiencing” the world themselves. But that assumption will be challenged as more advanced AI systems are hooked up to ever more and ever greater sensors. The machines won’t just be logic boxes that humans input data and commands for processing. The AI will collect that data more and more on its own, experiencing the world for itself.“This is not just about understanding words, but also about grasping the tone, pitch (音高), and emphasis, which add layers of meaning often absent in written text. Image recognition adds another layer of complexity,” he added. “For example, it can analyze photographs, identify objects, and even understand the emotional content of facial expressions.”The Johannesburg-based business school is just one of many college-level programs attempting to investigate and teach its students about the still-emerging IR 5.0. Seton Hall in New Jersey offers a three-credit course on this latest age in human technology and trade; MIT has brought in guest speakers to lecture on the concept, and many other research institutions are following suit.12．Where does IR 5.0 differ from previous industrial revolution?A．It processes data and commands.B．It interacts with humans through texts.C．It enhances human sensory capabilities.D．It employs more senses in its application. 13．Why is IR 5. 0 called the Cognitive age?A．AI collects and interprets data itself.B．AI turns written texts into voice.C．AI understands written language well.D．AI has an ability of expressing emotions 14．How do some colleges address IR 5.0?A．By offering related courses.B．By expecting more industrial revolution.C．By applying AI to the technological trade.D．By preparing for the rapid economic changes.15．What is the best title for the text?A．Al Is Approaching Us Gradually B．A New IR Is About Machine LearningC．AI Has Developed Its Own Senses D．We Are Entering IR 5.0 NowPursue Y our Dreams Today, Not TomorrowHave you caught yourself daydreaming about your dreams? We often postpone our dreams, trapped in a cycle of delay. But why wait? 16 You don’t have to take a huge, life-changing step. You can take minute steps toward a brighter future. And start right now.17 If you never try, you’re going to be weighed down by your regrets. You’re always going to wonder how your life would’ve turned out if you actually took a chance on yourself. Don’t let your future self be disappointed by your present self.It doesn’t matter how old you are or how many people have warned you that you’re never going to succeed. Even the most successful people have had their hesitations about whether they had what it took to make it in their field. 18 Embrace a mindset of determination, knowing that success is within your reach.At the end of the day, you need to carve out a path for yourself that will lead to the most satisfaction. If you allow your fear to get the best of you, you’re never going to forgive yourself.19 . It’s what you would encourage your friends to do, so why aren’t you giving yourself that same push?Sometimes, following your passion means spending a lot of your time each day. It may require making slight adjustments to your schedule, but you don’t have to sacrifice everything to follow your hearts. Try to strike a balance between your current life and your dreams. 20 Pursue your dreams now, even though that means you might need to break out of your comfort zone, and even though it means entering the unknown.A．Ask yourself what would be worse.B．Starting small is completely acceptable.C．You owe it to yourself to go after your dreams.D．New opportunities may lead to personal growth.E．If things go well, you can gradually make further shifts.F．You need to move past your insecurities and explore your full potential.G．Hard as it is, it’s crucial to wave off the doubts in the back of your mind.二、完形填空As a first-generation Asian immigrant(移民)who had grown up in poverty, I knew I was beyond 21 to be admitted into Harvard. I loved books, but it never crossed my mind to become a(n) 22 of any sort. I didn’t 23 to have unrealistic dreams.Still, something 24 me. My deskmate had 25 our friendship recently. There wasn’t a dramatic fight or disagreement. He had 26 moved on to new friends. I felt an ache in my chest that 27 night. I started doodling(涂鸦)on my notepad and then, suddenly, my hand started writing words. I’d written a poem about him. There and the page was the truth about how much it hurt to 28 him.That tiny poem was a 29 that rooted in my heart. I realized I could possibly become a writer and from that moment on. It was all I 30 to do. So I changed my field of study to English. I 31 my first short story while I was still a student. I went on to write my first novel, Girl in Translation, which became an international 32 and is taught in schools around the world.That night, I learned that art isn’t a 33 . It’s at the core of what makes us human. Although I’d believed that immigrants couldn’t 34 to be creative. I understood then that we had always been the ultimate artists. 35 ourselves again and again as we try to adapt to a new landscape.21．A．innocent B．fortunate C．dependent D．voluntary 22．A．surgeon B．lawyer C．artist D．engineer 23．A．regret B．expect C．agree D．refuse 24．A．bothered B．inspired C．interested D．satisfied 25．A．adapted to B．shown off C．broken off D．referred to 26．A．unwillingly B．cautiously C．helplessly D．simply27．A．lonely B．peaceful C．happy D．fancy 28．A．marry B．lose C．upset D．desert 29．A．romance B．seed C．secret D．shadow 30．A．hesitated B．resolved C．declined D．denied 31．A．bought B．borrowed C．priced D．published 32．A．bestseller B．effort C．challenge D．gap 33．A．necessity B．reality C．game D．luxury 34．A．pretend B．offer C．fail D．afford 35．A．rescuing B．recovering C．recreating D．relaxing三、语法填空阅读下面短文, 在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Introduction to the special issue on “Ecological indicators at multiple scales”

EditorialIntroduction to the special issue on‘‘Ecological indicators at multiple scales’’The quality of human life depends on diverse naturalresources and healthy ecosystems.Such resources exist andinteract at multiple scales within spatially and temporallydynamic ecosystems.Healthy ecosystems are those with thecapability to maintain some degree of biophysical integritywhile supplying man with valuable services(Rapport,1995).However,activities associated with expanding human popu-lations and activities alter these complex ecosystems andthereby threaten their sustainability and the resources andservices(e.g.,food,ﬁbre,waste processing,wildlife habitat,fuel,aesthetic qualities,and recreational opportunities)thatthey provide.Monitoring ecosystem status and trends iscritical for assessing environmental security(Petrosillo et al.,2007),through the detection of alterations that can impact theintegrity of ecosystems and impede their capacity to providevaluable resources and services into the future.Humans trying to understand the current condition orpredict the future condition of ecosystems regularly resort tosimple,easily interpreted surrogates as parts of the wholecomplexity.Environmental/ecological indicators can helpdescribe social–ecological systems in simpler terms that canbe understood and used by non-scientists to make planningand management decisions.Indicators allow humans toisolate key aspects of the environment from an overwhelmingarray of signals at different levels of abilities to synthesize.They are used to communicate information about ecosystemsand the impacts human activity has on ecosystems togroups such as the public or government policy makers.However,the overall information we can gain from a set ofindicators will never match that of the whole system,sinceeach individual indicator carries only partial information.Thus,indicators need to be constantly re-evaluated andre-interpreted in the light of the increasing understanding ofthe whole organization and functioning of social–ecologicalsystems.Whichever environmental/ecological system or aspect isconsidered,indicator derivation and application have to bebased upon sound scientiﬁc concepts and methodologies tothe best of our knowledge till that moment.Today everyoneagrees that observations made on a single scale or organiza-tion level can,at best,capture only the patterns and processespertinent to that scale or level of observation.So,for instance,the effects of land-use intensity on local biodiversity andecological functioning depend on spatial scales much largerthan a singleﬁeld or land use.Then,a key challenge inecological indication emerges as to the most appropriateselection and consideration of spatial–temporal scales con-cerning,for instance,the relationship between the indicatoritself and the indicated state variables or environmentaltargets(indicandum)across scales and organizational com-plexity.The problem of multiple scales or levels of organiza-tion can take many forms in social–ecological systems aspattern and biodiversity arise through positive feedbacks onshort time scales and local spatial scales and are stabilized bynegative feedbacks on longer time scales and broader spatialscales(Levin,2006).In addition,in the hierarchical organiza-tion of social–ecological systems hierarchical levels areseparated,fundamentally,by characteristically differentprocess rates(e.g.,behavioural frequencies,relaxation time,cycle time,or response time)imposing constraints on nestedhierarchies at various scales.Especially the demand forsustainability and quality-of-life(QoL)indicators for man-agement and planning at different levels of social–ecologicalorganizations,of necessity,relies on the improved under-standing of the scale-speciﬁc landscape dynamics caused byhuman land-use activities in the context of complexadaptive socioeconomic and ecological systems(e.g.,Berkesand Folke,1998;Levin,2006).Such demand has promoted anumber of interdisciplinary attempts to integrate ecological,social,and economic components within comprehensiveindicator sets.With respect to these interdisciplinarysocial–economical–ecological indicators,the scale or theorganization level problem is even enhanced,becauseecosystem processes and societal dynamics do not neces-sarily operate at the same spatial and temporal scalespossibly leading to cross-scale mismatches(Cumming et al.,2006).As a result,new indicators are needed able to integratephenomena across multiple scales of space,time,andorganizational complexity to highlight cross-scale effectsand mismatches.This special issue is a further step in that direction andconsists of seven selected and peer-reviewed papers.Five ofe c o l o g i c a l i n d i c a t o r s8(2008)781–782a v a i l ab l e a t w w w.sc i e n c ed i re c t.c o mj o ur n a l h o m e p a g e:w w w.e l se v i e r.co m/l oc a t e/e c o l i ndthem have been presented at the symposium‘‘Ecological indicators at multiple scales’’held during the90th Annual ESA (Ecological Society of America)Meeting held jointly with the IX International Congress of Ecology(INTECOL),August7–12, 2005in Montre´al,Canada,and organized by the guest editors of this special issue.That symposium was one of the many symposia of the Congress entitled‘‘Ecology at multiple scales’’.The two other papers of the current special issue have been selected from other symposia of the Montre´al Congress.The papers address the following topics:(1)soil cover,as one of the most informative and integrative landscape factors to characterize human-inﬂuenced landscapes,to be used for the analysis of landscape patterns of change through the use of spatial correlograms(Uuemaa et al.,2008);(2)water column metabolism as a major component of the functioning of wetland ecosystems to be used as an indicator of ecosystem health,through the analysis of its variation due to hydrologic pulsing(Cassandra L.Tuttle et al.,2008);(3)long-term monitoring of landscape change and functions to describe the environmental effects of landscape fragmentation by transport infrastructure in a rural area within the national park region Saxon-Bohemian Switzerland(Walz,2008);(4) ecological indicators on impacts that training of soldiers on military installations have on environmental characteristics that occur at different scales,organization levels,and in different sectors of the environment,related to soil chemistry, soil microbes,and vegetation(Dale et al.,2008);(5)a disturbance assessment framework at multiple scales, coupled with information about land use and habitat mosaics, for a regional conservation network designed to sustain metapopulations and biodiversity concerning51conservation areas in the Apulia region(south Italy)(Zaccarelli et al.,2008);(6)an indicator framework and scenario analysis for the development of sustainable management strategies for the husbandry of semi-domesticated reindeer in northern Fenno-Scandinavia,concerning human well-being through indicators of social and economic welfare(Burkhard and Mu¨ller,2008);last but not least,(7)system and model approaches for the development of quality-of-life indicators and indices through the method of response function to construct purposeful,credible integrated models from data and prior knowledge or information(Malkina-Pykh and Pykh, 2008).So far,the set of ecological and social–economical indicators available for assessing and predicting environ-mental integrity,health,and quality of life in social–ecological systems is far from being completed,and is not formulated for consistent assessments across social–ecological system types, organization levels,and scales;also,these scale problems and the consequences of hierarchy theory have not been yet fully addressed and integrated into environmental indication understanding and practice.Within this issue new concepts and approaches to different case studies are presented toﬁnd solutions and methods for a better increasing involvement of scale-related issues in the future of social–ecological system indication.r e f e r e n c e sBerkes,F.,Folke,C.(Eds.),1998.Linking Social and Ecological Systems:Management Practices and Social Mechanisms for Building Resilience.Cambridge University Press,Cambridge,UK.Burkhard,B.,Mu¨ller,F.,2008.Indicating human–environmental system properties:case study northern Fenno-Scandinavian reindeer herding.Ecol.Indic.8,828–840. Cassandra,L.,Tuttle,Zhang,L.,Mitsch,W.J.,2008.Aquatic metabolism as an indicator of the ecological effects ofhydrologic pulsing inﬂow-through wetlands.Ecol.Indic.8, 795–806.Cumming,G.S.,Cumming,D.H.M.,Redman,C.L.,2006.Scale mismatches in social–ecological systems:causes,consequences,and solutions.Ecol.Soc.11(1),14[online]URL:/vol11/iss1/art14/ Dale,V.H.,Peacock,A.D.,Garten Jr.,C.T.,Sobek,E.,Wolfe,A.K., 2008.Selecting indicators of soil,microbial,and plantconditions to understand ecological changes in Georgia pine forests.Ecol.Indic.8,818–827.Levin,S.A.,2006.Learning to live in a global commons: socioeconomic challenges for a sustainable environment.Ecol.Res.21,328–333.Malkina-Pykh,I.G.,Pykh,Y.A.,2008.Quality-of-life indicators at different scales:theoretical background.Ecol.Indic.8,854–862.Petrosillo,I.,Mu¨ller,F.,Jones,K.B.,Zurlini,G.,Krauze,K., Victorov,S.,Li,B.-L.,Kepner,W.G.(Eds.),e ofLandscape Sciences for the Assessment of EnvironmentalSecurity.Springer Science and Business Media B.V.,TheNetherlands,p.553.Rapport,D.J.,1995.Ecosystem health:an emerging integrative science.In:Rapport,D.J.,Gaudet,C.,Calow,P.(Eds.),Evaluating and Monitoring the Health of Large-ScaleEcosystems.Springer-Verlag,Heidelberg,pp.5–31. Uuemaa,E.,Roosaare,J.,Kanal,A.,Mander,U¨.,2008.Spatial correlograms of soil cover as an indicator of landscapeheterogeneity.Ecol.Indic.8,783–794.Walz,U.,2008.Monitoring of landscape change and functions in Saxony(Eastern Germany)–methods and indicators.Ecol.Indic.8,807–817.Zaccarelli,N.,Riitters,K.H.,Petrosillo,I.,Zurlini,G.,2008.Indicating disturbance content and context for preservedareas.Ecol.Indic.8,841–853.Giovanni Zurlini* University of Salento,Landscape Ecology Laboratory,Ecotekne(campus),73100Lecce,ItalyPhilippe GirardinEquipe‘‘Agriculture durable’’, UMR INPL(ENSAIA)-INRA Agronomie et EnvironnementNancy-Colmar,BP20507,68021Colmar Cedex,France*Corresponding author.Tel.:+390832298886/96;fax:+3908322986261470-160X/$–see front matter#2007Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2007.12.003e c o l o g i c a l i n d i c a t o r s8(2008)781–782 782。

英文作文outline模板

英文作文outline模板1. Introduction。

The topic I want to discuss is...This is an important issue because...It affects people in different ways and has a significant impact on society.2. Background Information。

To understand this topic, it's important to know...This issue has been present for many years and has evolved over time.Various factors have contributed to the current situation.3. Personal Experience。

I have personally experienced this issue when...It made me realize the importance of addressing this problem.Many people can relate to this experience and understand its significance.4. Statistics and Data。

Research shows that...The numbers speak for themselves and highlight the severity of the issue.It's important to consider these statistics when discussing potential solutions.5. Challenges and Obstacles。

发行以劳动课为专题的一期报纸英语作文

发行以劳动课为专题的一期报纸英语作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Special Edition on Labor Class - A Tribute to Hardworking IndividualsIntroductionIn today's fast-paced world, where technology and automation seem to dominate every aspect of our lives, it is important to take a step back and appreciate the hardworking individuals who form the backbone of our society. The labor class, comprising of workers in various fields such as agriculture, manufacturing, construction, and services, plays a crucial role in driving the economy forward. In this special edition of our newspaper, we aim to highlight the stories, challenges, and achievements of these unsung heroes.Labor Class Around the WorldThe labor class is a diverse group of individuals with different backgrounds, skills, and experiences. From the farm workers in rural areas to the factory workers in urban centers, these individuals dedicate their time and effort to ensure that essentialgoods and services reach consumers. Despite the challenges they face, such as low wages, lack of job security, and unsafe working conditions, the labor class continues to toil tirelessly to provide for their families and contribute to the growth of the economy.Challenges Faced by the Labor ClassOne of the major challenges faced by the labor class is the lack of recognition and appreciation for their hard work. In many cases, these individuals are underpaid, overworked, and subject to exploitation by their employers. The absence of proper labor laws and regulations further exacerbates their plight, leaving them vulnerable to abuse and discrimination. Additionally, the rise of automation and outsourcing has led to job losses and decreased job security for many workers, further marginalizing the labor class.The Importance of Labor RightsIt is important to recognize the fundamental rights of the labor class, including fair wages, safe working conditions, and access to social security benefits. By advocating for the protection of these rights, we can ensure that all workers are treated with dignity and respect. Governments, employers, and civil society organizations must work together to create anenabling environment that promotes the well-being and livelihoods of the labor class.Celebrating the Achievements of the Labor ClassDespite the challenges they face, the labor class has made significant contributions to society. From building infrastructure and manufacturing goods to providing essential services, these individuals play a vital role in driving economic growth and social development. It is important to celebrate their achievements and acknowledge the value they bring to our communities.ConclusionIn conclusion, the labor class is an integral part of our society, and their contributions should be recognized and celebrated. This special edition of our newspaper aims to shed light on the stories, challenges, and achievements of the labor class, and to pay tribute to their hard work and dedication. Let us all come together to support and uplift the labor class, and to create a more inclusive and equitable society for all. Thank you to all the hardworking individuals who make our world a better place.篇2Title: Special Edition on Labor EducationIntroduction:Labor education is an essential component of awell-rounded education system. It aims to instill in students the value of hard work, dedication, and perseverance. In this special edition of our newspaper, we will explore various aspects of labor education and its importance in shaping the future workforce.Feature Articles:1. The Importance of Labor Education:Labor education goes beyond teaching students about the technical skills required for a particular job. It also focuses on developing a strong work ethic, problem-solving abilities, and teamwork skills. By emphasizing the value of hard work, labor education prepares students for success in their future careers.2. Challenges in Implementing Labor Education:While labor education is crucial for preparing students for the workforce, there are challenges in implementing it effectively. Lack of resources, outdated curriculum, and teacher training are some of the obstacles faced by schools. In this article, we will discuss ways to overcome these challenges and improve labor education programs.3. Success Stories:In this section, we will feature success stories of students who have benefited from labor education. From starting their businesses to pursuing careers in various industries, these students have excelled in their chosen fields thanks to the skills and values instilled in them through labor education.4. Labor Education in the Digital Age:With the rapid advancements in technology, labor education needs to adapt to meet the changing needs of the workforce. This article will explore how schools are incorporating digital tools and online resources to enhance labor education and prepare students for careers in the digital age.5. The Role of Parents and Community:Parents and the community play a crucial role in supporting labor education initiatives. In this article, we will discuss how parents can reinforce the values taught in labor education at home and how the community can provide opportunities for students to apply their skills in real-world settings.Conclusion:Labor education is an essential part of preparing students for success in the workforce. By instilling in them a strong workethic, problem-solving abilities, and teamwork skills, labor education equips students with the tools they need to excel in their future careers. As we strive to improve and expand labor education programs, let us continue to prioritize the development of skilled and motivated individuals who will contribute to a thriving economy.篇3Title: Special Issue on Labor Class in Our School NewspaperIntroduction:Labor class is an important part of our education and plays a vital role in shaping our character and work ethic. In order to highlight the significance of labor education, our school newspaper is publishing a special issue dedicated to the labor class. This issue will cover various aspects of labor education, including its importance, benefits, challenges, and success stories.Importance of Labor Class:Labor class is not just about physical work; it is about instilling discipline, responsibility, teamwork, and work ethics in students. It teaches students the value of hard work, perseverance, and dedication. By engaging in hands-on activities,students learn practical skills and develop a sense of accomplishment. Moreover, labor education helps students appreciate the efforts of workers in various fields and promotes respect for manual labor.Benefits of Labor Class:The benefits of labor class are numerous and far-reaching. Students who participate in labor education have been found to perform better academically, have better social skills, and exhibit better behavior. They also develop a strong work ethic, critical thinking skills, problem-solving abilities, and leadership qualities. Furthermore, labor class helps students build confidence, resilience, and a sense of self-worth.Challenges of Labor Class:Despite its benefits, labor education also faces certain challenges. Some students may lack enthusiasm for physical work or may find it challenging to balance academic and practical learning. Additionally, there may be a lack of resources, facilities, and trained personnel for conducting labor classes. Overcoming these challenges requires the support and commitment of school administrators, teachers, students, and parents.Success Stories:Despite the challenges, there have been numerous success stories of students who have excelled in labor class. These students have not only achieved academic success but have also developed practical skills that have helped them in their future careers. They have demonstrated leadership, teamwork, and creativity in various projects and have been recognized for their contributions to the school and community.Conclusion:Labor class is an essential component of education that prepares students for the challenges of the real world. It provides them with practical skills, values, and experiences that are crucial for their personal and professional development. By highlighting the importance of labor education in this special issue, our school newspaper aims to inspire students to embrace labor class and realize its benefits in their lives. Let us celebrate the spirit of labor and honor the contributions of all workers in society.。

英语作文校刊报告怎么写

英语作文校刊报告怎么写Writing a school magazine report in English requires a structured approach. Here's a general outline to guide you:1. Introduction:Start with a catchy opening or a brief introduction to the purpose of the report.Mention the name of the school magazine and its significance.2. Content Highlights:Summarize the content of the latest issue.Highlight any special features, articles, or sections that stand out.3. Events and Activities:Report on any recent events or activities covered in the magazine, such as school trips, competitions, or performances.Include details about participants, outcomes, and any noteworthy moments.4. Student Contributions:Recognize students who have contributed articles, artwork, or other content to the magazine.Highlight their achievements and the impact of their contributions.5. Interviews or Profiles:If applicable, summarize any interviews or profiles featured in the magazine.Discuss the subjects, topics covered, and keytakeaways.6. Feedback and Reviews:Share any feedback or reviews received about the magazine.Include quotes from readers, teachers, or other stakeholders.7. Future Plans:Discuss any upcoming events, projects, or themes planned for future issues.Invite suggestions or contributions from readers.8. Conclusion:Summarize the overall significance and impact of the school magazine.Thank the readers, contributors, and everyone involved in its creation.Remember to maintain a formal tone throughout the report and use appropriate language and vocabulary. Additionally, ensure clarity and coherence in your writing to effectively convey your message.。

英语提议案作文模板高中

英语提议案作文模板高中Title: High School English Proposal Essay Template。

Introduction。

Introduce the topic of proposing an essay in high school English class。

State the importance of learning how to write a proposal essay。

Provide a brief overview of the content that will be covered in the essay。

Body。

Paragraph 1: Understanding the Purpose of a Proposal Essay。

Explain that a proposal essay is a type of argumentative essay where the writer presents a solution to a problem or a course of action。

Emphasize the importance of clearly stating the problem and proposing a viable solution。

Paragraph 2: Choosing a Topic。

Discuss the process of selecting a topic for a proposal essay。

Encourage students to choose a topic that they are passionate about and that has real-world significance。

Provide examples of potential topics such as environmental issues, education reform, or social justice issues。

中考英语书面表达模板应用练习题40题

中考英语书面表达模板应用练习题40题1<背景文章>English Writing Templates: Argumentative EssaysAn argumentative essay is a common type of written assignment in English exams. It presents an argument and tries to persuade the reader to agree with the writer's point of view. There are several key elements to an argumentative essay.The introduction is crucial. It should grab the reader's attention and clearly state the topic and the writer's position. For example, "In today's society, the issue of environmental protection has become increasingly important. Some people believe that individual actions can make a significant difference, while others think that only government policies can solve the problem. In this essay, I will argue that individual actions are essential for environmental protection."The body of the essay is where the argument is developed. It should include several paragraphs that present evidence and reasoning to support the writer's position. Each paragraph should have a clear topic sentence and provide specific examples and explanations. For example, "One reason why individual actions are important is that they can have a cumulative effect. If everyone makes small changes in their daily lives, such asreducing waste, conserving energy, and using public transportation, these actions can add up and have a significant impact on the environment."The conclusion should summarize the main points of the essay and restate the writer's position. It should also leave the reader with something to think about. For example, "In conclusion, individual actions are crucial for environmental protection. By making small changes in our daily lives, we can all contribute to a cleaner and healthier planet."Now, let's look at some common phrases and expressions that can be used in an argumentative essay:- In my opinion,...- It is widely believed that...- There is no doubt that...- On the one hand,... On the other hand,...1. What is the main purpose of an argumentative essay?A. To tell a story.B. To describe a place.C. To present an argument and persuade the reader.D. To express personal feelings.答案：C。

the issue of 的用法

The Issue of 的用法IntroductionThe use of the phrase “the issue of” is commonly encountered in various contexts, from everyday conversations to academic discussions. It serves as a versatile tool to address and explore topics, problems, or subjects of concern. This article aims to delve into the different applications and nuances of using “the issue of” in both spoken and written English.The General Usage of “the issue of”“The issue of” is primarily used to introduce and highlight a particular topic or problem. It functions as a way to focus attention on a specific matter, prompting further discussion and analysis. Its usage can be observed in both formal and informal settings, making it a valuable linguistic tool for clear communication.Applications in Different Scenarios1. Social IssuesOne of the most prevalent uses o f “the issue of” is related to social matters. Topics such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination can be effectively addressed using this phrase. For instance, “the issue of poverty” draws attention to the problem and emphasizes the need for collective action to find solutions. In this way, the phrase serves as an umbrella term that encompasses a range of interconnected problems within a given social issue.Examples of Social Issues:•The issue of gender equality•The issue of racial discrimination•The issue of income disparity2. Political IssuesIn the realm of politics, “the issue of” plays a crucial role in analyzing and discussing various political challenges. From policy debates to international relations, this phrase helps frame the subject matter a t hand. By using “the issue of,” individuals can express their concerns about a particular political matter while inviting others to engage in a dialogue and exchange different viewpoints.Examples of Political Issues:•The issue of immigration reform•The issue of climate change policy•The issue of human rights violations3. Environmental IssuesWith the increasing awareness of environmental problems, “the issue of” finds extensive utilization in addressing ecological concerns. It allows individuals to draw attention to environmental challenges andunderscores the importance of taking action to preserve the planet. Through the precise use of this phrase, one can discuss various aspectsof environmental issues, including pollution, deforestation, and habitat destruction.Examples of Environmental Issues:•The issue of air pollution•The issue of sustainable energy•The issue of plastic waste managementNuances and Considerations1.Neutral Tone: When using “the issue of,” it is important tomaintain a neutral and unbiased tone to facilitate an objectivediscussion. Remember that this phrase is merely an introduction tothe topic, and personal opinions and biases should be reserved forsubsequent statements.2.Clarity and Precision: To effectively communicate the intendedmeaning, it is crucial to be specific when using “the issue of.”Clearly defining and delimiting the topic or problem at hand helps avoid ambiguity and ensures a focused discussion.3.Contextual Relevance: The u se of “the issue of” should beappropriate within the given context. Consider the audience andthe purpose of the conversation or writing to ensure a suitableusage of this phrase.ConclusionIn conclusion, “the issue of” is a versatile phrase that allows individuals to introduce, highlight, and explore various topics and problems. Its broad applicability in social, political, and environmental realms emphasizes its significance in facilitating discussions and addressing concerns. Understanding the nuances and considerations associated with its usage enhances effective communication and enables a comprehensive exploration of the chosen subject matter.。

论文征稿启事英语作文

Call for PapersTitle:Exploring Innovations in English Language Teaching and LearningIntroduction:The Journal of English Language Education JELE is pleased to announce a call for papers for its upcoming special issue focusing on Innovations in English Language Teaching and Learning.We invite scholars,educators,and researchers from around the world to submit their original research,theoretical discussions,and practical case studies that explore the latest trends,challenges,and opportunities in the field of English language education.Objective:The special issue aims to provide a platform for sharing innovative approaches, methodologies,and technologies that enhance the teaching and learning of English as a second or foreign language.We are particularly interested in submissions that address the following themes:1.TechnologyEnhanced Learning:The integration of digital tools and platforms in English language classrooms.2.Inclusive Education:Strategies for accommodating diverse learners and promoting equity in language education.nguage Assessment:Innovative assessment methods and their impact on teaching and learning outcomes.4.Teacher Education:Professional development and training for English language teachers.5.Pedagogical Innovations:New teaching methods and techniques that foster student engagement and learning.nguage Policy and Planning:The role of language policies in shaping educational practices and outcomes.Submission Guidelines:Manuscripts should be between5,000to8,000words,inclusive of references,tables,and figures.All submissions must be original work and not previously published or under consideration for publication elsewhere.The paper should be written in English,following the American Psychological Association APA citation style,7th edition.Submissions should include an abstract of no more than250words,a list of keywords, and a brief biography of the authors.The deadline for submissions is September30,2024.Review Process:All submitted papers will undergo a doubleblind peer review process.The editorial team will notify authors of the review outcome by November15,2024.Accepted papers will be published in the first quarter of2025.How to Submit:Please submit your manuscript electronically through the JELE online submission system at /submit.Ensure that you select Special Issue:Innovations in English Language Teaching and Learning when prompted during the submission process.Inquiries:For any questions or further information regarding the special issue,please contact the guest editors:Dr.Jane Smith,Dr.John Doe,We look forward to receiving your insightful contributions to this important conversation in the field of English language education.Journal of English Language Education JELEEditorial Office。

全球问题作文英语模板

全球问题作文英语模板英文回答：Global Issues Essay Template。

Introduction。

Begin with a hook that captivates the reader's attention.State the thesis statement: Describe the global issue you will be discussing and your stance on it.Body Paragraph 1。

Explain the causes and consequences of the global issue.Use specific examples and data to support your points.Consider the different perspectives on the issue.Body Paragraph 2。

Discuss the potential solutions to the global issue.Analyze the effectiveness and feasibility of each solution.Explore the role of individuals, governments, and organizations in addressing the issue.Body Paragraph 3 (Optional)。

Examine the impact of the global issue on a specific region or population group.Highlight the disproportionate effects and identify vulnerable communities.Discuss the need for targeted interventions.Conclusion。

高中英语作文报道模板万能句型

高中英语作文报道模板万能句型High School English Writing Report Template Universal Sentence PatternsIntroduction:1. In recent years, there has been a growing concern about…2. The issue of… has attracted a lot of attention in the high school community.3. With the increasing awareness of the importance of..., more and more high school students are paying attention to...4. It is widely recognized that... has become a major concern among high school students.Body Paragraphs:1. Reasons for the concern:- Firstly, it is evident that..., which has raised concerns among high school students.- Secondly, the impact of... on high school students cannot be ignored.- Moreover, the growing trend of... has contributed to the concern among high school students.2. Effects of the concern:- The concern over... has had a significant impact on the high school community.- High school students are increasingly affected by the concern over..., leading to...- The consequences of the concern on high school students are becoming more evident.3. Solutions to address the concern:- In order to tackle the concern over..., it is essential for high school students to...- High schools can play a crucial role in addressing the concern by...- Collaborative efforts from high school teachers, parents, and students are needed to address the concern effectively.Conclusion:1. In conclusion, the concern over... remains a pressing issue in the high school community.2. It is crucial for high school students to be aware of the impact of... and take proactive measures to address the concern.3. By working together, high school students can overcome the challenges posed by the concern over... and create a more positive environment for learning.。

LED strip 行业外贸开发信撰写

LED strip 行业外贸开发信撰写#1: 公司概况、主要产品、主要客户、认证证书、质量和服务HiHelloThis is JohnnyWe specialize in high-quality LED strips that are made to last. With a wide range of products and expertise, we can fulfill any need for your project from start to finish!With over 10 years in the industry experience- not only do we provide innovative LED strips but also professional support service too!See the attached photos for a better idea of our LED strips.Thanks#2: 分析客户的竞争对手，主要产品，我们的产品与竞争对手相比的优势，并制作产品对比表供客户参考HiThank you for considering us as your LED strip product supplier. We have taken the time to research your company and your main competitors. Our analysis shows that we can provide you with a superior product at a competitive price.Attached is a comparison chart of our product against your leading competitor. As you can see, our product offers many advantages, including a longer lifespan, higher light output, and better color rendering.We believe that we can be a valuable partner for your business and look forward to discussing this further with you.Thank you for your time,(Your name)#3: 客户目前的产品线分析，我们对此有什么产品建议HiThank you for your time yesterday. It was great getting to chat with you about your business and learn more about what you're currently selling.We looked at your current product line and did some research on the LED strip market to see if there are any possibilities for you to diversify your offering.Based on our study, we believe that there may be some potential for you to develop new and exciting LED strips as a result of our findings.We suggest that you consider some of the following products:- RGB LED strips- Flexible LED strips- Waterproof LED stripsThese are just a few suggestions based on our research. We think that these types of products would be a great addition to your current product line and would help you to attract new customers.If you'd like to learn more about our LED strip products, please let us know. We believe you'll be pleased with the high quality and affordable pricing of our items.Thank you for your time and I look forward to hearing from you soon.Sincerely,#4: 对样品产品的评估，客户也可能遇到的问题，以及我们未来的规避计划；Hi there!I hope this email finds you well. We wanted to follow up with you about the LED strip samples you received from us last month.As per your request, we included a selection of our most popular items for you to evaluate.Especially for your feedback about the issue of light leakage, customers also might have concerns about water resistance and heat dissipation. we have taken note of your suggestions and will be sure to avoid these problems in future production batches.We really appreciate your feedback and hope that you will keep us in mind for your future LED strip needs.Thank you for your time!#5: 找出客户当前存在的问题，我们能为客户提供哪些支持，包括客户销售渠道、包装设计、产品销售/库存情况。