商务英语名词解释

Hostile takeover

An acquisition of a firm despite resistance by the target firm's management and board of directors. Total quality control

A philosophy and set of guiding concepts that provides a comprehensive means of improving total organization performance and quality by examining each process through which work is done in a systematic, integrated, consistent, organization-wide manner. Abbreviated TQM.

Motivation theory/need hierarchy theory

Psychological discipline that attempts to describe why people or animals behave as they do solely in terms of internal needs that drive behavior, rather than attributing any influence to external stimuli.

theory X and theory Y assumption

T h e o r y X

With Theory X assumptions, management's role is to coerce and control employees.

o People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible.

o People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment in order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives.

o People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no ambition.

o People seek security above all else.

T h e o r y Y

With Theory Y assumptions, management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals.

o Work is as natural as play and rest.

o People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are NOT lazy).

o Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement.

o People learn to accept and seek responsibility.

o Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem.

o People have potential.

The theory states that a leader's behavior is contingent to the satisfaction, motivation and performance of his subordinates. The revised version also argues that the leader engages in behaviors that complement subordinate's abilities and compensate for deficiencies.

Lean production

A production system consisting of manufacturing cells linked together with a functionally

integrated system for inventory and production control that uses less of the key resources needed to make goods.

Corporate restructuring

Restructuring is the corporate management term for the act of reorganizing the legal, ownership, operational, or other structures of a company for the purpose of making it more profitable, or better organized for its present needs.

Business process reengineering

the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service,

Emerging market

A foreign economy that is developing in response to the spread of capitalism and has created its own stock market. emerging markets have high potential as well as high risk.

its promoters as aligning a company's activities with the social, economic and environmental expectations of its "stakeholders."

Start-Up Costs

Expenditures incurred after the decision has been made to establish a particular business but before business operations begin.

Consumer behavior involves the psychological processes that consumers go through in recognizing needs, finding ways to solve these needs, making purchase decisions , interpret information, make plans, and implement these plans .

Soft economy The soft economy means a form of development of economy that based on human resources and information resources which include the tertiary Industry and Quaternary sector of industry.

A capital marke t is a market for securities (debt or equity), where business enterprises (companies) and governments can raise long-term funds. It is defined as a market in which money is provided for periods longer than a year[1], as the raising of short-term funds takes place on other markets .

Yield management is the process of understanding, anticipating and influencing consumer behavior in order to maximize yield or profits from a fixed, perishable resource .As a specific, Yield Management involves strategic control of inventory to sell it to the right customer at the right time for the right price.

A core competency for a firm is whatever it does best.

Operating Earnings

Profits after subtracting expenses such as marketing, cost of goods sold, administration and general operating costs from revenue.