基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

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毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文

金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。

一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。

金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。

然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。

这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。

很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。

因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。

基于单片机甲烷浓度监测的研究

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度报警监控系统，实现了数字瓦斯气体的实时监控。为实现数字化井下测控和可视化综合管理提供了切实可行的方案。关键词：浓度检测；报警检测装置；单片机
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基于单片机甲烷浓度监测的研究
朱高中
（渭南师范学院物理与电气工程学院，渭南７４０）１００

基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测系统设计

基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测系统设计作者：赵亚丽来源：《无线互联科技》2017年第10期摘要：以双波长单光路差分检测技术和谐波检测技术为基础，以MSP430单片机为核心控制部件，设计了一个甲烷浓度检测系统，实现了甲烷浓度的实时检测，给出了系统的硬件结构和软件流程图。

同时，利用光子晶体光纤和全返直角棱镜优化了气室结构，使气体吸收光程更长，提高了检测系统的灵敏度。

关键词：甲烷浓度；单片机；检测系统近年来，随着全国各行业的迅速发展，人们的生活水平得到了明显提高，但是经济迅速发展的同时带来了日益严重的环境污染问题。

其中，甲烷是主要气体污染源之一，它能加剧全球的温室效应，使空气中的氧气浓度迅速降低，从而使人窒息死亡。

此外，它又广泛存在于沼气、天然气以及煤矿当中，当其浓度达到爆炸极限后就有可能引发爆炸，极大地威胁着人身和设备安全。

因此研制一个精度高、响应速度快且能实时检测的甲烷浓度检测系统，对有效预防环境污染和瓦斯爆炸有着重要意义。

目前，常用的甲烷浓度检测方法主要有接触催化燃烧法、电化学测量法、光电离检测方法、气敏半导体检测法、红外光谱光吸收法等多种方法[1-2]，其中红外光谱吸收检测法灵敏度高、选择性强且便于维护，所以本文将其作为甲烷浓度检测系统的基本方法，以廉价的宽光谱红外热辐射光源（IR55）作为系统光源，采用差分检测和谐波检测技术相结合的方式构建了一个甲烷浓度检测系统，优化了气室结构，以期提高检测系统的灵敏度和分辨率。

1 系统硬件设计1.1 系统结构甲烷浓度检测系统主要由宽光谱红外光源、光源调制电路、气室、滤光片、光电探测器、偏置放大器、锁相放大器、单片机，射频发射模块、射频接收模块等主要部分组成，其整体框架如图1所示。

单片机通过调制电路控制宽带光源发出中心波长为1.66 μm，且正好扫描甲烷在这附近的整个吸收峰的光。

光线经气室后再经过滤光片得到中心波长相近的λ1和λ2两束光，其中λ1对应甲烷气体的吸收峰，为测量光；波长为λ2的光则不被气体吸收，为参考光。

基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测器设计

电子设计工程Electronic Design Engineering第28卷Vol.28第22期No.222020年11月Nov.2020收稿日期：2019-12-25稿件编号：201912211作者简介：贾亮（1971—），男，辽宁大石桥人，硕士，副教授。

研究方向：信号与信息处理。

在对地下矿区、污水厂等地进行甲烷浓度测量时，检测人员经常需要在一些狭小空间内作业。

由于大型检测设备难以携带，一般利用吸管抽取待测气体，再利用设备测量并记录[1]。

这种测试方法存在很大的误差，且操作繁琐。

为解决这一问题，文中采用新型的红外甲烷浓度传感器作为检测探头，设计一种基于单片机的便携式小型甲烷浓度检测器。

检测器不仅可以采集现场的甲烷浓度含量，还有简洁的交互界面方便操作，提高了工作效率，降低了人工成本，具有很好的应用市场。

1硬件设计系统整体的硬件设计框图如图1所示，整个系统以STM32F407（以下简称F407）为控制核心，外围电路由复位电路、晶振电路、电源电路和4个功能模块组成。

复位电路通过外置按钮触发整个系统复位。

晶振电路向F407提供8MHz 的时钟频率，通过内部倍频的方式转换为168MHz 的系统正常工作时钟频率。

电源电路为整个系统提供5V 和3.3V 的直流电压，使用7.5V 的锂电池组进行供电。

系统的功能模块主要分为4部分：甲烷气体浓度采集、数据存储、LCD 屏显示和图像采集。

下面分别对4个模块进行分析。

1.1浓度检测模块电路设计浓度传感器主要用于检测甲烷气体浓度，传感器采用英国Clairair 公司的高分辨率红外甲烷传感基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测器设计贾亮，张武臣（沈阳航空航天大学电子信息工程学院，辽宁沈阳110136）摘要：针对传统甲烷浓度检测器体积大，不易在狭小空间操作的问题，设计了一种基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测器。

系统程序设计基于实时多任务操作系统μC/OSⅢ进行开发，利用卡尔曼滤波算法进行数据处理。

基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测系统的设计

基于单片机的甲烷浓度检测系统的设计摘要：本文使用红外传感器捕获甲烷浓度信息，然后将其传输到A/D转换器，该转换器再将模拟信号转换为数字信号，然后传输到单片机。

当浓度高于预设定值时，液晶显示屏显示当前甲烷浓度，LED指示灯亮，蜂鸣器开始响动，换气扇开始换气，从而降低甲烷浓度，无线模块将数据传输给远端的上位机。

关键词：单片机；红外传感器；液晶显示屏；甲烷浓度检测1、引言为了解决热催化燃烧法与热导元件法进行测量存在的安全隐患的问题，本设计充分利用STC89C51单片机作为转换器核心的甲烷浓度检测系统控制器，使用红外线传感器进行甲烷浓度检测，利用红外测量的方法，既解决了热催化燃烧法无法进行甲烷浓度高于4%的测量，又解决了热导元件法只适用于甲烷浓度高于5%的检测，完成了全浓度量程检测，且使用寿命长，不易照成元件损坏，在很大程度上既节约了成本，又保证了人员安全。

2、系统总体设计甲烷浓度检测系统方案如图1。

单片机作为核心控制单元，采用电源供电模块给整个系统供电，按键输入模块设定报警预定值，该系统的基本工作方式是：通过利用红外探测器收集沼气和矿洞中的甲烷气体的密度，将模拟值传送到A/D变换器，通过A/D变换器把该模拟值变换成数字值，然后发送到MCU。

图1 甲烷浓度检测系统方案设计3、系统的硬件设计甲烷浓度检测系统中硬件部分设计，主要按照系统的结构框图和设计要求进行设计，并且要结合设备参数进行电路设计，使各个模块都能完整的表现在电路上，发挥其应有的作用。

3.1甲烷浓度检测模块电路设计甲烷浓度检测模块电路如图2，由于NDIR红外传感器输出的是模拟量，因此需要把检测结果通过芯片ADC0832转换为数字量，再传给单片机进行处理。

NDIR红外传感器的“2”口的连接主要是为甲烷传感器的正常运作提供一个额定电源，VCC操作时接+5V电源。

NDIR红外传感器1口与A/D转换器的GND引脚相连，起到一个接地保护的作用。

NDIR红外传感器3口的连接主要是将传感器得到的模拟信号传输给ADC0832然后进行模数转换。

基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计

基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计
郑耀添
【期刊名称】《微计算机信息》
【年(卷),期】2008(0)5
【摘要】本文开展了作为电子鼻硬件平台的气体传感器阵列测试系统和高灵敏度甲烷检测系统的研究.研制成功的低功耗高灵敏度甲烷检测系统具有低功耗、智能化的特点,采用电池供电,LCD显示和USB接口,操作方便.检测仪硬件由微结构金属氧化物气体传感器阵列、气体进样装置及高速SOC单片机为核心的信号处理电路组成.在硬件设计中,着重于低功耗电路的设计,采用低功率器件和省电管理模式,使整个系统的工作功率低于1.5 W.
【总页数】3页(P76-78)
【作者】郑耀添
【作者单位】521041,广东潮州,韩山师范学院物理与电子工程系
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】TP126
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基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计

基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计
甲烷是一种常见的天然气体，广泛应用于工业生产和生活用途中。

然而，高浓度的甲烷气体对人体健康和环境造成严重危害，因此及时准确地检测甲烷气体浓度至关重要。

基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统可以实现对甲烷气体浓度的监测和报警，为人们提供安全保障。

首先，一个高效可靠的甲烷检测系统需要具备快速响应的能力。

在空气中甲烷气体浓度超过一定阈值时，系统应能够迅速发出警报，以便人们及时采取措施。

基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统通过优化传感器与单片机之间的通信协议，实现了对甲烷浓度的实时监测，并能够在瞬间作出响应，保障了系统的高效性。

其次，甲烷检测系统的准确性也是至关重要的。

传统的甲烷检测方法可能存在误差较大的情况，影响了检测结果的可靠性。

基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统采用了先进的数字信号处理技术和智能算法，通过对传感器采集的数据进行精准分析和处理，提高了检测结果的准确性和稳定性，确保了系统的可靠性。

此外，甲烷检测系统的实用性也是需要考虑的因素之一。

在实际应用中，系统需要具备便捷操作和良好的用户体验，以便用户能够轻松地使用和维护系统。

了简洁直观的用户界面，提供了多种操作方式和报警设置，方便用户根据不同需求进行调整和管理，增强了系统的实用性和用户友好性。

梳理一下本文的重点，我们可以发现，基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计充分考虑了系统的响应速度、准确性和可靠性，为用户提供了全方位的安全保障。

未来，我们还将进一步优化系统的性能和功能，提升系统的智能化水平，以满足不同用户群体的需求，促进甲烷检测技术的发展和推广。

基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计大学毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文

毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：电子信息工程班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）外文文献译文及原文院（系）：职业技术学院专业：电子信息工程基于单片机的低功耗甲烷检测系统设计技术分类：测试与测量| 2008-05-08来源：微计算机信息| 郑耀添1引言2气体检测系统表是工矿企业、社会公用事业、环境保护等领域必备的安全装备。

经过几十年的发展，在可测气体种类、测量范围、精度、稳定性、寿命等主要技术指标方面均有明显提高，随着大规模集成电路技术的发展，仪表向微型化、多参数组合与智能化方向发展。

新型甲烷气体检测系统应具有智能化的特点，能在一定其他气体干扰的情况提下工作，可以采用电子鼻。

系统的结构，通过模式识别方法辨识甲烷气体。

以小型化的电子系统为基础的甲烷气体检测系统，在设计上应考虑减小系统的体积、简化气体的进样装置和改进电路以满足低功耗要求等问题；另外便携式检测系统的操作者通常情况下是现场人员，属于非专业人员，系统的操作不能复杂，因此对于系统的人机交互功能在设计上也应得到重视。

传统的基于金属氧化物气体传感器存在气体选择性不高、抗干扰性差的问题，采用单个传感器的检测系统在检测中如果有其它气体干扰，容易出现相似的响应而出现误判。

本文所讨论基于单片机的高灵敏度甲烷检测系统是以微结构金属氧化物气体传感器阵列为敏感元件，结合模式识别技术进行甲烷气体检测的便携式系统。

整个系统由四单元传感器阵列器件、气体进样装置及高速单片机为核心的信号处理电路组成，具有体积小、准确度高、抗干扰能力强等优良性能。

本文要介绍该检测系统的工作原理和设计，着重于低功耗电路的设计。

2 检测系统基本结构由细导管、微型抽气泵和小气室组成的气体进样部分，以单片机为核心的控制、信号采集处理电路以及显示、键盘、PC接口电路，还有在PC机上运行的用于人工神经网络训练的应用软件，如图2-1所示。

基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计

基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计摘要：本文提出了一种基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统设计。

该系统主要由甲烷检测传感器、电路、51单片机控制芯片和LCD显示屏组成。

该系统能够快速、准确、稳定地检测甲烷气体的存在并进行报警提示，广泛应用于工业生产、矿山开采、油气运输以及市政环保等领域。

关键词：51单片机、甲烷检测、传感器、LCD显示屏引言：随着工业生产、矿山开采、油气运输以及市政环保等领域的不断发展，在这些领域中存在着大量甲烷气体的存在。

甲烷是一种具有易燃性和爆炸性的气体，如果不能及时检测和处理，将给生产、运输和城市居民生活带来极大的安全隐患。

目前市场上已经有许多甲烷检测系统，但是这些系统存在成本高、检测准确度低、使用寿命短等缺点。

所以，设计一种低成本、高精度、长寿命的甲烷检测系统具有重要意义。

一、系统设计：本文设计的基于51单片机的甲烷检测系统主要由甲烷检测传感器、电路、51单片机控制芯片和LCD显示屏组成。

其中，甲烷检测传感器是检测甲烷气体的重要部分。

电路主要是对传感器的输出信号进行处理，从而转化为可以被51单片机处理的信号。

51单片机控制芯片是整个系统的主要控制部分，通过对传感器信号进行分析和处理，能够实现甲烷气体的检测和报警提示。

最后，LCD显示屏用于显示甲烷气体的检测结果。

二、甲烷检测传感器：本文选用一种高灵敏度、高响应速度、高选择性的甲烷气体传感器模块。

该模块采用普通电化学传感器作为检测元件，具有灵敏度高、响应速度快、响应时间短等特点。

同时，该传感器模块还具有高稳定性、低功耗、抗干扰能力强等优点。

三、电路设计：电路主要包括前置放大、滤波处理、A/D转换和51单片机输入输出等部分。

在前置放大部分，将传感器输出信号放大，使其能够达到51单片机可以处理的电平。

在滤波处理部分，对放大后的信号进行滤波处理，去除高频噪声，保留低频信号。

在A/D转换部分，将滤波后的信号数字化，便于51单片机进行处理。

在输入输出部分，实现51单片机与LCD屏幕、蜂鸣器等外围设备的连接。

基于单片机的居室安全报警系统设计外文参考及翻译

本科生毕业设计（论文）专业外文翻译原文：Microcontroller Based Home Automation System With Security译文：基与单片机的智能家居系统与安全性指导教师：职称：副教授学生姓名：学号： 1002120106专业：电气工程及其自动化院（系）：机电工程学院2014年3月20日Microcontroller Based Home Automation System With SecurityAbstract:With advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual system. This unit talks about the basic definitions needed to understand the Project better and further defines the technical criteria to be implemented as a part of this project.Keywords-component; Automation, 8051 microcontroller, LDR,LED, ADC, Relays, LCD display, Sensors, Stepper motorI.NTRODUCTIONA home automation system integrates electrical devices in ahouse with each other. The techniques employed in home automation include those in building automation as well as the control of domestic activities, such as home entertainment systems, houseplant and yard watering, pet feeding, changing the ambiance "scenes" for different events (such as dinners or parties), and the use of domestic robots. Devices may be connected through a computer network to allow control by apersonal computer, and may allow remote access from the internet.Typically, a new home is outfitted for home automation during construction, due to the accessibility of the walls, outlets, and storage rooms, and the ability to make design changes specifically to accommodate certain technologies. Wireless systems are commonly installed when outfitting a pre-existing house, as they reduce wiring changes. These communicate through the existing power wiring, radio, or infrared signals with a central controller. Network sockets maybe installed in every room like AC power receptacles. Although automated homes of the future have been staple exhibits for World's Fairs and popular backgrounds in science fiction, complexity, competition between vendors, multiple ncompatible standards and the resulting expense have limited the penetration of home automation to homes of the wealthy or ambitious hobbyists.II.HOME AUTOMATIONHome/office automation is the control of any or all electrical devices in our home or office, whether we are there or away. Home/office automation is one of the most exciting developments in technology for the home that has come along in decades. There are hundreds of products available today that allow us control over the devices automatically, either by remote control; or even by voice command. Home automation (also called domotics) is the residential extension of "building automation". It is automation of the home,housework or household activity. Home automation may include centralized control of lighting, HV AC (heating,ventilation and air conditioning), appliances, and other systems,to provide improved convenience, comfort, energy efficiency and security. Disabled can provide increased quality of life for persons who might otherwise require caregivers or institutional care. Earlier, we looked into the face of future when we talked about automated devices, which could do anything on instigation of a controller, but today it has become a reality.III.NEED OF AUTOMATIONWith advancement of technology things are becoming simpler and easier for us. Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscularrequirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience. Automatic systems are being preferred over manual ystem. Through this project we have tried to show automatic control of a house as a result of which power is saved to some extent.a) An automated device can replace good amount of human working force, moreover humans are more prone to errors and in intensive conditions the probability of error increases whereas, an automated device can work with diligence,versatility and with almost zero error.Replacing human operators in tasks that involve hard physical or monotonous work.Replacing humans in tasks done in dangerous environments (i.e. fire, space, volcanoes, nuclear facilities,underwater, etc)Performing tasks that are beyond human capabilities of size, weight, speed, endurance, etc.Economy improvement. Automation may improve in economy of enterprises, society or most of humankind. For example, when an enterprise that has invested in automation technology recovers its investment, or when a state or country increases its income due to automation like Germany or Japan in the 20th Century.b) This is why this project looks into construction and implementation of a system involving hardware to control a variety of electrical and electronics system.IV.SUPPY UNITA.Transformer:The main source of power(Fig 1) supply is a transformer. The maximum output power of power supply is dependent on maximum output power of transformer .We determine power from its current and voltage rating. e.g.: if there is a transformer of 12V, 500mA then maximum power delivered by transformer is 6Watt.It means we can drive a load from this transformer up to 6w. In our project our maximum power requirement is 1watt. So to provide this power we use 12V/250mA transformer. The maximum output power of this transformer is 4watt.it means it can easily drive load up to 4 watt.B.RectifierRectifier is a circuit which is used to convert ac to dc.Every electronic circuit requires a dc power supply for rectification. We have used four diodes.C.Input filter:After rectification we obtain dc supply from ac but it is not pure dc it may have some ac ripples .To reduce these ripples we use filters. It comprises of two filters –low frequency ripple filter and high frequency ripple filter. To reduce low frequency ripples we use electrolytic capacitor. The voltage rating of capacitor must be double from incoming dc supply. It blocks dc and passes ripples to ground.D.RegulatorInitial stage of every electronic circuit is power supply system which provides required power to drive the whole system. The specification of power supply depends on the power requirement and this requirement is determined by its rating. The main components used in supply system are.Regulator is a device which provides constant output voltage with varying input voltage. There are two types of regulators(a) Fixed voltage regulator(b) Adjustable regulatorWe have used fixed voltage regulator LM78XX last two digits signify output voltage. The voltage for our system is 5V that is why we have used 7805 regulator which provides 5V from 12V dc.E.Output filter:It is used to filter out output ripple if any.F.Output indicationWe use LED to observe the functioning of our system. If he LED glows it confirms proper functioning of our supply.We have used four power supply units.This supply is for the microcontroller,display and relay unit.The microcontroller requires 5 volt supply to perform any desired task.G.Control UnitTwo control units were used one for internal system and one for external system and these control unit based on ATMEL’sAT89S52 microcontroller(Fig 2). The given capture shows the pins and basic requirement of microcontroller to make it functional. Detailed description of the controller is 100uf / 50v.In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software electable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPUwhile allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning.Mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next interrupt or hardware reset.The Downloadable Flash can be changed a single byte at a time and is accessible through the SPI serial interface. Holding RESET active forces the SPI bus into a serial programming interface and allows the program memory to be written to or read from unless Lock Bit 2 has been activated.H.FeaturesCompatible with MCS-51™ProductsI.8KbytesofIn-SystemDownloadable Flash MemoryReprogrammableSPI Serial Interface for Program DownloadingEndurance: 1,000 Write/Erase Cycles4.0V to5.5V Operating RangeFully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz56 x 8 bit Internal RAM32 Programmable I/O LinesThree 16 bit Timer/CountersEight Interrupt SourcesUll Duplex UART Serial ChannelLow Power Idle and Power Down ModesI .AdvantagesLess power consumptionLow costLess space requiredHigh speedFig 2-Chip BoardAT89S52 is an ATMEL controller with the core of Intel MCS-51. It has same pin configuration as give above. The AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcomputer with 8K bytes of Downloadable Flash programmable and erasable read only memory and 2K bytes of EEPROM. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry standard 80C51 instruction set and pin out. The on-chip Downloadable Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system through an SPI serial interface or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with Downloadable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly flexible and cost effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features: 8K bytes of Downloadable Flash, 2K bytes of EEPROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, programmable watchdog timer, two Data Pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vectorJ .Pin DescriptionVCC: Supply voltage. GND: Ground., Port 0: Port 0 is an 8-bit open drain bidirectional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0 pins, the pins can be used as high impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1: Port 1 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups.In addition, P1.0 and P1.1 can be configured to be the timer/counter 2 external count input (P1.0/T2) and the timer/counter 2 trigger input (P1.1/T2EX), respectively, as shown in the following table .Port 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2: Port 2 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the internal pull-ups. Port 2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that uses 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that uses 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification. Port 3 Port 3 is an 8-bit bidirectional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs,Port 3 pins that are externally being pulled low will source current (IIL) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 receives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S52.RST: Reset input. A high on this pin for two machine cycles while the oscillator is running resets the device. This pin drives high for 98 oscillator periods after the Watchdog times out. The DISRTO bit in SFR AUXR (address 8EH) can be used to disable this feature. In the default state of bit DISRTO,the RESET HIGH out feature is enabled. ALE/PROG: Address Latch Enable (ALE) is an output pulse for latching the low byte of the address during accesses to external memory. This pin is also the program pulse input (PROG) during Flash programming. In normal operation, ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency and may be used for external timing or clocking purposes. Note,however,that one ALE pulse is skipped during each access to external data memory.If desired, ALE operation can be disabled by setting bit 0 of SFR location 8EH. With the bit set, ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction. Otherwise, the pin is weakly pulled high. Setting the ALE-disable bit has no effect if the microcontroller is in external execution mode.PSEN: Program Store Enable (PSEN) is the read strobe to external program memory. When the AT89S52 is executing code from external program memory, PSEN is activated twice each machine cycle, except that two PSEN activations are skipped during each access to external data memory.EA/VPP: External Access Enable. EA must be strapped to GND in order to enable the device to fetch code from external program memory locations starting at 0000H up to FFFFH. Note, however, that if lock bit 1 is programmed, EA will be internally latched on reset. EA should be strapped to VCC for internal program executions.This pin also receives the 12-volt programming enable voltage (VPP) during Flash programming.XTAL1: Input to the inverting oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit.XTAL2: Output from the inverting oscillator amplifier.H. Display UnitFig 3-Display UnitLiquid crystal displays (LCD) is an alphanumeric display and widely used in recent years as compared to LEDs. This is due to the declining prices of LCD, the ability to display numbers, characters and graphics, incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, their by relieving the CPU of the task of refreshing the LCD and also the ease of programming for characters and graphics. We have used JHD162A advanced version of HD44780 based LCDs.V.WHAT CAN BE AUTOMATEDA.Virtually anything in the home/office that is powered by electricity can be automated and/or controlled. We can control our electrical devices. The password is given with the help of controller and can be changed by simply making a small change in the program and then burning the program in the controller.B.Counter dependent automatic switching system of roomAfter opening the lock when the person enters the room the counter gets incremented.Now if it is a day then the lights would not be switched on but if it is dark then the lights will automatically switch on. Now whatever may be the number of people entering the room the counter will automatically get incremented by itself and on leaving the room the counter will get decremented but the system will keep on working .Once the counter is zero in other words once everyone leaves the room the switching system will automatically stop working.C.Temperature controlled cooling systemOnce the person has entered the room he would not require to switch on anything everything will just happen automatically. Like if the temperature is high then the fan will switch on, on its own. Else it will remain in off state. This temperature is predefined by us in the controller. But this system will only work if there is a person in the room in other words if the counter is not zero.D.Light saving systemThis light saving system is used in two places for internal section and external section. If a person is not at home or sitting inside the room and it is dark outside then the lights will automatically get switched on and when its day the light will get switched off. This ensures power saving.Fire and Smoke sensorThis part detects any fire or smoke from a fire and set an alarm or an indication.VI. FEATURESPassword Based Locking SystemIn this system we have ensured a safe locking system. On seeing from outside the lock would not be visible but this inbuilt locking system ensures security. This lock can be opened and closed with the help of a password which we will give using a keypad. The door will only open or close only if the password is correct else it will remain in its original state. The lock cannot be broken because to the person standing Future of Automation: Future will be of Automation of all products. Each and every product will be smart devices that we use daily and that will be controlled through a smart chip called microcontrollers. Each and Every home appliances will be controlled either by PC or hand held devices like PDA or mobile handsets. Some examples of it are when you want you can switch on/off Fan of your home by mobile handset or PC.Smart Grid: Home automation technologies are viewed as integral additions to the Smart grid. The ability to control lighting, appliances, HV AC as well as Smart applications(load shedding, demand response, real-time power usage and price reporting) will become vital as Smart Grid initiatives are rolled out.VII. CONCLUSIONAn automated home can be a very simple grouping of controls, or it can be heavilyautomated where any appliance that is plugged into electrical power is remotelycontrolled. Costs mainly include equipment, components, furniture, and custom installation.Ongoing costs include electricity to run the control systems, maintenance costs for the control and networking systems, including troubleshooting, and eventual cost of upgrading as standards change. Increased complexity may also increase maintenance costs for networked devices.Learning to use a complex system effectively may take significant time and training.Control system security may be difficult and costly to maintain, especially if the control system extends beyond the home, for instance by wireless or by connection to the internet or other networks.基与单片机的智能家居系统与安全性摘要：随着技术的进步的东西变得更简单，更容易为我们服务。

单片机温湿度控制论文英文文献(基于_C8051F)中文翻译

单片机温湿度控制论文英文文献(基于_C8051F)摘要在工业生产中，温度和湿度是常见的主要操作参数，特别是在热处理行业中，温度控制变得越来越重要。

本文即从硬件和软件这两方面介绍单片机（SCM）C8051F单片机智能温湿度控制硬件的系统，并描述示意图和软件。

该设计增加了二氧化碳的整合浓度和光强度检测和必要通信功能。

这是一个更人性化，更实用智能温湿度测量。

关键字：C8051F单片机，温度和相对环境控制; C02 浓度测量;传感器; GSM1、介绍在许多环境因素的影响，温度和湿度的因素是最重要的和最难以控逆变环境因素。

在一些工业方面，对于生产某些特殊环境要求。

此外，近年来，能源和环境问题成为人们关注的热门话题，所以节能和环保保护的想法为这个设计开辟了新的观点。

本文介绍了温度的设计湿度测量系统基于单片机，并增加了C02浓度的检测功能以及强度照明，智能人机通信功能使得该系统具有一定的人性化。

通过改变参数，将其设置为适用于一般的工业生产环境的监测。

设计更加智能化，并通过微控制器和管理人员之间的沟通，更多灵活控制，更实用和更广泛应用领域。

2、整体设计建议这样的设计主要是针对智能监控工业生产环境温度和湿度，二氧化碳浓度，光照强度以及参与其他一般环境因素。

该系统可以直接实现全自动控制，管理者也可以通过GSM通信调整控制方案模块。

其中，主机采用单片机来控制控制器的命令来完成以下工作：数据采集和测试，可以通过操作员机器接口（键盘和显示器）到实现参数设定，显示和手动介入，以及其他功能。

当参数超限或意外情况（以频率为例）出现该系统应该立即自动报警，并与经理及时以解决沟通的问题。

基于单片机的整个系统，包括数据收集和测试模块，键盘输入和显示模块，GSM和报警模块。

数据采集，检测治疗可以完成收集和放大在生产各种环境模拟参数车间，其结果将反馈到单片机，其中数据来实现的AID皈依，存储和分析，并确定是否超出设定范围所收集的数据如果它是超越，什么控制方案，然后与发送短信，及时传达给管理者。

基于超低功耗单片机MSP430F4250的便携式甲烷检测仪设计

陕西国防职教研究ShaanxiGuofangVocationalEducationResearch第30卷第2期2 0 2 0年6月Vol.30No.2June.2020基于超低功耗单片机MSP430F4250的便携式甲烷检测仪设计冯波（陕西国防工业职业技术学院，陕西西安710300）摘要：本文设计实现了一款基于超低功耗单片机MSP430F4250的便携式甲烷（简称CH4）检测仪。

检测仪选用选用红外CH4传感器，将CH4浓度信号值输出为电信号，并使用4位数码管实时显示，检测精度为0.05%。

同时，用户可根据需要设置报警值，当环境CH4浓度大于等于预设的报警值时,检测仪发出报警信号％关键词：超低功耗;CH4；检测；报警中图分类号:TH83 文献标识码:A 文章编号:SY033—（2020）02 —0039 —020引言CH4属于国家提倡的清洁型能源，燃烧后产生二氧化碳（CO2）和水（H2O ），无毒无害，同时也是天然气的主要成分。

但是，当CH4但浓度过高时，由于空气中氧含量明显降低，会使人体窒息。

当空气中甲烷达25%〜30%时，可让人引起头痛、头晕、乏力、注意力不集中、呼吸和心跳加速等症状,若不及时远离，可致窒息死亡。

因此,如不能实时有效的监测其浓度,一旦发生天然气泄漏，且空气中的CH4 浓度超过临界值，则会极大可能发生中毒或爆炸等严重事故％因此，本文设计了一款基于MSP430F4250系列单片机的超低功耗、响应迅速、高可靠性的便携式CH4检测仪，能够日常生活监测需要％1系统硬件及软件设计1. 1 MCU 选型微控制器的选型直接影响检测仪的性能，考虑到超低功耗、数字接口等因素，最终选用MSP430F4250作为主控芯片。

其主要特点如下：1）供电电压范围：1.8-3. 6V %2）可使用程序设置5种低功耗模式％3） 16位Sigma-Delta 高精度ADC,带有内部参考电压,5个模拟输入通道。

智能气体检测系统外文文献翻译

智能瓦斯气体检测系统外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Chen H. Research of Intelligent Gas Detecting System [M]// Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013,3(1):268-278.英文原文Research of Intelligent Gas Detecting SystemChen HDetecting system in this paper adopts single-chip microcomputer as control computer.The overall schematic diagram of system is shown in Figure 1. The reason for selecting single-chip microcomputer as a control core is that it possesses advantages of small size, high reliability, low price which made it very suitable to be used in industries of intelligent instrument and real time control .The operating interface of system is shown in Figure 1.Number at upper right corner shows the default or user-defined gas concentration value, number at upper left corner shows detected gas concentration value. One alarm lamp is equipped. All functions are controlled by keys arranged on the control panel, including POWER key, RESET key, DA TA COLLECTION key. Other keys including ten number keys, ADJUST V ALUE key and ENTER key are used to change threshold values.Basic operating procedures are as follows: Firstly press POWER key,the system initialized. Press DA TA COLLECTION key, LED at upper right corner displays the threshold value 1.00;User can customized threshold value by press ADJUST V ALUE key and ten number keys, then press ENTER to confirm the change. System starts to detect gas concentration and display these parameters on upper left LED area, at meantime transmit real-time data by RS-485 to host computer above ground.The Hardware architecture of system mainly including main control unit, sensors and signal amplifier circuit, A/D converter module, sound-light alarming circuit, keyboard and display module, serial-communication module.Featured by high integration level, small size and low prices, Single chip microcomputer has been widely used in a broad range of industrial applications including process controlling, data collection, electromechanical integration, intelligent instrument, household appliances and network technology, and significantly improved the degree of technology and automation.Two factors are taken into account here in chip selecting, first one is anti-interference ability, increase the interferences in SCM application systems, so the SCM must have high resistance to outside interference; second one is the performance-price ratio of the SCM. Considering the aforementioned factors, we adopted the A T89S52 developed by Tamalesmain control unit, and the final scheme of main control circuit consists ofA T89S52, timer and reset circuit.A crucial issue in gas detecting system design is how to select gas sensors. Common gas sensors are metal oxide semiconductor such as tin oxide, zing oxide, titanium oxide and aluminum oxide. Problems encountered with these sensors are lack of flexibility, poor response times and operated at elevated temperature. A new method of ch4 detecting based on infrared techniques was presented in recent years, but it is still in progress and much work should be done before it can be applied to solve the practice problems.This system adopted catalytic combustion type gas sensor MC112 developed by SUNSTAR group to measure the gas (ch4) concentration. Figure 4 shows the outside view and internal circuit of MC112, table 1 lists the main technology parameters of MC112. MC112 gas detector exploits catalytic combustion principle; the two-arm bridge is comprised of measure and compensates components pairs. When it is exposed to combustible gases, measure components resistance RS increased and transmit output voltage parameter through measuring bridge, the voltageparameter is directly proportional to the gas concentration value. The compensate component works as temperature compensation and reference. Main features of MC112 include good repeatability; work stably, reliability, linear output voltage, and quick response. The mine safety rules stated that if methane gas concentration exceeds 1%, safety system should make an alert, if gas concentration exceeds 2%, all people must evacuate immediately. Since the detecting range of MC112 for low concentration Methane is 0%-2%.It is necessary to amplify the weak electrical signal detected by MC112 (1% gas concentration fluctuation will result in 16mv voltage change). The system adopted AD623 developed by AD Company as the high performance instrumentation amplifier. It has many merits: (1) output with 3-12v single supply (2) easy to modify signal gain though an external resistor, it will be act as a unit gain without external resistor and signal gain can reach to 1000 with an external resistor; (3)low power consumption, large-scale operation voltage, good linearity, good thermal stability and high reliability. The schematic diagram of signal amplifier circuit is shown in figure 4.As shown in Figure 5, this module consists of multiplexer CD4051, sampling holder LF389, A/D converter AD574A and parallel I/O chip 8255A. As a core part, AD574A is a 12-bit successive-approximation A/D converter chip with three-state buffer; its conversion time is about 25μs.AD574A can directly connected to A T89S52 without additional interface logic circuit, with internal high accuracy reference power supply and clock circuit, AD574A can operate normally without external clock source and reference power supply.Traditional LCD module is unsuitable in this system because the working environment mainly lies deep in dark coal mine tunnel. LED with soft light should be the alternative. It is suitable for the adverse circumstances under coal mine features by damp-proof, excellence temperature characteristics and long distance visual effects. In this system, a 6-bit LED is adopted to dynamically display the ch4 gas concentration value, with the segment port and bit port connected with PA port and PB port of 8155(1) separately.In keyboard input module, we arranged 13 keys including 10 number keys and “Data collection” key, “Enter” key, “reset” key. Adopted opposite direction connect method, PB port and PC port of 8155(2) connected to keyboard’s row c ircuit and column circuit respectively.The serial communications module is shown at the left part in Figure 9, signal of microcontroller is transmitted to host computer above ground by RS-485, and MAX485 is used to convert the voltage. RS-485 is a multi-point two-way half-duplex communication link based on single balanced-wire circuit featured by high noise suppression, high transfer rate, long distance transmission and Wide common-mode range, itsmaximum transfer rate reaches to 10Mbps, maximum cable distance reaches to 1200m.The primary functions of the software control system including system initializing, threshold value setting, methane gas concentration data collecting and displaying, serial communications etc. To achieve the above functions, we developed serial programs using 51 serials microcontroller assemble program language including main program, keyboard scanning program, A/D converter program, alarming program, serial communications program, data display program, system alarming diagnosis program, double-byte multiply program, triple-byte to binary-coded-decimal program and watching dog program. The system is comprised of many modules, Owing to limited space we introduce main program only. Main program initializing single chip microcomputer’s registers and I/O ports, then scanning keyboard to see if the data collection key is pressed, if no, keep scanning keyboard until data collection key is pressed. When the collection key is pressed down, default threshold value 1.00 is shown on the panel, if user wants to reset threshold value, just press the ADJUST V ALUE key to set a new value, and press ENTER key to finish this step. When ENTER key is pressed, system start the operating of data collection and A/D conversion, then transmit the converted data into binary format by calling a subprogram of double-byte multiply. We need three storage units to hold these databecause they are 24 bits data in binary format. Next, system will transmit these binary format data into binary-coded-decimal format by calling a subprogram of triple-byte to binary-coded-decimal. In the last step, comparing the value with pre-set threshold value to decide if the system should send an alarm signal. In the meantime, these data will be sending to host computer above ground through RS-485 serial communications unit. Still, the system will send a positive pulse to reset the watchdog timer every 1.6 sec. the Crystal Oscillator frequency of the SCM adopted in this system is 12MHZ, with timer/counter TO, working in mode 1(16bit timer/counter), its maximal timing interval is about 66ms, so the system will send a feeding dog signal to watch dog circuit every 66ms.In this study, an intelligent gas detecting system is presented. It can be used to real-time monitoring the methane gas concentration. The measuring scope of this system range from zero to 2 percent, the sensitivity of the sensor reach to 0.01 percent. It is equipped with the quick speed and high performance 12-bit A/D converter, the operating environment temperature ranged from -20℃~+70℃. Still this system features with high reliability, easy to operate, high performance-price ratio. In this paper, the total plan and software and hardware design of a gas detecting system are presented, by using Proteus to test hardware circuit and using Kiel to test assemble language source program, the simulation test result shows this system is of high accuracy, quickresponse and is feasible.中文译文智能瓦斯检测系统研究Chen H本文的检测系统采用单片机作为控制计算机，系统总体原理图如图1所示。

基于单片机的矿井瓦斯监测系统—毕业设计论文[管理资料]

摘要近年来，随着我国经济的快速发展，煤炭的消费量持续增长，特别是近几年，煤炭的价格在不断提升，对煤炭的产量提出了更高的要求。

但是，在实际的煤炭生产中，矿难事故不断发生。

我国煤炭生产中每年的矿难死亡人数近万人，因此，我们不得不将更多的注意力放到煤炭生产的安全方面。

矿难的原因有多种多样，其中由于瓦斯而引起的矿难事故占到了相当大的一部分。

本设计就基于AT89S52单片机的矿井瓦斯检测系统的研究。

本设计以AT89S52单片机为核心，并结合外围元件甲烷传感器、A/D转换芯片、LCD液晶显示器等组成。

设计出实现对甲烷的识别、阈值报警及浓度显示的矿井瓦斯检测系统。

它将气体的成分、浓度等有关的信息转换成电信号，从而可以进行检测、监控、报警。

目前，人们对气体传感器的测试方法主要停留在人工手动操作，因此开发出一种实用高效的智能化传感器测试装置是极为必要的。

本设计利用Protel软件设计电路，运用Keil软件对它编程，利用Proteus仿真来实现其功能。

实验证明，本设计不但操作方便，而且还能更好的防御和减少由于瓦斯而引起的矿难事故。

关键词：单片机；传感器；甲烷；报警Mine Gas Detection System Based on Single Chip DesignABSTRACTIn recent years, with China's rapid economic development, coal consumption continued to grow, especially in recent years, coal prices rising, has put forward higher requirements for the coal production. However, in the actual production of coal, coal mine accidents continue to occur. The annual coal production in China killed nearly ten thousand people, therefore, we have to pay more attention to the safety of coal production. Mine reasons are varied, which caused by the gas accidents accounted for a considerable portion of. The design is based on the research of coal mine gas detection system based on AT89S52.This design uses AT89S52 microcontroller as the core, combined with peripheral component of methane sensor, A/D converter chip, LCD liquid crystal display etc.. Design of mine gas detection system display and concentration of recognition, on methane alarm the gaseous component,the density and so on the related information transformed the electrical sinal,thus was allowed to carry on the examination,the monitoring,reports to the police;At present,the people to were mad the sensitive sensor the rest method mainly pauses is using the artificialmanual way to operate,develops one kind of practical highly effective intellectualized sensor testing device is extremely design using Portal software circuit design, using Kiel software to programming, to achieve its function by using Proteus simulation. Experiments prove that t his design not only convenient operation, but also better defense and decrease due to gas accidents.Key words: MCU; Sensor; Methane; Alarm目录摘要 (I)ABSTRACT .................................................. I I 1 绪论.. (1) (1) (1)本章小结 (2)2 矿井瓦斯检测系统的方案设计 (3)本设计的性能指标 (3)转换芯片的选择 (3)显示模块的选择 (5)传感器的选择 (9)总体结构设计 (11)本章小结 (11)3 硬件电路设计 (13) (13)AT89S52单片机简介 (13)时钟电路设计 (14)复位电路设计 (15)电源电路设计 (16)报警电路设计 (16)显示电路设计 (17)甲烷气体采集电路设计 (18)本章小结 (21)4 软件设计 (22) (19)模数转换程序设计 (19)声光报警程序设计 (24)液晶显示程序设计 (25)本章小结 (26)5 系统仿真及调试 (27)proteus简介 (27)Keil软件介绍 (27)仿真及调试过程 (28)6 存在问题及分析 (31)7 总结 (33)参考文献 (35)致谢 (37)附录A 总原理图 (39)附录B 仿真图 (41)附录C PCB图 (43)附录D 实物图 (46)附录E 总程序 (48)1 绪论随着我国经济的快速发展，煤炭的消费量持续增长，特别是近几年，煤炭的价格在不断提升，对煤炭的产量提出了更高的要求。

气体检测系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

⽓体检测系统中英⽂对照外⽂翻译⽂献中英⽂对照翻译研究智能⽓体检测系统⽂摘根据统计数据，中国近年来，煤⽓泄漏时有发⽣，对⼈⾝安全造成很⼤威胁，因此⽓体检测和监控系统是需要作为⼀个安全装置在家庭应⽤。

在本⽂中，智能⽓体检测系统的设计。

该检测仪采⽤单⽚机AT89S52为控制核⼼，采⽤催化燃烧式⽓体传感器元件MC112作为⽓体传感器（CH4）检测。

该系统的主要功能如下：浓度的实时监测CH4和显⽰的浓度值；发射声光报警信号，如果CH4浓度值超过报警值通过键盘⾯板输⼊；串⾏通信⼝发送数据地⾯以上主机。

软件调试和硬件仿真上述系统也实现在同⼀时间。

关键词：数据采集，传感器,串⾏通信,单⽚机。

在本⽂中，检测系统采⽤单⽚机作为控制计算机；整个系统的⽰意图如图1所⽰。

选择理由：单⽚机作为控制核⼼，它具有体积⼩尺⼨，⾼可靠性，低价格，使其成为⾏业使⽤⾮常合适智能仪表、实时控制领域。

系统的操作界⾯如图2所⽰。

在右上⾓号码显⽰默认的或⽤户定义的⽓体浓度值，在左上⾓显⽰检测到的⽓体浓度值。

报警灯的设置。

所有的功能通过设置控制⾯板上的按键控制，包括电源键，复位键，数据采集的关键。

其他键包括⼗个数字键，调整值键和回车键来改变阈值。

基本操作程序如下：⾸先按下电源键，系统初始化机数据采集的关键，LED在右上⾓显⽰的阈值1；⽤户可以定制阈值调整值的按键和数字键，然后按回车键确认更改。

系统开始检测⽓体浓度和上显⽰这些参左叶⾯积，同时实时数据的传输，通过RS-485总线主机地⾯上的。

3⽓体检测系统的硬件系统设计主要包括主控单元系统的硬件结构，传感器和信号放⼤电路，A/D转换模块，声光报警电路，键盘显⽰模块，串⼝通信模块。

3.1主控单元具有集成度⾼,体积⼩,价格低，单⽚机已⼴泛应⽤于⼯业过程中⼴泛应⽤包括控制，数据采集，机电⼀体化，智能仪表，家⽤电器和⽹络技术，以及显著提⾼的程度技术和⾃动化。

考虑在芯⽚选择两个因素，⼀是抗⼲扰的能⼒，提⾼单⽚机应⽤系统的⼲扰，图2. 系统运⾏界⾯图所以单⽚机必须有较⾼的外界⼲扰；⼆是单⽚机的性能价格⽐。

基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统-外文文献翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach to fire detection and monitoring systemA.J. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDD. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDM.S. Khassem, MScIndexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoringAbstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants. The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line. The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed. A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure. The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations. It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g. by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Detection and alarm devicesA basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation. An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet orinfrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detectingthe byproduct of a combustion. Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly useddetector devices. When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increasesfrom the pA to the mA range (say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA) in the active mode. Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as thosegiven in Table 1. Themore sensitive the detector, themore susceptible it is to falsealarms. In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T. The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected; smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems. In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants. Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.1.1 Control philosophy and division of labourOur control philosophy is implemented hierarchically. Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making. There is no communication between equipment on the same level. Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands. This is shown in Fig. 1 where at level 1 is thecentral station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker (when not in manual mode). At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations. At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators. A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers. Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer. Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards. Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level. This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a) When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b) The decisions have uncertainty(c) It will isolate local decisions (e.g. locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)2 General hardwareI :Fig. 2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms. The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel. This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible. However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling. In cases where reliability is of extreme importance, two or even three cables taking differentroutes throughout the system may be connected in parallel. Fig. 3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus. This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface betweenthe central station and the local stations.2. 1 Central control taskA central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the systemactivities. In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i) It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii) It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii) It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu) It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u) It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.2.2 Local stationsThe local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs. In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g. the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level; the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented. The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer. This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations. The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a) It is CMOS technology; this reduces power consumption.(b) It has a UART on board; this facilitates serial communication.(e) It has an a/d converter on board; this eliminates an external A/D.(d) It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer; this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.3 System implementationThe local station: Fig. 3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig. 4 illustrates the samecircuit in an expanded form. It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller. The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator. In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open- and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions. More information can be found in Reference 9.4 Main loop5 ConclusionThis paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers. The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making. This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making. Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so. It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations. A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10]. The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor (MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-inmonitor called Tutor. The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor. The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US N RC Regulatory Guide 1.1202 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 19823 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea. Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp. 353-3634 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’. Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp. 509-5225 CELLENTANI, E.N., and HUMPHREY, W.Y.: ‘Coordinated detection/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng.,6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’ (Motorola Sem iconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment employing serial binary data interchange’ (EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’ (Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc. thesis, Dept. of Elec. & Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 198510 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The d esign of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986译文基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统A.J. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDD. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDM.S. Khassem, MSc关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。

毕业论文外文翻译--基于MSP430F149单片机的最小系统设计及其应用

毕业设计外文资料翻译题目基于MSP430F149单片机的时钟设计专业机械设计制造及其自动化班级学生学号指导教师SmartGrid,2013,3,91-95doi:10.12677/sg.2013.33016Published Online June 2013Based on MSP430F149 SCM smallest system designand applicationByAE TuumlDepartment of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, CollegeChina University of Geosciences,430200Abstract:Single chip microcomputer minimum system, or the minimum application system, refers to the element with the least amount of single-chip microcomputer system can work. For the single chip MSP430 series Machine, the smallest system generally includes: single chip microcomputer, the power supply module, crystal vibration module, reset circuit module, JTAG interface circuit. This paper introduces the MSP430F149 single the characteristics of the machine and the minimum system based on MSP430F149 MCU design and its application, and introduces the composition and function of each module. Include digital tube display module, The LED display module, LCD liquid crystal display module, eight independent keyboard and other circuit module and extended application. The minimum system can download, online simulation and debugging, Proved by the experiment principle of correct and reliable, and can be widely used in teaching, scientific research and electronic design field. By loading the corresponding modules can be made into useful products, has the very great practicality.Keywords: MSP430; smallest system; circuit design; simulation; testBased on MSP430F149 SCM smallest system designand applicationIntroductionWith the rapid development of modern electronic technology and computer technology, microcontroller technology has penetrated into every aspect of human life, in automation, intelligent instrumentation, process control and increasing use of household appliances and many other fields, microcontroller family is becoming more and more big, more and more varieties, and in technology have distinguishing feature each, Texas instruments (TI) new MSP430F149 Single-chip low power consumption, powerful, for the majority of hardware designers.Single-chip microcomputer with necessary external device, generally including power supply into the power switch, reset circuit, crystals, input and output circuit can constitute a minimum system, such as simple structureMSP430F149 chip has 60 KB FLASH + 256 bytes, 2 karma, including the basic clock module, the watchdog timer, with three capture/compare registers and PWM output 16-bit timers, with seven capture/compare registers and PWM output, two 16 bit timer interrupt function of 8 bits parallel port, four 8-bit parallel port, analog comparator, 12 bit A/D converter, and the two serial communication interface module, etc. MSP430F149 chip has the following characteristics:(1) Low power consumption, voltage of 2.2 V, 1 MHZ clock frequency, the current activity pattern chip is 200 mu A, closed mode current is only 0.1 A;(2) Efficient 16-bit RISC CPU, 27 instruction, 8 MHZ clock frequency, the instruction cycle time Of 125 ns, the vast majority of instructions completed in one clock cycle;(3) Low voltage power supply, wide working voltage range: 1.8 ~ 3.6 V;(4)Flexible clock system: two external clock and an internal clock; (5)Low clock frequency can realize high-speed communication; (6) With serial online programming ability；(7) interrupt functions; (8) wake up time is short, wake up just from the low power mode6 mu s; (9) ESD protection, strong anti-interference; (10) fan running environment temperature - 40 ~ + 85 ℃, suitable for the industrial environment.Of all peripheral modules MSP430 series MCU control is achieved through special registers, so it is relatively easy to write. When programming development through the special programmer, you can choose to assembly or C language programming, IAR for MSP430 series MCU development the company dedicated C430 languages, can directly by the WORKBENCH and C - SPY compiler debugging, using flexible and simple.1 The minimum system designMinimum system is a necessary to ensure reliable processors work of basic circuit, including power supply module, the module of crystal vibration and reset circuit module, JTAG interface circuit, display module, etc1.1 The power supply moduleThis system need to use the + 5 V and + 3.3 V dc regulated power supply; including MSP430Fl49 and some peripheral devices need to + 3.3 V power supply, the other part need to + 5 V power supply. In this system, in order to + 5 V dc voltage for the input voltage, 3.3 V + linear step-down directly by the + 5 V.1.2 Crystal vibration moduleMSP430 series MCU clock module includes numerical control oscillator (DCO), high-Speed of crystal oscillator and crystal oscillator at low speed clock source. This is to understand System of rapid processing data and low power requirements of contradiction, through the design multiple clock source or for clock design all sorts of different working mode, can solve some Peripheral parts clock requirements of real-time applications, such as low frequency communication, LCD display, timing Device, counter, etc. Digital control oscillator DCO is integrated within the MSP430, in the system need to design high speed crystal oscillator and the low speed crystalLow-speed crystal oscillator (L X F T L) can meet the requirements of low power consumption and the use of 32.768 kHz crystal vibration. Default LFXTL oscillator work in low frequency mode, the 32.768 kHz, but can be by external 450 kHz ~ 8 MHZ crystal vibration at a high speed Oscillation device or ceramic resonator working in high frequency mode, in this system using low frequency mode Type, crystals external 2 33 PF capacitor after XIN and XOUT connected to the MCU. High-speed chip, also known as the second oscillator XT2, it in working for the MSP430F149High frequency mode provides a clock, XT2 up to 8 MHZ. XT2 adopted in the system4 MHZ crystal, XT2 external 2 33 PF capacitor after XT2IN and XT2OUT connection To the MCU.1.3 Reset circuit moduleManual reset is minimal systems commonly used functions, this system adopts the manual reset button switches and RC circuit implementation, the circuit structure is simple.1.4 The JTAG interface circuitJTAG technology is a kind of embedded debugging technology, chip internal encapsulates the special electrical test TAP (test access port), through special JTAG test tools to test and control of internal nodes, At present most of the ARM device support JTAG protocol, standard JTAG interface is 4 line; TMS (test mode selection), TCK (the clock) and TDI (test data serial input), TDO serial output (test data). JTAG interface connection there are two standards that 14 needle JTAG interface MC9328MX1 connection circuit. Is used here consists of three state output 74 hc244d eight-way buffer of 14 needle JTAG interface circuit.2 Application circuit design based on minimum system2.1 digital tube display moduleA digital tube display need 74 hc164 drive, 74 hc164 serial input and parallel output. Its parallel output actually there is a delay, just delay time is small, can be considered as parallel output. Here is the way a serial port 0, 0 is and communication of the shift register. TXD, RXD at this time is not like other ways a send, a receiver, but RXD can also input, output TXD shift pulse.Sending and receiving data must be 8, bit rate fixed is 1/12 of the crystals. When set mode 0, it is automatically put the TXD make shift pulse. In detecting RXD TXD high levels, if high level 74 hc164 study into 1, if it is a low level, enter 0.Receiving process: REN first to buy 1, then 1 TXD, read RXD condition, high level will receive 1, receive low level 0; Then pull down the TXD, after a slight delay TXD again high, read RXD, high level will receive 1, low level 0, and so on.Read until 8 bits. Send SBUF process: is sent automatically. Send 1 RXD high first, TXD again get higher; And TXD become low, send 0 RXD lower first, TXD again get higher; Then the TXD become low, and so on. This process is done automatically, need not special programming. Digital tube look from the front, the decimal point in the lower right foot, the pin above from left to right are respectively under the public side of A and B, F, G of pins from left to right, respectively, E, C, common (decimal).2.2 The LED display modulePick up a few LED through the I/O port, through the programming a simple program, which can realize the LED flashing, so as to achieve the test circuit and chip is normal.2.3 D/A conversion moduleMSP430F149 MCU with 12 bit A/D converter, but no D/A conversion, need external D/A conversion circuit. So choose DAC0832 d/a conversion chip, and UA741 high-gain general amplifier composed of d/a conversion circuit operation. UA741 chip pins as shown in figure 1.DAC0832 is 8 of D/A conversion chip. Complete compatible with microprocessor. The DA chip with its low cost, simple interface, convert the advantages of easy control, widely used in the MCU application system. D/A converter by eight input latch, 8-bit DAC registers, 8 D/A conversion circuit and control circuit.DAC0832 is sampling frequency for 8 D/A conversion chip,Integrated circuit has two levels of input register, DAC0832 chip with double buffer, single buffer and through three kinds of input methods, in order to fit for the needs of the various circuit (such as requirement asynchronous input, synchronous multi-channel D/A conversion, etc.). The 8 bit D/A converter has eight input end (where each input is one of 8 bit binary number), has an analog output. Input can have 28 = 256 different binary configuration, output is one of 256 voltage, the output voltage is not arbitrary value throughout the whole voltage range, and can only be 256 possible values.2.4 LCD display moduleA/D conversion output data, need to use the LCD display.2.5 Eight independent type keyboard moduleThe keyboard in the microcomputer application system, realize the function of the input data, transmit command, and is a major means of human intervention. Keyboard with coding and non coding keyboard, independent type button structure, matrix structure key. First, monitoring any key press, the key of closed or not, reflect on the voltage is present a high level or low level, so through the detection level of high and low status, can confirm button pressed or not. Second, determine which key is pressed.interrupt scanning way. Keyboard circuit used in hc2 74 is a high-speed Si - gate CMOS1 integration chip, the pin compatible with low power consumption. Belong to the Scotty TTL (input channel). The 74 hc21 provides 4 - input and function.2.6 The software designUsing the IAR Embedded Workbench Evaluation for MSP4305.10.1 software programming, the basic idea: the LED lights, digital tube as the main program, the 7 key as interrupt, LCD is used to enter the interrupt and A/D conversion output display output.2.7 extensionsBy extending the mouth can facilitate the single-chip microcomputer and peripheral module, resources, make full use of the chip pin real MSP430 single chip microcomputer powerful function into full play. Loading other modules in the extension mouth, through debugging, testing can produce a corresponding products on the market, strong practicability and wide prospect of market.Load on minimum system for example, a pressure sensor, electronic scale, what you can accomplish through programming, download again due to the low power consumption system, can make it portable, bring great convenience to people's life;On the basis of minimum system loads a high-precision ultrasonic ranging module, also, you can accomplish through programming, download electronic scale, so as to replace the traditional tape, tape can make up for some disadvantages; If combined with speakers, programming downloads, encapsulate the whole system into modules, can be applied to the car, when the car in the process of driving the car away from less than a certain distance, through the voice to remind the driver, please keep the vehicles, and other related applications.3 ConclusionsMinimum system can directly as a core component used in the engineering and scientific research, has good versatility and expansibility. On the basis of the minimum system, can be easily to carry on the secondary development and function extension, can shorten the development cycle, and reduce development costs. This paper realized the basic functionof the minimum system, each module of hardware circuit is introduced. And on this basis to build a simple application platform. The minimum system can be used as learning, practice teaching experiment board. Also can appropriately modify computer applied in electronic design, teaching and scientific research, industrial control and other fields, can also by loading the corresponding module, converted into useful products, put into the market.References:[1] Cao lei. MSP430 microcontroller C program design and practice [M]. BeijingUniversity of aeronautics and astronautics Press, 2007:105-2007.[2] Xiao Xing gong, strong bum then asked xiong-ying wu. MSP430 single chipmicrocomputer based and practice [M].Beijing University of aeronautics and astronautics press, 2008:84-85.[3] Texas Instr ument, MSP430x14xFamilyUser’sGuide[S].2003.(.).[4] jian-hua shen. MSP430 series 16 ultra-low power MCU principle and practice [M].Beijing University of aeronautics and astronautics press, 2008:202-202. The Modern Construction of Modern Construction.SmartGrid,2013,3,91-95doi:10.12677/sg.2013.33016Published Online June 2013基于MSP430F149单片机的最小系统设计及其应用AE TuumlDepartment of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering, CollegeChina University of Geosciences, 430200摘要：单片机最小系统，或称为最小应用系统，是指用最少的元件组成的单片机可以工作的系统。

基于单片机的甲烷自动检测报警系统

基于单片机的甲烷自动检测报警系统山璐【期刊名称】《《科技创业月刊》》【年(卷),期】2011(024)001【总页数】3页(P175-177)【关键词】单片机控制; 甲烷检测; 自动报警【作者】山璐【作者单位】江汉大学物理与信息工程学院湖北武汉 430056【正文语种】中文【中图分类】TP36随着我国经济的快速发展，煤炭的消费量持续增长，特别是近几年，煤炭的价格在不断的提升，对煤炭的产量提出了更高的要求，但是，在实际的煤矿生产中，矿难事故不断发生，我国煤炭生产中每年的矿难死亡人数近万人。

国家相关部门一直非常重视煤炭的安全生产问题。

矿难的原因有多种多样的，其中由于瓦斯爆炸而引起的矿难事故占到了相当大的一部分，因此，对瓦斯参数进行及时的检测和报警以及对其进行相应的控制措施已经是势在必行。

因此，笔者对矿井的瓦斯检测报警系统进行了相关的研究，设计了基于单片机的矿井瓦斯监测报警系统，该系统同时可以用于石油、化工等具有爆炸危险性的行业中。

矿井瓦斯是多种易燃易爆气体的总称，瓦斯的主要成分是甲烷，即CH4，当它与空气混合的百分比达到3.5％到16％时，遇到明火就会发生爆炸事故。

因此，对瓦斯的浓度进行实时的检测并进行报警或自动通风在煤矿系统中显得十分重要。

但是，对于当前我国来说，对于瓦斯的检测存在着许多的问题，例如检测元件的寿命较差，如果检测元件失效而又未能及时发现，则容易引起检测失效，从而造成事故。

另外，探测系统容易收到矿井中震动、潮湿等不良环境的影响，造成传感器零点漂移，导致传感器的工作性能不稳定。

因此，在该设计中，充分考虑了当前检测系统存在的问题，这些问题进行了重点研究和解决。

在设计中，充分考虑了现代单片机的处理技术，极大地提高了传感器的精度等级和系统工作的稳定性。

利用基于PIC单片机的软硬件结合的形式，在提高性能的同时，降低了系统的生产成本，整个系统的结构图（见图1），硬件结构主要由如下七个模块组成。

该系统采用电路软件和硬件相结合的方式，利用软件来实现硬件的功能时，相应的相应时间比用硬件实现时间相对较长，利用软件方式，可以简化硬件结构，提高硬件电路的可靠性，还可以明显的降低成本，对于本系统作用来说，相对于单片机的运算速度，瓦斯浓度的变化比较缓慢，因此，对于瓦斯监测部分，在满足可靠性和实时性的前提下尽可能的将硬件功能用软件来实现。

基于单片机的智能晾衣架控制系统的设计与实现外文文献原稿和译文

外文文献原稿和译文原稿The Description of AT89S511 General DescriptionThe AT89S51 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 4K bytes of In-System Programmable Flash memory. The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip Flash allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with In-System Programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S51 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S51 provides the following standard features: 4K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S51 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.The Idle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. The Power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillator, disabling all other chip functions until the next external interrupt or hardware reset.2 PortsPort 0 is an 8-bit open drain bi-directional I/O port. As an output port, each pin can sink eight TTL inputs. When 1s are written to port 0pins, the pins can be used as high-impedance inputs. Port 0 can also be configured to be the multiplexed low-order address/data bus during accesses to external program and data memory. In this mode, P0 has internal pull-ups. Port 0 also receives the code bytes during Flash programming and outputs the code bytes during program verification. External pull-ups are required during program verification.Port 1 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 1 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 1 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 1 pins that are externally being) because of the internal pull-ups. pulled low will source current (IILPort 1 also receives the low-order address bytes during Flash programming and verification.Port 2 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups. The Port 2 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 2 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 2 pins that are externally being) because of the internal pull-ups.Port pulled low will source current (IIL2 emits the high-order address byte during fetches from external program memory and during accesses to external data memory that use 16-bit addresses (MOVX @ DPTR). In this application, Port 2 uses strong internal pull-ups when emitting 1s. During accesses to external data memory that use 8-bit addresses (MOVX @ RI), Port 2 emits the contents of the P2 Special Function Register. Port 2 also receives the high-order address bits and some control signals during Flash programming and verification.Port 3 is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-ups.The Port 3 output buffers can sink/source four TTL inputs. When 1s are written to Port 3 pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. As inputs, Port 3 pins that are externally being) because of the pull-ups. Port 3 pulled low will source current (IILreceives some control signals for Flash programming and verification. Port 3 also serves the functions of various special features of the AT89S51, as shown in the following table.3 Special Function RegistersA map of the on-chip memory area called the Special Function Register(SFR) space is shown in Table 3-1.0F0H 0F7H0E8H 0EFH0E0H 0E7H 0D8H 0DFH 0D0H 0D7H 0C8H 0CFH0B8H 0BFH 0B0H 0B7H 0A8H 0AFH 0A0H 0A7H 98H 9FH 90H 97H 88H 8FH 80H 87HNote that not all of the addresses are occupied, and unoccupied addresses may not be implemented on the chip. Read accesses to these addresses will in general return random data, and write accesses will have an indeterminate effect.User software should not write 1s to these unlisted locations, since they may be used in future products to invoke new features. In that case, the reset or inactive values of the new bits will always be 0.Interrupt Registers: The individual interrupt enable bits are in the IE register. Two priorities can be set for each of the five interrupt sources in the IP register.Table 3-2. AUXR:Auxiliary RegisterAUXR Address=8EH ResetValue=XXX00XX0bNot Bit AddressableBitReserved for future expansionDISALE Disable/Enable ALEDISALEOperating Mode0 ALE is emitted at a constant rate of 1/6 the oscillator frequency1 ALE is active only during a MOVX or MOVC instruction DISRTO Disable/Enable Reset-outDISRTO0 Reset pin is driven High after WDT times out1 Reset pin is input onlyWDIDLE Disable/Enable WDT in IDLE modeWDIDLE0 WDT continues to count in IDLE mode1 WDT halts counting in IDLE modeDual Data Pointer Registers: To facilitate accessing both internal and external data memory, two banks of 16-bit Data Pointer Registers are provided: DP0 at SFR address locations 82H-83H and DP1 at 84H-85H. Bit DPS = 0 in SFR AUXR1 selects DP0 and DPS = 1 selects DP1. The user should always initialize the DPS bit to the appropriate value before accessing the respective Data Pointer Register.Power Off Flag: The Power Off Flag (POF) is located at bit 4 (PCON.4) in the PCON SFR. POF is set to “1”during power up. It can be set and rest under software control and is not affected by reset.4 Memory OrganizationMCS-51 devices have a separate address space for Program and Data Memory. Up to 64K bytes each of external Program and Data Memory can be addressed.4.1 Program MemoryIf the EA pin is connected to GND, all program fetches are directed, program to external memory. On the AT89S51, if EA is connected to VCCfetches to addresses 0000H through FFFH are directed to internal memory and fetches to addresses 1000H through FFFFH are directed to external memory.4.2 Data MemoryThe AT89S51 implements 128 bytes of on-chip RAM. The 128 bytes are accessible via direct and indirect addressing modes. Stack operations are examples of indirect addressing, so the 128 bytes of data RAM are available as stack space.5 Watchdog Timer (One-time Enabled with Reset-out)The WDT is intended as a recovery method in situations where the CPU may be subjected to software upsets. The WDT consists of a 14-bit counter and the Watchdog Timer Reset (WDTRST) SFR. The WDT is defaulted to disable from exiting reset. To enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. The WDT timeout period is dependent on the external clock frequency. There is no way to disable the WDT except through reset (either hardware reset or WDT overflow reset). When WDT overflows, it will drive an output RESET HIGH pulse at the RST pin.5.1 Using the WDTTo enable the WDT, a user must write 01EH and 0E1H in sequence to the WDTRST register (SFR location 0A6H). When the WDT is enabled, the user needs to service it by writing 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST to avoid a WDT overflow. The 14-bit counter overflows when it reaches 16383 (3FFFH), and this will reset the device. When the WDT is enabled, it will increment every machine cycle while the oscillator is running. This means the user must reset the WDT at least every 16383 machine cycles. To reset the WDT the user must write 01EH and 0E1H to WDTRST. WDTRST is a write-onlyregister. The WDT counter cannot be read or written. When WDT overflows, it will generate an output RESET pulse at the RST pin. The RESET pulse duration is 98xTOSC, where TOSC = 1/FOSC. To make the best use of the WDT, it should be serviced in those sections of code that will periodically be executed within the time required to prevent a WDT reset.5.2 WDT DURING Power-down and IdleIn Power-down mode the oscillator stops, which means the WDT also stops. While in Power-down mode, the user does not need to service the WDT. There are two methods of exiting Power-down mode: by a hardware reset or via a level-activated external interrupt, which is enabled prior to entering Power-down mode. When Power-down is exited with hardware reset, servicing the WDT should occur as it normally does whenever the AT89S51 is reset. Exiting Power-down with an interrupt is significantly different. The interrupt is held low long enough for the oscillator to stabilize. When the interrupt is brought high, the interrupt is serviced. To prevent the WDT from resetting the device while the interrupt pin is held low, the WDT is not started until the interrupt is pulled high. It is suggested that the WDT be reset during the interrupt service for the interrupt used to exit Power-down mode. To ensure that the WDT does not overflow within a few states of exiting Power-down, it is best to reset the WDT just before entering Power-down mode. Before going into the IDLE mode, the WDIDLE bit in SFR AUXR is used to determine whether the WDT continues to count if enabled. The WDT keeps counting during IDLE (WDIDLE bit = 0) as the default state. To prevent the WDT from resetting the AT89S51 while in IDLE mode, the user should always set up a timer that will periodically exit IDLE, service the WDT, and reenter IDLE mode.With WDIDLE bit enabled, the WDT will stop to count in IDLE mode and resumes the count upon exit from IDLE.6.InterruptsThe AT89S51 has a total of five interrupt vectors: two external interrupts (INT0 and INT1), two timer interrupts (Timers 0 and 1), andthe serial port interrupt. These interrupts are all shown in Figure 6-1. Each of these interrupt sources can be individually enabled or disabled by setting or clearing a bit in Special Function Register IE. IE also contains a global disable bit, EA, which disables all interrupts at once.Note that Table 6-1 shows that bit positions IE.6 and IE.5 are unimplemented. User software should not write 1s to these bit positions, since they may be used in future AT89 products. The Timer 0 and Timer 1 flags, TF0 and TF1, are set at S5P2 of the cycle in which the timers overflow. The values are then polled by the circuitry in the next cycle.Figure 6-1 Interrupt Sources7 Oscillator CharacteristicsXTAL1 and XTAL2 are the input and output, respectively, of an inverting amplifier that can be configured for use as an on-chip oscillator, as shown in Figure 7-1. Either a quartz crystal or ceramic resonator may be used. To drive the device from an external clock source,XTAL2 should be left unconnected while XTAL1 is driven, as shown in Figure 7-2. There are no requirements on the duty cycle of the external clock signal, since the input to the internal clocking circuitry is through a divide-by-two flip-flop, but minimum and maximum voltage high and low time specifications must be observed.Figure 7-1 Oscillator ConnectionsNote: pF,1±2= for CrystalspF30CC1040±= for Ceramic ResonatorspF10pFFigure 7-2 External Clock Drive Configuration8 Idle ModeIn idle mode, the CPU puts itself to sleep while all the on-chip peripherals remain active. The mode is invoked by software. The content of the on-chip RAM and all the special function registers remain unchanged during this mode. The idle mode can be terminated by any enabled interrupt or by a hardware reset.Note that when idle mode is terminated by a hardware reset, the device normally resumes pro-gram execution from where it left off, up to two machine cycles before the internal reset algorithm takes control. On-chip hardware inhibits access to internal RAM in this event, but access to the port pins is not inhibited. To eliminate the possibility of an unexpectedwrite to a port pin when idle mode is terminated by a reset, the instruction following the one that invokes idle mode should not write to a port pin or to external memory.9 Power-down ModeIn the Power-down mode, the oscillator is stopped, and the instruction that invokes Power-down is the last instruction executed. The on-chip RAM and Special Function Registers retain their values until the Power-down mode is terminated. Exit from Power-down mode can be initiated either by a hardware reset or by activation of an enabled external interrupt (INT0 or INT1). Reset redefines the SFRs but does not change the on-chip RAM. The reset should not be activated before VCC is restored to its normal operating level and must be held active long enough to allow the oscillator to restart and stabilize.译文AT89S51概述1 一般概述该AT89S51是一个低功耗，高性能CMOS 8位微控制器,可在4K字节的系统内编程的闪存存储器。