C_chapter4
Chapter 4 Educational Visits 知识要点及练习
重要句型 1. Gates is going to Australia by air/ plane. =Gates is flying to Australia. =Gate is taking a plane to Australia. 2. I have kept in touch with my students for many years. = I have communicated with my students for many years. 3. We should try to improve our environment. =We should try to make our environment better. 4. Although Sandy worked hard, she failed the exam. =Sandy worked hard, but she failed the exam. =Though Sandy worked hard, she failed the exam. 5. The little girl was so weak that she couldn’t walk. =The little girl is not strong enough to walk. =The little girl is too weak to walk. 6. Miss Zhang spoke loudly so that we could hear her clearly. =Miss Zhang spoke loudly in order that we could hear her clearly. 7. He got up early so that he could catch the first bus. =He got up early in order that he could catch the first bus. =He got up early in order to catch the first bus. 8. She is so kind that everybody likes her. =She is such a kind girl that everybody likes her. 9. I find watching the football game is exciting. =I find it exciting to watch the football game.
语言学Chapter4Exercises含答案
Chapter 4 From Word to TextI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false:1. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.2. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is nolimit to the number of sentencesnative speakers of that languageare able to produce and comprehend.3. An endocentric construction is also known as headed constructionbecause it has just one head4. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.5. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonlyrecognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase,infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.6. Number and gender are categories of noun and pronoun.7. Word order plays an important role in the organization of Englishsentences.8. Like English, modern Chinese is a SVO language.9. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct objectusually follows the verb.10. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.( 1-5 TTFTF 6-10 TTTTT )II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1 A s _________ is a structurally in dependent unit that usuallycomprises a number of words to form a complete statement,question or command2. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same timestructurally alone is known as an f _____________ clause3. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phraseand which says something about the subject is grammaticallycalled p ___________________ .4. A c __________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, oneof which is incorporated into the other.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause isnormally called an e ________ clause.6. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that newwords are constantly added.7. G ________ relations refer to the structural and logicalfunctional relations between every noun phrase and sentence8. A a __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.9. A s ___________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, questionor command.10. A s ___________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.Answers:1. sentence2. finite3. predicate4.complex 5. embedded6. open7. grammatical8. simple9.sentence 10. subjectIII. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement :1 The head of the phrase “ the city Rome ” is __________A the cityB RomeC cityD the city andRome2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. PrepositionD. subordinator3 Phrase structure rules have ______A. recursiveproperties.B. grammaticalD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understandA.how words and phrases form sentences. B.what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words C.how people produce and recognize possible sentences D. All of the above.5 The phrase “ on the half ” belongs to ________constructionA endocentricB exocentricC subordinateD coordinate6 . The theory of case condition accounts for the fact thatA.noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions. B.noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsC. sociD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7 The sentence structure is _______ .A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. compelD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are _____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. The _______ rules are the rules that group words and phrases toform grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10 The sentence “ They were wanted to remain quiet and not toexposethemselves ” is a___________ s entenceA simpleB coordinateC compoundD complexAnswers:1 D2 D 3. A 4 D 5 B 6 A 7 D 8 C 9 D 10 AIV. Explain the following terms, using examples.1. Syntax2. IC analysis3. Hierarchical structureAnswers :1. Syntax: Syntax refers to the rules governing the way words arecombined to form sentences in a language, or simply, the study of the formation of sentences.2. IC analysis: Immediate constituent analysis, IC analysis for short,refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of its immediate con stitue nts -word groups (phrases), which are in turn an alyzed into theimmediate constituents of their own, and the process goes on until the ultimate sake of convenience.3. Hierarchical structure: It is the sentence structure that groups wordsinto structural constituents and shows the syntactic category of each structural constituent, such as NP, VP and PP.V. Answer the following questions:1. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.2. What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction?3. Draw a tree diagram according to the PS rules to show the deep structure of the sentence:The child asked for a new book4. What are the major types of sentences according to traditional approach? Illustrate them with examples ?Answers :1. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They aresimple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complexsentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause whichcontains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its ownsentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinatesentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for her history exam.A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which isincorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in linguistics.2. An endocentric construction is one whose distribution isfunctionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence, to one of itsconstituents, which serves as the center, or head, of the whole. A typical example is the three small children with children as its head.The exocentric construction, opposite to the first type, is definednegatively as a construction whose distribution is not functionally equivalent to any of its constituents. Prepositional phrasal like on the shelf are typical examples of this type.3. 略4. Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They aresimple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause whichcontains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its ownsentence, for example: John reads extensively. A coordinatesentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparing for herhistory exam. A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam­ple: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin­guistics.。
国际贸易实务试题
Chapter 21.Choose the right answer from each of the following.1) Incoterms are a standard set of terms and abbreviations developed by _______.A. the International Law AssociationB. the International Chamber of CommerceC. the United Nations Conference on Trade and DevelopmentD. American commercial groups2) In the international trade practices regarding trade terms, which of the following is the most influential and widely used _______.A. Hague RulesB. Warsaw-Oxford Rules 1932C. Revised American Foreign Trade Definitions 1941D. Incoterms3) INCOTERMS2010 includes _________ trade terms.A.11B. 12 C 13 D.144) As far as risks taken by the seller are concerned,A. CIF is bigger than CFR.B. CIF is as the same as CFR.C. CFR is bigger than CIF.D. FOB is bigger than CFR.5) The term FOB should be followed by:A. point of originB. port of importationC. port of destinationD. port of shipment6) Under the trade term CFR, the _______ must contract for the cargo transport insurance.A. buyerB. sellerC. consignorD. carrier7)FOB, CIF and CFR terms should only be used for ________transport.A. sea and inland waterwayB. railC. airD. road8) Under term______, the buyer bears the loading cost.A. FOB Free InB. FOB TrimmedC. FOB StowedD. FOB Liner Terms9) Under term______, the buyer clears the goods for export.A. EXWB. FOBC. DAPD. DDP10) Which of the following prices quoted is correct?D1000 per M/T CIF USAB. USD 200 per ton CIFC3 New YorkC. USD150 per case CIFD. USD 100 per dozen CIFC3 New York2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1) Under CFR, the seller must pay the usual freight rate and any additional costs that arise en route. ( )2) The terms FOB, CFR and CIF are applicable to all modes of transport. ( )3) Each term has a “liability point”, which means that costs and risks are all moved over to another party from that very point. ( )4) EXW contract is called "physical delivery" while CFR is “symbolic delivery”.( )5)Under CIF the seller also has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of lossof or damage to the goods during the carriage. ( )Chapter 31. Review and Discussion Questions1)How is packing of goods classified in international trade? What are some of themajor functions of each type of packing?2)Please describe the standardized form of shipping mark suggested by ISO?3)What is neutral packing? Why is it used in international trade?2. Choose the right answer from each of the following.1)________ , usually made of jute, are suitable for transporting such cargoes as cement, fertilizer, flour, animal feeding products, chemicals, etc.A. BalesB. SacksC. CartonsD. Cases2)________ are a kind of portable platforms intended for handling, storing, or movingmaterials and packages;A. Flexible containersB. Large metal containersC. Corrugated boxesD. Pallets3) ______ acts as “a silent salesman”.A. Shipping packingB. Shipping markC. Sales packingD. Neutral packing4) Neutral packing is chiefly used for _______different limitations and politicaldiscriminations of importing countries and regions.A. openingB. setting upC. setting asideD. breaking through5) _______ is composed of a specific geometric figure, abbreviations of consignee, the port ofdestination and the package number.A. Shipping markB. Indicative markC. Warning markD. No mark6) _______ , also called dangerous cargo marks, are used to remind the cargohandlers to take necessary safety measures.A. Indicative marksB. Warning marksC. Shipping marksD. Sales packing7) ________ are mainly used for transport packing of hazardous goods.A. Warning marksB. Shipping marksC. Indicative marksD. Subsidiary marks8) _______ should clearly stipulate the packing material, manner of packing, packing specification, packing expenses to be borne, shipping marks and so on.A. Quality clauseB. Quantity clauseC. Shipment clauseD. Packing clause9) According to international trade practice, shipping marks are usually designated by _________ and it is not necessary to specify them in the contract.A. the importerB. the exporterC. the carrierD. the forwarder3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) The primary function of sales packaging is to protect the product . ( )2) Transport packing is not only adopted as a form of protection to reduce the risks of goods being damaged in transit and prevent pilferage, but also used for the propose of promoting sales. ( )3) UPC and EAN are the two main bar codes used internationally. ( )4) Neutral packing is a kind of packing which only shows the origin of country and doesn’t show the name and address of the manufacturer. ( )5) Shipping marks are not only stenciled on the transport packing of cargoes but also appear on the commercial documents such as invoices, insurance policy or certificate, bills of lading, etc. ( )6) ISO has suggested a standardized form of shipping mark, which is composed of a specific geometric figure, abbreviations or initials of a consignee, the port of destination and the package number. ( )7) Requirements for shipping marks for road, railway and air transport are the same as those for ocean transport. ( )8) Generally speaking, the packing expenses are included in the price, and shall be borne by the exporter. ( )9) In international sales of goods, “seaworthy packing”, “customary packing” and “seller’s usual packi ng” are commonly used in the packing clause. They are favorable for the seller. ( )Chapter 41. Review and Discussion Questions1) What are the major types of transportation in international cargo transport?2) What are the characteristics of liner transport?3) What are the differences between voyage charter and time charter?4) What are the main functions of B/L?5) What main points are included in the clause of shipment2. Choose the right answer from each of the following.1) If items marked with “AD Val.”, the freight is to be calculated on the basis of _______ of the cargo concerned.A. weightB. price or valueC. measurementD. volume2) Freight under liner transportation _______.A. needs to stipulate demurrage and dispatch money between the shipper and the carrierB. does not include loading and unloading costC. consists of basic charges and additional chargesD. is collected based on gross weight of the goods3) Airway bill is NOT________.A. a transport contract between the consignor and the carrierB. a document for customs clearanceC. a document for bank negotiationD. a document of title4) ________is the most commonly used transportation mode, which occupies 2/3 of international transportationA. Railway transportationB. Maritime transportationC. Air transportationD. Parcel transportation5) In international trade, the importer often does not require_______.A. shipped B/LB. clean B/LC. blank B/LD. order B/L6) _______ can be transferred after endorsement.A. straight B/LB. blank B/LC. order B/LD. through B/L7) Multi-modal transport operator is responsible for _________.A. the first voyageB. the whole voyageC. the ocean transport C. the last voyage8) Under ______ character, the ship-owner only rents the charterer the boat.A. demiseB. timeC. voyageD. booking9) _____is suitable for conveying fresh, emergent and seasonal goods.A. scheduled airlinesB. chartered carrierC. consolidated consignmentD. liners10) ______ can be freely bought and sold just like commodities.A. Railway billB. Airway billC. Shipping adviceD. Ocean bill of lading11)Under time charter,the charterer is not liable for costs such as_______.A.fuel expenses B.crew wages C.port charges D.loading and unloading expenses12) When applying to CIF,the expression of ocean bill of lading freight is ____.A. freight prepaidB. freight collectC. freight paidD. freight unpaid13)The person to whom the goods are shipped is called _______.A.the consignorB.the consigneeC.the shipperD.the manufacturer14)When one of the original bills of lading was surrendered to the carrier, the others become_______.A.valid B.validity C.invalid D.invalidity15)_______ are those covering shipment between direct ports of loading and discharge. A.Sipped bills of lading B.Clean bills of ladingC.Straight bills of lading D.Direct bills of lading16)When the goods arrive at the port of destination, _____ issue an Arrival Notice to inform the Notify Party about the cargo discharge point and other information.A. shipperB. carrierC. receiverD. ship owner17)In the following expressions,________ are not the proper ways of stipulating time of shipment.A. Shipment on or about June 20,2005B. Shipment not later than July 31st ,2005C. Shipment on June 20,2005D. Shipment to be made immediately18)As a consolidator, the forwarder will provide the service in his own name and issuea _______. .A.master bill of ladingB.house bill of ladingC.straight bill of ladingD.sea waybill19)Which of the following costs are payable by the charterer under a time charter party. _______. A. bunker costs and demurrageB.hull insurance and port chargesC.port charges and bunker costsD.wages of crew and hull insurance20)Which of the following charter party forms is used in a voyage charter. _______ A.GENCON B.BALTIME C.NYPE D.BARECON21)Piggyback is a system of unitized multimodal land transport by _______.A.road and sea B.road and rail C.road and air D.road and road22)Laytime and demurrage clause normally appeared in the _______Charter Party.A. TimeB. VoyageC. BareboatD. TCT23)Which of the following terms on the B/L shows that the Bill of Lading is clean B/L? _______A. insufficient packingB. one carton shortC. in apparent good order and conditionD. missing safety seal24) Which of the following modes of container transport may not be FCL/FCL_______A.CY/CYB.DOOR/DOORC.DOOR/CYD.CFS/CFS25) The terms under which the shipowner is not responsible for loading and discharging stowage and trimming costs is_______A. FOBSTB. FIOSTC. FIOSD. FIO26)The_______is the most important document for air cargo transportation.A.B/LB.AWBC.SWBD.L/C3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) The loading and unloading charges are included in the freight of the liners. ( )2) In order to clarify who will bear the loading and unloading charges in voyage charter transportation, the clause “Free in and out”is set forth in the Voyage Charter Party. This means the charterer shall be responsible for both loading and unloading charges.( )3) Dispatch money is a fine imposed on the charterer for the delay in the loading andunloading of the goods. ( )4) Straight B/L can be transferred through endorsement. ( )5) A bill of lading is both a receipt for merchandise and an evidence of contract for carriage. ( )6) Advantages of containerization include less handling of cargo, more protection against pilferage, reduced cost of transportation.( )7) Order B/L can be transferred with or without endorsement. ( )8) In international multi-modal transportation, a multi-modal transport operator will issue a combined transport document and be responsible for the safe carriage of the whole voyage. ( )9)The port charges are payable by shipowner during the period of voyage charter. ()10)LCL/LCL denotes the container service where the shipper is responsible for stuffing and the carrier is responsible for stripping. ()11)When traders set the time for shipment in a contract,the exporter should consider whether he can get the goods ready before the shipment date and whether the ship is available if the goods are ready. ()12) The date marked on the B/L is the date on which the carrier takes delivery of the goods. ()13)Tramp service is a carrier who operates a regular scheduled service. The vessels are usually chartered at negotiated rates,particularly when the quantity of cargo is large.()14)The Voyage chartering party includes the payment of dispatch and demurrage. ()15)Normally tramp rates fluctuate with market conditions of supply and demand.( )16)Under the voyage chartering, the shipowner is responsible for the fixed running expenses as well as for the voyage expenses.( )17)Specific Commodity Rates are normally lower than General Cargo Rates in air cargo transportation.( )18)Time of Shipment refers to the time limit for loading the goods at the port of shipment.19)Time chartering means that the charterer hires the vessel for a period of time without crew. ()20)The V oyage Charter means that the vessel is put at the disposal of the Charterer for a certain period employment without any crew. )21)Straight Bill of Lading are not negotiable and cannot be transferred to third parties.( )22)One of the advantages in multimodal transport is to minimize time loss at transshipment point.( )23)Usually, an Air Way bill is non-negotiable, that is, the goods must be sent to the consignee titled in the Air Waybill.( )Chapter 51.Choose the right answer from each of the following.1)This bid is ______ your reply reaching us within 15 working days from today.A up toB subject toC subjecting toD subjected to2)Our offer can only be left______ for five days, so you’d better e-mail us your acceptance.A acceptanceB correctC definiteD open3)Please reply to our inquiry ______ your earliest convenience.A byB uponC forD at4)Please note that our offer remains valid ______ July 15 for your acceptance.A. forB. onC. inD. until5) We find your quotation ______ men's shirts much too high.A. onB. forC. atD. to6)Bob is _______ the market for your new product, why don’t you call him right now?A atB inC seekingD entering7)a definite offer will be _______ on the offerer if the offer is accepted by the offeree.A. boundB. bindedC. boundedD. binding2. Decide whether the following statements are true or false1)It is a widely accepted rule in international trade that silence and inactivity on the part of offeree constitute acceptance( )2)If an offer does not indicate the offerer’s clear reservation about the validity, then the offer shall be regarded as a definite offer3)According to the Convention, an offer becomes valid as soon as it is dispatch.4)According to Convention, an offer should not be regarded as a definite offer unless it expressly indicates all the details relating to the transaction, including the validity for acceptance and the phrase to indicate finality.5)According to Convention, under no circumstances can an offer be revoked once it is made by the offerer.( )6)When accepting an offer, there should be no any material modification, addition or restriction in the acceptance. Otherwise such an offer would be regarded as a rejection of the offer and constitutes a counteroffer.()Chapter 61. Review and Discussion Questions1) What payment instruments are used in international trade?2) What is the difference between a bill of exchange and a promissory note?3) Describe the types of remittance and their advantages and disadvantages.4) What is the difference between clean collection and documentary collection?5) Describe the types of documentary collection.6) What is L/C? Which type of L/C is commonly used?7) What is the relationship between the L/C and the sales contract?2.Choose the right answer from each of the following.1) A draft is like a check that can be endorsed but it isn't a title to goods, like ______.A. a bill of ladingB. an inspection certificateC. a certificate of originD. an insurance certificate2) Documentary credit seeks ______ from the bank.A. guaranteeB. no guaranteeC. no protectionD. insurance3) The most common and safest payment method for international sales transactions is__________.A. Cash in AdvanceB. RemittanceC. CollectionD. L/C4) A bank informs the beneficiary that another bank has opened a letter of credit in his favor.The bank informing the beneficiary does not add its engagement. This bank is acting as________.A. an advising bankB. a confirming bankC. an issuing bankD. a negotiation bank5) A collecting bank is employed by ______.A.the principalB.the remitting bankC.the drawerD.the drawee6) The documentary collection provides the seller with a greater degree of protection than shipping on ______A.Open accountB.Banker’s letter of guaranteeC.Banker’s draftD.Documentary credit7) In what circumstances would the beneficiary of a confirmed documentary credit not receive payment? ______.A.Failure of the applicantB.Failure of the issuing bankC.Failure to fulfill the credit termsD.Failure to fulfill the commercial contract8)In a documentary credit transaction, payment is made in exchange for:A. goodsB. shipping documentsC. commercial invoiceD. bill of exchange9)These are four main methods of securing payment in international trade:(1) payment under documentary credit(2) open account(3) collection, that is document against payment or acceptance of a bill of exchange(4) payment in advanceFrom an exporter's point of view, the order of preference is ______.A. (4) , (2) , (3) , (1)B. (4) , (1) , (3) , (2)C. (4) , (3) , (1) , (2)D. (2) , (4) , (1) , (3)11) In terms of the risk for the exporter to get payment, the risk of the paymentmethods from the highest to the least is:A. L/C, D/P, D/A, and OAB. OA, D/A, D/P and L/CC. L/C, D/A, D/P and OAD. L/C, OA, D/A and D/P12) Under _________, the importer borrows the shipping documents from the collectingbank and takes the goods. When the draft matures, he effects payment.A. D/P at sightB. D/P after sightC. D/AD. D/D13) According to UCP600, which of the following documents must be issued /drawn bythe beneficiary unless otherwise stipulated by the Credit?A. draftB. B/LC. inspection certificateD. insurance policy14) If a buyer has goods delivered to him in installments at specified intervals, ________is often used so as to simplify formalities and reduce expensesA. a back-to-back L/CB. a revolving L/CC. a standby L/CD. a deferred payment L/C3.Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) In export business, the exporter generally chooses soft currency and in import, hetries to use hard currency. ( )2) Most of the promissory notes in use today are issued by individuals rather than bybanks. ( )3) A draft involves three parties: the drawer, the drawee and the payee. ( )4) The letter of credit is usually forwarded to the exporter by the importer. ( )5) Of the three types of remittance, T/T is most commonly used because of the fast speed.( )6) Remittance belongs to commercial credit while collection and letter of credit belong tobanker’s credit. ( )7) A clean L/C is favoured by the importers in international trade, because if it is used,the importers run no risks. ( )8)The exporter will run more risks to adopt D/A at 30 days sight than D/P at 30 days aftersight. ( )9) A standby L/C is different from a documentary L/C because under the documentary L/C,the issuing bank holds itself responsible for the payment of the goods, but under a standby L/C, the issuing bank holds itself responsible only after the applicant has not fulfilled its obligations. ( )10) In the context of international trade, the drawer and payer is usually the seller and thedrawee and payee is usually the buyer.( )11) A check is always paid upon presentation. ( )Chapter 71. Review and Discussion Questions.1) What are the fundamental principles of insurance?2) What are the major types of risks in marine cargo transport?3) What’s the difference between General Average and Particular Average?4) What are the major types of basic risks coverage and additional risks coverage?5) Explain the scope of coverage of F.P.A. and W.P.A.?6) What is W/W Clause?7) What is the difference between the insurance policy and insurance certificate?8) How to choose the right insurance coverage?2. Choose the right answer from each of the following.1) ________is defined as loss arising in the consequence of extraordinary and intentionalsacrifice made, or expenses incurred, for the common safety of the ship and cargo.A.Particular average B.General averageC.Without average D.With average2)Which of the following risks is not covered by the All Risks coverage of marine cargo transport insurance_______.A. delayB. floodC. lightningD. heavy weather3)WPA is one of the ______.A. basic risksB. additional risksC. special additional risksD. general additional risks4)Which of the following risks is not covered by the AR coverage of marine cargo transport insurance?A. marine perilsB. strandingC. pilferageD. inherent vice5) The insurer is not responsible for partial loss of or damage to cargo caused by natural calamities under the( )A.W AB.FPAC. All RisksD.Institute Cargo Clauses (A)6) In insurance, the party who insures others against possible loss or damage and promises to effect payment in case of loss or damage is called the _______A. insuredB. consigneeC. insurerD. consignor7) The All Risks of marine cargo transport insurance covers risks of__________.A. war and strikeB. general averageC. inherent vice of goodsD. stranding of ship8) Under the trade term CFR, the _______ must contract for the cargo transport insurance.A. buyerB. sellerC. consignorD. carrier9) General perils refer to natural ________and fortuitous accidents.A. calamitiesB. damagesC. lossesD. franchises10) Which of the following insurance coverage does not cover total loss of to cargo caused by earthquake or lightning? ( )A. W AB.FPAC. Institute Cargo Clause(B)D. Institute Cargo Clause(C)11)Which of the following risks are covered by the All Risks coverage of PICC Ocean Marine Cargo Clauses?A. war and fireB. strike and delayC. aflatoxin and on deckD. heavy weather and fire3.Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) An insurance contract is essentially a contract between the insurer and the insured. ( )2) The amount of money the insurer agrees to cover by insurance against the subject matter is the insured amount, which is normally 110% of CIF value of the consignment. ( )3) Under CIF term, the seller has to procure insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss of or damage to the goods during the carriage. ( )4) FPA coverage does not include total losses resulting from specific accidents, like an earthquake. ( )5) Special additional coverage such as war risks, strikes and so on must be taken out together with F.P.A. .W.A. or A.R. ( )6) General average and salvage charges are covered both in FPA and WA coverage. ( )7) A.R. does not cover risks of war and special additional risks but cover the general additional risks. ( )8) Three types of risks are covered by ocean marine insurance, namely the perils of the sea, the extraneous risks and the force majeure. ( )9) If you have insured your goods against A.R., you will get compensated whatever risks occurs to your goods. ( )10) A.R. covers all losses and damages to the goods caused by perils of the sea and extraneous risks.11)Ocean marine insurance covers two types of losses, partial loss and total loss. ( )12)Partial loss or damage is never recoverable with W A. ( )13)In ocean marine insurance, general average is to be borne by the carrier, who may, upon presentation of evidence of the loss, recover the loss from the underwriter. ( )14)In ocean marine insurance, the assured can recover more than actual loss provided that he can provide evidence of further losses contingent on the actual loss. ( )Chapter 81. Review and Discussion Questions1) Why must there be the inspection clause in international trade contracts? What does the inspection clause generally include?2) Please explain the three major ways of stipulating the place and time of inspection.3) How disputes are settled in international trade?4) What are some of the major characteristics of a force majeure event?5) Please give examples of three ways to set the scope of force majeure.6) Why is arbitration a commonly used settlement of disputes in international trade?2.Choose the right answer from each of the following.1. The necessary precondition of settling disputes by arbitration is that_______.A. there must be a sales contract between the disputing partiesB. there must be an arbitration agreement between the disputing partiesC. there must be mediation taking place firstD. there must be litigation taking place first2) Which of the following statements is not true about a force majeure event?A. A force majeure event may occur before the conclusion of the contractB. A force majeure event may lead to cancellation of the contract or delayed performance of the contractC. A force majeure event can be caused by natural forcesD. A force majeure event can be caused by social forces3) The most widely used way of stipulating the place and time of inspection in the contract is _______.A. shipping quality and weightB. landed quality and weightC. inspection at the port of shipment and re-inspection at the port of destinationD. shipping quantity and landed quality4) The award of arbitration is usually ______.A. finalB. not binding on all partiesC. amendableD. rejective5) Which of the following events is usually stipulated in the contract as force majeure?A. warB. rise of priceC. manufacturer’s refusal to supply to the sellerD. late delivery6) Generally, there is/are _____ way(s) to stipulate “force majeure” clauses.A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 47) Which of the following is governmental inspection body? _______A. Underwriter’s LaboratoryB. Lloyd’s SurveyorC. Food and Drugs AdministrationD. Societe General De Surveillance8) Which of the following is not true about the features of arbitration? _____A. The litigants should submit themselves voluntarily to an arbitrator.B. An arbitration agreement in written form between the parties concerned is prerequisite for arbitration.C. The aware is final and binding on both parties.D. Once the arbitration body is chosen, there is no need to stipulate the rule of arbitration procedure in the arbitration agreement because the rule of the arbitration body is applicable3. Decide whether the following statements are true or false1) For one contract, only one method and one standard should be used to ensure consistency in inspection. ( )2) Arbitration can be used to settle criminal cases as well as civil cases. ( )3) Usually an arbitration tribunal can consist of one, two or three arbitrators. ( )4) An arbitration award must be in written form with or without explanations or reasons. ( ) 7) When the departure term (EXW) is used, the commodity should be inspected at the factory or warehouse where the delivery is made. ( )8) If shipping quality is used in inspection, the inspection must be conducted at the seller’s factory only. ( )9) The party who suffers a force majeure event can decide to terminate the contract without notice to the other party. ( )。
EC-Chapter4Terms
Chapter Four Key TermsAcquisition cost: total amount of money that a site spends, on average, to draw one visitor to the site.Active ad: generates graphical activity that “floats” over the Web page itself instead of opening in a separate window.Ad-blocking software: prevents banner ads and pop-up ads from loading.Ad view: refers to the page load when the page contains an ad.Affiliate marketing: one firm’s Web site includes descriptions, reviews, ratings, or other information about a product that is linked to another firm’s site that offers the item forsale.Affiliate program broker: a company that serves as a clearinghouse or marketplace for sites that run affiliate programs and sites that want to become affiliates.Analytical processing: a technique that examines stored information and looks for patterns in the data that are not yet known or suspected.Animated GIF: used to make attention-grabbing banner ads.Banner ad: a small rectangular object on a Web page that displays a stationary or moving graphic and includes a hyperlink to the advertiser’s Web site.Banner advertising network: acts as a broker between advertisers and Web sites that carry ads.Banner exchange network: coordinates ad sharing so that other sites run one company’s ad while that company’s site runs other exchange members’ ads.Behavioral segmentation: the creation of separate experiences for customers based on their behavior.Blog: allows people to post their thoughts on a Web site and invite others to add commentary.Brand: customers’ perceptions of the product.Brand leveraging: extend ing the brand’s dominant position to other products and services.Cause marketing: an affiliate marketing program that benefits a charitable organization.Click: occurs when the visitor clicks the banner ad to open the advertiser’s page.Clickstream: the information that a Web site can gather about its visitors.Click-through: occurs when the visitor clicks the banner ad to open the advertiser’s page.Contextual advertising: techniques in which ads are placed in proximity to related content.Conversion: converting the first-time visitor into a customer.Conversion cost: the total amount of money that a site spends, on average, to induce one visitor to make a purchase or sign up for a subscription.Conversion rate: the percentage of recipients who respond to an ad or promotion.Cost per thousand (CPM): when a company purchases mass media advertising, it pays a dollar amount for every thousand people in the estimated audience.Crawler: a program that automatically searches the Web to find Web pages that might be interesting to people.Customer life cycle: the five stages; analyzing how customers’ behavior changes as they move through the five stages can yield information about how they interact with thecompany and its products in each stage.Customer relationship management (CRM): technology enabled relationship management.Customer touchpoint: any occurrence of contact between the customer and any part of the company.Customer value: benefits that a customer derives from a product minus the total of all financial costs that the customer pays (including transaction costs) to obtain the product. Database: the storage element of a search engine.Data mining: a technique that examines stored information and looks for patterns in the data that are not yet known or suspected.Data warehouse: a large database used to store the multiple sources of information about customers, their preferences, and their behavior.Demographic segmentation: information about age, gender, family size, income, education, religion, or ethnicity to group customers.Domain name hosting: service that permits the purchaser of a domain name to maintaina simple Web site (usually one page) so that the domain name remains in use.Domain name parking: service that permits the purchaser of a domain name to maintaina simple Web site (usually one page) so that the domain name remains in use.Electronic customer relationship management (eCRM): technology-enabled relationship management.Four Ps of marketing: product, price, promotion, and place.Geographic segmentation: companies create different combinations of marketing efforts for each geographical group of customers.Impression: each time a banner ad loads.Index: the storage element of a search engine.Inline text ad: hyperlinks that lead to advertisers’ sites.Interactive marketing unit (IMU) ad format: The standard banner sizes that most Web sites have voluntarily agreed to use.Interstitial ad: When a user clicks a link to load a page, the interstitial ad opens in its own browser window, instead of the page that the user intended to load.Leaderboard ad: a banner ad that is designed to span the top or bottom of a Web page. Life-cycle segmentation: using the customer life cycle to create groups of customers that are in each stage.Localized advertising: places ads related to the location on the search results page.Market segmentation: divides the pool of potential customers into segments.Marketing mix: the combination of elements used to achieve goals for selling and promoting products and services.Marketing strategy: occurs when a company decides which marketing mix it will use. Marketspace: commerce in the information world.Micromarketing: practice of targeting very small market segments.Occasion segmentation: behavioral segmentation that occurs when things happen at a specific time or occasion.One-to-one marketing: highly customized approach to offering products and services that match the needs of a particular customer.Opt-in e-mail: the practice of sending e-mail messages to people who request information on a particular topic or about a specific product.Page view: each page loaded by a visitor.Paid placement (sponsorship): the option of purchasing a top listing on results pages fora particular set of search terms.Pay-per-click model: the affiliate earns a commission each time a site visitor clicks the link and loads the seller’s page.Pay-per-conversion model: the affiliate earns a commission each time a site visitor is converted from a visitor into either a qualified prospect or a customer.Permission marketing: the practice of sending e-mail messages to people who request information on a particular topic or about a specific product.Place (distribution): the need to have products or services available in many different locations.Pop-behind ad: pop-up ad that is followed very quickly by a command that returns the focus to the original browser window.Pop-up ad: an ad that appears in its own window when the user opens or closes a Web page.Price: element of the marketing mix is the amount the customer pays for the product.Product: the physical item or service that a company is selling.Promotion: includes any means of spreading the word about the product.Psychographic segmentation: marketers try to group customers by variables such as social class, personality, or their approach to life.Rational branding: companies offer to help Web users in some way in exchange for their viewing an ad.Repeat visit: page loads that occur after the first site visit.Retained customer: customers who return to the site one or more times after making their first purchases.Retention cost: costs of inducing customers to return to a Web site and buy again.Rich media ad: generates graphical activity that “floats” over the Web page itself instead of opening in a separate window.Rich media object: used to make attention-grabbing banner ads.Robot (bot): a program that automatically searches the Web to find Web pages that might be interesting to people.Search engine: a Web site that helps people find things on the Web.Search engine optimization: the combined art and science of having a particular URL listed near the top of search engine results.Search engine placement: the combined art and science of having a particular URL listed near the top of search engine results.Search engine placement broker: a company that aggregates inclusion and placement rights on multiple search engines and then sells those combination packages toadvertisers.Search engine positioning: the combined art and science of having a particular URL listed near the top of search engine results.Search engine ranking: the weighting of the factors that search engines use to decide which URLs appear first on searches for a particular search termSearch term sponsorship: the option of purchasing a top listing on results pages for a particular set of search terms.Search utility: takes search terms and finds entries for Web pages in its index that match those terms.Segments: defined in terms of demographic characteristics such as age, gender, marital status, income level, and geographic location.Shopping cart: the part of a Web site that keeps track of selected items for purchase and automates the purchasing process.Site sponsorship: gives advertisers a chance to promote their products, services, or brands in a more subtle way than by placing banner or pop-up ads on the sitesSkyscraper ad: a banner ad that is designed to be placed on the side of a Web page and remain visible as the user scrolls down through the page.Spider: a program that automatically searches the Web to find Web pages that might be interesting to people.Statistical modeling: a technique that tests theories that CRM analysts have about relationships among elements of customer and sales data.Technology-enabled customer relationship management: technology-enabled relationship management.Technology-enabled relationship management: occurs when a firm obtains detailed information about a customer’s behavior, preferen ces, needs, and buying patterns and uses that information to set prices, negotiate terms, tailor promotions, add productfeatures, and otherwise customize its entire relationship with that customer.Text ad: a short promotional message that does not use any graphic elements and is usually placed along the top or right side of a Web page.Touchpoints: online and offline customer contact points.Touchpoint consistency: the goal of providing similar levels and quality of service at all touchpointsTrial visit: the first time that a particular visitor loads a Web site page.Trigger words: prompt a visitor to stay and investigate the products or services offered on the site.URL brokers: in the business of selling, leasing, or auctioning domain names that they believe others will find valuable.Usage-based market segmentation: customizing visitor experiences to match the site usage behavior patterns of each visitor or type of visitorViral marketing: relies on existing customers to tell other people—the company’s prospective customers—about the products or services they have enjoyed using.Visit: occurs when a visitor requests a page from the Web site.Web log (blog): allows people to post their thoughts on a Web site and invite others to add commentary.。
医学专业英语上册(第四章)chapter 4 musculoskeletal system
50
Axial skeleton
The axial skeleton includes the bones in the head, neck, spine, chest and trunk of the body. These bones form the central axis for the whole body and protect many of the internal organs such as the brain, lungs, and heart. The head or skull is divided into two parts consisting of the cranium and facial bones. These bones protect the brain and special sense organs from injury. The cranium covers the brain and the facial bones surround the mouth, nose, and eyes. Muscles for chewing and head movements are attached to the cranial bones. The cranium consists of the frontal , parietal , temporal, ethmoid , sphenoid , and occipital bones. The facial bones are the mandible , maxilla , zygomatic , vomer, palatine , nasal , and lacrimal bones. The cranial and facial bones are illustrated in Figure 3.1 and described in Table 3.1. Figure 3.1 The cranial and facial bones (seen from the lateral part)
英语读译教程 chapter4
主语his name, 显得新颖独特。
例2. 他想起母亲,才鼓足勇气继续干下去。
Only the thought of his mother gave him
the strength to go on doing it. 原句中的主语“他”,在译文中由抽象名词 thought取代。 4.3.2 使用无主句或主语省略句 例1. 用这种方法去办,听起来有道理。 It sounds very reasonable to do it this way.
有人敲门。
例6. there appeared ship after ship.
出现了一艘艘轮船。
例7. there occurred sudden revolution. 突然爆发了革命。 例8. there happened at this time, a sad
disagreement. 这时候发生了可悲的分歧。 例9. there sprang from the audience a cry of indignation.
从观众中传来了一声怒吼。
例1. something was said here just now
which should not have been said. 刚才有人在这里讲了一些不该讲的话。 例2. why should the troubles be always put to me? 为什么总把麻烦推给我呢?
例3. the traffic regulation ought to be
பைடு நூலகம்
obeyed by everyone. 人人都应该遵守交通规则。 例1. 我一时想不起他的名字。 His name escapes me for the moment. 原句中的用灵主语“我”在英译时转为无灵
chapter4 syntax
Chapter 4:SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2.Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4.Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11.What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a sub-ject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o___ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_____condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.III. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen-tences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence38. syntactic categories 39. grammatical relations40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules42. D-structureV. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?44. What are the major types of sentences Illustrate them with examples.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.48. Explain and exemplify the following PS rules.(1) NP {(D)N / Pron }(s)(2) Aux—t(M)(have-en)(be-ing)49. What is the nature of Transformational-generative grammar? What are its main aspects?50. Which of the following sentences are ambiguous? For those you find ambiguous, paraphrase them so as to illustrate why they are ambiguous?(1) This is my colleague, Frank.(2) Are you tired of cleaning yourself? Let us do it.(3) In the film, Pat was a witch.(4) He promised me to come next week.(5) Patent medicines are sold by frightening people.(6) Dog for sale; eats anything and is fond of children.(7) I found something interesting on the Internet.51. Some grammar books say there are three tenses in English—the present, the past and the future; others say there are only two basic tenses—the present and the past. Explain what tense is and whether it is justifiable to say there is a future tense in English.52. On the basis of the following data, write out the phrase structure rules for adverb phrases and verb phrases.(1) John walked slowly.(2) Tom talked with Jack very quietly.(3) Alice discussed the matter with her best friend quite early.Chapter 4 SyntaxI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:l.F 2.T 3.F 4.T 5.T 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T 11.F 12.T 13.T 14.TII. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. simple, 16. sentence 17. subject 18. predicate 19. complex 20.embedded 21. open 22.adjacency 23.Parameters 24.CaseIII. There are four given choices for each statement below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. D 26. D 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A31. D 32. C 33. D 34. BIV. Define the following terms:35. syntax: Syntax is a subfield of linguistics. It studies the sentence structure of language. It consists of a set of abstract rules that allow words to be combined with other words to form grammatical sentences.36. Sentence: A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command. Normally, asentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.37. coordinate sentence: A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or".38. syntactic categories: Apart from sentences and clauses, a syntactic category usually refers to a word (called a lexical category) or a phrase ( called a phrasal category) that performs a particular grammatical function.39. grammatical relations: The structural and logical functional relations of constituents are called grammatical relations. The grammatical relations of a sentence concern the way each noun phrase in the sentence relates to the verb. In many cases, grammatical relations in fact refer to who does what to whom .40. linguistic competence: Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic competence.41. Transformational rules: Transformational rules are the rules that transform one sentence type into another type.42. D-structure: D- structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.V. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence ?Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences. They are simple sentence, coordinate( compound) sentence, and complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence, for example:John reads extensively.A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word that is called coordinating conjunction, such as "and", "but", "or". For example:John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is preparingfor her history exam.A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate to the other. For exam-ple:Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed no interest in lin-guistics.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured. When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic. In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can be seen from the following tree diagram:SNP VPDet N Vt NPDet NThe boy likes the music.46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures ?The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.NP movement in-volves the movement of a noun phrase. NP-movement occurs when, for example, a sentence changes from the active voice to the passive voice:(A) The man beat the child.(B). The child was beaten by the man.B is the result of the movement of the noun phrases "the man" and "the child" from their original positions in (A) to new positions. That is, "the man" is postposed to the right and "the child" is preposed to the left.Not all instances of NP-movement, however, are related to changing a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice. For example:(C) It seems they are quite fit for the job.(D) They seem quite fit for the job.These sentences are identical in meaning, but different in their superficial syntactic representations. It is believed that they have the same underlying structure, but (27b) is the result of an NP movement.48. (1) The rule means that a noun phrase can be written as a determiner plus a noun or a pronoun, and may then be followed by a sentence. For example, (a) the man who came to see me last night, and (b) He who had never been there before.(2) The rule means that an auxiliary can be represented by a number of ways. An auxiliary should contain tense element (t) and a modal verb (M), or a past perfect form (have-en), or be plus an –ing form of a verb, e.g.: Aux—t(M): May I read your paper? Aux—t(have-en): Have you finished your paper? Aux—t(be-ing): Are you reading your paper?49. Transformational-generative grammar linguistic theory is associated with Noam Chomsky, particularly with his Syntactic Structures(1957). Generative grammar attempts to define rules that can generate the infinite number of grammatical(well-formed) sentences possible in a language. It starts not from a behaviorist analysis of minimal sounds but from a rationalst assumption that a deepstructure underlies a language, and that a similar deep underlies all languages. Transformational grammar seeks to identify rules (transformations) that govern relations between parts of a sentence, on the assumption that beneath such aspects as word order a fundamental structure exists. Transformational and generative grammar together were the starting point for the tremendous growth in linguistic studies since 1950s.TG Grammar has the following features. First, it seews language as a set of rules or principles. Second, the aim of linguistics is to produce a generative grammar which captures the linguistic competence of the native speaker. This concerns the question of learning theory and the question of linguistic universals. Third, grammarians are interested in any data that can reveal the native speaker‟s knowledge instead of what native speakers actually say; they rely on their own intuition. Fourth, the methodology used is hypothesis-deductive, which operates at two levels: (a) the linguist formulates a hypothesis about language structure—a general linguistic theory; this is tested by grammars of particular languages, and (b) each such grammar is a hypothesis on the general linguistic theory. Finally, the reaearchers follow rationalism in philosophy and mentalism in psychology.50. (1) This sentence is ambiguous, since it can be interpreted in two ways; first, it could be interpreted as that “I” was introducing my colleague Frank to someone else. Second, it could also means “I” was introducing my colleague to Frank.(2) This sentence is ambiguous. First, “Are you tired of cleaning all by yourself?”Second, “Are you tired of taking bath yourself?”(3) This sentence is ambiguous. First, “In the film, there is a character called “Pat”, who is a witch”. Second, “ Pat is an actor, and he plays the role of witch in the film.”(4) This sentence is unambiguous.(5) This sentence is ambiguous. First, “it is frightening people who sell patent medicines‟. Second, “ The way of selling patent medicines is by frightening people.”(6) This sentence is ambiguous. First, this dog is not particular about food, and is friendly to children; Second, this dog eats anything, especially children.(7) This sentence is ambiguous. First, “on the internet there was something interesting‟ (I found/something interesting on the internet). Second, “ I have surfed the internet for …the interesting thing‟” (I found something interesting/ on the internet). 51. Tense is primarily used to indicate the thime at which an event took place(but also has secondary uses, as in I wish I took you seriously). Tense and aspect are two imporant categories of the verb, and they were not separated in traditional grammar. Based on the tense system in Latin grammar, English used to be said to have 16 tenses. Nowadays, linguists make two distinctions: one between time andt ense, and the other between tense and aspect. Time is a universal concept, which every language is capable of expressing; while tense is a linguistic concept, which varies from language to language. The difference between tense and aspect is that the former is deictic, i.e. indication time relative to the timeo of utterance; while the latter is not deictic, the time indicated is not relative to the time of utterance, but relative to the time of another event described, or implied, in te narrative. As a result, there are only two tenses recognized now: past and present. The so-called future tense is not expressed inthe same way as these two. That is , it is not expressed by morphology, not by the different forms of the verb, but by various other means, such as “will/shall +infinitive”, “be going to + infinitive”, “present progressive aspect”“simple presnet tense” and “will/shall +progressive infinitive”. And will and shall are basically modal verbs like can and may.52. Adverbs may be preceded by a very tiny class of adverbs, as shown by the above sentences. The class of adverbs in these sentences leads to the following new Phrase Structure rules:AdvP→(Deg) Adv(Deg stands for degree words)VP→V(NP)(PP)( AdvP)。
英语专业翻译Chapter 4-3
• My mother, Jane Lampton Clemens, died in her 88th year, a might age for one who at 40 was so delicate of body as to be accounted a confirmed invalid destined to pass soon away. • 我的母亲简·兰普顿·克莱门斯是在她八十八岁 那年去世的。这对于一位四十岁时就身体纤弱, 被公认有痼疾缠身,注定不久于人世的人,是难 得的高龄。
Chapter IV. 3 转句译法
E to C
(一) 副词的分译
The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中国人似乎为他们经济建设上取得的巨大成就感到自豪,这是合 乎情理的。 Jerry quickly ordered everyone to put on life jackets, and tried unsuccessfully to put out the fire. 杰里立即叫大家穿上救生衣,并且奋力灭火,但却无济于事。 But, occasionally, through haste carelessness, mistakes were made, so that at the end of the business day one teller would be short on cash, the other long. 但是,偶尔 也有这种情况:仓促匆忙或者粗心大意造成了一些错误,结果 当天停业结算时,一个出纳会短了现金,而另一个却会多了现 金。 An outsider’s success could even curiously help two parties to get the agreement they want. 说来奇怪,一个局外人取得的成功竟然能促使双方达成一项他们 希望取得的协议。
语言学chapter4习题
语⾔学chapter4习题Chapter 4 SyntaxMultiple Choice1. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. The head of the phrase “the city Rome” is __________.A. the cityB. RomeC. cityD. the city Rome5. The phrase “on the shelf” belongs to __________ construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. subordinateD. coordinate6. The sentence “They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves.” is a __________ sentence.A. simpleB. coordinateC. compoundD. complex7. In the sentence “Mary gave a book to him”, “him” is with a(n) _________ case.A. accusativeD. nominative8. The relation between any two words in “What a nice day!” is known as ___________.A. choice relationB. paradigmatic relationC. vertical relationD. syntagmatic relation9. __________is mostly a category of the noun and pronoun.A. GenderB. TenseC. AspectD. Number10. Paradigmatic relation is known as _______________.A. horizontal relationB. chain relationC. choice relationD. semantic relation11. Which of the following phrases is exocentric?A. a clever girlB. an ugly manC. in timeD. fork and knife12. refers to the relations holding between elements replaceable with each at particular place in structure, or between one element present and the others absent.A. Syntagmatic relationB. Paradigmatic relationC. Co-occurrence relationD. Exocentric relation13. ______ is a grammatical category used for the analysis of word classes displaying such contrasts as masculine: feminine: neuter, animate: inanimate, etc.A. CaseB. GenderC. NumberD. Category14. Syntactically, English is an example of ________ language.C. SOVD. OSV15. What is the construction of the sentence “The boy smiled”?A. ExocentricB. EndocentricC. CoordinateD. Subordinate16. the relation between elements that form part of the same form, sequence, construction, etc. e.g between s, p and r in a form such as spring, or between a subject and a verb in constructions such Bill hunts is called .A. syntagmatic relationB. paradigmatic relationC. positional relationD. relation of substitutabilityFill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. A __________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.2. A __________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.3. A __________ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called __________.5. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an __________ clause.6. construction usually includes basic sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb + object) construction, and connective (be complement) construction.7. IC is the short form of immediate used in the study of syntax.8. A sentence contains two clauses joined by a linking word, such as "and", "but", "or".Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement.1. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.2. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.3. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.4. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.5. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.6. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.7. In the phrase “in the near future”, the word “future” is head.8. Words like “actor”and “actress” manifest that grammatical gender strictly corresponds to biological gender.9. Paradigmatic relation in syntax is alternatively called horizontal relation.10.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture.”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category.Define the following terms1. Syntax2. IC analysisAnswer the following questions.1.What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction? (武汉⼤学,2004)2.Distinguish the two possible meanings of “more beautiful flowers” by means of IC analysis. (北京第⼆外国语⼤学,2004)3. Suggest a tree diagram of the sentence The little girl ran into the garden. The student wrote a letter yesterday. Examine each of the following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, coordinate, complex or compound complex sentences:(1)Jane did it because she was asked to.(2)The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.(3)David was never there, but his brother was. (4)She leads a tranquil life in the country. (5)Unless I hear from her, I won’t leave this town..Draw on your linguistic knowledge of English and paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences:(1)After a two-day debate, they finally decided on the helicopter.(2)The little girl saw the big man with the telescope.(3) The shooting of the hunters might be terrible.(4) He saw young men and women present.。
Chapter 4 (me)
inflectional affixes in English
1. Third Person Singular: "She plays the piano" 2. Past Tense: "She played the piano" 3. Progressive: "She is playing the piano now" 4. Past participle: "She has/had eaten the cookies" 5. Plural: "She has two pianos" 6. Possessive: "Mary's piano needs to be repaired" 7. Comparative: "Mary runs faster than Jack" 8. Superlative: "Mary is the fastest of all"
English lexicology chapter 4
6
Verbs ending in –d, -de, or –mit, take -sion (as in expansion, decision, omission). Allomorphs also occur among prefixes. Their form then depends on the first letter of the verb to which they will be added. A prefix like im- occurs before p, b, or m (e.g. imperfect, imbalance, immobile); its allomorphs are irbefore r (e.g. irresponsible); il- before l (e.g. illogical); in- before all other consonants and vowels (e.g. inflexible, inexcusable); im-, irand il- are thus allomorphs of the morpheme iner 4
IntermediateAccountingChapter4中级会计学第四章课后习题答案
Chapter 4The Income Statement and Statement of Cash FlowsQUESTIONS FOR REVIEW OF KEY TOPICSQuestion 4-5The term earnings quality refers to the ability of reported earnings (income) to predict a company’s future earnings. After all, an income statement simply reports on events that already have occurred. The relevance of any historical-based financial statement hinges on its predictive value.Question 4-7The process of intraperiod tax allocation matches tax expense or tax benefit with each major component of income, specifically continuing operations and any item reported below continuing operations. The process is necessary to achieve the desired result of separating the total income effects of continuing operations from the two separately reported items - discontinued operations and extraordinary items, and also to show the after-tax effect of each of those two components.Question 4-9Extraordinary items are material gains and losses that are both unusual in nature and infrequent in occurrence, taking into account the environment in which the entity operates.Question 4-11GAAP permit alternative treatments for similar transactions. Common examples are the choice among FIFO, LIFO, and average cost for the measurement of inventory and the choice among alternative revenue recognition methods. A change in accounting principle occurs when a company changes from one generally accepted treatment to another.In general, we report voluntary changes in accounting principles retrospectively. This means revising all previous periods’ financial statements as if the new method were used in those periods. In other words, for each year in the comparative statements reported, we revise the balance of each account affected. Specifically, we make those statements appear as if the newly adopted accounting method had been applied all along. Also, if retained earnings is one of the accounts whose balance requires adjustment (and it usually is), we revise the beginning balance of retained earnings for the earliest period reported in the comparative statements of shareholders’ equity (or statements of retained earnings if they’re presented instead).Then we create a journal entry to adjust all account balances affected as of the date of the change. In the first set of financial statements after the change, a disclosure note would describe the change and justify the new method as preferable. It also would describe the effects of the change on all items affected, including the fact that the retained earnings balance was revised in the statement of shareholders’ equity along with the cumulative effect of the change in retained earnings.An exception is a change in depreciation, amortization, or depletion method. These changes are accounted for as a change in estimate, rather than as a change in accounting principle. Changes in estimates are accounted for prospectively. The remaining book value is depreciated, amortized, or depleted, using the new method, over the remaining useful life.Question 4-15Comprehensive income is the total change in equity for a reporting period other than from transactions with owners. Reporting comprehensive income can be accomplished with a separate statement or by including the information in either the income statement or the statement of changes in shareholders’ equity.Question 4-22U.S. GAAP designates cash outflows for interest payments and cash inflows from interest and dividends received as operating cash flows. Dividends paid to shareholders are classified as financing cash flows. IFRS allows more flexibility. Companies can report interest and dividends paid as either operating or financing cash flows and interest and dividends received as either operating or investing cash flows. Interest and dividend payments usually are reported as financing activities. Interest and dividends received normally are classified as investing activitiesBRIEF EXERCISESBrief Exercise 4-6*$850,000 x 40%Note: Restructuring costs, interest revenue, and loss on sale of investments are included in income before income taxes and extraordinary item.Brief Exercise 4-9*$5,800,000 x 30%** Loss from operations of discontinued component:Impairment loss ($8 million book value less$7 million net fair value) $(1,000,000) Operating loss (3,600,000) Total before-tax loss $(4,600,000)EXERCISES Exercise 4-3* 30% x $440,000Pretax income from continuing operations $14,000,000Income tax expense (5,600,000) Income from continuing operations 8,400,000 Less: Net income 7,200,000 Loss from discontinued operations $1,200,000 $1,200,000 60%* = $2,000,000 = before tax loss from discontinued operations.*1-tax rate of 40% = 60%Pretax income of division $4,000,000 Add: Loss from discontinued operations 2,000,000 Impairment loss $6,000,000 Fair value of division’s assets$11,000,000 Add: Impairment loss 6,000,000 Book value of division’s assets$17,000,000Requirement 1This is a change in accounting estimate.Requirement 2$2,400,000 Cost$240,000 Previous annual amortization ($2,400,000 ÷ 10 years) x 21/2 yrs. 600,000 Amortization to date (2009-2011)1,800,000 Book value÷ 5 yrs. Estimated remaining life(given)$ 360,000 New annual amortizationTiger EnterprisesStatement of Cash FlowsFor the Year Ended December 31, 2011($ in thousands)Cash flows from operating activities:Net income $ 900Adjustments for noncash effects:Depreciation expense 240Changes in operating assets and liabilities:Decrease in accounts receivable 80Increase in inventory (40)Increase in prepaid insurance (30)Decrease in accounts payable (60)Decrease in administrative and other payables (100)Increase in income taxes payable 50Net cash flows from operating activities $1,040 Cash flows from investing activities:Purchase of plant and equipment (300) Cash flows from financing activities:Proceeds from issuance of common stock 100Proceeds from note payable 200Payment of dividends (1) (940)Net cash flows from financing activities(640)Net increase in cash 100 Cash, January 1 200 Cash, December 31 $ 300(1)Retained earnings, beginning $540+ Net income 900- Dividends x x = $940Retained earnings, ending $500The T-account analysis of the transactions related to operating cash flows is shown below. To derive the cash flows, the beginning and ending balances in the related assets and liabilities are inserted, together with the revenue and expense amounts from the income statements. In each balance sheet account, the remaining (plug) figure is the other half of the cash increases or decreases.Based on the information in the T-accounts above, the operating activities section of the SCF for Tiger Enterprises would be as shown next.Exercise 4-23 (concluded)Tiger EnterprisesStatement of Cash FlowsFor the Year Ended December 31, 2011($ in thousands)Cash flows from operating activities:Collections from customers $ 7,080Prepayment of insurance (130)Payment to inventory suppliers (3,460)Payment for administrative & other exp. (1,900)Payment of income taxes (550)Net cash flows from operating activities $ 1,040CPA / CMA REVIEW QUESTIONSCPA Exam Questions1. c. U.S. GAAP requires that discontinued operations be disclosed separatelybelow income from continuing operations.2. d.Other than sales, COGS, and administrative expenses, only the gain or lossfrom disposal of equipment is considered part of income from continuingoperations. Income from continuing operations was ($5,000,000 - 3,000,000- 1,000,000 + 200,000) = $1,200,000.3. a. In a single-step income statement, revenues include sales as well as otherrevenues and gains.Sales revenue $187,000Interest revenue 10,200Gain on sale of equipment 4,700Total $201,900The discontinued operations and the extraordinary gain are reported belowincome from continuing operations.4.a.The $400,000 impairment loss and the $1,000,000 loss from operationsshould be combined for a total loss of $1,400,000.5.d. The change in the estimate for warranty costs is based on new informationobtained from experience and qualifies as a change in accounting estimate. Achange in accounting estimate affects current and future periods and is notaccounted for by restating prior periods. The accounting change is a part ofcontinuing operations.6. a. Dividends paid to shareholders is considered a financing cash flow, not anoperating cash flow.7. c. Issuing common stock for cash is considered a financing cash flow, not aninvesting cash flow.CMA Exam Questions1.d. Discontinued operations and extraordinary gains and losses are shownseparately in the income statement, below income from continuing operations.The cumulative effect of most voluntary changes in accounting principle isaccounted for by retrospectively revising prior years’ financial statements.2.c.The operating section of a retailer’s income statement includes all revenuesand costs necessary for the operation of the retail establishment, e.g., sales,cost of goods sold, administrative expenses, and selling expenses.3 a. Extraordinary items should be presented net of tax after income fromoperations.PROBLEMSProblem 4-9Requirement 1Diversified Portfolio CorporationStatement of Cash FlowsFor the Year Ended December 31, 2011Cash flows from operating activities:Collections from customers (1)$880,000Payment of operating expenses (2)(660,000)Payment of income taxes (3)(85,000)Net cash flows from operating activities $135,000Cash flows from investing activities:Sale of investments 50,000Net cash flows from investing activities 50,000Cash flows from financing activities:Proceeds from issue of common stock 100,000Payment of dividends (80,000)Net cash flows from financing activities 20,000Increase in cash 205,000Cash and cash equivalents, January 1 70,000Cash and cash equivalents, December 31 $275,000(1)$900,000 in service revenue less $20,000 increase in accounts receivable.(2) $700,000 in operating expenses less $30,000 in depreciation less $10,000 increase in accounts payable.(3)$80,000 in income tax expense plus $5,000 decrease in income taxes payable.Problem 4-9 (concluded)Requirement 2Diversified Portfolio CorporationStatement of Cash FlowsFor the Year Ended December 31, 2011Cash flows from operating activities:Net income $120,000Adjustments for noncash effects:Depreciation expense 30,000Changes in operating assets and liabilities:Increase in accounts receivable (20,000)Increase in accounts payable 10,000Decrease in income taxes payable (5,000)Net cash flows from operating activities $135,000。
Chapter 4
18 mind one’s doing. Do / Would you mind my interrupting You? Of course not. Certainly not. Not at all. 19 din / racket = loud noise 20 slam – slammed – slamming I heard the door slamming in the wind.
There’s my dad, who keeps shouting, And my mum, who breaks things, The baby (who’ll bite you!) And our dog running rings. There’s my sister the screamer And my brother who roars, And a grandpa who’s stone deaf (He’s the one who slams doors).
• Find the words in Column A in the two poems. Then match them with their meanings in Column B A B 1 miles a running in circles 2 terribly b active and happy 3 dull c the person who cries out loudly 4 all right d very 5 lively e shutting with a loud noise 6 slamming f certainly, for sure 7 running rings g the loud noise 8 the screamer h completely deaf 9 stone deaf I a mile is 1,609 metres 10 the racket/the din j uninteresting
语言学Chapter4课后练习答案(20200602074319)
Chapter 4 Revision Exercises1. What is syntax?Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.2. What is phrase structure rule?The grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements (i.e. specifiers, heads, and complements) that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule.The phrase structural rule for NP, VP, AP, and PP can be written as follows: NP→(Det) N (PP) ...VP→(Qual) V (NP) ...AP→(Deg) A (PP) ...PP→(Deg) P (NP) ...We can formulate a single general phrasal structural rule in which X stands for the head N, V, A or P.The XP rule: XP→(specifier) X (complement)3. What is category? How to determine a word’s category?Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.To determine a word's category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. The most reliable of determining a word’s category is its distribution.4. What is coordinate structure and what properties does it have?The structure formed by joining two or more elements of the same type with the help of a conjunction is called coordinate structure.It has four important properties:1)there is no limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appearprior to the conjunction.2) a category at any level a head or an entire XP can be coordinated.3)coordinated categories must be of the same type.4)the category type of the coordinate phrase is identical to the categorytype of the elements being conjoined.5. What elements does a phrase contain and what role does each element play?A phrase usually contains the following elements: head, specifier and complement. Sometimes it also contains another kind of element termed modifier.The role each element can play:Head:Head is the word around which a phrase is formed.Specifier:Specifier has both special semantic and syntactic roles. Semantically, it helps to make more precise the meaning of the head. Syntactically, it typically marks a phrase boundary.Complement:Complements are themselves phrases and provide information about entities and locations whose existence is implied by the meaning of the head.Modifier:Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of the heads.6. What is deep structure and what is surface structure?There are two levels of syntactic structure. The first, formed by the XP rule in accordance with the head's subcategorization properties, is called deep structure (or D-structure). The second, corresponding to the final syntactic form of the sentence which results from appropriate transformations, is called surface structure (or S-structure).7. Indicate the category of each word in the following sentences.a) The old lady got off the bus carefully.Det A N V P Det N Advb) The car suddenly crashed onto the river bank.Det N Adv V P Det Nc) The blinding snowstorm might delay the opening of the schools.Det A N Aux V Det N P Det Nd) This cloth feels quite soft.Det N V Deg A8. The following phrases include a head, a complement, and a specifier. Draw the appropriate tree structure for each phrase.a) rich in mineralsAPA PPrich in mineralsb) often read detective storiesVPQual V NPoften read detective storiesc) the argument against the proposalsNPDet N PPthe argument against the proposals d) already above the windowPPDeg P NPalready above the window9. The following sentences contain modifiers of various types. For each sentences, first identify the modifier(s), then draw the tree sentences.a) A crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme caution. Modifiers: crippled(AdjP), with extreme caution(PP)SNP Infl VPAPDet A N Pst V NPDet N PPP NPAP NAA crippled passenger landed the airplane with extreme cautionb) A huge moon hung in the black sky.Modifiers: huge(AdjP), in the black sky(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N Pst V PPA P NPDet AP NA huge moon hung in the black skyc) The man examined his car carefully yesterday.Modifiers: carefully(AdvP), yesterday(AdvP)SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V NP AdvPDet N AdvP AdvAdv The man examined his car carefully yesterdayd) A wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm.Modifiers: wooden(AdjP), in the storm(PP)SNP Infl VPDet AP N PP Pst V PPA P NP P NPDet N Det NA wooden hut near the lake collapsed in the storm10. The following sentences all contain conjoined categories. Draw a tree structure for each of the sentences.a) Jim has washed the dirty shirts and pants.SNP Infl VPN V NPDet AP N Con NAJim has washed the dirty shirts and pantsb) Helen put on her clothes and went out.SNP Infl VPN Pst V PP Con V PPP NP PDet NHelen put on her clothes and went outc) Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics.SNP Infl VPN Pre V AP Con APA PP A PPP NP P NPN N Mary is fond of literature but tired of statistics11. The following sentences all contain embedded clauses that function as complements of a verb, an adjective, a preposition or a noun. Draw a tree structure for each sentence.a) You know that I hate war.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPCPC SNP Infl VPNP N Pre V NPN You know that I hate war b) Gerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English exam.SNP Infl VPN Pre V NPDet N CP-C SNP Infl VPNP N Pst V NPDet AP NAGerry believes the fact that Anna flunked the English examc) Chris was happy that his father bought him a Rolls-Royce.SNP Infl VPN Pst V APA CPC SNP NP Infl VPDet N Pst V NPN Det N Chris was happy that his father bought him aRoll-Royced) The children argued over whether bats had wings.SNP Infl VPDet N Pst V PPP CPC SNP Infl VPN Plu V NPNThe children argued over whether bats had wings 12. Each of the following sentences contains a relative clause. Draw the deep structure and the surface structure for each of these sentences.a) The essay that he wrote was excellent.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP Infl VPN Pst V NPNThe essay he wrote that was excellent Surface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pst V APC S Aux ANP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPNThe essay that he wrote e was excellentb) Herbert bought a house that she loved.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house she loved thatSurface Structure: CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet N CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPN Herbert bought a house that she lovedec) The girl whom he adores majors in linguistics.Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPC S P NPNP Infl VP NN Pre V NPNThe girl he adores whom majors in linguisticsSurface Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPDet N CP Pre V PPNP C S P NPNP Infl VP NN N Pre V NPNThe girl whom he adores e majors in linguistics13. The derivations of the following sentences involve the inversion transformation. Give the deep structure and the surface structure of each sentence.a) Would you come tomorrow?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Aux V AdvPAdvYou would come tomorrowSurface Structure:CPC SInfl NP Infl VPAux N Aux V AdvPAdvWould You e come tomorrowb) What did Helen bring to the party?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPN PPP Det NPNHelen did bring what to the party Surface Structure: CPC SNP Infl NP Infl VPN Pst N Pst V NPN PPP Det NPN What did Helen e bring e to the partyc) Who broke the window?Deep Structure:CPC SNP Infl VPN Pst V NPDet NWho broke the windowSurface Structure: CPC SNP NP Infl VPN N Pst V NPDet N Who e broke the window。
课外阅读大卫科波菲尔Chapter4学案
CHAPTER 4It's me, Aunt Betsey!It took me ages to get back to my feet and start walking out of London on the Dover road. I was tired and penniless.The next few days and nights were a blur. I slept on haystacks, lived on scraps, and sold my jacket to earn a little money. I was constantly freezing and hungry and my feet were covered in blisters.Finally, I made it to Dover. I soon discovered that nearly everyone knew my Aunt Betsey, and one kind young woman showed me to her neat little cottage. A few moments later, an older woman marched out of the house. She had grey hair and quick, bright eyes and had a handkerchief tied over her head. She was wearing gardening gloves and held a knife. This must be Aunt Betsey!'Go away!' she shouted firmly at me, making a chop in the air with her knife. ' We don't want any boys round here!'I knew I looked terrible my shoes were full of holes, and my shirt and trousers were filthy and ragged but I had to speak to her. I followed her across the garden.'You're my.. my...aunt,' I said in a quivering voice.' What did you say?' she demanded, spinning round.'It's me, Aunt Betsey, David Copperfield,' I whispered. ' I'm your great nephew.'At this, she cried, ' Oh my goodness!' and sat flat down on the garden path.'I've been unhappy and neglected since my mother died,' I told her. 'I've walked all the way here from London. I haven't slept in a bed for days.'Pulling herself together, she rose to her feet and led me straight into the parlour. She poured all kinds of medicines down me and I'm sure I tasted salad dressing and anchovy sauce in the mixtures! Then she made me have a long hot bath and gave me a hot meal. Finally, she said sternly, ‘Tell me everything, David!'So I told her. When I'd finished, she looked at me with disbelief. Why on earth did your mother and Peggotty let all this happen?' she demanded.'The Murdstones were too powerful,' I explained. 'They ruled our house with an iron grip.'At that moment, a man with a cheery face bounded into the room, laughing.'This is Mr Dick,' Aunt Betsey explained. He lives here.I could see that Mr Dick wasn't like other men. Even though he was about fifty years old there was something childlike about him. But clearly this didn't worry Aunt Betsey. She'd given him a home and looked after him, and this gave me a glimmer of hope that she might do the same for me.'I trust Mr Dick's opinion on all matters,' Aunt Betsey said gravely, before explaining to him all about me.‘Well, Mr Dick,' she demanded when he'd heard it all, 'what shall I do with this boy?' Mr Dick paused for a second. I felt like my entire future rested on his reply.‘You should...you should put him to bed!' said Mr Dick, smiling warmly.A wave of relief flooded over me. Aunt Betsey showed me up to an airy bedroom with a great view of the sea. I fell into the bed and instantly sank into the world of dreams.The next morning, Aunt Betsey was downstair waiting for me. 'I have written to Mr Murdston to let him know where you are,' she said.'Will I have to go back?' I asked in dread.'We shall see,' she answered.My spirits sank. Maybe Aunt Betsey hadn't believed my story? What if Mr Murdstone convinced her to let me go? I would rather die than go back to the warehouse. Every day I waited unhappily for Mr Murdstone's reply.And finally it came.'Mr Murdstone will be visiting us tomorrow,' Aunt Betsey told me one morning.My whole body shook with anxiety. Would she hand me back to the Murdstones?As soon as they arrived, I whispered, ' Shall I go away?''Certainly not,' Aunt Betsey replied, showing them into her parlour, where Mr Dick and I were waiting. The second I saw them I felt all of the fear and fury returning.Mr Murdstone got straight down to business. 'This boy,' he began, pointing a finger at me, 'gave his mother terrible trouble. My sister and I did our best to correct him, but he is stubborn and disobedient.''He is the worst behaved boy in the whole world,' cut in Miss Murdstone viciously.'That's a bit strong!' declared my aunt in amazement.'It is the truth,' replied Mr Murdstone, 'and he still needs correcting, especially as his mother is dead.'I stared at the Murdstones with hatred.'You say David's mother is dead,' said Mr Dick suddenly. ' Did she leave him any money?'A flush of anger and embarrassment spread across Mr Murdstone's cheeks. 'Absolutely nothing,' he replied.'Well, what do you want to do with David?' demanded Aunt Betsey.Mr Murdstone's expression hardened. 'I am here to take the boy back and dispose of him as I think best.''Dispose of him!' Aunt Betsey cried with a horrified expression. ‘Do you mean you're going to send him back to work in that terrible warehouse of yours?'Mr Murdstone eyed her coldly but said nothing.Aunt Betsey turned to me. 'What about you, David?' she asked. 'Would you like to go with the Murdstones?'No! 'I blurted out, my fists clenched with rage. 'They've always hated me. And they destroyed my mother!'The Murdstones stared at me with their hard eyes.' Mr Dick,' said Aunt Betsey, 'what are your thoughts on this matter?''I’ll tell you what I'd do,' said Mr Dick thoughtfully. 'I'd have him measured up for a suit of new clothes.'I could have hugged him! But I knew the final decision rested with Aunt Betsey. I held my breath anxiously as she thought everything through.'This is what I think,' she announced, looking sternly at the Murdstones. 'I don't believe a word of what you've said about David. It is clear to me that the two of you trapped his mother like a caged bird. Then you bullied and broke her, and you bullied David too. You will play no further part in his life.''B...but,' uttered Mr Murdstone.'But, nothing!' snapped Aunt Betsey.The Murdstones stood up in shock, unsure what to do.'Now, look here,' said Mr Murdstone.'No, you look here!' Aunt Betsey cried, her eyes shining like balls of fire. 'You and your sister will leave my house immediately, and you will never e back.''I...I,' Mr Murdstone tried to protest.'GET OUT!' manded Aunt Betsey, bustling towards the door. My heart leaped with joy as she shoved the confused and defeated Murdstones outside. Suddenly they didn't look frightening or powerful.I ran to her and gave her an enormous hug.“From this moment,” she said, your name will be Trotwood Copperfield. My house is now your home!'Chapter 4After ReadingPart 1. Draw a mind map to show the characters in Chapter 4 and their relationship between them.Give a clear indication about their personality if necessary.Part 2. 小说语言集锦//单词解惑——1.blur:something remembered or perceived indistinctly, typically because it happened very fast(尤指某事因发生很快而只留下)模糊的记忆(或印象)例:The day before was a blur. 前一天的事情记不清了。
Chapter04MutualFundsandOtherInvestmentCompanies
Chapter04MutualFundsandOtherInvestmentCompanies Chapter 04Mutual Funds and Other Investment Companies Multiple Choice Questions1. Which one of the following invests in a portfolio that is fixed for the life of the fund?A. Mutual fundB. Money market fundC. Managed investment companyD. Unit investment trust2. ______ are partnerships of investors with portfolios that are larger than most individual investors but are still too small to warrant managing on a separate basis.A. Commingled fundsB. Closed-end fundsC. REITsD. Mutual funds3. A __________ is a private investment pool open only to wealthy or institutional investors that is exempt from SEC regulation and can therefore pursue more speculative policies than mutual funds.A. commingled poolB. unit trustC. hedge fundD. money market fund4. Advantages of investment companies to investors include all but which one of the following?A. Record keeping and administrationB. Low cost diversificationC. Professional managementD. Guaranteed rates of return5. Which of the following typically employ significant amounts of leverage?I. Hedge fundsII. REITsIII. Money market fundsIV. Equity mutual fundsA. I and II onlyB. II and III onlyC. III and IV onlyD. I, II and III only6. The NAV of which funds is fixed at $1 per share?A. Equity fundsB. Money market fundsC. Fixed income fundsD. Commingled funds7. The two principal types of REITs are equity trusts which _______________ and mortgage trusts which _______________.A. invest directly in real estate; invest in mortgage and construction loansB. invest in mortgage and construction loans; invest directly in real estateC. use extensive leverage; distribute less than 95% of income to shareholdersD. distribute less than 95% of income to shareholders; use extensive leverage8. A contingent deferred sales charge is commonly called a ____.A. front-end loadB. back-end loadC. 12b-1 chargeD. top end sales commission9. In the U.S. there are approximately _______ mutual funds offered by less than _______ fund families.A. 12,000; 600B. 7,000; 100C. 8,000; 500D. 9,000; 30010. In 1999, the SEC established rules that should make a mutual fund prospectus _______.A. easier to read and understandB. much more detailedC. disappear over the next 10 yearsD. irrelevant to investors11. Mutual funds provide the following for their shareholders:A. DiversificationB. Professional managementC. Record keeping and administrationD. Mutual funds provide diversification, professional management, and record keeping and administration12. The average maturity of fund investments in a money market mutual fund is _______.A. slightly more than one monthB. slightly more than one yearC. about 9 monthsD. between 2 and 3 years13. Rank the following fund category from most risky to least risky.I. Equity growth fundII. Balanced fundIII. Sector fundIV. Money market fundA. IV, I, III, IIB. III, II, IV, IC. I, II, III, IVD. III, I, II, IV14. Which of the following result in a taxable event for investors?I. Short-term capital gains distributions from the fundII. Dividend distributions from the fundIII. Long-term capital gains distributions from the fundA. I onlyB. II onlyC. I and II onlyD. I, II and III15. The type of mutual fund that primarily engages in market timing is called a/an _______.A. sector fundB. index fundC. ETFD. asset allocation fund16. As of 2008, approximately _____ of mutual fund assets were invested in equity funds.A. 5%B. 54%C. 30%D. 12%17. As of 2008, approximately _____ of mutual fund assets were invested in bond funds.A. 14%B. 19%C. 37%D. 47%18. As of 2008, approximately _____ of mutual fund assets were invested in money market funds.A. 5%B. 26%C. 44%D. 66%19. Management fees for open-end and closed-end funds, typically range between _____ and _____.A. 0.2%; 1.5%B. 0.5%; 5%C. 2%; 5%D. 3%; 8%20. The primary measurement unit used for assessing the value of one's stake in an investment company is___________________.A. Net Asset ValueB. Average Asset ValueC. Gross Asset ValueD. Total Asset Value21. Net Asset Value is defined as ________________________.A. book value of assets divided by shares outstandingB. book value of assets minus liabilities divided by shares outstandingC. market value of assets divided by shares outstandingD. market value of assets minus liabilities divided by shares outstanding22. Assume that you have just purchased some shares in an investment company reporting $500 million in assets, $50 million in liabilities, and 50 million shares outstanding. What is the Net Asset Value (NAV) of these shares?A. $12.00B. $9.00C. $10.00D. $1.0023. Assume that you have recently purchased 100 shares in an investment company. Upon examining the balance sheet, you note the firm is reporting $225 million in assets, $30 million in liabilities, and 10 million shares outstanding. What is the Net Asset Value (NAV) of these shares?A. $25.50B. $22.50C. $19.50D. $1.9524. The Vanguard 500 Index Fund tracks the performance of the S&P 500. To do so the fund buys shares in each S&P 500 company __________.A. in proportion to the market value weight of the firm's equity in the S&P500B. in proportion to the price weight of the stock in the S&P500C. by purchasing an equal number of shares of each stock in the S&P 500D. by purchasing an equal dollar amount of shares of each stock in the S&P50025. Which of the following is not a type of managed investment company?A. Unit investment trustsB. Closed-end fundsC. Open-end fundsD. Hedge funds26. Which of the following funds invest in stocks of fast growing companies?A. Balanced fundsB. Growth equity fundsC. REITsD. Equity income funds27. A fund that invests in securities worldwide, including the United States is called a/an ______.A. international fundB. emerging market fundC. global fundD. regional fund28. The greatest percentage of mutual fund assets are invested in ________.A. bond fundsB. equity fundsC. hybrid fundsD. money market funds29. Sponsors of unit investment trusts earn a profit by ___________________.A. deducting management fees from fund assetsB. deducting a percentage of any gains in asset valueC. selling shares in the trust at a premium to the cost of acquiring the underlying assetsD. charging portfolio turnover fees30. Investors who wish to liquidate their holdings in a unit investment trust may___________________.A. sell their shares back to the trustee at a discountB. sell their shares back to the trustee at net asset valueC. sell their shares on the open marketD. sell their shares at a premium to net asset value31. Investors who wish to liquidate their holdings in a closed-end fund may___________________.A. sell their shares back to the fund at a discount if they wishB. sell their shares back to the fund at net asset valueC. sell their shares on the open marketD. sell their shares at a premium to net asset value if they wish32. __________ fund is defined as one where the fund charges a sales commission to either buy into or exit the fund.A. A loadB. A no-loadC. An indexD. A specialized sector fund33. __________ is a false statement regarding open-end mutual funds.A. They offer investors a guaranteed rate of returnB. They offer investors a well diversified portfolioC. They redeem shares at their net asset valueD. They offer low cost diversification34. __________ funds stand ready to redeem or issue shares at their net asset value.A. Closed-endB. IndexC. Open-endD. Hedge35. Revenue sharing with respect to mutual funds refers to _________.A. fund companies paying brokers if the broker recommends the fund to investorsB. allowing certain classes of investors to engage in market timingC. charging loads to new investors in a mutual fundD. directly marketing funds over the Internet36. Higher portfolio turnoverI. results in greater tax liability for investorsII. results in greater trading costs for the fund, which investors have to pay forIII. is a characteristic of asset allocation fundsA. I onlyB. II onlyC. I and II onlyD. I, II and III37. Low load mutual funds have front-end loads of no more than _____.A. 2%B. 3%C. 4%D. 5%38. Most real estate investment trusts (REITs) have a debt ratio of around _________.A. 10 %B. 30 %C. 50 %D. 70 %39. Measured by assets, about _____ of funds are money market funds.A. 15%B. 25%C. 40%D. 60%40. Which of the following is not a type of real estate investment trust?I. Equity trustII. Debt trustIII. Mortgage trustIV. Unit trustA. I and II onlyB. II onlyC. II and IV onlyD. I, II and III41. ______________________ are often called mutual funds.A. Unit investment trustsB. Open-end investment companiesC. Closed-end investment companiesD. REITs42. Mutual funds account for roughly ______ percent of investment company assets.A. 30B. 50C. 70D. 9043. An official description of a particular mutual fund's planned investment policy can be found in the fund's _____________.A. prospectusB. indentureC. investment statementD. 12b-1 forms44. Mutual funds that hold both equities and fixed-income securities in relatively stable proportions are called____________________.A. income fundsB. balanced fundsC. asset allocation fundsD. index funds45. Mutual funds that vary the proportions of funds invested in particular market sectors according to the fund manager's forecast of the performance of that market sector, are called ____________________.A. asset allocation fundsB. balanced fundsC. index fundsD. income funds46. Specialized sector funds concentrate their investments in _________________.A. bonds of a particular maturityB. geographical segments of the real estate marketC. government securitiesD. securities issued by firms in a particular industry47. If a mutual fund has multiple class shares, which class typically has a front end load?A. Class AB. Class BC. Class CD. Class D48. The commission, or front-end load, paid when you purchase shares in mutual funds, may not exceed __________.A. 3%B. 6%C. 8.5%D. 10%49. You are considering investing in one of several mutual funds. All the funds under consideration have various combinations of front-end and back-end loads and/or 12b-1 fees. The longer you plan on remaining in the fund you choose, the more likely you will prefer a fund with a __________ rather than a __________, everything else equal.A. 12b-1 fee; front-end loadB. front-end load; 12b-1 feeC. back-end load, front-end loadD. 12b-1 fee; back-end load50. Under SEC rules, the managers of certain funds are allowed to deduct charges for advertising, brokerage commissions, and other sales expenses, directly from the fund assets rather than billing investors. These fees are known as____________.A. direct operating expensesB. back-end loadsC. 12b-1 chargesD. front-end loads51. In 2000, the SEC instituted new rules that require funds to disclose _____.A. 12b-1 feesB. the tax impact of portfolio turnoverC. front-end loadsD. back-end loads52. SEC rule 12b-1 allows managers of certain funds to deduct __________ expenses from fund assets, however, these expenses may not exceed __________ of the fund's average net assets per year.A. marketing; 1%B. marketing; 5%C. administrative; 0.5%D. administrative; 2%53. Consider a mutual fund with $300 million in assets at the start of the year, and 12 million shares outstanding. If the gross return on assets is 18% and the total expense ratio is 2% of the year end value, what is the rate of return on the fund?A. 15.64%B. 16.00%C. 17.25%D. 17.50%54. Consider a no-load mutual fund with $200 million in assets and 10 million shares at the start of the year, and $250 million in assets and 11 million shares at the end of the year. During the year investors have received income distributions of $2 per share, and capital gains distributions of $0.25 per share. Assuming that the fund carries no debt, and that the total expense ratio is 1%, what is the rate of return on the fund?A. 36.25%B. 24.90%C. 23.85%D. There is not sufficient information to answer this question55. Consider a no-load mutual fund with $400 million in assets, 50 million in debt, and 15 million shares at the start of the year; and $500 million in assets, 40 million in debt, and 18 million shares at the end of the year. During the year investors have received income distributions of $0.50 per share, and capital gains distributions of $0.30 per share. Assuming that the fund carries no debt, and that the total expense ratio is 0.75%, what is the rate of return on the fund?A. 12.09%B. 12.99%C. 8.25%D. There is not sufficient information to answer this question56. Mutual fund returns may be granted pass-through status, if _________________.A. at least 90 percent of all income is distributed to shareholdersB. at least 30 percent of fund income is derived from sale of securities held for less than 3 monthsC. certain diversification criteria are metD. All of these must be true for pass-through status to be granted57. A/an _____ is an example of an exchange-traded fund.A. SPDR or spiderB. samuraiC. VanguardD. open-end fund58. If you place an order to buy or sell a share of a mutual fund during the trading day the order will be executed atA. the NAV calculated at the market close at 4:00 pm New York time.B. the real time NAV.C. the NAV delayed 15 minutes.D. the NAV calculated at the open of the next day's trading.59. With respect to mutual funds, late trading refers to the practice of ________.A. trading after the close of U.S. markets but before overseas markets have closedB. trading after the close of overseas markets, but before U.S. markets have closedC. accepting buy or sell orders after the market closes and NAV has already been determined for the dayD. paying capital gains distributions to certain investors only after paying privileged investors first60. In the 1970 study, Malkiel found that mutual funds that do well in one period, have an approximately ________ chance of doing well in the subsequent ear period.A. 33%B. 52%C. 65%D. 85%61. In a recent study, Malkiel finds that evidence of persistence in the performance of mutual funds, ________________ in the 1980s.A. grows strongerB. remains about the sameC. becomes slightly weakerD. virtually disappears62. The ratio of trading activity of a portfolio to the assets of the portfolio, is called____________.A. the reinvestment ratioB. the trading rateC. the portfolio turnoverD. the tax yield63. Which of the following ETFs tracks the S&P 500 index?A. QubesB. DiamondsC. VipersD. Spiders64. The Stone Harbor Fund is a closed-end investment company with a portfolio currently worth $300 million. It has liabilities of $5 million and 9 million shares outstanding. If the fund sells for $30 a share, what is its premium or discount as a percent of NAV?A. 9.26% premiumB. 8.47% premiumC. 9.26% discountD. 8.47% discount65. The difference between balanced funds and asset allocation funds is that _____.A. balanced funds invest in bonds while asset allocation funds do notB. asset allocation funds invest in bonds while balanced funds do notC. balanced funds have relatively stable proportions of stocks and bonds while the proportions may vary dramatically for asset allocation fundsD. balanced funds make no capital gains distributions and asset allocation funds make both dividend and capital gains distributions66. The Wildwood Fund sells Class A shares with a front-end load of 5% and Class B Shares with a 12b-1 fees of 1% annually. If you plan to sell the fund after 4 years, are Class A or Class B shares the better choice? Assume a 10% annual return net of expenses.A. Class AB. Class BC. There is no difference.D. There is insufficient information given.67. A mutual fund has total assets outstanding of $69 million. During the year the fund bought and sold assets equal to $17.25 million. This fund's turnover rate was _____.A. 25.00%B. 28.50%C. 18.63%D. 33.40%68. Which type of investment fund is commonly known to invest in options and futures in large scale?A. Commingled fundsB. Hedge fundsC. ETFsD. REITS69. Advantages of ETFs over mutual funds include all but which one of the following?A. ETFs trade continuously so investors can trade throughout the dayB. ETFs can be sold short or purchased on margin, unlike fund sharesD. ETF values can diverge from NAV70. Harold has just taken his company public and owns a large quantity of restricted stock. For purposes of diversification, what fund might he help create in order to diversify his holdings?A. Commingled fundsB. Hedge fundsC. ETFD. REITs71. Which of the following funds is most likely to have a debt ratio of 70% or higher?A. Bond fundB. Commingled fundC. Mortgage backed securitiesD. REIT72. About _________ of mutual fund assets are invested in no-load funds.A. 33%B. 40%C. 50%D. 65%73. From 1971 to 2007 the average return on the Wilshire 5000 index was _________ the return of the average mutual fund.A. identical toB. 1% higher thanC. 1% lower thanD. 3% lower than74. An open-end fund has a NAV of $16.50 per share. The fund charges a 6% load. What is the offering price?A. $14.57B. $15.95C. $17.55D. $16.4975. The offer price of an open-end fund is $18.00 and the fund is sold with a front-end load of 5%? What is the fund's NAV?A. $18.74B. $17.10C. $15.40D. $16.5776. A mutual fund has $50 million in assets at the beginning of the year and 1 million shares outstanding throughout the year. Throughout the year assets grow at 12%. The fund imposes a 12b-1 fee on all shares equal to 1%. The fee is imposed on year end asset values. If there are no distributions what is the end of year NAV for the fund?77. The assets of a mutual fund are $25 million. The liabilities are $4 million. If the fund has 700,000 shares outstanding and pays a $3 dividend, what is the dividend yield?A. 5%B. 10%C. 15%D. 20%78. Which of the following funds are usually most tax efficient?A. Equity fundsB. Bond FundsC. ETFsD. Specialized sector funds79. You invest in a mutual fund that charges a 3% front end load, 1% total annual fees, and a 2% back end load, which decreases 0.5% per year. How much will you pay in fees on a $10,000 investment that does not grow, if you cash out after three years of no gain?A. 103B. 219C. 553D. 63580. You invest in a mutual fund that charges a 3% front end load, 1% total annual fees, and a 0% back end load on Class A shares. The same fund charges 0% front end load, 1% total annual fees, and a 2% back end load on Class B shares. What are the total fees in year one on a Class A investment of $20,000 with no growth in value?A. 658B. 794C. 885D. 90281. You invest in a mutual fund that charges a 3% front end load, 1% total annual fees, and a 0% back end load on Class A shares. The same fund charges 0% front end load, 1% total annual fees, and a 2% back end load on Class B shares. What are the total fees in year one on a Class B investment of $20,000 if you redeem shares with no growth in value?A. 596B. 794C. 885D. 90282. You pay $21,600 to the Laramie Fund which has a NAV of $18.00 per share at the beginning of the year. The fund deducted a front-end load of 4%. The securities in the fund increased in value by 10% during the year. The fund's expense ratio is 1.3% and is deducted from year end asset values. What is your rate of return on the fund if you sell your shares at the end of the year?。
C程序chapter练习+参考答案
《C 程序设计》练习题(chapter1)选择1一个C 程序的执行是从____A ) 本程序的main 函数开始,到main 函数结束B ) 本程序文件的第一个函数开始,到本程序文件的最后一个函数结束C ) 本程序的main 函数开始,到本程序文件的最后一个函数结束D ) 本程序文件的第一个函数开始,到本程序main 函数结束2 以下叙述不正确的是______A) 一个C 源程序可由一个或多个函数组成B) 一个 C 源程序必须包含一个main 函数C) C 程序的基本组成单位是函数D) 在C 程序中注释说明只能位于一条语句的后面3 一个C 语言程序是由_____A ) 一个主程序和若干子程序组成B ) 函数组成C ) 若干过程组成D ) 若干子程序组成判断1. 编译时可以发现注释中的错误。
( F )2.C 程序的执行总是从程序第一句开始。
( F )C 程序练习题(chapter2)选择1下列标识符中,合法的是_______A) signed B) 5ab C) INT# D)_num22以下合法的C 常量是_____A)098 B)3c C)3H D)’a’3 下列各组字符序列中,全部为合法标识符的一组是____A)S.B,sum,average,_above B)class,day,lotus_1,2dayC)#md,&12x,month,student_n1 D)D56,r_1_2,name,st_14 下列形式的常数中,C 程序不允许出现的是_____A).45 B) E5 C)25.6e-2 D)4e35 若有代数式 ,则不正确的C 语言表达式是_____ A)a/b/c*e*3 B)3*a*e/b/cC)3*a*e/b*c D)a*e/c/b*36 设x=2.9,a=8,y=3.7,算术表达式x+a%3*(int)(x+y)%5/2的值是__bc ae 3A)3.9B)4 C)4.2 D)3.757 int a;float f;double i;则表达式10+’a’+i*f结果的数据类型是____A) int B)float C)double D)不确定8在C语言中,char型数据在内存中的存储形式是___A)补码B)反码C)原码D)ASCII码9 设一个int型数据在内存中占2个字节,则unsigned int型数据的取值范围是______A) 0~255 B) 0~32767 C)-32768~32767 D)0~6553510设x=3,y=2,则表达式x*=y+8的值为_____。
英语语言学Chapter4
英语语言学Chapter4Chapter 4Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:1. As _____ sentence consists of a single clause which containsa subject anda predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.2. As_____ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.3. As _____ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.4. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_____.5. A c_____ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.6. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_____ clause.7. Major lexical categories are o_____ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.8. A_____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.9. P_____ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.10. The theory of C_____ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.11. The system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker is known as linguistic c_____.12. For any natural language, a set of s_____ rules are capable of yielding an endless number of sentences.13. Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a f_____ verb or a verb phrase.14. The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure ofa sentence is l_____.15. The subordinate sentence in a complex is called an e_____ clause and the clause into which it is inserted is called a m_____ clause.16. In conducting a tree diagram analysis, the principle we have to stick to is called b_____ division.17. The r_____ property captures the ability of language to generate more constituents to a sentence.18. The p_____ structure rules allow us to better understand how phrases and clauses are generated.19. The starting point of an utterance which is known in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds is named t_____.20. J. Firbas thinks that the extent to which the sentence element contributes to the development of the communication is called communicative d_____. III. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. A sentence is considered _________ when it does not conform to the grammatical knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical2. A _________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator3. Phrase structure rules have _________ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.5. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory6. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.7. The sentence structure is _________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical8. The syntactic rules of any language are _________in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite9. The _________rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational10. _________ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structure11. Syntax mainly deals with _________.A. how a language changes through timeB. how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentencesC. how the human work when they use languageD. how a language varies through geographical space12. Syntactic categories contain the type of _________.A. meaning that words expressB. affixes that the words takeC. structures in which the words can occurD. All of the above13. Which of the following is NOT the concern of a word category?A. A word category can be determined by meaning, inflection and distribution.B. To determine a word’s category by its meaning only is often not reliable.C. A word’s category can be embodied directly from its meaning.D. Distribution is more reliable than the meaning to determine a word’s category.14. What elements does a phrase contain?A. Head, determiner and complement.B. Head, specifier and complement.C. Head, specifier and complementizer.D. Head, determiner and complementizer.15. Transformational rules do not change the basic _________ of sentences.A. meaningB. formC. positionD. structure16. The criteria to determine a word’s category include all the following EXCEPT _________.A. meaningB. inflectionC. distributionD. parts of speech17. The syntactic component provides the _________ for a sentence.A. lexiconB. structureC. meaningD. sound18. Application of the transformational rules yields _________ structure.A. phraseB. deepC. prelexicalD. surface19. The same word has the same _________ meaning to all the speakers of the same language.A. conceptualB. associativeC. lexicalD. affective20. _________ is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combinedto form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.A. SemanticsB. PragmaticsC. SyntaxD. Morphology。
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f[0] f[1] f[2] f[3] f[4] f[5]
19
f[19]
f[19]
注意:下标越界问题:i =2且i<20
程序如下: main ( ) { int i; static int f [20]={1, 1}; for (i=2; i<20; i++)
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10
二维数组元素的引用
形式: 数组名[下标][下标]
二维数组元素的初始化
分行初始化: 按元素排列顺序初始化
第一维长度省略初始化 第一维长度省略初始化 部分初始化 部分初始化 全部初始化 全部初始化
例 例 int a[][3]={{1},{4,5}}; int例 int a[2][3]={{1,2},{4}}; a[2][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6}}; 例 int a[2][3]={1,2,4}; 例 例int a[2][3]={1,2,3,4,5,6}; int a[][3]={1,2,3,4,5};
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运行结果如下: array a: 1 2 3 4 5 6 array b: 1 4
2 5
3 6
数组元素数据的输入必须以循环方式进行或者定 义时置初值。
§4.3 字符数组和字符串
字符数组
定义 字符数组的初始化 逐个字符赋值 用字符串常量 字符数组的引用
例 char c[10], ch[3][4];
diamond[0] . . p * p r . a
”Grape”,”Pear”,”Peach”};
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数组名表示内存首地址, 是地址常量
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编译时分配连续内存 内存字节数=数组元素个数* sizeof(元素数据类型)
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例 例 data[5]; int int i=15; data[5]=10; //C语言对数组不作越界检查,使用时要 注意 int data[i]; (不能用变量定义数组维数)
一维数组的引用
数组必须先定义,后使用 只能逐个引用数组元素,不能一次引用整个数组 数组元素表示形式: 数组名[下标] 其中:下标可以是常量或整型表达式 例 int a[10]; printf(“%d”,a); () 必须 for(j=0;j<10;j++) printf(“%d\t”,a[j]);
如 int a[5]; static int a[5]={6,2,3}; int a[]={1,2,3,4,5,6}; 等价于: a[0]=6; a[1]=2;a[2]=3; a[3]=0; a[4]=0; 等价于:a[0]=0; a[1]=0; a[2]=0; a[3]=0; a[4]=0; 如 编译系统根据初值个数确定数组长度 int a[3]={6,2,3,5,1}; ()
逐个字符赋值 用字符串常量 逐个字符赋值 用字符串常量
有问题!
例 char ch[5]={„H‟,‟e‟,‟l‟,‟l‟,‟o‟}; 例 char ch[5]=“Boy”; 例 char ch[5]={„B‟,‟o‟,‟y‟}; 例 char ch[6]={“Hello”}; char ch[6]=“Hello”; Hchar ch[]=“Hello”; l \0 e o l y o \0 BB o y \0 \0 ch[0] ch[1] ch[2] ch[3] ch[4] \0 H ch[0] ch[1] ch[2] ch[3] ch[4] ch[0] ech[1] l ch[2] l ch[3] och[4]
f [i]=f [i–2]+f [i–1];
for (i=0; i<20; i++)
{
if (i%5 = =0) printf("\n"); printf(“%12d”,f [i]); } }
运行结果如下: 1 1 2 3 5
8
89 987
13
144 1597
21
133 1584
34
377 4181
………...
二维数组理解
二维数组a是由3个元素组成
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]
a[0]
17
字符串的输入输出 逐个字符I/O: %c 整个字符串I/O: %s 例 用%c main() { char str[5]; int i; for(i=0;i<5;i++) 例 用%s scanf(“%c”, &str[i]); main() for(i=0;i<5;i++) { char printf(“%c”, str[i]); str[5]; } scanf(“%s”, str); printf(“%s”, str);
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
BACK
16
字符串
字符串及其结束标志 无字符串变量,用字符数组处理字符串 字符串结束标志:‘\0’ 例 ‚hello”共5个字符,在内存占6个字节 字符串长度5
h e l l o \0 0
104 101 108 108 111
内存存放字符ASCII码
BACK
1 2 4 0 0 0 1 1 1 12 0 2 23 0 3 04 4 4 45 5 5 06 0 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
a[0][0] a[0][2] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[0][0]a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[0][0]a[0][1] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2]
例 int a[3][4];
a[0] a[0][0] a[0][1] a[0][2] a[0][3] a[1] a[1][0] a[1][1] a[1][2] a[1][3] a[2] 行名 a[2][0] a[2][1] a[2][2] a[2][3]
a[1]
a[2]
每个元素a[i]由包含4个元素 的一维数组组成
§4.1 一维数组
一维数组的定义
[ ] :数组运算符 单目运算符 优先级(1) 左结合 不能用( )
定义方式: 数据类型 数组名[常量表达式];; 例 int a[6]; 合法标识符 float x [100]; 表示元素个数 a
0 1 2 a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4] a[5] 下标从0开始
Chapter4 Array
integer(整型)
Basic types 基本类型
float(浮点型) character(字符型)
由基本类型按某一规则组合在一起。 array(数组) Structural types 构造类型 structure(结构体) union(联合体)
同一种(基本)类 型按一定顺序组合 在一起的数据类型。 用数组名标识。 其元素属同一数 据类型,用数组名和 下标确定。
float b[2][5]; 原因:内存是一维的 int c[2][3][4]; 二维数组:按行序优先 int a[3,4]; () 多维数组:最右下标变化最快
0 1 2
int a[3][2]
a[0][0] a[1][0] a[2][0]
a[0][1] a[1][1] a[2][1]
3 4 5
a[0][0] a[0][1] a[1][0] a[1][1] 20 a[2][0] 21 a[2][1] 22 23
BACK
c[0][2][0] c[0][2][1] c[0][2][2] c[0][2][3] c[1][0][0] c[1][0][1] c[1][0][2] c[1][0][3] c[1][1][0] c[1][1][1] c[1][1][2] c[1][1][3] c[1][2][0] c[1][2][1] c[1][2][2] 9 c[1][2][3]
BACK
11
程序举例
例 将二维数组行列元素互换,存到另一个数组中
#include <stdio.h> 1 4 main() a= 1 2 3 b= 2 5 4 5 6 { int a[2][3]={{1,2,3},{4,5,6}}; 3 6 int b[3][2],i,j; printf("array a:\n"); printf("array b:\n"); for(i=0;i<=1;i++) for(i=0;i<=2;i++) { for(j=0;j<=2;j++) { for(j=0;j<=1;j++) { printf("%5d",a[i][j]); printf("%5d",b[i][j]); b[j][i]=a[i][j]; printf("\n"); } } printf("\n"); } }