第18章 finish
Writing Handout Lecture 18-19衔接与连贯
Lecture 18-19 Cohesion & Coherence1. 指称 (Reference) & 替代 (Substitution)1.1. Definition ：指称主要使用代词代替文章中重复出现的词，避免单调啰嗦的问题。
替代指用一些特定的词语来指代某一类事务，这些词可以是名词，也可以是动词或一个分句。
1.2 Sample AnalysisThe New Englanders were better prepared to meet hardship. Not only were the New Englander's migrations longer and better organized than those of the individual travelers, the individual travelers made the individual travelers ’ way to the Chesopeake area, but the New Englanders ’ theology helped make the explicable the trails the new Englanders faced.2 省略 (Omission)省略也是一种简化行文的方式。
只要在上下文中能够被理解，就可以把一些部分省略掉。
e.g.His task is to clean the room of the master, of the children, and even of the servants.Reading makes a full man; confidence a ready man; and writing an exact man.Exercise （Independent Work ）Translate the following sentences into Chinese with substitution or/and omission.1. 细娃盼过年，大人盼开春。
第十八章 热传导反问题
第18章:热传导反问题本章导读Deform3d中得Inverse heat transfer wizard模块得目得就是获得工件热传导区域得热传导系数函数。
具体方法就是一个被热电偶处理过得工件进行淬火处理或其她热处理,在热处理中把热电偶处理过得位置对应得时间温度数据收集起来做成数据文件。
基于初始猜测得热传导系数,DEFORM3D将会运行一个淬火处理或其她热处理得仿真。
最后DEFORM3D最优化程序将会对比仿真出来得时间温度数据与实验得到得时间温度数据,并且进行最优化运算直到达到一个最优值。
预备知识热传导反问题就是反问题中得重要一类,即通过给出物体表面热流以及对物体内部得一点或多点得温度观测值,反过来推倒物体得初始状态、流动状态、边界条件、内部热源与传热系数等。
由于在实际工程中,材料得热传导特性以及边界条件、内部热源位置等往往就是不知道得,她们很难测量得到甚至根本无法直接测量得到,从而以物体表面热流、部分内部点得温度测量值等温度信息为基础,借助一些反演分析方法进行辨识就是解决这类问题得有效方法。
在反问题中,将反演参数作为优化变量,测点温度计算值与测量值之间得残差作为优化目标函数,通过极小化目标函数进行仿真。
热传导反问题(inverseheatconductionproblem, IHCP)就是基础传热学研究得热点之一,在宇宙航天、原子能技术、机械工程以及冶金等与传热测量有关得工程领域中已获得了广泛得应用研究。
下面我们就热传导反问题在某些领域得应用做一简要概述:1、无损探伤领域:对蒸汽管道、钢包等圆筒体进行疲劳分析时,需要知道内壁得温度等边界条件,但就是内壁温度往往很难直接测得,而外壁温度可以直接测得,为此,人们可以通过外壁温度分布信息来反演内壁温度得分布得情况,进而得到内壁得几何形状,实现无损探伤得目得。
2、宇宙航天领域:在引导航天器返回地面过程中,由于气动加热作用,航天器表面热流密度极高,甚至可能会影响到航天器得安全,但就是其准确值无法直接测量,可以通过测量航天器内壁得某些温度信息来推算外壁得热流。
冀教版八年级上册英语 Unit3 Lesson 18 Li Ming's Birthday
3. Theskirt_____B___herquite________. A. fits; goodB. fits; well C. make; goodD. make; well
4. Heblew_____A___thecandleandwenttobed. A. outB. upC. awayD. off
一、单项选择 1. Please________thecomputer, Lily.
A It’stimeforyoutogotobed. 【2020·株洲】 A. turnoffB. turnupC. turnon
2. Thestyleofthisskirtis_______A_. Manygirlsarewearingit. A. infashionB. outoffashion C. inshapeD. outofshape
A. luckB. sighC. reachD. fashion
【点拨】句意分析法。句意为“我们的校服过时了。 我们认为年轻人应该看起来整洁而漂亮”。 outoffashion过时, 故选D。
3. Mygrandparentswroteletterstokeepintouchwithothers______ A __theywereyoung. 【中考·沈阳】
第三步：为什
么庆祝(why)
第一步：节日的时间
W—H— W法
(when) 第二步：怎样庆祝(how) 第三步：为什么庆祝
(why)
六、满分作文
_D_e_a_r_J_a_c_k_, ___________________________________________ _H_o_w_'_s_it_g_o_i_n_g_?________________________________________ _Ia_m__v_e_r_y_g_la_d_t_o_i_n_tr_o_d_u_c_e_t_h_e_D_r_a_g_o_n_B__o_a_tF__es_t_iv_a_l_t_o_y_o_u_. ______ _It_i_sa_t_r_a_d_i_ti_o_n_a_lC__h_i_n_e_se_f_e_s_ti_v_a_lw__h_ic_h_h__a_so_v_e_r_t_w_o_t_h_o_u_s_a_n_d_y_e_a_ _rs_o_f_h_i_st_o_r_y_. __________________________________________ _T_h_e_fe_s_t_iv_a_l_i_sc_e_l_e_b_r_a_te_d_i_n_h_o_n_o_r_o_f_th_e_g_r_e_a_t_p_o_e_tQ__u_Y_u_a_n_o_n__5_th__ _M_a_y_i_n_t_h_e_lu_n__a_rc_a_l_e_n_d_a_r_. _O_n_t_h_a_t_d_a_y_, _____________________
第18章接触问题有限元分析技术
第18章接触问题的有限元分析技术第1节基本知识接触问题是一种高度非线性行为，需要较大的计算资源，为了进行准确而有效的计算，理解问题的特性和建立合理的模型是很重要的。
接触问题存在两个较大的难点：其一，在求解问题之前，不知道接触区域，表面之间是接触或分开是未知的、突然变化的，这些随载荷、材料、边界条件和其它因素而定；其二，大多数的接触问题需要计算摩擦，有几种摩擦和模型可供挑选，它们都是非线性的，摩擦使问题的收敛性变得困难。
一、接触问题分类接触问题分为两种基本类型：刚体─柔体的接触和半柔体─柔体的接触。
在刚体─柔体的接触问题中，接触面的一个或多个被当作刚体，（与它接触的变形体相比，有大得多的刚度），一般情况下，一种软材料和一种硬材料接触时，问题可以被假定为刚体─柔体的接触，许多金属成形问题归为此类接触；另一类，柔体─柔体的接触，是一种更普遍的类型，在这种情况下，两个接触体都是变形体（有近似的刚度）。
ANSYS支持三种接触方式：点─点、点─面和平面─面。
每种接触方式使用的接触单元适用于某类问题。
二、接触单元为了给接触问题建模，首先必须认识到模型中的哪些部分可能会相互接触，如果相互作用的其中之一是一点，模型的对立应组元是一个节点。
如果相互作用的其中之一是一个面，模型的对应组元是单元，例如梁单元，壳单元或实体单元。
有限元模型通过指定的接触单元来识别可能的接触匹对，接触单元是覆盖在分析模型接触面之上的一层单元。
下面分类详述ANSYS使用的接触单元和使用它们的过程。
1．点─点接触单元点─点接触单元主要用于模拟点─点的接触行为，为了使用点─点的接触单元，需要预先知道接触位置，这类接触问题只能适用于接触面之间有较小相对滑动的情况（即使在几何非线性情况下）。
如果两个面上的节点一一对应，相对滑动又以忽略不计，两个面挠度（转动）保持小量，那么可以用点─点的接触单元来求解面─面的接触问题，过盈装配问题是一个用点─点的接触单元来模拟面─与的接触问题的典型例子。
新编英语语法简明教程第18章
第18章数词和量词PRETESTMultiple choice:1)He wrote a _____report to describe the accident in detail.A.10 thousand wordB.10-thousand-wordC.10-thousands-wordD.10-thousands-words答案：B hundred, thousand, million, billion等表示确切的数字时不能用复数形式，由连字符连接的复合形容词当中的名词应该使用单数形式。
2)We are going to learn _____next week.A. Lesson TwelveB. Lesson TwelfthC. Twelfth LessonD. the Lesson Twelfth答案：A 第12课应该是“Lesson Twelve或者the Twelfth Lesson”。
3) The hero of the story is an artist in his_____.A.thirtiethB.thirty'sC.thirtyD. thirties答案：D in one’s thirties表示“在某人三十来岁的时候”。
4)Shortly after the accident, two_____ police were sent to the spot to keep order.A.dozen ofB.dozensC.dozenD. dozens of答案：C dozen和score在表示确切数字的时候后面不加-s，通常也不跟of。
5)Don't all speak at once! _____,please. A. Each at one time B. One by one time C. One for each time D. One at a time答案：D at a time每次，逐一，依次at one time曾经，一度6)He did it _____it took me.A.one-third a timeB.one-third timeC.the one-third timeD.one-third the time答案：D 首先前面应该是分数词，其次后面是特指的时间“the time”。
三年级员工培训英语阅读理解25题
三年级员工培训英语阅读理解25题1<背景文章>In our school, there are many different jobs. Let's get to know them. First, there are teachers. Teachers are very important. They teach students knowledge like math, English and Chinese. They also help students to be good people. They spend a lot of time preparing lessons in their offices.Then, there is the librarian. The librarian takes care of all the books in the library. The librarian makes sure the books are in the right places. Students can go to the library to borrow books. The librarian will help them find the books they want.Another important job is the cleaner. Cleaners keep our school clean. They clean the classrooms, hallways and restrooms every day. Without them, our school would be very dirty.1. <问题1>What do teachers teach students?A. Only English.B. Math, English and Chinese.C. Only art.D. Only music.答案：B。
2020版高考英语高职总复习同步练习课件：第一部分 语法 第十八章 综合语法(一)(共28张PPT)
C.Which
D.How
(
)7.After school he teaches A.himself B.hers
【答案】 A 【解析】 (自学。)
Japanese. C.herself D.him
(
)8.He isn’t to reach the window. A.enough tall B.so tall C.tall enough D.as tall
【答案】 C 【解析】 (鸡肉和鱼肉两者比较,哪个更美味?)
(
)16.John has three sisters.Mary is the A.most cleverest B.cleverest C.more clever D.clever
【答案】 B 【解析】 (三者比较用最高级。)
of the three.
【答案】 B 【解析】 (特指一本书。)
(
)5.I hope you will have A.the other B.others
【答案】 D 【解析】 (再试一次。)
try. C.other
D.another
(
)6.— is your father? —He is a worker. A.What B.Who
(
)41. I Mr.Li would give me a reply,but he didn’t. A.have hoped B.hoped C.had hoped D.hope
【答案】 C 【解析】 (过去的过去,用过去完成时。)
(
)42.Most of the people scientists. A.invited B.inviting
Unit 18 New Zealand 阅读理解
阅读理解AAll over the world mothers and fathers teach their children manners. There are all kinds of manners. Other children may have manners that are not like yours.Sometimes good manners in one place are bad manners in other place.If you visit some friends in Mongolia（蒙古）and they ask you to eat with them. What kind of manners do they want you to have? They want you to give a loud “belch（打嗝）”after you finish eating. Belching would show that you like your food. But in some other countries, if you give a loud belch, you are told to say “Excuse me, please.”In many places people like to eat together. But in some parts of Polynesia it is bad manners to be seen eating at all. People show their good manners by turning their backs on others while they eat.What are manners like in an East African town? They people try not to see you, when you are visiting a friend, he may not see you at all. If you are polite, you will sit down beside him. You will wait until he finishes what he is doing. Then he will talk to you.If you visit a friend in Arabia you should walk behind other tents （帐篷）until you come to his tent. If you pass in front of other tents, you will be asked into each one. The people will ask you to eat with them. And it is bad manners if you say no.Manners are different all over the world. But it is good to know that all manners began in the same way. People need ways to show that they want to be friends.1. What’s the main idea of this passage?A．Manners are different throughout the world.B．Mothers are different throughout the world.C．Children’s manners are different.D．When you are in Rome, do as the Romans do.2. In some other countries in the world, if you belch after a meal, ______.A．you show that you like the food very muchB．it is good manners for you to say “Excuse me, please”C．You ask the host to say “Excuse” instead of you.D．you are telling the host you dislike the food3. What’s the polite way of eating if you are living in Polynesia?A．Eating outside together with your family.B．Eating while sitting face to face.C．Eating at the back of your house.D．Trying not to make yourself seen eating.4. What will an Arabian do if he sees a person walking in front of his tent?A．He will feel very angry and drive the person off.B．He will politely ask where the person is going and act as a guide.C．He will ask the person to eat with him.D．He will give the person some food to show his pity.5. Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?A．People show they are friendly in different manners.B．Good manners are the same in different countries.C．In the East African town the people who try not to see you are not polite at all.D．Different manners in different countries show people’s different ideas.Keys and notes1. A 文章第一段第一句告诉我们：天下父母都会教育他们的子女讲礼貌。
王蔷《英语教学法教程》课后习题详解-第10~18章【圣才出品】
第10章口语教学TASK 1Work in pairs. Summarize the main differences between spoken and written language using the table provided below. When you finish, join another pair to compare your results.Key:TASK 2Considering the aspects of the nature of spoken language discussed above, which of the following activities do you think would help prepare students for real-life speech in English? (Adapted from Bygate, 1987:8)1. reading aloud2. giving a prepared talk3. learning a piece of text or dialogue by heart4. interviewing someone, or being interviewed5. doing a drillKey: 4. interviewing someone, or being interviewedTASK 3Think about a successful speaking activity that you have participated in as a student or led as a teacher. What made it successful? When you are ready, share it with your partner (adapted from Ur, 1996:120).Key: Maximum foreign talk of students, even participation, high motivation and right language level jointly makes a successful speaking activity.TASK 4Work in groups and decide which of the following speaking activities includes an information gap. How can you further adapt the activities to make them more communicative?Activity 1In pairs use the ideas given below to talk about your plans for the future.travel around the world; work hard; be richspeak a second language; be famous; get a good jobhelp people; go to college; buy an expensive car; be happyI am going to learn Spanish.I am going to travel around the world.Activity 2Use the same pictures, but cut them up, paste on cards, and give each student a different picture.Directions: Ask your partner what is in their picture.For example:Student A: What’s in your picture?Student B: There is ____. What’s in your picture?Student A: There is ____.Key: The second task includes an information gap; the further activity: to complete the picture in groups.TASK 5Perform a dialogue with a partner based on cue cards. Speaker A looks at Card A and Speaker B looks at Card B. Then, with your partner make up your own prompts to be used on cue cards. Think about what sort of topics the students would be likely to talk about in their native language.Key: Hi! My name is **. Nice to meet you. Which school do you went to before? Do you live nearby the school? How about going shopping together after school?TASK 6Look at the activity below. Try it out with your classmates. Discuss what level of students you could use this task with. Do you think it would be a successful task? Will all the students participate? Will they enjoy it? Can you think of any potential problems with it? (Adapted from Ur, 1996:124-5)DirectionsDivide the class into groups of 3 or 4 people. Each group has one of the two pictures shown below which everyone in the group can see. Give them two minutes to say as many sentences as they can that describe the picture. Appoint a ‘secretary’ to mark a tick on a piece of paper for each sentence said. Emphasise that the secretary only need to mark a tick; there is no need to write down the sentence. At the end of two minutes, groups report how many ticks they have. Then they repeat the procedure with the second picture, trying to get more ticks than the first time.(Take from Junior English for China (1993), Book 1:69, 75) Key: The task works well with beginning level classes. It is a good task that everyone can participate in but there may be some words they do not know how to say.TASK 7We have discussed a few variations of tasks that can be designed using pictures. Work with a partner, think of a different variation using pictures (or maps or diagrams) that has not been discussed already in this section. Describe what level of students it would be for and what level of communication it would involve.Key: One activity is to cut up a story told by 4-6 pictures and give each member of a group one picture. The task is for the group to reconstruct the story. Another common task can be designed with maps where one speaker tells the other speaker how to get from Point A to a certain destination (without giving away the names of the destinations).TASK 8Work in groups, complete the activity below and then discuss how well it worked.Do you think it would be a successful activity with the students? Do you foresee any problems? Can you think of any ways to improve it so it would be more successful?Directions:You are on a committee that is in charge of deciding what to do with a small amount of money that has been donated to improve your school. You have a list of things to do, but you only have enough money for 5 of the items. You must reach a consensus in your group on which 5 items you will spend the money. Here is the list:·repaint 3 classrooms·paint lines for games on the playground·install lights that automatically turn off to save electricity·buy curtains for 8 classrooms (This will make it easier to see the OHP (Overhead Projector) when the room is darker.)·buy sound absorption panels for 2 classrooms (This will make the classroom quieter so it will be easier to hear each other.)·buy an air conditioner for one classroom·buy 4 new basketball hoops for the playground·buy 15 young trees to be planted for shade around the edges of the playground。
新冀教版九年级全一册英语 Lesson 18 教案
Unit 3 SafetyLesson 18 Never Catch a Dinosaur单词rule，branch，training掌握本课的词汇和短语。
短语和句式的实际运用。
Step 1：Warming upT：Boys and girls，we have learned some aidents in this unit. What have you learned? Ss：We have learned how to describe an aident.T：Anything else?S1：Yes. How to keep safe at home.S2：What we can do to help after an earthquake.S3：...T：OK. Well done！Now we will learn Lessen 18.Are you ready?设计意图：此环节通过师生间的对话导入本课的话题“怎样避免事故”，利用会话将学生带入本堂场景，预热本课的词汇和句型。
Step 2：Pre-readingLook at the pictures and learn the new words.大屏幕展示生词的图片，学习新单词，然后进行“头脑风暴”游戏，看谁记住的单词最多。
Present the new words：rule，branch，training等。
Show some pictures of the new words on the screen. Ask Ss to try to read these words. T：Let’s play a word game.(Ask Ss to look through the new words quickly，and check how many they can remember. Give Ss some pictures of the new words and some word cards. Then show the new words or the pictures of the new words on the screen. For example，when you show the word “branch” on the screen, the student who has the picture of a branch should stand up quickly and say “I’m here！”and then spell out the word.)设计意图：图片教学法是呈现新知识最简单有效的方法之一，学生通过图片，能更直观地理解新单词的含义。
第十一单词
第十一单词“eleventh”一、单词释义“eleventh”主要是一个序数词，意为“第十一”，表示顺序在第十之后。
例如，描述日期（November eleventh，11月11日）或者在一系列事物中的排名（the eleventh person in the line，队伍里的第十一个人）。
二、单词用法1. 作定语：用于修饰名词，表示顺序。
例如：The eleventh chapter of this book is very interesting.（这本书的第十一章非常有趣。
）2. 用于表示时间顺序，特别是日期。
如：My birthday is on the eleventh of December.（我的生日在12月11日。
）三、近义词1. 11th（这是“eleventh”的数字缩写形式，在很多情况下可以通用）2. “next after the tenth”（这是一种比较迂回的表达方式，表示第十之后的）四、短语搭配1. the eleventh hour：最后时刻，危急之时。
例如：He always leaves things until the eleventh hour.（他总是把事情拖到最后一刻。
）2. eleventh day：第十一日。
例如：On the eleventh day of our trip, we visited a beautiful small town.（在我们旅行的第十一天，我们参观了一个美丽的小镇。
）五、双语例句英语例句：1. I was the eleventh person to arrive at the party. Oh, what a bummer! I thought I'd be earlier.（我是第十一个到达聚会的人。
哦，真倒霉！我还以为我会更早呢。
）2. She lives on the eleventh floor. It's so high up! It's like living in the clouds, you know?（她住在十一楼。
冀教版七年级上册英语Lesson18We All Look Different!详细教案
冀教版七年级上册英语Lesson 18:We All Look Different!详细教案教学目标1.掌握单词:different,cute,twelve,thirteen,almost,funny,glass短语:look like,look cool/cute/funny/different,a pretty girl,big and tall,short black hair,wear glasses,etc.2.学会用英语谈论不同人物的相貌的句型:What does she/he look like?She is beautiful.He looks cool!She has short blond hair.Her eyes are blue.She is a pretty girl.He is thirteen years old.He is big and tall.I wear glasses.He has three black hairs.We all look different.3.掌握动词have的用法。
4.主语和谓语数的一致关系。
5.学习正确地描述别人的长相并能比较长相的不同,从而体验学习英语的乐趣。
教学内容1.学会运用谈论不同人物的相貌的词或短语:different,cute,twelve,thirteen,almost,funny,glass,look like,look cool/cute/funny/different,a pretty girl,big and tall,short black hair,wear glasses。
2.学会谈论不同人物的相貌:What does she/he look like?She is beautiful.He looks cool!She has short blond hair.Her eyes are blue.She is a pretty girl.He is thirteen years old.He is big and tall.I wear glasses.He has three black hairs.We all look different.3.掌握动词have的用法。
Passage 18
第三段讲述的是如果药物不能和食物一起喂宠物， 人们应该怎么做。第4空后面一句是给宠物注射或 者滴管滴药的做法。所以第4空应该是注射或滴药 时的前期步骤，故选A：在你叫你的宠物进来之前， 确保所需要的药物和其他材料准备就绪。
5_B_._O__n_c_e_t_h_e_p_e_t_i_s_i_n_p_o_s_i_ti_o_n_,_u_s_e__o_n_e_h_a_n_d__to __g_e_n_tl_y_o_p__en__t_h_e_p_e_t_’s__m_o_u_t_h__fr_o_m__a_b_o_v_e_,_____ ___ti_l_ti_n_g_b__ac_k__t_h_e_h_e_a_d__sl_i_g_h_tl_y_.______________
Be sure you end the session with praise and perhaps a treat so your pet will not associate medication with a bad experience.
第5空前面一句是放置宠物的位置。第5空后面一句： 用你的另外一只手将注射器或者滴管注射到脸颊和 后面牙齿之间。既然后面一句讲了“other hand”要 做的事，所以第5空应该是“one hand”应该做的事， 故选B。同时，B选项的前半句“Once the pet is in position”承接了上一句宠物放置位置的选择。
本文是一篇说明文，讲述如何给生病的宠物进行药 物治疗的问题。全文属于“总——分”结构：第一段 引出文章的主题是给生病的宠物喂药；第二到四段分 别讲述如何给宠物喂药。
第一段的前两句讲生病的宠物需要人类喂药。第1空 后面一句引出下文的喂药贴士。所以第1空应该承接上 一句，讲述宠物对药物的反应，故选F：他们只是知 道它闻起来有点怪，但他们不想吃。
爱意斯镜中世界奇遇记书虫每章概括
爱意斯镜中世界奇遇记书虫每章概括
摘要：
1.引言
2.爱意斯镜中世界的奇遇
3.书虫每章的概括
4.总结
正文：
《爱意斯镜中世界奇遇记》是一部充满想象力和魔力的作品，讲述了主人公爱意斯在神秘的镜中世界里所经历的一系列冒险。
在这里，他遇到了各种奇特的生物和令人惊叹的景观，也收获了许多珍贵的友谊和经验。
本文将概括书中的主要内容，以及书虫每章的精彩片段。
在爱意斯镜中世界的奇遇中，他首先遇到了一个名叫“镜子先生”的神秘人物。
镜子先生告诉他，在镜中世界里，有许多被魔法迷惑的生物，需要他去解救。
爱意斯勇敢地接受了任务，开始了他的冒险之旅。
在书虫每章的概括中，第一章主要描述了爱意斯如何进入镜中世界，并在那里遇到了镜子先生。
第二章讲述了爱意斯与一只名叫悠悠的魔法猫成为了朋友，并一起探索了这个神奇的世界。
第三章，爱意斯和悠悠遇到了一个被魔法迷惑的村庄，他们努力帮助村民们摆脱困境。
第四章，爱意斯和悠悠发现了一个隐藏在地下的迷宫，他们勇敢地挑战了迷宫的守护者，最终找到了迷宫的出口。
随着冒险的深入，爱意斯在镜中世界里遇到了越来越多有趣的生物和令人
激动的挑战。
他在这个过程中不断成长，学会了许多道理，也收获了许多珍贵的友谊。
在接下来的章节中，爱意斯还将面临更多的考验，但他始终保持着坚定的信念和勇气，最终成功地完成了任务。
总之，《爱意斯镜中世界奇遇记》是一部充满想象力的作品，通过主人公爱意斯的冒险经历，向读者展示了一个神奇的世界。
书虫每章的概括都充满了生动的情节和精彩的人物描绘，使得这部作品更加引人入胜。
小学上册第1次英语第4单元真题试卷[有答案]
![小学上册第1次英语第4单元真题试卷[有答案]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/7052f5754531b90d6c85ec3a87c24028915f85fc.png)
小学上册英语第4单元真题试卷[有答案]英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.We visit the ______ (博物馆) often.2.The ________ (植物特性分析) reveals traits.3.What do caterpillars turn into?A. BeesB. AntsC. ButterfliesD. Moths答案:C4.__________ (光合作用) produces glucose and oxygen from carbon dioxide and sunlight.5.What is the name of the famous superhero who wears a cape and flies?A. BatmanB. Spider-ManC. SupermanD. Iron Man答案:C6.What do you call a natural formation of rocks and soil?A. HillB. MountainC. ValleyD. Landform7.Frogs are ______ because they can live in water and on land.8.The _____ (zinnia) attracts many butterflies.9.Which instrument has keys and is played by pressing?A. GuitarB. DrumsC. PianoD. Violin答案:C10.Every time I finish playing, I put it back in the ______ (地方). My toy helps me to ______ (动词) and have fun.11. (French Revolution) began in 1789. The ____12.Chemical changes are usually ______ and cannot be reversed easily.13.The __________ can be classified based on their appearance.14.The teacher, ______ (老师), explains difficult concepts clearly.15.What is the name of the fairy tale character who had a glass slipper?A. Sleeping BeautyB. CinderellaC. Snow WhiteD. Belle16.What is the largest land carnivore?A. LionB. TigerC. Polar bearD. Grizzly bear17.The _____ (章鱼) can fit through tiny spaces.18.The _____ (水稻) is an important crop worldwide.19.My favorite character from a book is _______ (名字). 他/她很 _______ (形容词).20.The __________ (希腊神话) includes gods like Zeus and Athena.21. A ______ (肉食动物) hunts for its food.22. A substance that conducts electricity in solution is called an ______.23.What is the primary color made by mixing blue and yellow?A. GreenB. OrangeC. PurpleD. Brown24.I love reading ______ (书) before bed. My favorite story is about a ______ (勇敢的骑士) who saves a princess.25. A cactus is a type of _______ that stores water.26.What is the capital of Japan?A. BeijingB. SeoulC. TokyoD. Bangkok27.The garden is full of ___ (vegetables/flowers).28.The __________ is famous for its geysers and hot springs.29. A _______ is a chemical reaction that occurs in living organisms.30.What is the value of 3 + 2 + 1?A. 4B. 5C. 6D. 7答案:B31.My birthday is in ___. (April)32.My dog loves to go for ______ (散步) in the park.33.My friend excels in __________ (数学).34.What is the capital of the United States?A. New YorkB. Los AngelesC. Washington,D.C. D. Chicago答案:C Washington, D.C.35.I like to ___ in the garden. (play)36.What is the name of the popular board game where you connect words?A. ScrabbleB. BoggleC. ScattergoriesD. Hangman答案:A37.What do you call a baby chameleon?A. HatchlingB. PupC. CubD. Kit38.My ________ (姐姐) loves to bake cookies and cakes.39.What do you call a story that is not real?A. FactB. FictionC. BiographyD. History40.I keep my toys in a ________ (箱子).41.The chemical symbol for thallium is ______.42.The soup is ___. (tasty)43.The boiling point of water is _____ ( degrees Celsius) at sea level.44.The solid that forms from a chemical reaction is called a _______. (沉淀)45.The sunflowers grow tall in the ________.46.What is the capital of Germany?A. MunichB. BerlinC. FrankfurtD. Hamburg答案:B47. A saturated fat can raise ______ levels.48.The __________ (历史的解释) evolves over time.49.He is a pilot, ______ (他是一名飞行员), who travels the world.50.I feel ______ when I play sports.51.I like to play ________ (篮球) with my friends.52.The ______ is a great cook who makes delicious meals.53.The _____ (小镇) is peaceful.54. A sound wave can be used for communication and ______.55.In a chemical reaction, the enthalpy change can indicate whether heat is absorbed or _____ released.56.The movie was very ________.57.What is the boiling point of water?A. 0°CB. 50°CC. 100°CD. 200°C答案:C58.The teacher is _____ the students. (helping)59.The ________ loves to jump and run.60.My dog loves to _______ (跳过) puddles after it rains.61.My cat likes to watch _______ (蝴蝶) outside.62.What is the main ingredient in bread?A. FlourB. SugarC. SaltD. Butter63.The ________ is very lively.64.My _______ (仓鼠) is very active at night.65. A _______ (小鼹鼠) digs tunnels in the soil.66.What is the main function of a computer?A. To cook foodB. To process informationC. To cleanD. To provide entertainment答案:B67.The _______ (The Civil Rights Act of 1964) aimed to end segregation in public places.68. A chemical reaction that absorbs energy is known as a _____ reaction.69.We celebrate ________ (New Year) with fireworks.70.The ________ was a major event in the history of England.71.What do you call the young of a horse?A. FoalB. ColtC. FillyD. Calf答案:A72.Did you hear that _____ (猫咪) purring?73.The _____ (种植技术) are constantly evolving.74.What do you call a machine that helps you lift heavy objects?A. PulleyB. LeverC. CraneD. Forklift答案:D75.What do we call the process of finding out how much something weighs?A. MeasuringB. WeighingC. CalculatingD. Estimating76.My favorite animal is a ______ (猫) that loves to cuddle.77. A _______ is a measurement of how much solute is present in a solution.78.What do you call a person who sells things?A. BuyerB. SellerC. CustomerD. Merchant79.The gift is _____ (for/from) you.80.Ants work together to build a ______.81.What is the capital of France?A. BerlinB. MadridC. ParisD. Rome82.What is the currency used in the USA?A. EuroB. DollarC. YenD. Pound83. A chemical reaction that absorbs heat is called an ______ reaction.84. (Suez) Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea. The ____85.How many continents are there on Earth?A. FiveB. SixC. SevenD. Eight答案:C86.I have a toy _______ that hops around and plays with me all day long.87.The __________ is known for its historic buildings.88. A lever helps us lift heavy ______ (objects) with less effort.89.The ______ (马) grazes in the field.90.The _____ (花海) looks beautiful during spring.91.The golden retriever loves to _________ (游泳).92.In a chemical reaction, the rate can be increased by raising the temperature or usinga _____.93. A _______ (海马) swims in a unique way.94.The ________ (传统故事) teach lessons about life.95.The ______ helps us understand technology better.96.What do we call the process of changing from a tadpole to a frog?A. MetamorphosisB. TransformationC. EvolutionD. Growth答案:A97.The ____ is a small animal that loves to hop around in fields.98.What is the color of a typical sunflower?A. BlueB. YellowC. GreenD. Red答案:B99.________ (植物保护项目) aim for sustainability.100. A _____ (生长环境) must be suitable for the plant’s needs.。
福建统招专升本《英语》知识考点汇总(适合2024-2025年)
黄金考点汇福建统招专升本公共课《英语》编第一章基础启蒙考点1.十大词类名词：是人和事物的名称。
n.代词：是用来代替名词的词。
pron.数词：表示“多少”和“第几”的词。
num.动词：表示动作和状态。
v.形容词：用来修饰名词或代词。
adj.副词：修饰动词、形容词和副词的词或者整个句子。
adv.冠词：放在名词前，用来帮助说明名词。
art.介词：表示名词（或代词）与句子里其它词的关系。
prep.连词：用来连接词、短语和句子的词。
conj.感叹词：表示感情。
int.考点2.八大成分主语：放在谓语动词之前做句子的主体。
谓语：说明主语的动作或状态。
谓语的构成通常有三种基本形式宾语：放在及物动词或者介词后面作为动作的承受对象。
表语：放在连系动词之后表示主语的身份或特征的词。
定语：修饰名词或代词。
状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或者整个句子。
补语：宾语补足语和主语补足语。
同位语：一个名词(或其它形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或补充说明。
第二章名词考点3.名词变复数不规则变化变元音:Man-men 、woman-women 、goose-geese 、tooth-teeth 、foot-feet记忆口诀：男女鹅牙脚其他形式:child-children 、mouse-mice 、ox-oxen 、person-people记忆口诀；孩子属牛人单复数同形：fish,sheep,deer考点4.某国人变复数Swiss 瑞士人,Chinese 中国人,Japanese 日本人Englishman →Englishmen 英国人,Frenchwoman →Frenchwomen,法国人Dutchman →Dutchmen 荷兰人Americans 美国人,Australians,澳大利亚人Germans 德国人,Greeks 希腊人,Swedes 瑞典人,Europeans 欧洲人记忆口诀；中日瑞不变，英法荷变中间，其他“s”加后边第三章代词考点5.It/that/one区别it同类同物（本身）Where is my new pen?I can’t find it.复数形式：they/themthat同类异物-特指His handwriting is like that of a much younger child.复数形式；thoseone同类异物-泛指I don’t like this skirt,please show me another one.复数形式ones考点6.物主代词的固定搭配do one’s best尽力try one’s best尽力earn one’s bread维持生活hold one’s breath屏息eat one’s words收回前言in one’s best穿着节日盛装考点7.反身代词的固定搭配for oneself给（为）自己，独自to oneself对自己say to oneself心里想talk/speak to oneself自言自语come to oneself苏醒过来absent oneself缺席beside oneself失常，若狂by oneself独自地，单独地第四章数词考点8.基数词表示具体年龄具体年龄；基数词+years old=at the age of+基数词例如；18years old=at the age of18十八岁考点9.基数词表示大概年龄in one's+整十复数例如；in my sixties在我六十多岁时考点10.序数词特殊用法the+序数词；第几the first/seconda+序数词；再一/又一a second/third特殊用法；the+序数词+名词=名词+基数词；the third page=page three 考点11.hundred/thousand/million/billion用法口诀；有数字无s/有of加s例如；two thousand两千thousands of成千上万的第五章形容词/副词考点12.形容词做定语及表语形容词；修饰名词或代词的词，多翻译为....的。
中国典籍翻译赏析——以《道德经》两种译本为例
中国典籍翻译赏析——以《道德经》两种译本为例作者：陈熹来源：《赤峰学院学报·哲学社会科学版》 2012年第8期陈熹（乐山师范学院文学与新闻学院，四川乐山 614000）摘要：纵观我国典籍翻译史的演进，关于直译与意译哪种译法较优的争议不断，然而较高的翻译境界要求直译与意译圆满调和以达“化”境。
关键词：道德经；典籍；翻译中图分类号：H059 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1673-2596（2012）08-0188-02一、典籍翻译理论的演进我国典籍翻译理论的演进轨迹可以概括为“质→信→化”，其中“质”即一丝不苟模仿原文句法的直译，“信”即句法较为灵活的意译，“化”即充满创新精神的译作已出神入化，完美之极，以至于看不出翻译的痕迹[1]。
此“化”境是直译与意译的和谐圆满，正如梁任公推崇玄奘的“新译”时所言：“若玄奘者，则直译意译，圆满调和，斯道之极轨也。
”[2]由于译者的主体性，这种理论上直译与意译的圆满调和在实践层面上其尺度却极为不易把握。
译者的主体性在宏观层面体现在其翻译倾向之上（忠实于原著倾向与忠实于读者倾向），微观层面则体现在其文化传递策略之上[3]。
本文特选《道德经》的两章英译以赏析典籍翻译的不同境界。
二、《道德经》英译赏析原文：大道废，有仁义；智慧出，有大伪。
六亲不和，有孝慈；国家昏乱，有忠臣（第18章）。
威利译文[4]：It was when the Great Way declined that human kindness and morality arose; it was when intelligence and knowledge appeared that the Great Artifice began. It was when the six near ones were no longer at peace that there was talk of “dutiful sons”, nor till fatherland was dark with strife did we hear of “loyal slaves”.林语堂译文[5]：On the decline of the great Tao, the doctrines of “humanity” and “justice” arose. When knowledge and cleverness appeared, great hypocrisy followed in its wake. When the six relationships no longer lived at peace, there was praise of “kind parents” and “filial sons”. When a country fell i nto chaos and misrule, there was praise of “loyal ministers”.威利将《道德经》中核心哲学概念“道”直译为“the Way”，显然威利采用了“归化”翻译策略，此法使得译文符合西方读者的语言思维习惯，便于文化传递。
新冀教版七年级下册英语 Lesson 18 教案
Unit 3 School LifeLesson 18 Teaching in China单词teach, taught, quite, nervous,理解文章内容,能够用英语写电子邮件。
正确使用本课的词和短语,分辨、会用teach, taught, quite, nervous, fortable, relaxed, helpful,write an e-mail to, write back home, move from…to…, start school。
Step 1.Lead inLeading in 【情景1】Begin the class with a free talk.Teacher asks the students questions about how to write an English e-mail.Ask students questions like these,“Do you write e-mails? What do you think of e-mails? How do you feel when you get to a new place? How do you feel about the people in the new place?”T:Do you write e-mails?S1:Yes, I do.T:What do you think of e-mails?S1:They are fast and free.S2:Others can get our e-mails in a few seconds.T:Oh, when do you write them?S3:When I have some special feelings, I write them in my blog.T:How do you feel when you get to a new place?S4:I feel nervous.T:How do you feel about the people in the new place?S5:Most of them are very friendly.…Leading in 【情景2】Group work:Ask the students to work in groups and discuss the following question:Do you know the differences between Chinese schools and Western schools?S1:What do you know about the differences between Chinese schools and Western schools?S2:The Chinese students have classes in the same classroom, but in Western countries, the students move from one classroom to another.S1:Are there any other differences?S2:Chinese classes have more students.S3:Chinese students work harder than Western students.S4:Western students have more activities after class.S5:Western students do a lot to help others in their free time.S6:Chinese students have more time to study.…Group 1:There are many differences between Chinese classes and Westernclasses.Chinese students have classes in the same classroom, but in Western countries, the students move from one classroom to another.Chinese classes have more students.Chinese students work harder than Western students.Western students have more activities after class.Western students do a lot to help others in their free time.Chinese students have more time to study.Step 2.Presentation1.Show the students objects or pictures and learn the new words and expressions in this part:teach, taught, quite, nervous, fortable, relaxed, helpful,write an e-mail to, write back home, move from…to…, start school.Show a picture to the students.Point to the picture and ask:T:Do you like teaching?S1:Yes.It’s interesting.T:Very good.Now read after me “teach”.S:Teach.T:How do you feel now?S2:I feel quite cold.T:Now read after me “quite”.S:Quite.…2.Ask the students to make sentences with the new words and phrases.S3:I will take an exam tomorrow.I feel quite nervous.What should I do?S4:Have a good sleep, and you will feel relaxed.S5:Is sleeping helpful to me?S6:Yes,I think so.S7:I will move to a new place next month.S8:Can you write an e-mail to me after you move to a new place?S9:Of course,I will.…Give the students chances to make sentences or make up dialogues.Step 5.Practice Writing1.Ask the students to retell the e-mail.2.Ask the students to write an e-mail about his/her opinions of studying in Western countries.Every group chooses the best to read in front of the class.When the students are writing, the teacher should walk around and give them advice.Step 6.plete Let’s Do It!Exercise 1 is used to practice the students’listening.We have finished it in listening part.Ask the students to finish Exercise 2 and Exercise 3 by themselves in class.Teacher checks their answers in class.Step 7.TaskGroup work:Let’s Do It! Exercise 4.Work in groups.Interview your classmates and fill in the table.Example:A:Do you do your homework?B:Yes.I always do my homework.A:Do you help out at home?B:Yes.I sometimes wash the dishes.Task tips:Where/When did you go?Who did you go with? What did you see and experience? Did you eat any traditional or special food?1.他正在卧室里给他的姑姑写电子邮件。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
王巍雄——2003-6-19 18. 多相流模拟介绍自然界和工程问题中会遇到大量的多相流动。
物质一般具有气态、液态和固态三 相， 但是多相流系统中相的概念具有更为广泛的意义。
在多项流动中， 所谓的 “相” 可以定义为具有相同类别的物质， 该类物质在所处的流动中具有特定的惯性响应 并与流场相互作用。
比如说，相同材料的固体物质颗粒如果具有不同尺寸，就可 以把它们看成不同的相，因为相同尺寸粒子的集合对流场有相似的动力学响应。
本章大致介绍一下 Fluent 中的多相流建模。
第 19 章和第 20 章将会详细介绍本 章所提到的内容。
第 20 章会介绍一下融化和固化方面的内容• • • •18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4多相流动模式 多相系统的例子 多相建模方法 多相流模型的选择18.1 多相流动模式我们可以根据下面的原则对多相流分成四类：••••气-液或者液-液两相流： o 气泡流动：连续流体中的气泡或者液泡。
o 液滴流动：连续气体中的离散流体液滴。
o 活塞流动: 在连续流体中的大的气泡 o 分层自由面流动：由明显的分界面隔开的非混合流体流动。
气-固两相流： o 充满粒子的流动：连续气体流动中有离散的固体粒子。
o 气动输运：流动模式依赖诸如固体载荷、雷诺数和粒子属性等因素。
最典型 的模式有沙子的流动，泥浆流，填充床，以及各向同性流。
o 流化床：由一个盛有粒子的竖直圆筒构成，气体从一个分散器导入筒内。
从 床底不断充入的气体使得颗粒得以悬浮。
改变气体的流量，就会有气泡不断 的出现并穿过整个容器，从而使得颗粒在床内得到充分混合。
液-固两相流 o 泥浆流：流体中的颗粒输运。
液-固两相流的基本特征不同于液体中固体颗 粒的流动。
在泥浆流中，Stokes 数（见方程 18.4-4）通常小于 1。
当 Stokes 数大于 1 时，流动成为流化（fluidization）了的液-固流动。
o 水力运输: 在连续流体中密布着固体颗粒 o 沉降运动: 在有一定高度的成有液体的容器内，初始时刻均匀散布着颗粒物 质。
随后，流体将会分层，在容器底部因为颗粒的不断沉降并堆积形成了淤 积层，在顶部出现了澄清层，里面没有颗粒物质，在中间则是沉降层，那里 的粒子仍然在沉降。
在澄清层和沉降层中间，是一个清晰可辨的交界面。
三相流 (上面各种情况的组合)上述的各种流动模式如图 18.1.1 所示：泥浆流气泡，液滴，或 颗粒负载流分层自由面流动气动输运、水力输运、 或泥浆流沉降流化床图 18.1.1 多相流动模式18.2 多相系统的例子18.1 节给出的各流动模式对应的例子如下：• • • • •气泡流例子：抽吸，通风，空气泵，气穴，蒸发，浮选，洗刷 液滴流例子：抽吸，喷雾，燃烧室，低温泵，干燥机，蒸发，气冷，刷洗 活塞流例子：管道或容器内有大尺度气泡的流动 分层自由面流动例子： 分离器中的晃动，核反应装置中的沸腾和冷凝 粒子负载流动例子：旋风分离器，空气分类器，洗尘器，环境尘埃流动• • • • •风力输运例子：水泥、谷粒和金属粉末的输运 流化床例子：流化床反应器，循环流化床 泥浆流例子: 泥浆输运，矿物处理 水力输运例子：矿物处理，生物医学及物理化学中的流体系统 沉降例子：矿物处理18.3 多相建模方法计算流体力学的进展为深入了解多相流动提供了基础。
目前有两种数值计算的方 法处理多相流：欧拉－拉格朗日方法和欧拉－欧拉方法。
• •18.3.1 欧拉－拉格朗日方法 18.3.2 欧拉－欧拉方法18.3.1 欧拉－拉格朗日方法在 Fluent 中的拉格朗日离散相模型（详见第 19 章）遵循欧拉－拉格朗日方法。
流体相被处理为连续相，直接求解时均纳维-斯托克斯方程，而离散相是通过计 算流场中大量的粒子，气泡或是液滴的运动得到的。
离散相和流体相之间可以有 动量、质量和能量的交换。
该模型的一个基本假设是，作为离散的第二相的体积比率应很低，即便如此，较 大的质量加载率( )仍能满足。
粒子或液滴运行轨迹的计算是 独立的，它们被安排在流相计算的指定的间隙完成。
这样的处理能较好的符合喷 雾干燥，煤和液体燃料燃烧，和一些粒子负载流动，但是不适用于流-流混合物， 流化床和其他第二相体积率不容忽略的情形。
18.3.2 欧拉－欧拉方法在欧拉－欧拉方法中，不同的相被处理成互相贯穿的连续介质。
由于一种相所占 的体积无法再被其他相占有，故此引入相体积率（phasic volume fraction）的 概念。
体积率是时间和空间的连续函数，各相的体积率之和等于 1。
从各相的守 恒方程可以推导出一组方程，这些方程对于所有的相都具有类似的形式。
从实验 得到的数据可以建立一些特定的关系，从而能使上述方程封闭，另外，对于小颗 粒流（granular flows）,则可以通过应用分子运动论的理论使方程封闭。
在 FLUENT 中, 共有三种欧拉-欧拉多相流模型，分别为：流体体积模型（VOF）， 混合物模型，以及欧拉模型。
VOF 模型所谓 VOF 模型（详见第 20.2 节），是一种在固定的欧拉网格下的表面跟踪方法。
当需要得到一种或多种互不相融流体间的交界面时，可以采用这种模型。
在 VOF 模型中，不同的流体组分共用着一套动量方程，计算时在全流场的每个计算单元 内，都记录下各流体组分所占有的体积率。
VOF 模型的应用例子包括分层流，自 由面流动，灌注，晃动，液体中大气泡的流动，水坝决堤时的水流，对喷射衰竭 （jet breakup）(表面张力)的预测，以及求得任意液－气分界面的稳态或瞬时 分界面。
混合物模型混和物模型（详见第 20.3 节）可用于两相流或多相流（流体或颗粒）。
因为在 欧拉模型中，各相被处理为互相贯通的连续体，混和物模型求解的是混合物的动 量方程，并通过相对速度来描述离散相。
混合物模型的应用包括低负载的粒子负 载流，气泡流，沉降，以及旋风分离器。
混合物模型也可用于没有离散相相对速 度的均匀多相流。
欧拉模型欧拉模型（详见第 20.4 节）是 Fluent 中最复杂的多相流模型。
它建立了一套包 含有 n 个的动量方程和连续方程来求解每一相。
压力项和各界面交换系数是耦合 在一起的。
耦合的方式则依赖于所含相的情况，颗粒流（流－固）的处理与非颗 粒流（流-流）是不同的。
对于颗粒流，可应用分子运动理论来求得流动特性。
不同相之间的动量交换也依赖于混合物的类别。
通过 FLUENT 的客户自定义函数 （user-defined functions），你可以自己定义动量交换的计算方式。
欧拉模型 的应用包括气泡柱，上浮，颗粒悬浮，以及流化床。
18.4 多相流模型的选择解决多相流问题的第一步，就是从 18.1 节中挑选出最能符合实际流动的模式。
在 18.4.1 节中，将对如何根据不同的模式，挑选恰当的模型给出最基本的原则， 然后在 18.4.2 节中，将就以下的问题给出具体的方法：即如何给定相与相之间 （包括气泡，液滴，和粒子）耦合的程度，以及如何针对不同程度的耦合情况选 择恰当的模型。
• •18.4.1 基本原则 18.4.2 细节指导18.4.1 基本原则通常，你一旦决定了采用何种模式最能符合实际的流动，那么就可以根据以下的 原则来挑选最佳的模型。
更为具体的指导，包括如何选择含有气泡，液滴和粒子 的流动模型可以参见第 18.4.2 节。
• •• • • • • • •对于体积率小于 10％的气泡、液滴和粒子负载流动，采用离散相模型。
具体内容参 见第 19 章。
对于离散相混合物或者单独的离散相体积率超出 10％的气泡、液滴和粒子负载流 动，采用混合物模型（详见 20.3）或者欧拉模型（详见 20.4） 。
具体采用何种模型， 可参考 18.4.2 和 20.1 所述。
对于活塞流，采用 VOF 模型。
详见 20.2。
对于分层/自由面流动，采用 VOF 模型。
详见 20.2。
对于气动输运， 如果是均匀流动 （详见 20.3） 则采用混合物模型； ， 如果是粒子流 （详 见 20.4） ，则采用欧拉模型。
具体采用何种模型，可参考 18.4.2 和 20.1 节内容。
对于流化床，采用欧拉模型模拟粒子流。
详见 20.4。
对于泥浆流和水力输运，采用混合物模型（详见 20.3）或欧拉模型（详见 20.4） 。
具 体采用何种模型，可参考 18.4.2 和 20.1 节内容。
对于沉降，采用欧拉模型。
详见 20.4。
对于更加一般的，同时包含若干种多相流模式的情况，应根据最感兴趣的流动特征， 选择合适的流动模型。
此时由于模型只是对部分流动特征做了较好模拟，其精度必 然低于只包含单个模式的流动。
18.4.2 细节指导对于分层流和活塞流，最直接的就是选择 VOF 模型，如 18.4.1 所述。
选择其他 的模型就不那么直接。
一般来说，下面的一些参数可以帮助选择合适的多相流模 型： 粒子的加载率, 粒子，液滴和气泡) , 和斯托克斯数, St。
(注意：这里“颗粒”一词泛指粒子加载率的影响粒子加载率对相之间的影响具有很大的作用。
颗粒加载率定义为离散相的质量密 度( d)和载体相的质量密度( c)之比:(18.4.1)物质密度比为：(18.4.2)气－固两相流中它大于 1000,液-固两相流中在 1 左右，而气－液两相流中小于 0.001。
利用这些参数，就可以估计粒子相中粒子之间的平均间隔距离。
下面是由 Crowe et al.给出的一种估计方法[ 42]：(18.4.3)其中。
这些参数的信息对于决定如何来处理离散相是非常重要的。
例如，对于某种气体－颗粒流动，其粒子加载率为 1，那么粒子间距 于是粒子就可以看成相互孤立的 (也就是说，粒子加载率很低)。
根据粒子加载率的不同，相之间的影响程度可以分为三类：•就等于 8；••对于低加载率，相之间的耦合作用是单向的；就是说，作为载体的流体介质可以通 过推动和涡漩影响粒子的运动，但是粒子对流体运动却没有影响。
离散相，混合物 以及欧拉模型都可以很好的处理这一类问题。
由于欧拉模型是最消耗资源的，故此 离散相和混合物模型相对更为合适。
对于中等的加载率，耦合作用成为双向的；就是说，流体通过推动和涡漩影响粒子 运动的同时粒子反过来也通过消耗平均动量和涡漩来影响流动。
离散相，混合物和 欧拉模型都可以应用于这种情况，但是你需要考虑其他的一些影响因素来决定采用 何种模型更为合适。
可利用下文将要介绍的斯托克斯数作为判断的准则。
对于高加载率，在双向影响的基础上还有粒子压力和由粒子引起的粘性应力的耦合 （是四向的耦合） 。
只有欧拉模型才能正确的处理此类问题了。
斯托克斯数的重要意义对于具有中等粒子加载率的系统， 通过估计斯托克斯数的大小可以帮助你选择合 适的模型。