语义学课件第六章

Instrument
They signed the treaty with the same pen.
(p.140)
location
Goal Source
Percept Recipient
……
The monster was hiding under the bed. Pat told the joke to his friends. We got the idea from a French magazine. The general inspected the troops. He sold me this wreck.
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while actor doesn’t.
• E.g. John took the book from Bill in order to read it. • *John received the book from Bill in order to read it.
• Foley & Van Valin (1984) • Agent < Actor • E.g. The car ran over the hedgehog (刺猬）.
We have seen that there is a tendency for subjects to be agents, direct objects to be patients and themes, and instruments to occur as prepositional phrases, this need not always be the case: ➢ the first is where roles are simply omitted, and the grammatical relations shift to react to this. ➢ the second is where the speaker chooses to alter the usual matching between roles and grammatical relations, a choice often marked by an accompanying change of verbal voice.
Such roles have some labels in semantics: participant roles, deep semantic cases, semantic roles and thematic roles.
➢题元角色主要是动词所表示的活动或事件中的相对恒 定的参与者角色。角色由谓项指派，谓项与题元角色之 间的关系是谓项与谓项所表达的活动或事件的参与者之 间的关系。
➢我们可以这样理解，所谓的题元角色，就相当于某一 个句法成分（主要是名词或者名词词组）在一个句子中 担当的语义角色。
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2. Classificaton
常见的和公认的题元角色介绍：
Agent Patient Theme Experiencer Beneficiary
David cooked the rashers. The sun melted the ice. Roberto passed the ball wide. Kevin heard the door shut. They baked me a cake.
Jackendoff (1990)
One nominal might fulfill more than one role is ela•bAocrtaiotendtiienrtoroaletsh:eAocrytoor,fAtigeersnto, fEthxpeemraietniccreor,les: a tPheamtieantitc, Btieerneafnicdiaarny,aIcntsiotrnumtieern. t.
Sentence Semantics 2: Participants
Framework
Thematic roles
❖Basic knowledge
definition classification tests
❖Further discussion
•one NP fulfil one thematic role?
What happened to the golf club was that Robert snapped
it in half.
What Robert did to the golf club was to snap it in half.
1. One NP fulfil only one thematic role?
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omission
•grammatical relations & thematic roles
•verbs & thematica rolesvoicepassive voice
•problems/challenges
middle voice
•motivations/significance
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• Jackendoff (1972)
• A test for Agent: whether the phrases like deliberately,
on purpose, in order to can be added to the sentence. • Agent displays animacy (生命度) and volition（意志力）,
E.g. Sue
hit
Fred.
•ThTehmemateic tier roles: TGhoealme,(tGheomaal,tiSc otieurr)ce,
LocAactioor n.
Patient (ac(ptio. n1t4ie4r)
2. Grammatical relations and Thematic roles
Agent > Recipient/Benefactive > Theme/Patient > Instrument > Location (P.146)
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E.g.
➢Sylvie bought him a sports car. beneficiary
➢Mr Wheeler jumped off the cliff. Agent ? theme? or both?
Chomsky’s Theta-Criterion (1988) One-to-one correspondence between noun phrases and thematic roles. (Theta-theory)
1. Definition
E.g. Gina raised the car with a jack.
Gina carries out the action. Car has its position changed by the action. Jack is the means by which Gina is able to cause the action.
Actor (X) vs. Patient (Y) (p. 142)
Jackendoff (1990)
What did X do? a.What happened to Y was… b.What X did to Y was…
Actor vs. Patient
E.g. Robert snapped the golf club in half.
（1） Thematic role omission
•Ursula broke the ice with a pickaxe. •The pickaxe broke the ice. •The ice broke.
this process of different roles occupying the subject position is a hierarchical process
(p.143)
Return to our first example,
Gina raised the car with a jack.
agent
theme
or
patient?
Patient vs Theme (P.141)
instrument
3. Tests/题元角色的判定
• Agent vs. Actor (p. 142)