英语语法基础(倒装与从句)

先讲倒装
一.概念:
英语句子通常有两种语序:一种主语在前,谓语在后,称为自然语序,另一种谓语在前,主语在后,称为倒装语序。

二.相关知识点
按“主语+ 谓语”这种顺序排列的句子是陈述语序。

如果排列顺序变为“谓语（或谓语一部分）+主语”，就是倒装。

倒装句分为：
完全倒装：整个谓语移至主语前面叫完全倒装。

部分倒装：只把助动词、系动词或情态动词放在主语之前叫部分倒装。

1. 当以there, here, out , in , up , down, away 等副词开头的句子，为了起到强调的作用，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。

Our teacher came in. ——>> In came our teacher.
这种倒装要求：主语必须是名词。

主语是人称代词时，主语和谓语语序不变。

如 Here it is. A way he went.
这类倒装句式一般只用一般现在时和一般过去时。

Here comes the bus.
Out rushed the boys.
2. how, then, just, often 表示时间的副词放在句首，可构成倒装句，只把副词放在句首，主
语和谓语位置调换，不加助动词。

Then came 8 years of the Anti -Japanese W ar.
3. 表地点状语的介词短语放在句首，要用倒装句式，以示强调。

这种倒装句也是主谓直接调换位置，不加助动词did, does，do.
Under a big tree ___D_____, half asleep.
A. did sat a fat man
B. a fat man sat
C. did a fat man sat
D. sat a fat man
4. there放在句首时，要用倒装句式。

在“there + be”结构中的谓语动词有时不用be , 而用表示类似“存在”观念的其他不及物动
词。

如：live, stand, come, lie, flow, enter, rise 和appear等。

There came shouts for help from the river.
There lies a large wheat field in front of the house.
Many years ago there lived an old man in the wooden house. In front of the tower flews a stream.
5. so + 动词+主语
neither/ nor + 动词+主语
表示两人的同样一个情况时，只能表示一件事，即上、下句所使用的动词、时态要一
致。

否则要用so it is with…
You can ride a bike. So can I .
He has been to Beijing. So have I .
The first one isn’t good, neither is the second.
His uncle is a worker and has been working in the factory for more than ten years. So it is with his aunt.
6. so+ 形容词/副词that 的结构状语从句可以用正常语序表示，也可以把so+形容词/副词放于句首构成倒装。

句型如下： so +形容词/副词+be/助动词/情态动词that +从句。

Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
= So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed. So easy was the work that t
hey finished it in a few days.
7. done做形容词在句中做表语时，常把表语放在句首，要用倒装句式。

Gone forever are the days when the Chinese people had to use foreign oil.
8. 否定副词not , never, seldom, nowhere, little , rarely 放于句首时要用倒装句式。

W e seldom get up at four in the morning. = Seldom do we get up at four in the morning.
Not a single word from him could the enemy drag.
Rarely have I heard of such a silly thing.
9. hardly…when;scarcely…when…; no sooner…than…可以用正常语
序 had hardly done when… did 或用倒装句式Hardly had + 主语+ done when… did 句式。

hardly所在的句子用过去完成时。

什么语从句在整个句子中就起什么语的作用，如主语从句就起主语的作用
句子基本结构
主+谓+宾+（宾补）简单理解主语后是动词的动词就是谓语，后面的对象就是宾语
主+系+表am is are就是系动词，就是系语，is、am、are后面的就是表语（一般而言）look，seem, feel, sense, taste, smell, sound表感官时也起到系动词的作用,视为系动词，后接表语，多为形容词
1.主语从句
1）主语从句可直接位于主语的位置，如果从句较长，谓语又较短，可用it作形式主语，而将从句放在句末。

常见的句型有：
*It is a fact\a pity\a question\good news that...
*It seems\appears\happened\has turned out that...
*It is clear\important\likely\possible that...
*It is said\reported\estimated\has been proved that...
It is said that comic books create a connection between people of the same generation.
It seems that the performance is very useful.
2)what引导的主语从句表示“...的东西时”，一般不用it作形式主语。

What we lack is experience.
3)what, who, when, why, whether等词含有各自的疑问意义，但它们引导的主语从句，都
用陈述语序。

How the plan is to be carried out should be discussed again.
I did know why I felt like crying.
2.宾语从句
1）宾语从句可位于及物动词、介词和某些形容词后。

连词that常可省略。

介词后一般接疑问词引导的宾语从句。

in that(因为),except that(除了),but that(只是）已构成固定搭配，其他介词后一般不接that引导的宾语从句。

*I promised that I would change the situation.
*All this is different from what American young people would say about friendship.
*He is certain that watching so much television is not good for children.
*This article is well-written except that it is a bit too long.
2)宾语从句后如有宾补，要用形式宾语it来代替，而把宾语从句移至宾补之后。

He has made it clear that he would not change his mind. （clear就是宾补，对宾语起补充说明作用的就是宾补）
注：
3)在think, believe, suppose, expect等动词后的宾语从句中，如果谓语是否定的，一般将
否定词移至主句谓语上，宾语从句则变成肯定形式。

He didn't think that the money was well spent.
3.表语从句
表语从句出现在结构为“主语+系动词+表语从句”的句子中。

表语从句除可用that, what, when, why, whether, how等引导外，还可由because, as if(though)等引导。

that常可省略。

如主句主语为reason,只能用that引导表语从句，不可用because.
Perhaps the most important thing to remember is that there is no one common type of life in A merica.
The reason why so many people died there is that there were not enough food supplies.
It looks as if successful international cultural communication will make the world smaller.
4.同位语从句
同位语从句用于对前面出现的名词作进一步说明，一般用连词that引导，由于先行名词的意义不同，也可用whether, who, when, where, what, why, how等引导。

常见的先行名词有fact, idea, belief, news, hope, conclusion, evidence, suggestion, order, problem, report, decision. 有时由于谓语较短，将同位语从句位于谓语之后。

She finally made the decision that she would join the fashion show.
I had no idea how many books I could borrow at a time.
The news came that their team had won the championship.
5.定语从句
定语从句所修饰的先行词可以是名词或代词，也可以是一个句子。

定语从句通常位于先行词之后，由关系代词或关系副词引导。

*限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句修饰先行词，对先行词起修饰作用，紧接先行词之后，无逗号，若省去，原句意思不完整。

引导定语从句的关系代词有who, whom, whose, which, that等。

who, whom, whose用于指人，whose有时也可指物，相当于of which；which用于指物；that 既可指人也可指物，但只用于限制性定语从句中。

关系代词除了引导定语从句，替代先行词外，还在从句中担任主语、宾语、定语等。

Those who live alone or who are sick may have trouble in getting close to other people.
The girl whose parents died in an accident is living with her grandmother.
1)当先行词是all, anything, everything, something ,nothing等不定代词或先行词前有first,
last, any, few, much, some, no, only以及形容词最高级修饰时，只能用关系代词that引导从句。

That is all that I've heard from him.
He's the first person that I'm going to interview this afternoon.
2)关系代词的省略
在从句中作宾语的关系代词常可省略。

关系代词紧跟介词，作介词宾语时不可用that，只可用which或whom引导从句，并且不可省略，但当介词位于宾语从句句末时，作为介词宾语的关系代词仍可用that，也可省略。

This is one of those things with which we have to put up.
This is one of those things (which\that) we have to put up with.
3)引导定语从句的关系副词有when, where, why等。

关系副词在从句中作状语，意义上
相当于一个“介词+which”的结构。

Even in comic books where(=in which) there are no words,the stories are fully expressed thro ugh the drawings.
No one knows the reason why (=for which) he was so angry that day.
*非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句既可修饰先行词，也可修饰整个主句，起补充说明作用，与主句之间有逗号隔开，若省去，原句意思不受影响。

不可用that引导非限制性定语从句。

关系词不可省略。

Every object has a gravitational pull, which is rather like magnetism.
*“介词+which\whom\whose”引导的定语从句
“介词+which\whom\whose”可引导限制性定语从句，也可引导非限制性定语从句，该结构中介词的选择取决于从句谓语动词的固定搭配，或先行词的习惯搭配。

This is the computer on which he spent all his savings.
It is written by a person with whom we are all familiar.
*as引导的定语从句
as引导的定语从句主要用于“such...as”及“the same...as”的结构中，代替先行词是人或物的名词。

as引导非限制性定语从句时，代替整个主句，从句可位于主句之前、之后或中间。

These are not such problems as can be easily solved. (as代替先行词problems)
As is mentioned above,no single company or group can control what happens on the Internet.( as代替主语) 。

6.状语从句
*时间状语从句
引导时间状语从句的从属连词和词组有：
1）when, whenever, while, as, after, before, since, till, until, once等。

We have learnt quite a lot about it since we came here.
2)as soon as,hardly(scarcely)...when,no sooner...than,each(every) time,the moment,immediate
ly(that)等。

As soon as I sent a message, I received positive responses.
The moment he heard the good news, he jumped with joy.
*地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where, wherever.
Wherever she went, she took her little daughter with her.
*原因、结果和目的状语从句
1）引导原因状语从句的从属连词有：because, as, since, now(that), seeing that, considering that, in that等。

Considering that he is a freshman, we must say he is doing well.
2)引导结果状语从句的连词有：so...that, such...that, so that, that, so等。

Mickey Mouse is so attractive that the children are reluctant to leave.
3)引导目的状语从句的连词有：so that, in order that, for fear that, lest等，从句常使用may, might, can, could, would等情态动词。

We got up early this morning so that we could catch the first bus to the railway station.
*条件和让步状语从句
1）引导条件状语从句的连词和词组有if, unless, as(so) long as, on condition that, in case, provided(providing) that, supposing等。

As long as you have the right equipment,
you can use a telephone line to transmit computer data.
2)引导让步状语从句的连词和词组有
though,although,whether,even though,even if,no matter what(when,how...),whatever(wheneve r,wherever,however....) 等。

though, even if等引导状语从句可转换成含有as的部分倒装结构，具有强调意义。

其结构为“形容词（副词、动词、名词）+as+主语+谓语”。

No matter what you may say, I would not change my mind.
Young as he is, he is quite experienced in this work. (=though he is young)
Child as he is, he can speak English fluently.(=though he is a child)
*方式状语从句
引导方式状语从句的连词有as, just as, as if, as though等。

as if, as though引导的状语从句中，谓语动词常用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反。

The young man made the experiment just as the teacher had taught him.
Everything went on as usual as if nothing had happened.。