商务英语名词解释

Hostile takeoverAn acquisition of a firm despite resistance by the target firm's management and board of directors. Total quality controlA philosophy and set of guiding concepts that provides a comprehensive means of improving total organization performance and quality by examining each process through which work is done in a systematic, integrated, consistent, organization-wide manner. Abbreviated TQM.Motivation theory/need hierarchy theoryPsychological discipline that attempts to describe why people or animals behave as they do solely in terms of internal needs that drive behavior, rather than attributing any influence to external stimuli.theory X and theory Y assumptionT h e o r y XWith Theory X assumptions, management's role is to coerce and control employees.o People have an inherent dislike for work and will avoid it whenever possible.o People must be coerced, controlled, directed, or threatened with punishment in order to get them to achieve the organizational objectives.o People prefer to be directed, do not want responsibility, and have little or no ambition.o People seek security above all else.T h e o r y YWith Theory Y assumptions, management's role is to develop the potential in employees and help them to release that potential towards common goals.o Work is as natural as play and rest.o People will exercise self-direction if they are committed to the objectives (they are NOT lazy).o Commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievement.o People learn to accept and seek responsibility.o Creativity, ingenuity, and imagination are widely distributed among the population. People are capable of using these abilities to solve an organizational problem.o People have potential.The theory states that a leader's behavior is contingent to the satisfaction, motivation and performance of his subordinates. The revised version also argues that the leader engages in behaviors that complement subordinate's abilities and compensate for deficiencies.Lean productionA production system consisting of manufacturing cells linked together with a functionallyintegrated system for inventory and production control that uses less of the key resources needed to make goods.Corporate restructuringRestructuring is the corporate management term for the act of reorganizing the legal, ownership, operational, or other structures of a company for the purpose of making it more profitable, or better organized for its present needs.Business process reengineeringthe fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in critical contemporary measures of performance, such as cost, quality, service,Emerging marketA foreign economy that is developing in response to the spread of capitalism and has created its own stock market. emerging markets have high potential as well as high risk.its promoters as aligning a company's activities with the social, economic and environmental expectations of its "stakeholders."Start-Up CostsExpenditures incurred after the decision has been made to establish a particular business but before business operations begin.Consumer behavior involves the psychological processes that consumers go through in recognizing needs, finding ways to solve these needs, making purchase decisions , interpret information, make plans, and implement these plans .Soft economy The soft economy means a form of development of economy that based on human resources and information resources which include the tertiary Industry and Quaternary sector of industry.A capital marke t is a market for securities (debt or equity), where business enterprises (companies) and governments can raise long-term funds. It is defined as a market in which money is provided for periods longer than a year[1], as the raising of short-term funds takes place on other markets .Yield management is the process of understanding, anticipating and influencing consumer behavior in order to maximize yield or profits from a fixed, perishable resource .As a specific, Yield Management involves strategic control of inventory to sell it to the right customer at the right time for the right price.A core competency for a firm is whatever it does best.Operating EarningsProfits after subtracting expenses such as marketing, cost of goods sold, administration and general operating costs from revenue.PRODUCT-DRIVEN Put focus on the research and development of a productclick-and-mortarA type of business model that includes both online and offline operations, which typically include a website and a physical store. A click-and-mortar company can offer customers the benefits of fast, online transactions or traditional, face to face service.economies of scale.The decrease in unit cost of a product or service resulting from large-scale operations, as in mass production.Economies of scope An economic theory stating that the average total cost of production decreases as a result of increasing the number of different goods produced.Bottom line The line in a financial statement that shows net income or loss.CONSUMER BASE It means a group of consumers.Vertical integrationWhen a company expands its business into areas that are at different points of the same production pathHorizontal integrationWhen a company expands its business into different products that are similar to current lines Mergers and acquisitionsA general term used to refer to the consolidation of companies. A merger is a combination of two companies to form a new company, while an acquisition is the purchase of one company by another in which no new company is formed.Diversification It seeks to increase profitability through greater sales volume obtained from new products and new marketsfiscal year A twelve-month period for which an organization, such as a government or corporation, plans the use of its funds.Umbrella brand is an overarching brand used across multiple related products. MARKETING COMPANY The activities of a company associated with buying and selling a product or service. It includes advertising, selling and delivering products to people.New Economy is a term to describe the result of the transition from anindustrial/manufacturing-based economy. The change in the economic structure created a state of permanent steady growth, low unemployment, and low inflation.Phillips curveA curve describing the relationship between the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate. Marginal cost The change in total cost of production when an output is varied by one unit Metcalfe's law. The value of a network increases exponentially with the number of nodesMoore's law The number of transistors and resistors on a chip doubles every 18 months，and the machines will be cheaper.Gilder's lawIt states that "bandwidth grows at least three times faster than computer power." This means that if computer power doubles every eighteen months , then communications power doubles every six months.Knowledge workers in today's workforce are individuals who are valued for their ability to act and communicate with knowledge within a specific subject area.new service economy it means a radical new pattern of service economy ，which put customers first.Mass customization The process of delivering wide-market goods and services that are customized to satisfy a specific customer needNiche Particular specialty in which a firm has garnered a large market share.Craft production is the process of manufacturing by hand with or without the aid of tools.Craft production (or One-off Production) is the process of manufacturing by hand with or without the aid of tools.Total Customer Value refers to purchase a product or service expect to earn a group of interest, it mainly includes product Value and service Value, personnel Value and image Value, etc。