State of the Art Report

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土木工程专业英语(带翻译)

State-of-the-art report of bridge health monitoring AbstractThe damage diagnosis and healthmonitoring of bridge structures are active areas of research in recent years. Comparing with the aerospace engineering and mechanical engineering, civil engineering has the specialities of its own in practice. For example, because bridges, as well as most civil engineering structures, are large in size, and have quite lownatural frequencies and vibration levels, at low amplitudes, the dynamic responses of bridge structure are substantially affected by the nonstructural components, unforeseen environmental conditions, and changes in these components can easily to be confused with structural damage.All these give the damage assessment of complex structures such as bridges a still challenging task for bridge engineers. This paper firstly presents the definition of structural healthmonitoring system and its components. Then, the focus of the discussion is placed on the following sections:①the laboratory and field testing research on the damage assessment;②analytical developments of damage detectionmethods, including (a) signature analysis and pattern recognition approaches, (b) model updating and system identification approaches, (c) neural networks approaches; and③sensors and their optimum placements. The predominance and shortcomings of each method are compared and analyzed. Recent examples of implementation of structural health monitoring and damage identification are summarized in this paper. The key problem of bridge healthmonitoring is damage automatic detection and diagnosis, and it is the most difficult problem. Lastly, research and development needs are addressed.1 IntroductionDue to a wide variety of unforeseen conditions and circumstance, it will never be possible or practical to design and build a structure that has a zero percent probability of failure. Structural aging, environmental conditions, and reuse are examples of circumstances that could affect the reliability and thelife of a structure. There are needs of periodic inspections to detect deterioration resulting from normal operation and environmental attack or inspections following extreme events, such as strong-motion earthquakes or hurricanes. To quantify these system performance measures requires some means to monitor and evaluate the integrity of civil structureswhile in service. Since the Aloha Boeing 737 accident that occurred on April 28, 1988, such interest has fostered research in the areas of structural health monitoring and non-destructive damage detection in recent years.According to Housner, et al. (1997), structural healthmonitoring is defined as“the use ofin-situ,non-destructive sensing and analysis of structural characteristics, including the structural response, for detecting changes that may indicate damage or degradation”[1]. This definition also identifies the weakness. While researchers have attempted the integration of NDEwith healthmonitoring, the focus has been on data collection, not evaluation. What is needed is an efficient method to collect data from a structure in-service and process the data to evaluate key performance measures, such as serviceability, reliability, and durability. So, the definition byHousner, et al.(1997)should be modified and the structural health monitoring may be defined as“the use ofin-situ,nondestructive sensing and analysis of structural characteristics, including the structural response, for the purpose of identifying if damage has occurred, determining the location of damage, estimatingthe severityof damage and evaluatingthe consequences of damage on the structures”(Fig.1). In general, a structural health monitoring system has the potential to provide both damage detection and condition assessment of a structure.Assessing the structural conditionwithout removingthe individual structural components is known as nondestructive evaluation (NDE) or nondestructive inspection. NDE techniques include those involving acoustics, dye penetrating,eddy current, emission spectroscopy, fiber-optic sensors, fiber-scope, hardness testing, isotope, leak testing, optics, magnetic particles, magnetic perturbation, X-ray, noise measurements, pattern recognition, pulse-echo, ra-diography, and visual inspection, etc. Mostof thesetechniques have been used successfullyto detect location of certain elements, cracks orweld defects, corrosion/erosion, and so on. The FederalHighwayAdministration(FHWA, USA)was sponsoring a large program of research and development in new technologies for the nondestructive evaluation of highway bridges. One of the two main objectives of the program is to develop newtools and techniques to solve specific problems. The other is to develop technologies for the quantitative assessment of the condition of bridges in support of bridge management and to investigate howbest to incorporate quantitative condition information into bridge management systems. They hoped to develop technologies to quickly, efficiently, and quantitatively measure global bridge parameters, such as flexibility and load-carrying capacity. Obviously, a combination of several NDE techniques may be used to help assess the condition of the system. They are very important to obtain the data-base for the bridge evaluation.But it is beyond the scope of this review report to get into details of local NDE.Health monitoring techniques may be classified as global and local. Global attempts to simultaneously assess the condition of the whole structure whereas local methods focus NDE tools on specific structural components. Clearly, two approaches are complementaryto eachother. All such available informationmaybe combined and analyzed by experts to assess the damage or safety state of the structure.Structural health monitoring research can be categorized into the following four levels: (I) detecting the existence of damage, (II) findingthe location of damage, (III) estimatingthe extentof damage, and (IV) predictingthe remaining fatigue life. The performance of tasks of Level (III) requires refined structural models and analyses, local physical examination, and/or traditional NDE techniques. To performtasks ofLevel (IV) requires material constitutive information on a local level, materials aging studies, damage mechanics, and high-performance computing. With improved instrumentation and understanding of dynamics of complex structures, health monitoring and damage assessment of civil engineering structures has become more practical in systematic inspection andevaluation of these structures during the past two decades.Most structural health monitoringmethods under current investigation focus on using dynamic responses to detect and locate damage because they are global methods that can provide rapid inspection of large structural systems.These dynamics-based methods can be divided into fourgroups:①spatial-domain methods,②modal-domain methods,③time-domain methods, and④frequency- domain methods. Spatial-domain methods use changes of mass, damping, and stiffness matrices to detect and locate damage. Modal-domain methods use changes of natural frequencies, modal damping ratios, andmode shapesto detect damage. In the frequency domain method, modal quantities such as natural frequencies, damping ratio, and model shapes are identified.The reverse dynamic systemof spectral analysis and the generalized frequency response function estimated fromthe nonlinear auto-regressive moving average (NARMA) model were applied in nonlinear system identification. In time domainmethod, systemparameterswere determined fromthe observational data sampled in time. It is necessaryto identifythe time variation of systemdynamic characteristics fromtime domain approach if the properties of structural system changewith time under the external loading condition. Moreover, one can use model-independent methods or model-referenced methods to perform damage detection using dynamic responses presented in any of the four domains. Literature shows that model independent methods can detect the existence of damage without much computational efforts, butthey are not accurate in locating damage. On the otherhand, model-referencedmethods are generally more accurate in locating damage and require fewer sensors than model-independent techniques, but they require appropriate structural models and significant computational efforts. Although time-domain methods use original time-domain datameasured using conventional vibrationmeasurement equipment, theyrequire certain structural information and massive computation and are case sensitive. Furthermore, frequency- and modal-domain methods use transformed data,which contain errors and noise due totransformation.Moreover, themodeling and updatingofmass and stiffnessmatrices in spatial-domain methods are problematic and difficult to be accurate. There are strong developmenttrends that two or three methods are combined together to detect and assess structural damages.For example, several researchers combined data of static and modal tests to assess damages. The combination could remove the weakness of each method and check each other. It suits the complexity of damage detection.Structural health monitoring is also an active area of research in aerospace engineering, but there are significant differences among the aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering in practice. For example,because bridges, as well as most civil engineering structures, are large in size, and have quite lownatural frequencies and vibration levels, at lowamplitudes, the dynamic responses of bridge structure are substantially affected by the non-structural components, and changes in these components can easily to be confused with structural damage. Moreover,the level of modeling uncertainties in reinforced concrete bridges can be much greater than the single beam or a space truss. All these give the damage assessment of complex structures such as bridges a still challenging task for bridge engineers. Recent examples of research and implementation of structural health monitoring and damage assessment are summarized in the following sections.2 Laboratory and field testing researchIn general, there are two kinds of bridge testing methods, static testing and dynamic testing. The dynamic testing includes ambient vibration testing and forced vibration testing. In ambient vibration testing, the input excitation is not under the control. The loading could be either micro-tremors, wind, waves, vehicle or pedestrian traffic or any other service loading. The increasing popularity of this method is probably due to the convenience of measuring the vibrationresponse while the bridge is under in-service and also due to the increasing availability of robust data acquisition and storage systems. Since the input is unknown, certain assumptions have to be made. Forced vibration testing involves application of input excitation of known force level at known frequencies. The excitation manners include electro-hydraulic vibrators, forcehammers, vehicle impact, etc. The static testing in the laboratory may be conducted by actuators, and by standard vehicles in the field-testing.we can distinguish that①the models in the laboratory are mainly beams, columns, truss and/or frame structures, and the location and severity of damage in the models are determined in advance;②the testing has demonstrated lots of performances of damage structures;③the field-testing and damage assessmentof real bridges are more complicated than the models in the laboratory;④the correlation between the damage indicator and damage type,location, and extentwill still be improved.3 Analytical developmentThe bridge damage diagnosis and health monitoring are both concerned with two fundamental criteria of the bridges, namely, the physical condition and the structural function. In terms of mechanics or dynamics, these fundamental criteria can be treated as mathematical models, such as response models, modal models and physical models.Instead of taking measurements directly to assess bridge condition, the bridge damage diagnosis and monitoring systemevaluate these conditions indirectly by using mathematical models. The damage diagnosis and health monitoring are active areas of research in recentyears. For example, numerous papers on these topics appear in the proceedings of Inter-national Modal Analysis Conferences (IMAC) each year, in the proceedings of International Workshop on Structural HealthMonitoring (once of two year, at Standford University), in the proceedings of European Conference on Smart materials and Structures and European Conference on Structural Damage AssessmentUsing Advanced Signal Processing Procedures, in the proceedings ofWorld Conferences of Earthquake Engineering, and in the proceedings of International Workshop on Structural Control, etc.. There are several review papers to be referenced, for examples,Housner, et al. (1997)provided an extensive summary of the state of the art in control and health monitoring of civil engineering structures[1].Salawu (1997)discussed and reviewed the use of natural frequency as a diagnostic parameter in structural assessment procedures using vibrationmonitoring.Doebling, Farrar, et al. (1998)presented a through review of the damage detection methods by examining changes in dynamic properties.Zou, TongandSteven (2000)summarized the methods of vibration-based damage and health monitoring for composite structures, especially in delamination modeling techniques and delamination detection.4 Sensors and optimum placementOne of the problems facing structural health monitoring is that very little is known about the actual stress and strains in a structure under external excitations. For example, the standard earthquake recordings are made ofmotions of the floors of the structure and no recordings are made of the actual stresses and strains in structural members. There is a need for special sensors to determine the actual performance of structural members. Structural health monitoring requires integrated sensor functionality to measure changes in external environmental conditions, signal processing functionality to acquire, process, and combine multi-sensor and multi-measured information. Individual sensors and instrumented sensor systems are then required to provide such multiplexed information.FuandMoosa (2000)proposed probabilistic advancing cross-diagnosis method to diagnosis-decision making for structural health monitoring. It was experimented in the laboratory respectively using a coherent laser radar system and a CCD high-resolution camera. Results showed that this method was promising for field application. Another new idea is thatneural networktechniques are used to place sensors. For example,WordenandBurrows (2001)used the neural network and methods of combinatorial optimization to locate and classify faults.The static and dynamic data are collected from all kinds of sensorswhich are installed on the measured structures.And these datawill be processed and usable informationwill be extracted. So the sensitivity, accuracy, and locations,etc. of sensors are very important for the damage detections. The more information are obtained, the damage identification will be conducted more easily, but the price should be considered. That’s why the sensors are determinedin an optimal ornearoptimal distribution. In aword, the theory and validation ofoptimumsensor locationswill still being developed.5 Examples of health monitoring implementationIn order for the technology to advance sufficiently to become an operational system for the maintenance and safety of civil structures, it is of paramount importance that new analytical developments are ultimately verified with appropriate data obtained frommonitoring systems, which have been implemented on civil structures, such as bridges.Mufti (2001)summarized the applications of SHM of Canadian bridge engineering, including fibre-reinforced polymers sensors, remote monitoring, intelligent processing, practical applications in bridge engineering, and technology utilization. Further study and applications are still being conducted now.FujinoandAbe(2001)introduced the research and development of SHMsystems at the Bridge and Structural Lab of the University of Tokyo. They also presented the ambient vibration based approaches forLaser DopplerVibrometer (LDV) and the applications in the long-span suspension bridges.The extraction of the measured data is very hard work because it is hard to separate changes in vibration signature duo to damage form changes, normal usage, changes in boundary conditions, or the release of the connection joints.Newbridges offer opportunities for developing complete structural health monitoring systems for bridge inspection and condition evaluation from“cradle to grave”of the bridges. Existing bridges provide challenges for applying state-of-the-art in structural health monitoring technologies to determine the current conditions of the structural element,connections and systems, to formulate model for estimating the rate of degradation, and to predict the existing and the future capacities of the structural components and systems. Advanced health monitoring systems may lead to better understanding of structural behavior and significant improvements of design, as well as the reduction of the structural inspection requirements. Great benefits due to the introduction of SHM are being accepted by owners, managers, bridge engineers,etc..6 Research and development needsMost damage detection theories and practices are formulated based on the following assumption: that failure or deterioration would primarily affect the stiffness and therefore affect the modal characteristics of the dynamic response of the structure. This is seldom true in practice, because①Traditional modal parameters (natural frequency, damping ratio and mode shapes, etc.) are not sensitive enough to identify and locate damage. The estimation methods usually assume that structures are linear and proportional damping systems.②Most currently used damage indices depend on the severity of the damage, which is impractical in the field. Most civil engineering structures, such as highway bridges, have redundancy in design and large in size with low natural frequencies. Any damage index should consider these factors.③Scaledmodelingtechniques are used in currentbridge damage detection. Asingle beam/girder models cannot simulate the true behavior of a real bridge. Similitude laws for dynamic simulation and testing should be considered.④Manymethods usually use the undamaged structural modal parameters as the baseline comparedwith the damaged information. This will result in the need of a large data storage capacity for complex structures. But in practice,there are majority of existing structures for which baseline modal responses are not available. Only one developed method(StubbsandKim (1996)), which tried to quantify damagewithout using a baseline, may be a solution to this difficulty. There is a lot of researchwork to do in this direction.⑤Seldommethods have the ability to distinguish the type of damages on bridge structures. To establish the direct relationship between the various damage patterns and the changes of vibrational signatures is not a simple work.Health monitoring requires clearly defined performance criteria, a set of corresponding condition indicators and global and local damage and deterioration indices, which should help diagnose reasons for changes in condition indicators. It is implausible to expect that damage can be reliably detected or tracked byusing a single damage index. We note that many additional localized damage indiceswhich relate to highly localized properties ofmaterials or the circumstances may indicate a susceptibility of deterioration such as the presence of corrosive environments around reinforcing steel in concrete, should be also integrated into the health monitoring systems.There is now a considerable research and development effort in academia, industry, and management department regarding global healthmonitoring for civil engineering structures. Several commercial structural monitoring systems currently exist, but further development is needed in commercialization of the technology. We must realize that damage detection and health monitoring for bridge structures by means of vibration signature analysis is a very difficult task. Itcontains several necessary steps, including defining indicators on variations of structural physical condition, dynamic testing to extract such indication parameters, defining the type of damages and remaining capacity or life of the structure, relating the parameters to the defined damage/aging. Unfortunately, to date, no one has accomplished the above steps. There is a lot of work to do in future.桥梁健康监测应用与研究现状摘要桥梁损伤诊断与健康监测是近年来国际上的研究热点,在实践方面,土木工程和航空航天工程、机械工程有明显的差别,比如桥梁结构以及其他大多数土木结构,尺寸大、质量重,具有较低的自然频率和振动水平,桥梁结构的动力响应极容易受到不可预见的环境状态、非结构构件等的影响,这些变化往往被误解为结构的损伤,这使得桥梁这类复杂结构的损伤评估具有极大的挑战性.本文首先给出了结构健康监测系统的定义和基本构成,然后集中回顾和分析了如下几个方面的问题:①损伤评估的室内实验和现场测试;②损伤检测方法的发展,包括:(a)动力指纹分析和模式识别方法, (b)模型修正和系统识别方法, (c)神经网络方法;③传感器及其优化布置等,并比较和分析了各自方法的优点和不足.文中还总结了健康监测和损伤识别在桥梁工程中的应用,指出桥梁健康监测的关键问题在于损伤的自动检测和诊断,这也是困难的问题;最后展望了桥梁健康监测系统的研究和发展方向.关键词:健康监测系统;损伤检测;状态评估;模型修正;系统识别;传感器优化布置;神经网络方法;桥梁结构1概述由于不可预见的各种条件和情况下，设计和建造一个结构将永远不可能或无实践操作性，它有一个失败的概率百分之零。

CampusCraze

(origin) the three primary components of a firearm. The whole thing, complete. I want to buy the house and the furniture, lock, stock and barrel.
2. spoon-feeding
State-of-theState-of-the-art:
highest level of development, as of a device, technique, or scientific field, achieved at a particular time. . We all witness the government's strong support for the Beijing Games and the state-of-the-art facilities.
Features
Column writing:Walter Lippmann, Kenneth Crawford, Stewart Alsop, Milton Friedman, etc)
May 2005
2005 Quran desecration US soldier interrogators desecrated copies of the Quran while questioning prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay.
2. My boss has decided to send me to China to do a _________ course in Mandarin. It's very intensive - 8 hours every day for 10 days. A. crash B. fast C. speed D. high-speed

名人演讲(中英文对照)——[朱利安.阿桑格][世界为何需要“维基揭密”]JulianAssange

1.Chris Anderson: Julian, welcome.Chris Anderson：Julian，欢迎你2.It's been reported that WikiLeaks, your baby, has ... in the last few years has released more classified documents than the rest of the world's media combined.有报道说“维基揭密”——你的心血结晶在过去的几年所公布的机密文件数目超过了世界所有媒体公布数的总和3.Can that possibly be true?这有可能吗？4.Julian Assange: Yeah, can it possibly be true?Julian Assange：是的，这有可能吗？5.It's a worry -- isn't it? -- that the rest of the world's media is doing such a bad job that a little group of activists is able to release more这是个问题，不是吗？世界上的其他媒体得有多糟糕啊以至于一群社会活动家就能公开6.of that type of information than the rest of the world press combined.比世界上所有媒体加起来还要多的机密文件7.CA: How does it work?CA：这是如何运作的？8.How do people release the documents?你们是怎样公开这些文件的？9.And how do you secure their privacy?你们如何确保他们的隐私？10.JA: So these are -- as far as we can tell -- classical whistleblowers.JA：最多能告诉你们他们是传统的告密者11.And we have a number of ways for them to get information to us.我们提供一些方式让他们把信息告诉我们12.So we use just state-of-the-art encryption to bounce stuff around the Internet, to hide trails, pass it through legal jurisdictions我们运用最先进的加密方式来在网上传播信息，隐藏痕迹在司法管辖区内传递13.like Sweden and Belgium to enact those legal protections.比如瑞典和比利时以求获得法律保护14.We get information in the mail, the regular postal mail, encrypted or not, vet it like a regular news organization, format it -- which is sometimes something that's quite hard to do, 我们通过信件获得信息最普通的邮递信件不论是否加密我们和任何新闻机构一样对信息进行审查，排版尽管有时这显得相当困难15.when you're talking about giant databases of information -- release it to the public and then defend ourselves against the inevitable legal and political attacks.考虑到所涉及的透露给公众的巨大的信息量然后保护我们不受不可避免的法律和政治攻击的影响16.CA: So you make an effort to ensure the documents are legitimate.CA：所以说你们尽量保证这些文件是正确的17.But you actually almost never know who the identity of the source is.但实际上你们几乎不了解消息来源的身份？18.JA: That's right, yeah. Very rarely do we ever know.JA：没错，我们很少知道19.And if we find out at some stage then we destroy that information as soon as possible.如果在某阶段我们的确发现了其身份我们也会尽快销毁这一信息20.(Phone ring) God damn it.(电话铃声)该死！21.(Laughter) CA: I think that's the CIA asking what the code is for a TED membership.(笑声) CA：我想那是中情局在询问TED成员的代码是什么22.(Laughter) So let's take the example, actually.(笑声) 现在我们来看个实际例子23.This is something you leaked a few years ago.这是几年前泄露的消息24.If we can have this document up ...现在我们可以公布这个文件25.So this was a story in Kenya a few years ago.这是几年前发生在肯尼亚的故事26.Can you tell us what you leaked and what happened?你能告诉我们你们泄露了什么以及后来发生了些什么吗？27.JA: So this is the Kroll Report.JA：这是所谓的克勒尔报告28.This was a secret intelligence report commissioned by the Kenyan government after its election in 2004.这是一份秘密情报由肯尼亚政府在2004年大选之后授权制作的29.Prior to 2004, Kenya was ruled by Daniel arap Moi for about 18 years.2004年之前，肯尼亚在Daniel arap Moi的统治下长达18年30.He was a soft dictator of Kenya.他是肯尼亚的软独裁者****************************************************************本文来源于更多更全，请登录****************************************************************31.And when Kibaki got into power -- through a coalition of forces that were trying to clean up corruption in Kenya -- they commissioned this report,后来当Kibaki试图掌权时——他利用了试图肃清肯尼亚腐败现象的一些联合力量——他们便授权搜集了这样一份报告32.spent about two million pounds on this and an associated report.一共花费了两百万英镑在这份及另一份相关报告上33.And then the government sat on it and used it for political leverage on Moi, who was the richest man -- still is the richest man -- in Kenya.然后Kibaki政府以此为据推翻了Moi——这个自始至终的肯尼亚首富——在肯尼亚的统治34.It's the Holy Grail of Kenyan journalism.这是肯尼亚新闻界的圣杯35.So I went there in 2007, and we managed to get hold of this just prior to the election -- the national election, December 28.我2007年到了那里我们设法在大选之前得到了这份报告——全国大选定于12月28日36.When we released that report, we did so three days after the new president, Kibaki, haddecided to pal up with the man that he was going to clean out,当我们公布这份报告时正是新任总统，Kibaki 决定同那位他企图打击的人进行合作的三日之后37.Daniel arap Moi.那人即Daniel arap Moi38.So this report then became a dead albatross around president Kibaki's neck.所以这份报告在当时成为了一个致命的负担压在了Kibaki总统的身上39.CA: And -- I mean, to cut a long story short -- word of the report leaked into Kenya, not from the official media, but indirectly.CA：接下来——长话短说关于此份报告的消息在肯尼亚走漏不是通过正规媒体，而是间接地40.And in your opinion, it actually shifted the election.而以你的观点，它实际上改变了选举的进程41.JA: Yeah. So this became front page of the Guardian and was then printed in all the surrounding countries of Kenya, in Tanzanian and South African press.JA：是的，这件事上了卫报的头版然后被肯尼亚所有周边国家转载如坦桑尼亚和南非的媒体42.And so it came in from the outside.接着从外部流入肯尼亚国内43.And that, after a couple of days, made the Kenyan press feel safe to talk about it.几天之后肯尼亚的媒体认为是时候谈论此事了44.And it ran for 20 nights straight on Kenyan TV, shifted the vote by 10 percent, according to a Kenyan intelligence report, which changed the result of the election.他们通过电视对此事进行了连续二十晚的报道影响了百分之十的选票根据肯尼亚的情报报告由此改变了大选的结果45.CA: Wow, so your leak really substantially changed the world?CA：哇，所以你泄露的消息确实从实质上改变了世界？46.JA: Yep.JA：没错47.(Applause) CA: Here's -- We're going to just show a short clip from this Baghdad airstrikevideo.(掌声) CA：在这里，我们将播放一小段视频出自这份巴格达空袭录像48.The video itself is longer.这段视频本身要长一些49.But here's a short clip.这里我们只截取了一小段50.This is -- this is intense material, I should warn you.这是段很激烈的视频，我先提醒大家51.Radio: ... just fuckin', once you get on 'em just open 'em up.无线电：...去你的，对准就崩了他们52.I see your element, uh, got about four Humvees, uh, out along ...我看到你的人了，呃，大概有4辆悍马，呃，一起的53.You're clear. All right. Firing.你安全了。

艺术展览的英文作文

艺术展览的英文作文Art As A Window To The Soul: An Exploration of the Transformative Power of Art Exhibitions.In the realm of human experience, art occupies a unique space as a potent force that transcends the boundaries of language, culture, and time. Through its ability to evoke emotions, provoke thought, and inspire imagination, art serves as a transformative catalyst, shaping our perceptions and enriching our understanding of the world around us. Art exhibitions, in particular, provide a curated journey into the minds and hearts of artists, inviting us to engage with their creative visions and experience the transformative power of art firsthand.Art exhibitions have the capacity to transport us to different realms, both physical and emotional. Immersive installations, such as Yayoi Kusama's mesmerizing "Infinity Mirrors," engulf us in a surreal world of shimmering lights and kaleidoscopic patterns, blurring the distinctionbetween reality and illusion. Virtual reality experiences, like those showcased at the Barbican Centre's "Into the Unknown" exhibition, propel us into uncharted territories, where we can interact with digital artworks and explore alternative realities.Beyond their sensory impact, art exhibitions also actas portals to the past, present, and future. Historical exhibitions, like the "Tutankhamun: Treasures of the Golden Pharaoh" at the British Museum, offer a glimpse intoancient civilizations, showcasing the artistic prowess and cultural traditions of our ancestors. Contemporary exhibitions, such as the Venice Biennale, serve as a pulse-taking exercise, reflecting the latest trends and innovations in the art world and providing a glimpse into the minds of today's most influential artists.The transformative power of art exhibitions stems from their ability to challenge our preconceived notions and expand our horizons. By exposing us to diverse perspectives, artistic styles, and cultural influences, exhibitions broaden our understanding of the world and foster a senseof empathy and inclusivity. The "No Country: Contemporary Art for South and Southeast Asia" exhibition at the Guggenheim Museum in New York, for instance, showcased the vibrant and multifaceted art scene of the region, highlighting the voices and experiences of underrepresented artists.Art exhibitions also play a crucial role in the preservation and dissemination of cultural heritage. By showcasing historical and contemporary artworks side by side, exhibitions create a dialogue between different eras, highlighting the continuity and evolution of artistic traditions. The "Masterpieces of the Hermitage: The Glory of the Tsars" exhibition at the Royal Academy of Arts in London presented a stunning array of Russian art from the 18th to the 20th centuries, offering insights into the artistic and social history of one of the world's most influential cultural centers.Furthermore, art exhibitions have the power to inspire social change and promote positive values. The "Climate Change: Our Time to Act" exhibition at the Science Museumin London used art to raise awareness about the urgency of environmental issues, featuring installations that explored the impact of human activity on the planet and the need for collective action. Similarly, the "Women: New Portraits" exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery in London celebrated the achievements of women throughout history and challenged gender stereotypes, promoting a more inclusive and equitable society.In conclusion, art exhibitions are transformative spaces that offer a unique and profound experience. Through their ability to evoke emotions, provoke thought, and inspire imagination, exhibitions transport us to different realms, challenge our perspectives, and foster a deeper understanding of the world around us. They serve as portals to the past, present, and future, showcasing the artistic achievements of humanity and inspiring social change. By engaging with art exhibitions, we not only enrich our lives but also contribute to a more vibrant, inclusive, and just society.。

SEM-BCS

SAP
SAP AG 1999 / 3
Others
SAP Strategic Enterprise Management
SEM Linking strategic planning and simulation with enterprise planning
SAP SEM
Stakeholder relationship Corporate management (SRM) performance monitor (CPM)
B/S CA World America USA Canada Europe Asia
SAP AG 1999 / 6
FA Equity Liab. I/S CF
Asia
...
Region F.Area
...
...
...
Consolidation Units, Groups, Hierarchies
Method definition
Purchase
Direct Share GW-Amortn 10 years GW Account 180000
Method assignment
G1 A G2 PURCH B PURCH C EQUITY
User Programming
IF Purchase IF First_Cons ...... IF Divestiture ...... IF Equity ... ...

by task, cons unit, cons group, version for running, blocking, unblocking tasks
SAP AG 1999 / 11

State-of-the-art Software architecture

Informational content is only information when the constraints and connecting facts are factual. If a signal carries the information that P , then P is true. But a signal can have the informational content that P relative to a constraint and a connecting fact, even though P is not true. This happens when the constraint or connecting \fact" or both are not factual. We shall often use \information" more casually than this suggests, however, noting the distinction only when it is relevant to a point we are making. Incremental information contrasts with various sorts of re exive information, which are relative to constraints, but not connecting facts. Suppose that in the physician's o ce thermometers are always shaken down after they are used and stored in a cool place until their next use. Then this somewhat stronger constraint is in force:

商务英语unit5a

generous 慷慨的 grant (由政府支出的)补助金 set-up

the traditional classroom set-up 传统教室的布局
2 不诚实的计划，方案
1 机构，组织，体制
How do I know this isn't a set-up? 我如何才能知道这不是一个骗人的圈套？
4 装置，装配

3 调试，准备
Para. 3
successive 连续的
Successive governments have tried to deal with this issue. 连续几届政府都努力解决这个问题。 Some countries lack a suitable economic infrastructure. 一些国家缺乏配套的经济基础设施。
EX 1: Building Vocabulary 构建词汇 (强调词的搭配与运用) EX 2: Reading 阅读练习 (归纳段落概要) EX 3: Speaking 口语练习 (商务陈述：陈述公司迁址的六大理由，注意适当展开论述，注意语篇的完整性) EX 4: Report Writing 报告写作 (了解一般商务报告的写作要素以及表达法)
relocate to a place where cheap labor is available 更好的交通网络有利于公司的发展 have access to more skilled workers 能招收到技术工人 adopt follow-the-talent policy 实行追求人才的政策 cheaper labor costs 更廉价的劳力成本 low rates of corporate tax 较低的企业税 to get closer to the market 更接近市场

EPC 标准语段(EPO)

IndexB-series: Citation of documentsB1: documents cited in the Search ReportB2: documents cited from examiner's knowledge or further searchB3: documents found in Article 54(3) searchB4: documents cited in the descriptionB5: documents not in the state of the art (P documents)C-series: Article 54(3) EPCC1: basic objection under Article 54(3)C1a: ...where the citation is a published PCT applicationC2: position for States designated in both applicationsC3: position for the other StatesD-series: Novelty, Article 54 EPCD1:lack of novelty, opening clauseD2:lack of clarity and novelty, opening clauseD3:subject-matter of claim not newE-series: Inventive step, Article 56 EPCE1a:lack of inventive step, opening clauseE1b:lack of clarity and inventive step, opening clauseE1c:closest prior art shows...E1d:closest prior art shows... (for unclear claim)E1e:claim differs from closest prior art in that...E1f:difference between claim and prior art is...E1g:the problem to be solved may be regarded as...E1h:solution does not involve an inventive stepE2a:combination of features known from two documents is normal design option E2b:combination of all claimed features is obviousE2c:mere choice among obvious possibilitiesE2d:replacing a feature by an equivalentE2e:features known from a combination of two documents similar purpose and effectE2f:alleged commercial advantageE2g:long felt wantE2h:new use of known materialE2i:obvious selectionE2j:omission of feature is obviousDirectorate Practice and Procedure July 2005E3a:dependent claims also appear not inventiveE3b:dependent claim relates to a slight constructional changeE3c:feature of a dependent claim is knownF-series: Non-unity, Article 82 EPCF1: opening clauseF2:no further search doneF3:further search doneF5: list of inventions claimedF6: invitation to file divisional applicationF7: independent claims not linked by general inventive conceptF8: claim1 known; dependent claims not linked by general inventive conceptF9:model communication pursuant to Rule 112 EPCG-series: Article 84G1:lack of clarity, opening clauseG2:functional features in apparatus claimG3:claimed feature missing from the descriptionG4:claims unclear because of the description ("spirit of the invention")G5:concisenessG6:conciseness: warning (to be used with G5)G7:result to be achievedG8:use of vague and indefinite termsG9:embodiment does not fall within scope of the claimG10:system claims to be considered as apparatus claimsG11:no support in the description (broad scope)G12:no support in the description (definition in terms of function)G13:unclear functional featuresG14:use of relative termsG15:second medical use claimG16:essential feature missing in claimG17:registered trade mark used in claimsH-series: Article 123(2)H1:subject-matter has been addedH2:take care not to add subject-matter, generalH3:confine any new information to the letter of replyH4:deletion or modification of a claimed featureJ-series: The description, Rule 27 EPCJ1: acknowledge prior artDirectorate Practice and Procedure July 2005J1a: acknowledge prior art; indicate features of independent claim(s) known from this documentJ2: prior art described but no document referred toK-series: Form and content of the claims, Rule 29 EPCK1:R.29(1): two-part form should be usedK2:R.29(1): specific features in the incorrect part of claimK3: R.29(6): references to drawings in claimsK4: R.29(7): use reference signs in claimsK4a: R.29(7): also use reference signs in preambleK5: independent claim includes all features of another independent claimL-series: Consistency of reference signs, Rule 32 EPCL1:inconsistent use of reference signsL2:reference sign in the description does not appear in the figures and vice versa M-series: Terminology and signs, Rule 35 EPCM1:incorrect use of unitsM2:units/symbols/formula not internationally recognizedM3:terms/signs/symbols not generally accepted in the artM4:inconsistent terminologyN-series: MiscellaneousN1:proposal: dependent claims allowable if independent claim is amendedN2:proposal: a particular combination of claims is new and inventiveN2a:proposal: features of dependent claims not known from cited documentsN3:proposal: annexing copy of suggested amendmentsN4:invitation to reply: fair copies of the amendments should be filedN5a:invitation to reply: request to file new claimsN5b:invitation to reply: indicate location of basis for amendments in original applicationN5c:invitation to reply: take care not to add subject-matter when adapting description to claims to be filedN5d:invitation to reply: take care not to add subject-matter when adapting description to previously filed claimsN6:claimed matter meets Article 52(1), but...N7:full examination not possibleN8:not clear if there is any patentable subject-matterN9:amendment seems impossibleN10:reply to EESR with some objections not overcomeDirectorate Practice and Procedure July 2005N11:reply to EESR with new problemsN12:regional phase: IPER already doneN13:regional phase: additional objections (to be used with N12)N16:post-Rule 51(4): annexing copy of suggested amendmentsN17:post-Rule 51(4): amendments not allowableN18:post-Rule 51(4): resumption of examination procedureN19:referral G1/04: stay of proceedings (interpretation of the term "diagnostic method"); for use in EESRN20:information on deposited biological material is requiredZ-series: Comments on the search reportZ2:Incomplete search: many independent claims with clear indicationZ3:No search; many independent claims with no clear indicationZ4:Incomplete search: many dependent claimsZ5:Incomplete search: many alternatives within one claim; unsupported claimZ6:Incomplete search: unclear claim with Markush formula and functional definitionZ7:Incomplete search: statements of desiderataZ8:Incomplete search: reach-through claims with support by examplesZ9:No search: reach-through claims without supportZ10:Incomplete search: parametric definitionsZ11:Incomplete search: novelty overflowDirectorate Practice and Procedure July 2005B-series:Citation of documentsB1Reference is made to the following document/s; the numbering will be adhered to in the rest of the procedure:D .....B2The following document/s (D) is/are cited by the examiner (see the Guidelines, C-VI, 8.7). A copy/Copies of the document/s is/are annexed to the communication and the numbering will be adhered to in the rest of the procedure:D ....B3The following document/s (D) was/were found in a search of the state of the art in accordance with Article 54(3) EPC. A copy/Copies of the document/s is/are annexed to the communication and the numbering will be adhered to in the rest of the procedure:D .....B4The following document/s (D) has/have been cited by the applicant in the description; the numbering will be adhered to in the rest of the procedure:D ....B5The document ..A.. indicated in the search report as a P-document is not to be regarded as state of the art according to Article 54(2) EPC, as the date of priority claimed can be allowed for the relevant parts of the present application, cf. Articles 54(2) and 89 EPC.Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005C-series:Article 54(3) EPCC1The European patent application ..A.. published on ..B.. claims the priority date of ..C..Its content as filed is therefore considered as comprised in the state of the art relevant to the question of novelty, pursuant to Article 54(3) and (4) EPC. This earlier application shows: ..D..Thus, it is prejudicial to the novelty of the subject-matter of claim/s ..E.. of the present application insofar as the same Contracting State/s ..F.. is/are designated.C1AThe PCT application ..A.. published on ..B.. claims the priority date of ..C.. It has been supplied to the European Patent Office in one of its official languages and the national fee provided for in Article 22, paragraph 1 or Article 39, paragraph 1 of the Co-operation Treaty has been paid. The requirements of Article 158(2) EPC are thus fulfilled.Its content as filed is therefore considered as comprised in the state of the art relevant to the question of novelty, pursuant to Article 54(3) and (4) EPC. This earlier application shows: ..D..Thus, it is prejudicial to the novelty of the subject-matter of claim/s ..E.. of the present application insofar as the same Contracting State/s ..F.. is/are designated.C2(for use in combination with C1 or C1A)Insofar as the application concerns the Contracting State/s ..E.. which is/are designated both in the present application and in the earlier application, the following is to be noted:C3(for use in combination with C1, C1A and C2)Insofar as the application concerns the other designated Contracting States ..H.., the following is to be noted:Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005D-series:Novelty, (Article 54(1) and 54(2) EPC)D1The present application does not meet the requirements of Article 52(1) EPC, because the subject-matter of claim/s ..A.. is not new in the sense of Article 54(1) and (2) EPC.D2(for use in combination with G1)Furthermore, the above-mentioned lack of clarity notwithstanding, the subject-matter of claim/s ..A.. is not new in the sense of Article 54(1) and (2) EPC, and therefore the requirements of Article 52(1) EPC are not met.D3The document ..A.. discloses (the references in parentheses applying to this document):..B..The subject-matter of claim ..C.. is therefore not new (Article 54(1) and (2) EPC). Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005E-series: Inventive step, Article 56 EPCE1aThe present application does not meet the requirements of Article 52(1) EPC, because the subject-matter of claim/s ..A.. does not involve an inventive step in the sense of Article 56 EPC.E1b(for use in combination with G1)Furthermore, the above-mentioned lack of clarity notwithstanding, the subject-matter of claim/s ..A.. does not involve an inventive step in the sense of Article 56 EPC, and therefore the requirements of Article 52(1) EPC are not met.E1cThe document ..A.. is regarded as being the closest prior art to the subject-matter of claim..B.., and discloses (the references in parentheses applying to this document): E1dThe document ..A.. is regarded as being the closest prior art to the subject-matter of claim..B.., and insofar as this claim can be understood, this document shows the following features thereof (the references in parentheses applying to this document): E1eThe subject-matter of claim ..B.. therefore differs from this known ..D.. in that:E1fDocument ..A.., which is considered to represent the most relevant state of the art, discloses (cf. ..B..) a ..D.. from which the subject-matter of claim ..E.. differs in that... E1g (for use in combination with E1f)The problem to be solved by the present invention may therefore be regarded as ..R.. E1h(for use in combination with E1f and E1g)The solution proposed in claim ..E.. of the present application cannot be considered as involving an inventive step (Articles 52(1) and 56 EPC) for the following reasons: E2a(for use in combination with E1h)Feature ..G.. is described in document ..H.. as providing the same advantages as in the present application. The skilled person would therefore regard it as a normal/design/ option to include this feature in the ..D.. described in document ..A..in order to solve the problem posed.E2b(for use in combination with E1h)Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005In view of paragraph ..I.. above, the skilled person would regard it a normal design procedure to combine all the features set out in claim ..E.. Thus, the subject-matter of claim..E.. does not involve an inventive step and does not satisfy the criterion set forth in Articles 52(1) and 56 EPC.E2c(for use in combination with E1h)The feature ..G.. is merely one of several straightforward possibilities from which the skilled person would select, in accordance with circumstances, without the exercise of inventive skill, in order to solve the problem posed.E2d(for use in combination with E1h)It is however generally known to the person skilled in the art that the feature ..G.. is an equivalent to the feature ..J.. of document ..H.. and can be interchanged with that feature where circumstances make it desirable.E2e(for use in combination with E1f)However, these features have already been employed for the same purpose in a similar ..D.., see document ..H.., page ..L.., lines ..M.. It would be obvious to the person skilled in the art, namely when the same result is to be achieved, to apply these features with corresponding effect to a ..D.. according to document ..A.., thereby arriving at a/n ...D... according to claim ..E.. The subject-matter of claim ..E.. does therefore not involve an inventive step (Articles 52(1) and 56 EPC).E2fThe alleged commercial advantage cannot support the case for inventive step, since it has not been demonstrated that such commercial advantage is directly derivable from the technical features of the invention claimed in claim ..E..E2gThe applicant has submitted that in the period between the publication of the cited prior art document ..A.. and the application a solution to the problem to which the present invention relates was continually being sought, and that this long felt want is satisfied by the invention. The requisite means for satisfying this want were, however, available only shortly before the date of filing of the application. The objection regarding lack of inventive step is therefore maintained.E2hThe subject-matter of claim ..E.. consists merely in a new use of material ..X.., which material is known from document ..A.. This use, however, does not involve more than employment of properties of the material which are also already known from document ..A.., page ..B.., lines ..C.. Hence no inventive step is present in the subject-matter of claim ..E.., cf. the Guidelines C-IV (Annex), 1.1(iii).Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005E2iThe subject-matter of claim ..E.. consists in the selection of a ..D.. from the range of ..D.. described in document ..A.. Such a selection can only be regarded as inventive, if the ..D.. presents unexpected effects or properties in relation to the rest of the range. However, no such effects or properties are indicated in the application. Hence no inventive step is present in the subject-matter of claim ..E.. (Articles 52(1) and 56 EPC).E2jThe ..D.. according to claim ..E.. differs from that known from document ..A.. only in that the feature ..G.. has been omitted. Apart from the obviously and consequently simpler design of the ..D.., the only result of the omission of feature ..G.. is that the effect/s related to ..G.. is/are no longer present in the ..D.. according to claim ..E.. Such a simplification does not involve an inventive step (Articles 52(1) and 56 EPC). E3aDependent claim/s ..K.. does/do not appear to contain any additional features which, in combination with the features of any claim to which it/they refer/s, meet the requirements of the EPC with respect to novelty and/or inventive step, the reasons being as follows:E3b(for use in combination with E3a)In claim..K.. a slight constructional change in the ..D.. of claim ..E.. is suggested which comes within the scope of the customary practice followed by persons skilled in the art, especially as the advantages thus achieved can be readily contemplated in advance. Consequently, the subject-matter of claim ..K.. also appears to lack an inventive step.E3c(for use in combination with E3a)The feature/s of dependent claim/s ...K... have already been employed for the same purpose in a similar ..D.., see document ..H.., page ..L.., lines ..M.. It would therefore be obvious to the person skilled in the art, to apply this/these feature/s with corresponding effect to a/an ..D.. according to document ..A.., thus arriving at a/an ...D... according to claim/s ..K..Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005F-series:Non-unity, Article 82 EPCF1 (opening clause)The application lacks unity within the meaning of Article 82 EPC for the following reasons: ..A..F2(for use in combination with F1)As the applicant has not had a search report drawn up on the other invention/s (Rule 46 EPC), the application will be prosecuted on the basis of the invention in respect of which a search has already been carried out, in other words the invention first mentioned in the claims. The applicant should therefore limit the application to the invention searched and excise those parts of the application relating to the other invention/s.(add F6)F3(for use in combination with F1)The applicant has not indicated on which searched invention the further prosecution of the application should be based (cf. the Guidelines C-III, 7.10). The applicant is asked to state upon which invention further prosecution of this application should be based and to limit the application accordingly. Other inventions are to be excised from the claims, description and drawings if any.(add F6)F5(for use in combination with F1)Hence the following separate inventions or groups of inventions are not so linked as to form a single general inventive concept:1 ...2 ...3 ...The applicant is asked to state upon which invention or group of inventions further prosecution of the application should be based and to limit the application accordingly. The other invention/s or group/s of inventions is/are to be excised from the claims, description and drawings if any.(add F6)Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005F6(for addition to F2, F3 or F5)The subject-matter to be excised may be made the subject of one or more divisional applications. The divisional applications must be filed directly at the European Patent Office in Munich or its branch at The Hague and in the language of the proceedings relating to the present application, cf. Article 76(1) and Rule 4 EPC. The time limit for filing divisional applications (Rule 25(1) EPC) must be observed.F7(for addition to F1)The common concept linking together the independent claims ..A.. is the following: ..B..This common concept is not novel, see document ..C.., page ..D.., lines ..E..F8(for addition to F1)The features ..A.. of claim ..B.. are known from document ..C.. . The special technical feature/s, representing the contribution over the prior art, of claim ..B.. is/are as follows:..E..Neither this/these nor any corresponding technical feature/s is/are present in claim ..F.., so that the technical relationship between the subject-matter of claims ..B.. and ..F.. required by Rule 30 is lacking, and the requirement for unity of invention referred to in Article 82 EPC is not fulfilled.F91) In respect of the above identified European patent application, only part of theclaimed subject-matter has been searched, following an objection of lack ofunity of invention by the International Searching Authority (see Article 17(3)(a) PCT).2) In the procedure before the European Patent Office as designated/electedOffice, the Examining Division agrees with the finding of lack of unity ofinvention for the following reasons:[Insert reasons for the finding of lack of unity of invention]Directorate Practice and Procedure July 20053) In accordance with Rule 112 EPC the applicant can now obtain aEuropean search report in respect of those parts of the application which have not been searched (i.e. the "other invention(s)"), if a Europeansearch fee is paid for each invention involved (or group of inventionswithin the meaning of Article 82 EPC - hereinafter referred to as "theinvention") within a period of one month from the date of notification ofthe present communication.4) After the European search report has been drawn up in respect of the otherinvention(s), the applicant will be required to indicate on which invention hewishes further prosecution of the application to be based, and to limit theapplication accordingly.5) If the applicant does not elect to have a European search report drawn up onthe other invention(s), the application will be prosecuted on the basis of theinvention in respect of which an international search report has already beendrawn up, in other words the invention first mentioned in the claims (Article 94 and Rule 51 EPC). The applicant should therefore in this case limit theapplication to the invention searched and excise those parts of the application relating to the other inventions.[Add standard clause F6]Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005G-series:Article 84 EPCG1The application does not meet the requirements of Article 84 EPC, because claim/s ..A.. is/are not clear.G2As explained below, some of the features in the apparatus claim ..A.. relate to a method of using the apparatus rather than clearly defining the apparatus in terms of its technical features. The intended limitations are therefore not clear from this claim, contrary to the requirements of Article 84 EPC.G3The following feature/s found in claim/s ..A.. has/have been omitted from the description. It/They should therefore be added to the description to provide support for the claim/s as required by Article 84 EPC. The feature/s in question is/are: ..B..G4The /vague and imprecise/ statement in the description on page ..A.. implies that the subject-matter for which protection is sought may be different to that defined by the claims, thereby resulting in lack of clarity of the claims (Article 84 EPC) when used to interpret them (see the Guidelines, C-III, 4.3a). This statement should therefore be amended to remove this inconsistency.G5Claims ..A.. have been drafted as separate independent claims.Under Article 84 in combination with Rule 29(2) EPC an application may contain more than one independent claim in a particular category only if the subject-matter claimed falls within one or more of the exceptional situations set out in paragraphs (a), (b) or (c) of Rule 29(2) EPC. This is not the case in the present application however, for the following reason/s: ..B..G6(for use with G5)In the further prosecution of the application, failure to file an amended set of claims which complies with Rule 29(2) EPC, or to submit convincing arguments as to why the current set of claims does in fact comply with these provisions, may lead to refusal of the application under Article 97(1) EPC.G7Claim/s ..A.. does/do not meet the requirements of Article 84 EPC in that the matter for which protection is sought is not defined. The claim/s attempt/s to define the Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005subject-matter in terms of the result to be achieved. Such a definition is only allowable under the conditions elaborated in the Guidelines C-III, 4.7. In this instance, however, such a formulation is not allowable because it appears possible to define the subject-matter in more concrete terms, viz. in terms of how the effect is to be achieved.G8The term/s ..A.. used in claim/s ..B.. is/are vague and unclear and leave/s the reader in doubt as to the meaning of the technical feature/s to which it/they refer/s, thereby rendering the definition of the subject-matter of said claim/s unclear (Article 84 EPC). G9The subject-matter /described on pages ..A../and/or/shown in figures ..B../ does not fall within the scope of the claims. This inconsistency between the claims and the description leads to doubt concerning the matter for which protection is sought, thereby rendering the claims unclear (Article 84 EPC). The inconsistency should be removed/, either by amending the claims, or by deleting this subject-matter from the description and the drawings /by indicating in the description that the embodiment/s concerned do not form part of the invention but represent/s background art that /is/are useful for understanding the invention/ (see the Guidelines C-III, 4.3(iii)).G10In the European patent procedure, claims to a system are regarded as claims to an apparatus and not as claims to a method or process. Thus, in order to meet the requirements of Article 84 EPC with respect to clarity, the system claimed in claim ..A.. should be defined in terms of apparatus features and not by the steps of a method or process.G11Claim/s ..A.. is/are not supported by the description as required by Article 84 EPC, as its/their scope is broader than justified by the description and drawings. The reasons are the following: ..B..G12Claim/s ..A.. broadly define/s the following feature/s in terms of their function: ..B.. However, the description and drawings (see ..C..) convey the impression thatthis/these function/s can only be carried out in a particular way, namely by ..D.., and no alternative means are envisaged.Hence, claim/s ..A.. is/are not supported by the description as required by Article 84 Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005EPC.G13Claim/s ..A.. does/do not meet the requirements of Article 84 EPC in that the matter for which protection is sought is not clearly defined. The following functional statements do not enable the skilled person to determine which technical features are necessary to perform the stated function/s: ..B..G14The relative term/s ..A.. used in claim/s ..B.. has/have no well-recognised meaning and leave/s the reader in doubt as to the meaning of the technical feature/s to which it/they refer/s, thereby rendering the definition of the subject-matter of said claim/s unclear (Article 84 EPC).G15Second medical use claim ..A.. is not acceptable under Art. 84, EPC. The therapeutic application is functionally defined by a mechanism of action which does not allow any practical application in the form of a defined, real treatment of a pathological condition (disease) (C-IV, 4.2).The objection could be overcome by either introducing in the claims a list of pathological conditions (diseases) cited in the application, or by showing that means are available which would allow the skilled person to recognise which additional condition(s) would fall within the functional definition (C-III, 6.5).G16It is clear from the description on page/s ..A..that the following feature/s is/are essential to the definition of the invention:(1) ...(2) ...Since independent claim ..B.. does not contain this/these feature/s it does not meet the requirement following from Article 84 EPC taken in combination with Rules 29(1) and (3) EPC that any independent claim must contain all the technical features essential to the definition of the invention.G17The term/s ..D.. employed in claim/s ..B.. and appearing to be /a/ registered trade mark/s has/have no precise meaning as it/they is/are not internationally accepted as /a/ standard descriptive term/s, thereby rendering the definition of the subject-matter of this/these claim/s ..B.. unclear (Article 84 EPC; see the Guidelines, C-III, 4.5b). Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005Directorate Practice and Procedure July 2005。

state-of-art 用法

state-of-art 用法"State-of-the-art"是一个常用的英语短语，用来形容某物或某技术的最先进或最新的状态。

它可以用于描述各种不同的领域，如科技、医学、艺术和工程等。

以下是关于"state-of-the-art"的一些相关参考内容：1. 科技领域：在科技领域，"state-of-the-art"通常用来形容最新的创新技术、设备或系统。

例如："State-of-the-art artificial intelligence algorithms have revolutionized the field of natural language processing."（最先进的人工智能算法已经彻底改变了自然语言处理领域。

）这句话说明了最先进的人工智能算法正在为自然语言处理领域带来革命性变化。

2. 医学领域：在医学领域，"state-of-the-art"可以用来描述最新的诊断工具、手术技术或治疗方法。

例如："This state-of-the-art imaging technology allows doctors to detect tumors at an early stage with high accuracy."（这种最新的成像技术能够帮助医生高准确率地在早期发现肿瘤。

）这句话强调了这种最新成像技术在早期肿瘤检测中的准确性。

3. 艺术领域：在艺术领域，"state-of-the-art"可以用来形容最新的艺术作品、创作技术或展览设计等。

例如："The state-of-the-art exhibition showcases the immersive and interactive nature of contemporary art."（这个最先进的展览展示了现代艺术的沉浸式和互动性。

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering

外文翻译Geotechnical and Geological Engineering, 1994, 12, 213-217Report on the Thirteenth InternationalConference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation EngineeringThe Thirteenth International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering was held in the Ashok Hotel, New Delhi, India from 5 to 10 January 1994. It was attended by some 650 delegates; 226 from India. Japan had the second largest representation with 86 delegates. Sadly the countries of the former Soviet Union were poorly represented with only one delegate from Russia. Similarly there were no delegates from black Africa.In a departure from previous practice, the language of the conference hall was always English. French speakers would present papers in French, but their voice was not heard in the hall; instead the voice of the translator was broadcast. The French version could be heard on headsets, as could French translation of presentations in English.The technical programme of the conference consisted of five plenary sessions, each with a particular theme. These consisted of a state-of-the-art report followed by shorter presentations by four panellists selected by the organizing committee. The state-of-the-art reports were focused on a particular topic, rather than giving a general report for the overall theme of the session. No attempt was made to review the papers presented to the conference. There was no opportunity for discussion provided within these plenary sessions.In addition to the plenary session there were three discussion periods, each with four themes run as parallel sessions. Delegates could register to give a short presentation within these sessions. Some limited open discussion was allowed in some sessions.Theme A: Soil propertiesThe state-of-the-art report was given by Professor J.M. Duncan (USA) on the role of advanced constitutive formulations in solving practical problems. He dealt only with the finite element method and identified an 'advanced constitutive relationship' as nonlinear, elaseto-plastic with dilation/contraction under shear. Although nearly 2000 papers were found in the literature only 100 were identified as having a 'practical application', i.e. calculation of movements, rates of movements or pore pressures for a full-scale field installation. He reported that many analyses were limited by assuming either no or complete drainage. His conclusion was that for practical applications of advanced analyses to become more commonplace it will be necessary to be able to determine the required parameters more easily, either from conventional measurements or by easy correlations.0960-31829 1994 Chapman & Hall214 Conference reportProfessor A. Gens (Spain) discussed recent developments in sampling. Currently field testing was seen as the most important method for determining soil properties due to the problems of sample disturbance. Conventional sampling, even piston sampling, causes a reduction in effective stress in the sample and also destructuration. While the effective stress changes can be overcome by reconsolidation, loss of structure cannot be recovered. However, advanced samplers were described (Sherbrooke and Laval samplers) where the effects of disturbance can be minimized. This should bring laboratory testing back into the arena fordetermining soil properties.Professor M. Jamiolkowski (Italy) identified the most relevant applications of in situ testing as profiling, classification and assessment of spatial variability; evaluation of initial tangent stiffness, hydraulic conductivity and in situ horizontal stress; direct evaluation of bearing capacity and settlement. He suggested that in situ seismic tests and plate loading tests can give realistic values for stiffness. However, there are still uncertainties in using the self boring pressuremeter or the Marchetti dilatometer for determining aho and K o in sands. He suggested that geophysical methods using polarized shear waves could have promise in overcoming these difficulties.Professor C. Ladd (USA) discussed undrained shear strength anisotropy, comparing results from triaxial compression and extension and direct simple shear with those from the directional shear cell (in which the angle of the principal stresses can be varied). He indicated how the anisotropic strengths could be used in a slope stability analysis and identified the problem of how the angle of the principal stress and the angle of the shear surface should be related.Professor N. Sore (India) discussed time effects on the deformation behaviour of soft clay in deep excavations. Observations of the excavations for the Calcutta metro showed that faster rates of excavation led to increased settlements.Theme B: FoundationsThe state-of-the-art report was given by Professor M.F. Randolph (Australia) on design methods for pile groups and piled rafts. He suggested that the equivalent pier approach (treating the group as a region of reinforced soil) for calculating settlements gives sufficient accuracy. Nonlinear functions could be used to model single pile response. Two programs for back-analysis of pile load tests were compared. These gave different values for parameters, but were in reasonable agreement with laboratory measured values. Back-analysis gives good results for single piles but higher tangent stiffness values need to be used to match group pile results. He pointed out that for piled rafts, judicious location of the piles near the centre of the raft can be used to ensure that differential settlements are minimized.Dr R. Frank (France) discussed allowable settlements of structures and the creep settlements of foundations on sand. He reported allowable settlements and distortions given in Eurocode 7 and other values appropriate for bridges. He described long-term experiments on foundations on sand. After 10 years the settlement was 3.3 times the immediate settlement. This was significantly higher than would be produced by Burland and Burbidge's method. Professor S. Leroueil (Canada) discussed the estimation of undrained strength under embankments on soft clays. He pointed out that although methods are well established for single stage embankments, there is little experience for multistage construction. He suggested that an effective stress approach overestimates the factor of safety and would not recommendConference report 215 it. For undrained strength analysis, a Cu/a'v ratio of 0.25 had been found to be reasonable. For a total stress analysis using measured Cu values he did not recommend using laboratory values. Vane test values should not be corrected for staged embankments. He also suggestedfactors for determining Cu from piezocone tests.Professor Gopal Ranjan (India) discussed characterization of soil properties for machine foundation design. These are subjected to cyclic loading of low amplitude but with a largenumber of cycles. The parameters required were shear modulus, damping and Poisson's ratio. He pointed out that little work had been done on estimating Poisson's ratio.Professor F. Tatsuoka (Japan) examined the link between design, model tests, theories and soil properties for bearing capacity of footings on sand. He identified the limitations of classical bearing capacity theories such as strength anisotropy and progressive failure. He concluded that current bearing capacity factors appear to give sensible results by balancing the various errors! Improving only one aspect would upset the balance and would not result in an improved prediction.Theme C: Design and performance of retaining and buried structuresThe state-of-the-art report was given by Professor K. Fujita (Japan) on the subject of soft ground tunnelling and buried structures. He discussed the allowable movements which Japanese companies impose for tunnels, and the criteria others have specified for deep excavations. He noted that over a period of 20 years, improvements in construction techniques had significantly reduced allowable movements. The type of tunnelling shield affects settlements significantly. Earth pressure balance shields are being used more widely in Japan since they allow better control of settlement. He then went on to look at stresses on buried pipes. He discussed design practice, paying particular attention to the flexibility index of the pipe.Mr P. Day (South Africa) set out to discuss the influence of sequence of construction of retaining structures on adjacent buildings, but touched on this only briefly. He looked at issues such as support stiffness (lateral, vertical and flexural). He noted that flexural stiffness affects movements prior to installation of the support, while lateral stiffness has a greater effect after installation. Vertical stiffness is controlled by depth of embedment. He also discussed ground properties such as soil stiffness, in situ stress and soil mass structure on movements. He then looked at construction methods and their effect, considering overexcavation,localized collapse of the face, drilling and grouting and dewatering.Dr D.W. Hight (UK) discussed ground heave accompanying demolition or excavation in stiff clay. He used the case history of the Waterloo International Terminal, London. He examined the role of nonlinear stiffness and swelling and showed how these had been used in numerical analyses. The analyses had shown that the width of the strip being unloaded was important in limiting heave. The results had influenced the construction method which was based on the use of narrow strips. Heaves observed had been within an acceptable range.Mr M. Porsvig (Denmark) discussed the design of buried pipelines in deforming ground. He showed how the geometry of the pipe and trench could affect the loading of the pipe due to arching. A double pipe ditch or pile supported pipelines cause increased loads on pipes. He described the Danish code of practice which is based on limit state design, using partial factors. He noted that the criteria for the bottom, surround and top fills should be specified separately.described the Danish code of practice which is based on limit state design, using partial factors. He noted that the criteria for the bottom, surround and top fills should be specified separately.216 Conference reportTheme D: Embankment dams and dam foundationsProfessor P.R. Vaughan (UK) gave the state-of-the-art report on criteria for the use ofweathered rock for embankments and dams. He examined under-filled and filled packing arrangements of particles. Under-filled packing is unstable and will lead to breakdown under load. The grading will tend towards a filled packing but will not reach it. A filled grading will be produced by excavation, loading and transport but not by compaction. Certain excavation methods involving ripping produce better gradings. However, he did note that the packing arrangement was not obvious from the grading.Weathered rocks lose the dilatancy of harder rock fills but still have reasonably high strengths and also lower permeabilities. He noted that finite element analyses of Carsington Dam showed that contours of mobilized strength generally fell below a friction angle of 20 ~ for most of the fill. However, he cautioned against degradation under trafficking and compaction induced shear surfaces. While trafficking degradation was not always significant, in porous materials such as chalk or residual soil an enormous loss in strength could be produced.He also looked at compressibility of fills. The case of Roadford Dam was examined in which he suggested that the uneven settlement profile could be explained by collapse due to water infiltration, with increased settlement resulting from preferential water access.For compaction control he recommended a method specification, with testing being carried out to monitor rather than control. The possibility of varying the agreed specification as construction proceeds should be allowed for. He suggested proof rolling as a useful monitoring technique.Professor J. Brauns (Germany) discussed the control of seepage using natural filters and geosynthetics. He noted that monitoring flow rates was vital for safety. He pointed out that the classical design method did not include the filter thickness and suggested 300 x D s as a criterion. The reliability of geosynthetics was questionable due to mechanical degradation and lack of knowledge of behaviour under stress and over time.Dr M. Dolezalova (Czech Republic) discussed cracking, piping and remedial measures. She noted that over 40% of unsatisfactory behaviour in dams was caused by cracking or differential movements. She examined the different mechanisms leading to longitudinal and transverse crack patterns. Surface cracking and internal cracking do not occur together so there may be no surface expression of problems. She recommended avoidance of 'trendy' designs which focused on only one fracture mode and neglected others.Mr E.J. Loukola (Finland) looked at some difficulties arising from the interaction between the embankment and the foundation. He quoted the case of Uljua Dam in Finland where piping occurred in the foundation and propagated up into the dam.Theme E: Natural hazard mitigationThe state-of-the-art report was presented by Professor C. Viggiani (Italy) on mitigation of natural hazards such as landsliding and subsidence. He pointed out the fine distinction between natural and human-made hazards since there is rarely a hazard unless humans are involved. He differentiated between catastrophic hazards (low frequency, high magnitude events for which prediction is difficult, if not impossible) and pervasive hazards which are higher frequency, small or medium sized events. The total costs of the latter are growing Conference report 217rapidly since they are more widely distributed and their occurrence is exacerbated by human activity.He examined subsidence processes, ranging from large scale gravitational compaction to smaller scale events due to mineral extraction or sinkholes. He explained the effect of large scale subsidence of Pisa City due to pumping from deep wells and the resulting tilting of the Pisa Tower.He discussed methods of landslide hazard assessment. Geomorphological mapping was a subjective approach, whereas indirect factor mapping looked promising, although requiring large amounts of data collection. He concluded that success in hazard mitigation would not come from refinement of techniques but rather from the wider awareness of the need for hazard evaluation.Mr C. Bonnard (Switzerland) examined movement models for landslides. He discussed sources of knowledge of landslide movements from field observation to small-scale model studies. He then described the different methods for movement prediction. He suggested that it was possible to predict pre-failure conditions but once a threshold of movement was exceeded then prediction was not possible with current knowledge.Professor A. Alloko (Columbia) presented a number of case histories of landslides in Columbia. The very steep terrain produces some spectacular slips and mudslides. Professor T.L. Youd (USA) described seismic microzonation procedures for assessing earthquake induced ground failures (landslides and liquefaction). He outlined the three grade classification of hazard mapping techniques introduced by ISSMFE Technical Committee 4. Grade 1 is based on published information. Grade 2 uses unpublished site investigation data, etc. Grade 3 involves project specific mapping and/or testing. He used the case of liquefaction potential in the Portland Quadrangle, Oregon to illustrate the process.The themes of the discussion session were: ground improvement; liquefaction; geophysical methods; professional practices; computer applications; foundations of old structures and monuments; education; arid climate soils; environmental geotechnology; marine geotechnology; construction, instrumentation and real time management; roads and tracks. The most interesting and controversial of the discussion sessions was the session on geotechnical engineering education. As part of the session, Dr J.S. Steenfelt (a.k.a. Dr Tiger) and Professor N. Krebs Ovesen made an excellent humorous presentation on how not to present a conference paper. Professor A. Schofield stirred up a lot of discussion by suggesting that Coulomb had renounced cohesion. Professor D. Shields drew attention to the dreadful complacency of a profession which only educates half the population, pointing out the extremely small number of women at the conference. He also criticized the 'eurocentric' nature of the society, where few black members had positions of power.The proceedings of the conference have been published in six volumes by Oxford & IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd, New Delhi (ISBN set 81-2040854-3). The next International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering will be held in Hamburg, 8-12 September 1997.DAVID TOLL。

performance-evaluation-report-ivdd

Performance Evaluation Report (IVDD)The Performance Evaluation Report contains the methods and results regarding scientific validity, analytical performance and clinical performance.There’s a separate standard available for that: EN 13612:2002. It’s very short and doesn’t contain a whole lot of information. Additionally, there are three IMDRF guidance documents:•GHTF/SG5/N6:2012•GHTF/SG5/N7:2012•GHTF/SG5/N8:2012Product•Name: <product name>•Version: <product version>•Basic UDI-DI: <insert UDI-DI, if/when available>Mapping of Requirements to Document SectionsEN 13612:2002 Section Document Section 3.1 Responsibilities and Resources Performance Evaluation Plan3.2 Documentation Performance Evaluation Plan10 3.3 Final Assessment and Review Performance EvaluationReport (this one)7, 8, 9 4.1 Preconditions Performance EvaluationReport (this one)4.2 Evaluation Plan Performance Evaluation Plan4.3 Sites and Resources Performance Evaluation Plan4.4 Basic Design Information Performance Evaluation Plan4.5 Experimental Design Performance Evaluation Plan4.6 Performance Study Records Performance Evaluation Plan4.7 Observations and UnexpectedPerformance Evaluation Plan Outcomes4.8 Evaluation Report Performance Evaluation(all)Report (this one)5. Modifications During the PerformancePerformance Evaluation Plan Evaluation Study6. Re-evaluation Performance Evaluation Plan7. Protection and Safety of Probands Performance Evaluation Plan1. List of AbbreviationsAbbreviation ExplanationIVD MD In-vitro diagnostic medical device2. Product•Name: <product name>•Version: <product version>•Basic UDI-DI: <insert UDI-DI, if/when available>•UMDNS-Code:•GMDN-Code:3. Relevant Documents•SOP Performance Evaluation•Performance Evaluation Plan4. Intended UseCopy-paste the intended use of your device here.5. Risk AnalysisCopy-paste the summary of your Risk Analysis Report here.6. Medical Context and State of the Art6.1 Medical ContextSummarize in which medical c ontext your IVD is used. If it’s a HIV test, it may be used for screening, or maybe only for people who think they’ve recently gotten infected with HIV.6.2 State of the ArtDescribe how this is currently done. Continuing the example above: What happens currently to those patients who are screened for HIV, or those who think they’ve gotten infected? Are there any specific tests out there or is the state-of-the-art procedure another one, like (random example) doing a chest x-ray?7. Scientific ValidityThis is generally based on literature research. Whatever your IVD is measuring, the current scientific knowledge has some sort of (valid) reason for this, because it is associated to some sort of condition. Can you still follow?Here’s an example: You’ve develo ped a HIV test. Based on current scientific knowledge, it makes sense to do HIV tests on people because it’s established that HIV is a non-benign disease which will lead to AIDS some time in the future. Early detection is useful because early treatment leads to favorable outcomes. Therefore, it’s scientifically valid to do HIV tests.7.1 Scientific Validity: Literature Search MethodsDescribe your methods for your literature research for scientific validity. You’ll probably have a list of keywords which you’ll be entering in certain databases (or other literature sources).Some example literature sources from guidance document GHTF/SG5/N7:2012:•scientific databases – bibliographic (e.g. MEDLINE, EMBASE);•specialized databases (e.g. MEDION)•stematic review databases (e.g. Cochrane Collaboration);•clinical trial registers (e.g. CENTRAL, NIH);•adverse event report databases (e.g. MAUDE, IRIS)•scientific databases – bibliographic (e.g. MEDLINE, EMBASE);•specialized databases (e.g. MEDION)•systematic review databases (e.g. Cochrane Collaboration);•clinical trial registers (e.g. CENTRAL, NIH);•adverse event report databases (e.g. MAUDE, IRIS)•reference texts7.2 Scientific Validity: Literature Search ResultsDescribe your search results from your literature researchDatabase Search term # Hits #EvaluatedAbstracts# PotentialRelevantPublicationsDatabase Title Author Year Summary Relevant? Why?7.3 Scientific Validity: Literature Search ConclusionThis is a bit like the “discussion” section in a scientific paper. You reach some sort of conclusion, based on your literature search. In the HIV test example, this would be something like “testing for HIV is useful because HIV is the diseases which subsequently leads to AIDS, and early de tection of that is good”. 8. Analytical PerformancePretty simple. Describe the metrics by which your IVD detects whatever it should detect.In the HIV test example, those could be sensitivity / specificity values, in other words: If I use this test on 100 blood samples from different patients, what sort of analytical performance can I expect?This will require you to run your test on some sort of test set and do some analysis on those results.8.1 Analytical Performance: MethodsDescribe your methods. If you have a Machine Learning model, you could describe your test set and why you chose that specific dataset as test set. You could also describe the metrics by which you evaluate the performance of your ML model.8.2 Analytical Performance: ResultsDescribe your results. Again, similar to a peer-reviewed paper.9. Clinical PerformanceSlightly harder to comprehend and a bit similar to Scientific Validity. These are the performance metrics of your product in its intended patient population.So, for the HIV te st: You’ll have some numbers for the analytical performance, but that’s only on the “reagent” level. What are the metrics when you actually use that test on real people? There’s probably a different sensitivity / specificity. Maybe certain comorbidities (like other viral diseases) may lead to false-positive test results. So, this is like analytical performance, but in the real world, on real patients.You can also do a literature research for this, or do a clinical performance study.9.1 Clinical Performance: MethodsDescribe the methods of your clinical performance evaluation.9.2 Clinical Performance: ResultsDescribe your results.10. ConclusionConclude why your IVD is safe and effective to use. It makes sense to refer to your intended use, the risks in your risk analysis, and the scientific validity, analytical performance and clinical performance.11. Dates and SignaturesDate and sign the plan. If your document management system supports it, you can digitally sign by typing e.g. your initials in the “Signature” field. Otherwise, you can still sign it the old-school way (print it and sign sheet of paper, ugh).Activitiy Name SignatureCreationReviewApproval12. Qualification of the Responsible EvaluatorsAttach CVs of the people who were involved in writing the Performance Evaluation. They must be “adequately skilled and trained”.Template Copyright . See template license.Please don’t remove this notice even if you’ve modified contents of this template.。

美术展览的英文作文怎么写

美术展览的英文作文怎么写英文：Art exhibitions are a great way to experience and appreciate different forms of art. They provide a platform for artists to showcase their work and for art enthusiasts to immerse themselves in the beauty and creativity of various art pieces.One of the most memorable art exhibitions I attended was a contemporary art show featuring works by local artists. The exhibition was held in a spacious gallery, and as soon as I entered, I was captivated by the vibrant and thought-provoking pieces on display. From abstract paintings to sculptures made from unconventional materials, the exhibition offered a diverse range of artistic expressions.One of the highlights of the exhibition was a series of mixed media artworks by a young artist named Lisa. Herpieces incorporated elements of photography, painting, and digital art, creating visually stunning compositions that conveyed powerful messages about societal issues. One of her pieces, titled "Urban Jungle," depicted the juxtaposition of nature and urban development, prompting viewers to reflect on the impact of human activities on the environment.Another artist, David, showcased a collection of minimalist sculptures that explored the concept of balance and harmony. His use of simple geometric shapes and clean lines evoked a sense of tranquility and symmetry, inviting viewers to contemplate the beauty of simplicity in art.The exhibition also featured interactive installations that encouraged audience participation. One suchinstallation invited visitors to contribute to a collaborative mural by adding their own artistic touches. It was inspiring to see people of all ages and backgrounds coming together to create a collective artwork, blurring the lines between artist and spectator.Attending this art exhibition was a truly enriching experience, as it allowed me to engage with art in a meaningful and personal way. I was able to gain insightinto the creative processes of the artists and connect with their unique perspectives. The exhibition also sparked conversations with fellow attendees, and it was fascinating to hear different interpretations and reactions to the art on display.Overall, art exhibitions serve as a platform for cultural exchange and creative exploration. They bring people together, stimulate dialogue, and foster a deeper appreciation for the arts. I look forward to attending more art exhibitions in the future and continuing to be inspired by the diverse and dynamic world of art.中文：美术展览是体验和欣赏不同形式艺术的好方法。

中考英语新闻报道分析练习题50题

中考英语新闻报道分析练习题50题1.News: “Amazing Discovery in the Amazon Rainforest”What is the main focus of this news title?A.ScienceB.SportsC.EntertainmentD.Politics答案：A。

解析：这个新闻标题中提到了“Amazing Discovery”，通常与科学相关。

B 选项sports 与该标题内容不符。

C 选项entertainment 也不符合标题所传达的信息。

D 选项politics 与该标题毫无关系。

2.News: “Star Athlete Wins Gold Medal”What does this title suggest?A.A new movie releaseB.A sports achievementC.A music concertD.An art exhibition答案：B。

解析：标题中提到“Star Athlete Wins Gold Medal”，很明显是关于体育成就。

A 选项new movie release 在标题中没有体现。

C 选项music concert 与标题无关。

D 选项art exhibition 也不符合标题内容。

3.News: “Political Turmoil in Europe”What is the topic of this news?A.EconomyB.PoliticsC.Culturecation答案：B。

解析：标题为“Political Turmoil in Europe”，明确表明主题是政治。

A 选项economy 在标题中未提及。

C 选项culture 和D 选项education 也与该标题内容不相关。

4.News: “New Technology Revolutionizes Industry”What is the main idea of this title?A.Technology innovationB.Fashion trendsC.Food industryD.Tourism development答案：A。

艺术展览英文作文

艺术展览英文作文Art exhibitions are not just displays of paintings, sculptures, and other visual artworks; they are windows to a world of creativity, culture, and human expression. These exhibitions serve as platforms where artists can showcase their talents, and where visitors can immerse themselves in the beauty and depth of various artistic mediums.The allure of an art exhibition lies in its ability to evoke emotions and stimulate thoughts. Each artwork, whether it's a vibrant painting, an intricate sculpture, or a thought-provoking installation, tells a story or conveys a message. Visitors are transported to different worlds, experiencing a range of feelings from joy and excitement to contemplation and reflection.Moreover, art exhibitions provide a unique opportunity for cultural exchange. They bring together people from diverse backgrounds, allowing them to share and appreciate different artistic styles and traditions. This exchange notonly broadens individuals' horizons but also contributes to the growth and evolution of art itself.In addition to the artistic value, exhibitions also serve as economic drivers. They attract visitors from near and far, who in turn spend money on tickets, merchandise, and local businesses. This influx of revenue can have a significant impact on the local economy, supporting artists, galleries, and other cultural institutions.However, the enchantment of art exhibitions extends beyond the gallery walls. They serve as catalysts for personal growth and transformation. Visitors are often inspired by the works they see, sparking a desire to create, express, and connect with others through art. This transformative power of art exhibitions is perhaps their most enduring legacy.In conclusion, art exhibitions are not just exhibitions; they are dynamic experiences that engage the senses,inspire the mind, and transform the soul. They are a celebration of creativity, culture, and human connection, and a reminder of the transformative power of art in our lives.**艺术展览的魔力：创意与文化的融合**艺术展览不仅仅是绘画、雕塑和其他视觉艺术作品的展示，它们还是创意、文化和人类表达方式的窗口。

第二章State-of-the-art research

Working Paper No. 06/08State-of-the-art research:Optimal investment in market-basedelectric power systemsbyEinar Hope and Frode SkjeretSNF Project No. 8600Energy Foresight ResearchThe project is financed by the Nordic Energy ResearchINSTITUTE FOR RESEARCH IN ECONOMICS AND BUSINESS ADMINISTRATIONBERGEN, APRIL 2008ISSN 0803-4928© Dette eksemplar er fremstilt etter avtalemed KOPINOR, Stenergate 1, 0050 Oslo.Ytterligere eksemplarfremstilling uten avtaleog i strid med åndsverkloven er straffbartog kan medføre erstatningsansvar.PrefaceThis paper documents the State-of-the-art research part of the research grant 06-MARK-I25 from the Nordic Energy Research to the Energy Forum EF for 2007-09, administered by the SNF. The state-of-the-art topic chosen for 2007 was “Optimal investment in market-based electric power systems: Market and regulatory issues”. A presentation of the project, with some preliminary observations and discussion, was given by the first author, Einar Hope, at the Energy Foresight Symposium (EFS) in Bergen in March 2007; see www.snf.no/energyforumef.A Reference Group was appointed for this part of the project, consisting of Professors Eirik S. Amundsen, University of Copenhagen, Fridrik Mar Baldursson, University of Iceland, Lars Bergman, Stockholm School of Economics, and Pertti Haaparanta, Helsinki School of Economics. We thank the members of the RG for constructive advice and comments.The literature survey in section 5 of the paper builds partly on SNF-report R02/08: Overview of investments in electricity assets, written by the second author of the paper, Frode Skjeret. This Report is financed by the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE) and Statnett. There is no financial overlap between that project and the present NER-project.CONTENT1. Introduction (1)2. Market characteristics and properties of electric power (3)3. Objectives and performance criteria (4)4. Potential sources of market failure for optimal electricpower investment (5)5. Investment in electric power systems: A survey of the literature (6)5.1 Investment in generation (7)5.1.1 Licensing (7)5.1.2 Profitability (7)5.1.3 Market rules and operations (8)5.1.4 Access charges (11)5.1.5 Lumpy investment (14)5.2 Investment in transmission (14)5.2.1 Licensing and public resistance (14)5.2.2 Transmission investment and transmission enhancement (15)6. Interdependencies between investment in productionand transmission (18)7.Will optimal investment occur? Some reflections (22)7.1. Investment in competitive power markets (23)7.1.1 Economies of scale and scope (23)7.1.2 Exercise of market power (24)7.1.3 Environmental effects of production and consumption of electricity(externalities) (25)7.1.4 End-use investment (26)7.2 Investment in electric power networks (28)7.2.1 Network structure and organization (28)7.3 Security of supply and regulation (30)8. Concluding remarks (32)REFERENCES (34)1. IntroductionOptimal investment in market-based electricity systems is one of the most important, complex and challenging problem presently to be faced within the realm of energy economics research, and also with regard to the operational implementation in optimal investment market design and regulation. It is complex and challenging because of the special properties and characteristics of electricity as a commodity in investment market terms, and it is important because the pressing need for new capacity investment in the electricity industry asks for optimal investment solutions with regard to quantity, quality, timing and location of specific investments.A wealth of knowledge and insights has accumulated in recent years about the experience of various countries and regions with electricity sector reform and the liberalization of electricity markets.1 The evidence of the pros and cons of power sector reform emerging from those studies is not clear-cut and uniform, but at least it should give policy reformers some guidance and understanding of how to undertake successful market and regulatory reforms in this complex sector. However, the evidence, e.g. with regard to economic efficiency gains from market reform,2 stems largely from the effects of liberalization and deregulation within power systems of a given capacity, while our experience with market-based investment for the optimal dimensioning of the capacity of a given system is much more limited. This is partly due to the fact that generally there was considerable excess capacity in the power systems exposed to liberalization prior to the market reform, and thus the reform could proceed without the investment market being put to a real test of optimal capacity dimensioning until the excess capacity more or less was absorbed by increased demand for electricity.1 Notable examples of collections of such studies are the comprehensive volumes edited by Sioshansi and Pfaffenberger (2006) and Sioshansi (2008), the five developing countries’ studies edited by Victor and Heller (2007), the Special Issues of The Energy Journal (2005) and (2008), and an issue of the periodical Economic and Political Weekly (2005), devoted to global experience with electricity market reforms. A recent up-date is Joskow (2008). For a study specifically of the experience with the Norwegian electricity market reform, see Bye and Hope (2006). There are also quite a few studies undertaken in connection with sector reform programmes, e.g. by the World Bank.2 A recent study of cost reduction in the US electric generating industry due to regulatory restructuring is Fabrizio, Rose and Wolfram (2007).1The purpose of this state-of-the-art research paper is to surveying the literature on investment in market based electricity systems as a background for identifying and discussing some important issues in the optimal design and operation of such systems. A fundamental distinction goes between the generation and trading part of the system on the one hand, or more generally the competitive system part, and the electric power network part on the other, or more generally the natural monopoly system part. Can the two parts really be analyzed separately in relation to each other or are they so intertwined that such a separation cannot be made? We survey and discuss the two parts separately, with due regard for their inherent interdependencies with regard to the optimal design and functioning of the integrated system and then discuss some of those interdependencies more specifically.3The focus of the study is on optimal investment in market-based electric power systems and not on market-based energy systems more generally. Thus, issues related e.g. to investment opportunities and investment market design deriving from horizontal diversification across the energy industry are not covered, i.e. from electricity into other energy network sectors like natural gas, district heating, oil product distribution, etc. but also to other network sectors like telecommunications and water systems, due e.g. to economies of scope; cf. the term multi-utility firms.In section 2 we list some special market characteristics and properties of electric power as a commodity and of electricity markets to be taken into consideration when discussing optimal investment in market-based electricity systems, while section 3 lists the performance criteria that we will use in the study, with economic efficiency as the overall objective. In section 4 we ask the question: why should not optimal investment occur in well-designed electric power markets and then discuss potential causes of market failure in such markets. section 5 is devoted to a survey of the literature on investment in electric power systems, where generation (production) and transmission of electric power are treated separately, while section 6 discusses interdependencies between generation and3 Already in 1983, when the discussion of a deregulation and liberalization of the electricity sector was at an early stage, Joskow and Schmalensee (1983) pointed to the crucial role of the transmission network for the efficient functioning of electric power markets and warned against liberalization of the markets without taking transmission access issues, transmission rights and network capacity constraints into account.2transmission. In section 7 we make some reflections on the basic question whether optimal investment will occur in decentralized, market-based electric power systems, ending the state-of-the-art paper with some concluding remarks in section 8.2. Market characteristics and properties of electric powerAbove we have referred to special characteristics and properties of electricity as a commodity and of electricity markets, without listing them explicitly. Some of the most important market characteristics and properties in this context are:•Electricity cannot be stored (except for water storage in hydro power based systems), and is a homogeneous product in market terms. However, technically electric power is a multi-dimensional product (energy (kWh), capacity (kW), voltage, frequency, reactive power, reliability, etc.), with implications for investment decisions in relation to stated objectives for the power system.•Supply and demand of electricity have to be balanced instantaneously by a system operator to avoid system breakdowns or delivery fallouts.•Demand for electricity is very inelastic in the short run. Demand responsiveness of consumers is limited and occurs generally with a time lag, because there is limited scope for real time pricing, particularly for small consumers, at least at the present state-of-the-art of technology and the operational design of real time pricing arrangements.•Supply of electricity is also rather inelastic in the short run, particularly when approaching capacity constraints in production. The long run price elasticity is also typically low.•Production and transmission of electricity are capital intensive and investments in capacity extensions are typically lumpy, irreversible, and long-lived. Generally, there is a fairly long gestation period for new investment, with implications, e.g., with regard to contestable entry to the market.•The technology of generation of electric power from different energy forms (hydro, nuclear, coal, oil, etc.) has different cost structures and characteristics.3Thus, the optimal composition of the production system in relation to demand is an important investment consideration.•The electricity transmission network is of fundamental importance as an instrument or facilitator for decentralised, market based transactions and the efficient functioning of electricity markets. Thus, the mechanisms determining optimal investment in the transmission network have to be clarified and understood.Prior to the early electricity market reforms of the late 1980s, many observers, particularly from the engineering side, warned strongly against any attempt at market liberalization of the electric power sector, just because of the special characteristics and properties of electricity in market terms. Even though there still are some fundamental critics and sceptics, the general attitude now, across disciplines, is that those properties should be thoroughly understood and taken due account of in the optimal design of electricity markets - short run as well as long run ones.43. Objectives and performance criteriaThe Norwegian Energy Act of 1990 can be taken as an example of a modern formulation of the legal basis for a market-based electric power system. The purpose of the Act is stated as follows:“The Act shall ensure that the generation, conversion, transmission, trading,distribution and use of energy are conducted in a way that efficiently promotes theinterests of society, which includes taking into consideration any public and privateinterests that will be affected.”The purpose is stated fairly broadly and generally, but the overriding objective is economic efficiency throughout the value chain from generation to end-use of electric power. Thus, in the standard way, the overall economic efficiency concept may be decomposed in sub-concepts or efficiency dimensions, e.g. as follows:5•Static efficiency (operation)4 For a recent, stimulating discussion on the critical side by an economist, see Timothy J. Brennan (2007).5 For a more detailed discussion of efficiency concepts in relation to electric power markets and competition, see Hope (2005).4o Cost efficiency/technical efficiency; elimination of x-inefficiency.o Optimal use of total production and network capacity.•Dynamic efficiency (investment and innovation)o Optimal dimensioning of production and network capacity.o Optimal mix of production technologies and composition of network system;optimal balance between capacity enhancing investment versus investment inflexibility in relation to demand.o Optimal introduction of new technologies and products in the value chain;incentives and capacities for innovation.o Facilitating integration of electricity markets by investment and regulation – spatially and across energy forms for electricity production – and also inrelation to other energy sectors, thereby tapping the efficiency potential in theform of economies of scale and scope through market integration.o Optimal investment in security of supply and system reliability of the electric power system.In the public debate on power market reform, the focus has often been more on the income distributional or equity aspects, e.g. concern about the consequences of high electricity prices for consumers at different income levels, than on economic efficiency considerations. Such aspects are also alluded to in the formulation of the purpose of the Norwegian Energy Act above, and even more directly, e.g. in the UK Utilities Bill. However, we take economic efficiency as the general performance standard for the discussion in this paper.64. Potential sources of market failure for optimal electric power investmentA starting point for a discussion of the optimal, operational design of investment markets for electric power could be to ask the question: why should not investment decisions in decentralized markets lead to an efficient outcome along the efficiency dimensions outlined under section 3 above? The economic response to it would be to identifying potential sources of market failure for realizing optimal investment throughout the electric power value chain6 For some discussion of efficiency versus equity objectives, see Hope (2005).from generation to end-use. A standard classification system of potential causes of market failure is as follows; indicating potential causes for electric power markets in parentheses:•Public goods aspects (security of supply, supply adequacy).•Externalities in production and consumption (green house gas emissions).•Market imperfections:o Economies of scale (natural monopoly of the transmission network).o Monopolization; exercising market power (market concentration, market dominance).o Missing markets, e.g. for capacity regulation or financial risk hedging;imperfectly functioning markets.•Regulatory imperfections (weak or improper competition policy enforcement; weak or improper incentives for investment in regulatory policy regimes).•Imperfect information (asymmetric information, e.g. between producers and consumers or between regulators and those being exposed to regulation).•Uncertainty (long pay-back period for new investment; long-lived investment).Electricity investment markets are prone to suffer from market failure over the whole spectrum of potential causes listed above. In the literature survey in section 5 we concentrate on investment properties of the market-based electricity system as such and not so much on the “surrounding” system, i.e. issues related to externalities, regulatory imperfections and other forms of policy intervention in the investment markets. There is also more emphasis on the power production and transmission parts of the value chain, and on relationships between production and transmission, than on the end-use of power part of the chain.5. Investment in electric power systems: A survey of the literature7A survey of the literature on investment in market-based electricity systems has, necessarily, to be selective. In this section we focus on investment in generation and7 The section draws heavily on Skjeret (2008).transmission, respectively, on the assumption that they can be analyzed separately, while in section 6 we discuss interdependencies between generation and transmission.5.1Investment in generationAmong the several factors that need to be taken into account when assessing optimal investment in electric power generation, five of the most important ones are discussed below.5.1.1 LicensingIn order for an investor to be able to build a generation facility, licenses from public agencies are normally required. There are many aspects of the licensing procedures that we cannot go into, e.g. the capacity and the competence of the licensing agency to handle applications in a timely fashion so that unnecessary delays in the investment process do not occur. The licensing process for investing in generation capacity today may, however, be used as a tool for assessing future generation activities, not only because one can foresee intended investment plans, but also because one may learn about the profitability of different technologies in various regions.8 This requires that the application for licenses actually describes the intentions of the investors. Further, the licensing process may be a valuable device for the system planner or operator9 to govern the future investment process on the production side. This requires though that the system planner and the licensing agencies are closely connected.105.1.2ProfitabilityAssuming that licensing is not an obstacle, private entities subject to competition must find a project profitable in order to invest in new generation capacity, and will therefore8 The deregulation of the Norwegian electricity system has recently been evaluated in ECON (2007) and Hammer (2007), also in relation to licensing. For a more general evaluation of the experience with the liberalization of the Norwegian and Nordic electricity markets, see Bye and Hope (2006 and 2007).9 System operator is here used in a transmission system operator (TSO) sense, having direct influence over transmission investment, and not in an independent operator sense (ISO), where such influence is typically more indirect. In the Norwegian system the Norwegian the energy regulator, NVE, has the main responsibility for system planning, while Statnett SF is the system operator (TSO).10 ECON (2003) discusses the relationship between a transmission system operator (Statnett SF) and generators in an investment context.look at expected future prices and costs when determining their optimal level of generation capacity. Cases where firms first invest in a certain level of production capacity and in later periods maximise profits taking the investment choices for given (during the working life of the investment) was initially analysed in Johansen (1972).Green (2006) discusses optimal investment in generation capacity using the framework of peak-load pricing. He argues that, within the framework of peak-load pricing, there are three reasons for investing in capacity. The first is the case when the market has a lower than optimal level of capacity of a particular technology. Second, if a plant is allowed to reach the end of its physical working life, it must be replaced. Third, plants need not be allowed to reach the end of their working life in equilibrium. If a more efficient plant type becomes available it may be profitable to replace the old plant type with the newer and more efficient one. Green (2007) also discusses the case of optimal plant mix in a generation market, noting that efficiency is not only restricted to the optimal level of total capacity, but also the optimal mix of the various generation technologies.5.1.3Market rules and operationsJoskow (2006) discusses incentives for investment in generation capacity, and in particular two potential impediments due to market rules and operational procedures.11 Following Cramton and Stoft (2006), he argues that spot prices cannot be expected to be high enough to provide proper incentives for investors to invest in a cost-minimising portfolio of generation assets. This is referred to as the “missing money” problem. It is also argued that the rules governing the market may be used in a less than optimal way, for instance, price caps are regarded as detrimental for investments. A part of such reasoning may also be related to regulatory uncertainty about the future development of market rules, potentially affecting prices and also the expected behaviour of transmission system operators.11 Volatile prices – a third topic mentioned by Joskow – are in some instances argued to reduce the amount of investment on the generation side of electricity markets. The example in Varian (1992), page 42 (and in most other textbooks in economics) illustrates that – since profit functions are assumed convex – uncertainty in prices will lead to a non-negative change in profits. As noted by Joskow (2006): “I do not think much of the argument that price uncertainty per se deters investment”.The second feature related to market rules and operations is the choice of how regional prices of electricity are determined. Prices are allowed to vary regionally in most deregulated electricity markets, and also access charges affect the cost of production according to where the facility is situated. The literature on regional pricing in electricity were initiated by the seminal work of Schweppe et al (1988). Following their work, Chao and Peck (1996), Cardell et al (1997) and Bushnell and Stoft (1996) apply models of Schweppe et al (1988) to study various economic aspects of transmission constrained electricity markets. The main conclusion from these models is that regional price differences will give private agents incentives to invest in areas of high prices (most likely excess demand areas), and potentially make investment in load in low-price areas. These models focus largely on how the price-mechanism in various markets (spot market, forward markets and ancillary markets) could best be organised in order to provide incentives for deregulated entities to behave competitively. Since any investment in transmission or generation (or demand) may affect regional prices, investors must also take into account the effect their investment has on prices. E.g. in Norway, zonal prices rather than nodal prices are applied. This has been analysed by Bjørndal and Jörnsten (1999) and Bjørndal et al (2002). Bjørndal et al (2002) also discuss various methods for congestion management and how these methods potentially affect prices and therefore the economic surplus of the various agents, including the system operator. They argue that the system operator may have incentives to affect the location of capacity constraints, thereby affecting the system operator’s revenue.Both arguments mentioned above (“missing money” and “market rules”) rest on three characteristics of electricity markets that may well lead to a less than optimal level of investment on the generation side. The above-mentioned impediments to investing optimally in generation technologies are further examined in Joskow (2006) who investigates characteristics of i) certain production plants, ii) market operations, iii) demand side, and iv) flow of electricity over the grid. First, a fraction of the generation capacity in most thermal electricity markets is only used in periods of peak demand, thus the revenue required to cover both production and investment costs must be earned during only a few hours each year. These plants are naturally sensitive to the level ofprices in the few hours when they are in operation, and price caps or public intervention during those hours (either on the demand or generation side) may reduce incentives to invest in these capacities.Similar arguments can be used when analysing incentives to invest in generation capacity e.g. in the hydro based Norwegian power market, both in relation to wind power and hydropower production capacity. In a hydro based system one may reason similarly in relation to storage capacity, since one optimally must store water for dry years occurring only rarely. Second, it is argued that electricity generation capacity in any one hour must be higher than the demand for electricity, in order to provide reserve capacity. Accordingly, the combined electricity market must carry an “inventory.”12 When the reserve requirements are violated, system operators take measures to increase the reserve capacity. If these measures are not properly arranged and applied, firms may not have incentives to invest in a sufficient level of capacity. For example, reserve production capacity owned and operated by the TSO can be used to affect prices. Reserve production capacity should only be used in extreme situations to deter system breakdown, and not in order to reduce prices in periods of peak demand. Third, real time pricing is in use only partially and individuals may not have the proper incentives for responding in situations of scarcity.Joskow and Tirole (2004) point up three reasons for why the demand side does not adjust consumption according to real-time prices in the wholesale electricity market. First, consumers may not have real-time meters installed. Second, if small consumers do have real-time meters installed, the cost savings from adjusting demand according to prices may be relatively small. Finally, some large consumers may find it very expensive to adjust its consumption in the short run, making them less flexible. Thus, short-term scarcity situations (in Norway, e.g. a very cold winter day) may not to a satisfactory degree reduce demand for electricity. Reliability of supply is therefore frequently in the very short term regarded as a public good (see for instance Hung-po Chao et al (2005)12 There are in principle two ways of carrying this inventory, either by purchasing generation capacity or by purchasing the right to close down consumption units.and section 7 in this paper). This problem may - in a hydro based electricity system – also be relevant in the long term, when optimal storage of electricity must be determined months prior to when the scarcity situation sets in. Finally, electricity flows according to physical laws and re-directing the flow of electricity comes at a high cost. Thus, the system operator is not adequately able to differentiate between consumers with varying degrees of marginal willingness to pay for electricity and reliability.The general impediments for investment in generation capacity will not be studied here per se; rather the implications for investment in generation will be discussed in relation to the planning of investment in transmission capacity. The general literature on investment in electricity is to a great extent concentrated to thermal production facilities; analyses of hydropower markets are found in Førsund (2007a).135.1.4Access chargesA fourth factor affecting the decisions of investing in generation capacity is the charge required for getting access to the grid. One particular concern when it comes to providing incentives for an efficient electricity market is how generators optimally should pay for costs related to connecting new production facilities to the transmission grid. If new generation capacity is connected to the grid, all regional prices – and all relative prices – are potentially affected, and may require additional transmission capacity. Access charges must therefore be arranged so that proper incentives for generation firms to invest optimally are provided.This is of general relevance for transmission grids as new production facilities are required to meet increases in demand. This is also relevant since authorities in many countries aim to give incentives for increasing the use of renewable electricity technologies in production. Of particular interest is the focus on providing incentives for the construction of wind farms located far from load centres. Access (to the grid) is a commodity that users of the grid should pay for. Since additional generation capacity13 See also Førsund (2005), von der Fehr (2005), Crampes and Moreaux (2001), Hoel (2004), and Garcia et al (2001).。

艺术评论英语作文模板

艺术评论英语作文模板英文回答：Art Critique Template。

I. Introduction。

Begin with a brief introduction to the artwork, including the artist's name, title, date of creation, and medium.State the purpose of the critique, whether it is to analyze, evaluate, or interpret the artwork.II. Formal Analysis。

Describe the artwork's physical characteristics, such as size, shape, color, texture, and composition.Use specific art terminology to analyze the elementsand principles of design employed in the work.III. Contextual Analysis。

Explore the artwork's historical, cultural, or biographical context.Discuss the artist's intentions, influences, and the prevailing artistic trends of the time.IV. Interpretation。

Offer an interpretation of the artwork's meaning, symbolism, and message.Support your interpretation with evidence from the formal and contextual analyses.Consider multiple perspectives and interpretations.V. Evaluation。

艺术批评英语作文

艺术批评英语作文Title: The Art of Art Criticism。

Art criticism is a fascinating and multifaceted discipline that delves into the intricate layers ofartistic expression. It serves as a bridge between theartist's creation and the audience's interpretation, enriching our understanding of both the artwork and the cultural context from which it emerges. In this essay, we will explore the essence of art criticism, its significance, and its various approaches.First and foremost, art criticism involves the evaluation and analysis of artworks, encompassing diverse forms such as visual arts, literature, music, and performance. Its primary goal is not merely to pass judgment but to illuminate the nuances and complexities inherent in creative endeavors. Through critical examination, art critics seek to decipher the artist's intentions, dissect the formal elements of the artwork, anddiscern its thematic underpinnings.One of the fundamental aspects of art criticism is its subjective nature. Each critic brings their unique perspective, biases, and aesthetic sensibilities to the table, influencing their interpretation of the artwork. This subjectivity underscores the richness of artistic discourse, as it fosters diverse viewpoints and dialogue. However, it also necessitates a degree of reflexivity on the part of the critic, acknowledging their own predispositions and striving for objectivity in their analysis.Moreover, art criticism serves as a vital tool for contextualizing artworks within broader social, political, and historical frameworks. By situating the artwork within its cultural milieu, critics can elucidate its significance and impact on society. This contextual understanding enables viewers to appreciate the deeper layers of meaning embedded within the artwork and grasp its relevance to contemporary issues.In contemporary art criticism, there exists a multitude of approaches and methodologies, each offering distinct insights into the artwork. Formalist criticism, for instance, focuses on the formal elements of the artwork such as composition, color, and texture, emphasizing their aesthetic qualities and intrinsic value. Meanwhile, socio-political criticism examines how artworks reflect and engage with socio-political issues, shedding light on power dynamics, identity politics, and cultural hegemony.Furthermore, psychoanalytic criticism delves into the subconscious motivations of the artist, drawing connections between the artwork and the artist's psyche. This approach seeks to uncover hidden meanings and symbolism, exploring the interplay between the conscious and unconscious mind. Additionally, postcolonial criticism interrogates the colonial legacies embedded within artworks, challenging dominant narratives and amplifying marginalized voices.In the digital age, art criticism has undergone significant transformations, with the proliferation of online platforms and social media reshaping the landscapeof artistic discourse. While traditional art criticism persists in print publications and academic journals, the rise of blogs, podcasts, and social networking sites has democratized the conversation, allowing for greater accessibility and immediacy of feedback.However, this democratization has also given rise to new challenges, such as the proliferation of amateur criticism and the prevalence of echo chambers within online communities. In an era of information overload, distinguishing between informed critique and mere opinion becomes increasingly crucial, as does fostering a culture of constructive dialogue and respectful disagreement.In conclusion, art criticism plays a pivotal role in enriching our understanding and appreciation of art. By critically engaging with artworks, we not only illuminate their aesthetic and conceptual dimensions but also interrogate the broader social, political, and cultural contexts in which they are situated. Through diverse approaches and methodologies, art criticism continues to evolve, reflecting the dynamic interplay between art andsociety.As we navigate the complexities of the contemporary art world, let us embrace the diversity of voices and perspectives that enrich our discourse, fostering a deeper appreciation for the transformative power of art.。

AccessManagementManual：访问管理手册

TR NEWS 228 SEPTEMBER–OCTOBER 200339The author is Program Director , Planning and Corridor Management,Center for UrbanT ransportation Research,University of SouthFlorida, T ampa. She is a member of the TRB Committee on Access Management.With growing congestion and traffic demand, the need for effective corridor management strategies is greater than ever. These strategiesinclude access management, which involves the systematic control of the location, spacing, design,and operation of driveways, median openings,interchanges, and street connections, as well as median and auxiliary lane treatments and the spac-ing of traffic signals.Agencies are updating or expanding access man-agement activities to realize a variety of benefits:◆Preserving or improving public safety ,◆Extending the life of major roadways,◆Reducing traffic congestion and delay ,◆Supporting alternative transportation modes,and◆Improving the appearance and quality of the built environment.In the past few decades, substantial research has advanced the state of the practice. This research,combined with new agency policies, plans, and pro-grams, has provided insights into the impacts of access management techniques, has identified best practices, and has produced guidelines. The infor-mation, however, is dispersed across a variety of sources, making it difficult for practitioners to locate, evaluate, and apply .In 1996, the TRB Committee on Access Man-agement initiated a project to compile the best information on the subject into a single, compre-hensive resource documenting the state of the art.The Access Management Manual, published by TRB in May , is the culmination of this multiyear effort.The manual was prepared by the Center for Urban Transportation Research at the University of South Florida, with oversight and assistance from the committee and its subcommittees. The FederalAccess Management ManualTRB Committee Documents the State of the ArtK R I S T I N E M .W I L L I A M SN E W T R B R E P O R TAesthetics with access management and without (inset).Why Is Access Management Necessary?Failure to manage access is associated with the following adverse social,economic,and environ-mental impacts:◆Increased numbers of vehicle crashes;◆More collisions involving pedestrians and cyclists;◆Accelerated reduction in roadway efficiency;◆Unsightly commercial strip development;◆Degradation of scenic landscapes;◆More cut-through traffic in residential areas,because arterials are overburdened;◆Homes and businesses adversely affected by the widening of roads;and◆Increased commuting time,fuel consumption,and vehicle emissions,as driveways and traffic sig-nals intensify congestion and delay along major roads.T R N E W S 228 S E P T E M B E R –O C T O B E R 200340Highway Administration provided funding for the project, and the Florida Department of Transporta-tion served as project manager.Practitioners and StakeholdersAccess management has many dimensions, cutting across jurisdictions, organizational lines, and pro-fessions. A goal of the project, therefore, was to provide information for a diverse audience.The primary audience is the practitioner engaged in access management with a state transportation agency , local government, or metropolitan planning organization (MPO), or as a consultant in planning,engineering, or urban design. The manual offers practical information about the development and implementation of programs, including corridor access management plans, codes, and access design. Another key audience consists of stakeholders,such as developers, elected and appointed officials,attorneys, and neighborhood groups involved in or affected by access management actions. The man-ual provides information to help stakeholders understand and evaluate proposed access manage-ment actions and potential alternatives. Educational information covers principles of access manage-ment, the impacts of access management tech-niques, regulatory best practices, right-of-way and legal considerations, and effective access design.T echniques and GuidanceThe Access Management Manual presents tech-niques for implementation, as well as guidance on how to develop and administer effective access management programs. The manual addresses avariety of circumstances that state, regional, and local agencies may encounter. The chapters offer practical information that draws on the knowledge of the many experienced practitioners who partic-ipated in development of the manual.In particular, the manual presents detailed infor-mation on◆Principles and effects of access management;◆Steps in developing an access management program or corridor access management plan;◆Access management techniques and their potential advantages, disadvantages, and applica-tions, with examples;◆How to develop and assign access categories to roadways;◆The role of states, MPOs, and local govern-ments;◆The interrelationship with land development and how to address access management in the con-text of comprehensive planning and land develop-ment regulation;◆The rationale for spacing standards and how to choose appropriate standards for connections,signals, corner clearance at intersections, and inter-change areas;◆Information on the location and design of access features, such as driveways, medians, auxil-iary lanes, and service roads (Figure 1);◆When to choose a median instead of a con-tinuous two-way left-turn lane;◆Case examples of agency policies, plans, prac-tices, and programs;◆State statute and regulatory prototypes;◆The permitting and administrative processes and how to handle deviations from standards;◆How to work with the public on access man-agement issues; and◆Legal considerations that guide program development and implementation.Updating and AdvancingThe manual is part of an ongoing effort by the TRB Committee on Access Management to disseminate useful, high-quality information on the state of the art. Plans are under way to promote access man-agement research and to identify best practices; case studies and field studies are being encouraged. Other initiatives look to integrate access man-agement into traditional transportation processes and programs. The committee plans to update the manual regularly , to incorporate the latest research findings and agency experiences.The Access ManagementManual is available in print and in CD-ROM from TRB [/trb/bookstore/ or call 202-339-3213;book,$80 ($60,affiliates);CD-ROM,$60($45,affiliates);book and CD-ROM,$100 ($75,affiliates)].1Introduction and Concepts 2 Effects of Access Management 3Developing a State Access Management Program4 Local and Regional Programs5 Roadway Classification and Access Categories6 Corridor Access Management Plans7 Land Development and Access 8Access Location 9 Access Spacing 10 Access Design11 Medians and Continuous T wo-Way Left-T urn Lanes12 Access Permitting13 Internal and Intergovernmental Coordination14 Public Involvement in Access Management15 Right-of-Way and Legal ConsiderationsAppendix A:Access Management T echniquesAppendix B:Case Examples of Access CategoriesAppendix C:Access Management Statute Prototypes and Regulatory Elements Appendix D:GlossaryAccess Management Manual T able of Contents。