自考国际商务英语
国际商务英语 考点解析 自考
国际商务英语Lesson One考点解析1. 商务知识1) major differences between international business and domestic business (国际商务与国内商务的主要不同点)A.differences in legal system (法律体系的不同): The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law. 不同的国家通常拥有不同的法律体系，参与商务的一方或几方不得不根据外国的法律来调整自己的经营活动。
B.differences in currencies（货币的不同）: Different countries usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. 不同的国家通常使用不同的货币，参与商务的有关方必须选择使用哪种货币，就兑换等事宜作好一切必要的工作。
C.differences in cultural background（文化背景的不同）: +Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business. 文化差异包括语言、习俗、传统、宗教、价值观和行为方式的不同，往往给从事商务的人构成挑战甚至陷阱。
自考05844-国际商务英语-词汇部分
Unit 1: P7Transaction 交易 customs area 关税区 in compliance with 遵从；遵照conversion 货币兑换 visible trade 有形贸易 resale 转售gross domestic product国内生产总值 invisible trade 无形贸易 for short 缩写为account for 占…比例 headquarters 总部 trap 陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资 stocks 股票 bonds 债券maturity （票据等）到期，到期日 certificate of deposit 大额存单 licensing许可经营franchising 特许经营 trademark 商标 advisable 可行的；适当的patent 专利 royalty 专利使用费；版税 copyright 版税licensor 给予许可的人 licensee 接受许可的人 franchiser 给予特许的人franchisee 接受特许的人 logo 标志；标记 management contract 管理合同expertise 专门知识 bonus 红利；津贴；奖金 flat 一律的，无变动的value chain 价值链 contract manufacturing 承包工程 turnkey project “交钥匙”工程BOT（Build，Operate，Transfer）建设、经营、移交stand for 代表；表示variant 变形/体Unit 2: P23potential 潜力 clue 线索 national income 国民收入GNP 国民生产总值 per capita income 人均收入 bulk 大量的；大宗的PPP 购买力平价 consumerism 消费，消费主义 income distribution 收入分布Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development 经济合作与发展组织infra structure 基础设施 Commonwealth of Independent States 独立国家联合体staple goods 大路货 tap 开发 hemisphere 半球observation（经观察而得到的）看法 haven 避风港；安全之地 spur 促进；刺激creditor country 债权国 proximity 临近 ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟Unit 3：P40witness 亲历，见证 economic integration 经济一体化 liberalize 使自由put up barriers 设置障碍 fall under分成几部分 free trade area自由贸易区tariff rates 关税税率 NAFTA北美自由贸易协定 customs union 关税同盟detour 迂回；绕行 common market 共同市场 adoption 使用，采用euro 欧元 erode 侵蚀；损害 autonomy 自治；自主sovereign state 主权国家 political entity 政治实体 set the stage of 为、、、做准备；促成monumental 重要的，有纪念意义的 landmark 地标；里程碑 signatory 签字国；签字人settlement 结算 banknotes 纸币；钞票 circulation货币流通executive body 行政机构，执行机构 European Commission欧盟委员会 veto 否决commissioner 委员，特派员，专员 council of ministers 部长理事会 empower 授予权力multi-polarization 多极化 tenet 原则；宗旨 Dual-Ministerial Meeting 双部长会议cartel 卡特尔，联盟 OPEC 石油输出国组织Unit4：P57globalization 全球化 frequency 频繁，频率 interactive 相互作用的element 要素；组成成分；元素 value 价值观 acclaim 欢呼；欢迎；喝彩adverse 不利的；反对的 controversial 引起争议的 instrumental 有作用的internationalization 国际化 facilities 设施；设备；工具 label 把称为；把归类employ 用；使用 assets 资产 incorporate 吸收；合并purport 声称；自称headquarters 总部international economic environment国际经济环境double digit 两位数字 survival 继续生存 embark（on）开始；从事gigantic 庞大的；巨大的 intervene 干预；干涉 technical improvements 技术进步derivation 获得 day-to-day running 日常管理 decentralize 分散；放下（权利）wield 操控；控制 jurisdiction 权利；管理范围 vehicle 工具；手段delegate power to…对、、、授权 affiliate 分支机构；附属机构 mover 原动力，推动力Unit5：P71define 下定义 services 劳务 distribution 分布natural resources 自然资源 abundant 丰富的 scarce缺少，缺乏primary commodities 初级产品 incentive 刺激 specialization 专业化constitute 构成，形成 remainder 剩余的，余数 hold 认为in terms of 在…方面 illustrate 说明 table 表格，图表assume 假设 efficient 有效的，效率高的 occur 发生，产生law 规则，法则 even if 即使 disadvantage 不利with respect to 关于 exploit 利用，开发 static 静止的endowment of nature 自然的赋予 up-to-date 现代的，新式的 intuitive 直觉的，直观的appeal 吸引力 absolute advantage 绝对利益 comparative advantage 比较利益Unit6：P84strategic 战略的 reduce 减少 bulky 笨重的，庞大的perishable 易碎的 protectionist 保护主义的 barrier障碍typical 典型的 tariffs 关税 quota 配额levy 征收，收取 coincide 巧合；偶合 customs union 关税联盟import duties 进口关税 export duties 出口关税 ad valorem 按价；从价specific 从量的 compound duties 复税，混合关税 drawback 退税refund 偿还；退还 most-favoured-nation（MFN）treatment 最惠国待遇signatory 签字国 concession让步 tariff schedule 税率表；税则non-tariff barrier 非关税壁垒 impose 加强 unilaterally 单方面地label 标签，标记，标号 voluntary 自动的，主动的 forthcoming 即将到来的meaning of transport 运输工具 inland water vessels 内河船只 maritime 海洋的，与海有关的cargo compartment 货仓 charter租 fleet 舰队 insurance保险vulnerable 脆弱的 collision 碰撞 pilferage 偷窃 explosion 爆炸place of historical interest 古迹 accommodations 膳宿供应 immigrant 移民remittance 汇款 undertake 承担Unit7：P84climate 环境气氛；风气 degenerate 变坏；衰退 deal 交易draw up 制定；拟就 respective 各自的；分别的 subsequent 随后的，后来的interpretation 解释；说明 trade terms 贸易术语；交易条件 trading practices 贸易惯例litigation 诉讼，诉争 entail 使人承担；使成为必要 amendment 修正案；修正条款addition 增加部分 revise 修正；修改 unitization 使成为一个单位maritime 海的；海上的 consolidate 统一，合并 render使得；使成为negotiable 可转让的；可流通的 vital 极其重要的，必不可少的 whereby 凭借那个，借以premises 生产场所；经营场所 disposal 处理；解决 departure 离开，启程，出发quay 码头 substantive 实质性的Unit8：P116set forth 陈述；阐明 binding 有约束力的 enforceable可实施的sue起诉 trade fairs 商品交易会 trunk call 长途电话enquiry 询盘；询价 quotation 报价 voluntarily 主动地，自愿地indispensable 必不可少的 validity period 有效期 offer还盘unbinding 无约束力的 invalid 无效的 sales contract 销售合同sales （purchase） confirmation 售货（购货）确认书 setting up 构成，结构，格式consignment 寄售 contracting parties 缔约方 force majeure不可抗力arbitration 仲裁 cotton piece good 棉布 cotton yarns 棉纱hereby 于此 hereunder 于下 article number 货号yard 码 overleaf 反面 bleached 漂白的Unit9：P127counter trade 对销贸易；反对贸易 allegedly被说成；据说 phenomenon 现象terminology 术语 generic 总称的 net positions 实际寸头adduce 引证 empirical 以经验为根据的 reciprocal 互惠的；互相的hyperinflation极度通货膨胀 literally 照字地，逐字地 disarray 混乱conceptually 概念上地 European Payment Union 欧洲支付联盟competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值 pre-specify 预先说明 in essence 实质上的intertemporal 不同时的 be tied to 固定于 photocopying machine 复印机intriguing引起兴趣的，有迷惑力的 concurrently 同时发生的 a fraction of一点儿；一部分verify 一部分 sophisticated 经验丰富的 bypass 避开；置、、、于不顾expertise 专门知识 leverage 杠杆作用 tap 开发；开辟conceal 掩盖；隐藏 perpetuate 使永久存在 processing trade 加工贸易consignment 寄售 leasing 租赁 agency 代理Unit10：P141domestic 国内的 status 状况 remittance 汇款debtor 债务人 debit 借方；记入借方的款 financial standing 财务状况default 违约；不履行职责 ban禁止 fluctuation波动hesitant 犹豫，不情愿 dubious 可疑 integrity 正直；诚实periodic payment 分期付款 cash in advance 预付现金 draft 汇票（bill of exchange）drawer 出票人 drawee 受票人 payee受款人usance draft（tenor draft，term draft）远期汇票 documentary draft 跟单汇票clean draft 光票 bill of lading 提单 title to the goods 货物所有权insurance policy 保险单 documentary collection 跟单托收documents against payment （D/P）付款交单 documents against acceptance（D/A）承兑交单sound 健全；良好 with discretion 慎重地；审慎地Unit11：P154release 放开 gain control over 得到对…的控制 objective 目的，目标impeccable 无缺点的 bilateral 双边的 credit-worthiness 资信unique 独特的 security 安全，保障 presentation 呈交；提示undertaking 承担 applicant 开证申请人 opening bank 开证银行beneficiary 受益人 correspondent bank 往来行；关系行 advising bank 通知行amendment 修改 discrepancy 不符 confirming bank 保兑行reimburse 付款 nominate 指定 insufficient 不足的 submit提交stipulation 规定 expire 满期；到期 unit price 单价partial shipment 分批装运 transshipment 转船 seal 印章underlying作为基础的 obligation 责任，义务 ultimately 最终Unit12：P167category 种类 fall under 归为…类 mechanism 机制clean credit 光票信用证 non-trade settlement非贸易结算 revocable credit 可撤销信用证irrevocable credit 不可撤销信用证 certainty 确定程度，肯定程度 alter 改变commitment 承担的责任 cancel 取消，作废 consult with 与、、、协商revoke 撤销 consent 同意 extensively 广泛地indication 指明，表明 confirmed credit 保兑信用证 leading bank 主要银行double assurance 双重保障 involve 牵涉；涉及 sight credit 即期信用证usance credit 远期信用证 impeccable 正确无误的 capital turnover 资金周转maturity 到期 discount 贴现 face value 面值transferable credit 可转让信用证 non-transferable credit 不可转让信用证 middleman 中间人non-draft credit 无汇票信用证 deferred payment 推迟付款 revolving credit 循环信用证renew 恢复 reinstate 使复原 contracting parties 合同各方，缔约各方sustain 遭受，蒙受 insolvent 无支付能力的 bankrupt 破产的Unit13：P180documents 单据 take delivery of 提（货） delay 延误，迟延discrepancy 不符 conformity 一致，相符 description 描述commission 佣金 discount 折扣 shipping marks 唛头seal 印章；图章 signature 签字 comply with 符合in general terms 用概括性的词语，用一般性词语表达 exceed 超过 memos 备忘录，便笺bill of lading 提单 carrier 承运人 shipper 货主，托运人carriage 运输 consignee 收货人 notify party 被通知人payable 应支付的，可支付的 devoid of 没有，缺少 liability 责任；义务airway bill 空运提单 cargo receipt 铁路运单，货运收据 insurance policy 保险单function 功能；作用 the insured 被保险人 currency 货币 settle 清算；结算Unit14：P193fundamental 极其重要的 efficiency 效率 primitive 原始的in a broad sense 从广义上讲 grocery 食品；杂货 distinct 与其他明显不同的；独特的natural product provinces 产品自然领域 urgency 紧迫；急迫 perform 执行；完成carrier 承运人。
自考英语《国际商法》真题及答案解析
自考英语《国际商法》真题及答案解析总分：68分题量：25题一、单选题（共19题，共38分）1.Iwouldlove________tothepartylastnightbutIhadtoworkextrahourstofinis hareport.A.togoB.tohavegoneC.goingD.havinggone正确答案：B本题解析：本题考查非谓语动词与虚拟语气。
would love to do 为一固定搭配形式，其中不定式表示想要做的动作。
但此句中 but连接的句子说明其实动作并没有发生，所以这里要用虚拟语气表示与过去事实相反，选用 B 项。
2.Heboughtahouseforhischildren________A.livedinB.toliveinC.livedD.tolive正确答案：B本题解析：本题属于动词不定式复合结构做后置定语。
in 不可省略。
句意：他买了一套房子给孩子们住。
3.Thetrafficwasheldupformorethanthirtyminutes,________causedmetoarriv elate.A.itB.thatC.whatD.which正确答案：D本题解析：非限制性定语从句引导词的选取。
4.Therearemanysalesthisseason,duringwhichstoreswilllowertheir_______p rices.A.normalB.generalC.ordinaryual正确答案：A本题解析：A 正常的、平常的 B 普通的、一般的 C 普通的 D 寻常的、通常的5.Importswillbeallowedinproportion_______exports.A.toB.forC.outD.of正确答案：A本题解析：in proportion to ：按…的比例，与…成正比。
6.—Youwerebraveenoughtoraiseobjectionsatthemeeting.—Well,nowIregret________that.A.todoB.tobedoingC.tohavedoneD.havingdone正确答案：D本题解析：regret 后所跟动词有 to do 与 doing 两种形式，不定式表示“为做某事而遗憾”， doing 表示“为做过某事而后悔”。
自考《国际商务英语》课文【中英对照】第17课---国际货币体系与汇率
L17国际货币体系与汇率最早的国际货币体系称作金本位制,在这个体制下各国承诺在受到要求时将其货币由纸币兑换为黄金。
The earliest international monetary system was known as the gold standard under which countries pledged to change their paper currencies into gold when requested to do so.在金本位制下,各国都将其货币价值与黄金挂钩以确立货币金平价,由此,便形成了固定汇率制。
19世纪大部分时间直到第一次世界大战结束主要贸易国家均采用金本位制。
The gold standard created a fixed exchange rate system as each country pegged the value of its currency to gold to establish its par value, for most of the 19th century till the end of the First World War.由于英国当时在经济、政治和军事上的强大,英镑成为国际贸易往来中最重要的货币。
因此便产生了“基于英镑的金本位制”这一说法。
Major trading countries followed this system and the British Pound was the most important currency in international business as a result of the economic, political and military power of the United Kingdom, hence the term sterling-based gold standard.由于第一次世界大战对世界经济产生了很大的压力,以及随之而来的经济大萧条,固定汇率制走到了尽头。
商务英语自考试题及答案
商务英语自考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. In a business context, what does "B2B" stand for?A. Business to BusinessB. Business to ConsumerC. Business to GovernmentD. Business to Society2. Which of the following is NOT a common business document?A. InvoiceB. ContractC. MemoD. Novel3. What is the meaning of "due diligence" in business?A. The process of careful investigation or examination of a company or business before signing a contract.B. The process of paying off debts.C. The process of conducting a business meeting.D. The process of auditing financial statements.4. What does "IPO" stand for?A. International Product OfferingB. Initial Public OfferingC. International Product OrderD. International Product Option5. The term "P/E ratio" refers to:A. Price to Earnings ratioB. Product to Equipment ratioC. People to Equipment ratioD. Performance to Expectation ratio6. In business, "ROI" is an abbreviation for:A. Return on InvestmentB. Risk of InvestmentC. Revenue of InvestmentD. Rate of Investment7. What is the primary purpose of a SWOT analysis in business?A. To identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats.B. To evaluate the performance of employees.C. To determine the market share of a company.D. To analyze the financial health of a company.8. Which of the following is a type of business strategy?A. MarketingB. ManagementC. MonopolyD. Mergers and Acquisitions9. The term "blue ocean strategy" refers to:A. Competing in existing markets with a unique product.B. Expanding into new, uncontested markets.C. Dominating a market through aggressive pricing.D. Creating a product that is better than all competitors.10. What does "CFO" stand for in a business setting?A. Chief Financial OfficerB. Customer Financial OfficerC. Corporate Financial OfficerD. Certified Financial Officer二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The process of a company becoming publicly listed is known as an ________.12. The ________ is the document that outlines the terms and conditions of a business agreement.13. A ________ is a document that provides a detailed account of a company's financial transactions.14. The ________ ratio is a measure used to evaluate a company's profitability.15. A ________ is a detailed analysis of a company's internal strengths and weaknesses, as well as external opportunities and threats.16. The ________ is responsible for managing a company's financial resources.17. A ________ is a strategy that involves creating a new market space, away from existing competition.18. The ________ is a measure of how much revenue a company generates for each dollar of capital invested.19. A ________ is a business strategy that involves buying or merging with other companies to increase market share.20. The term ________ refers to the process of evaluating a potential investment or acquisition.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Explain the concept of "brand equity" in business.22. What are the key components of a business plan?23. Describe the purpose of a balance sheet in business.24. Discuss the importance of corporate social responsibility (CSR) in today's business environment.四、案例分析题（共40分）25. (10分) Analyze the potential risks and benefits of a company going public.26. (15分) Discuss the role of a Chief Marketing Officer (CMO) in a multinational corporation.27. (15分) Evaluate the impact of a successful merger on the market position of the involved companies.答案：一、选择题1-5: A, A, A, B, A6-10: A, B, A, B, A二、填空题11. Initial Public Offering (IPO)12. Contract13. Balance Sheet14. Return on Investment (ROI)15. SWOT analysis16. CFO (Chief Financial Officer)17. Blue ocean strategy18. Return on Investment (ROI)19. Mergers and Acquisitions20. Due diligence三、简答题21. Brand equity refers to the value and strength of a brand,which can influence consumer behavior and contribute to a company's financial performance.22. Key components of a business plan include executive summary, company description, market analysis, organization and management, product or service line, marketing and sales strategy。
自考05844国际商务英语(真题-翻译)
1有形贸易 visible trade visible trade 2无形贸易 invisible tradeinvisible trade3证券投资 Portfolio Investment portfolio investment 4大额存单 Certificate of depositcertificate of deposit 5管理合同 management contract management contract 6价值链 value chainvalue chain7承包生产 contract manufacturing contract manufacturing 8交钥匙工程 turnkey project turnkey project 9国民收入 national income national income 10人均收入 per capita income per capita income 11基础设施 infra structureinfra structure1213收入分布 income distribution income distribution 14债权国 creditor countrycreditor country15经济一体化 economic integration economic integration 16自由贸易区 free trade area free trade area 17关税税率 tariff rates tariff rates 18关税同盟 custom union custom union 19关税联盟 customs union customs union 20共同市场 common market common market 21主权国家 sovereign state sovereign state 22政治实体 political entity political entity 23行政机构 executive bodyexecutive body24欧盟委员会 European commission European commission 25部长理事会 council of ministers council of ministers 26多极化 multi-polarization multi-polarization27双部长会议 dual-Ministerial meeting dual-Ministerial meeting 28分委员会 Sub-committeeSub-committee 2930技术进步 technical improvements technical improvements 31自然资源 natural resources natural resources 32初级产品 primary commodities primary commodities 33绝对利益 absolute advantage absolute advantage 34比较利益 comparative advantage comparative advantage 35进口关税 import duty import duty 36出口关税 export dutyexport duty 37混税,复合关税 compound dutycompound duty3839税率表,税则 tariff schedule tariff schedule 40关税壁垒 tariff barriertariff barrier41非关税壁垒 non-tariff barrier non-tariff barrier 42运输工具 means of transport means of transport43古迹 places of historical interest places of historical interest 44货仓 cargo compartment cargo compartment 45关税区 customs area customs area 46从价税 advalorem dutiesadvalorem duties独立国家联合体 commonwealth of independent 国际经济环境 international economic environment 最惠国待遇 most-favoured nation (MFN) treatment47贸易术语 trade terms trade terms48贸易惯例 trading practices trading practices49商品交易会 trade fairs trade fairs50长途电话 trunk call trunk call51有效期 validity period validity period52还盘 counter offer counter offer53销售合同 sales contract sales contract54销售确认书 sales (purchase) confirmation sales (purchase) confirmation55缔约方/合约各方 contracting parties contracting parties56不可抗力 force majeure force majeure57货号 article number article number58棉布 cotton piece goods cotton piece goods59棉纱 cotton yarns cotton yarns60对销贸易 counter trade counter trade61欧洲支付联盟 European payment union European payment union62竞争性贬值 competitive devaluation competitive devaluation63加工贸易 processing trade processing trade64清算系统 clearing system clearing system65实际头寸 net positions net positions66贸易信贷往来帐户 trade credit accounts trade credit accounts67反向购买 counter purchase counter purchase68回购交易 buyback buyback69租赁贸易 leasing trade leasing trade70财务状况 financial standing financial standing71资信可靠情况 credit worthiness credit worthiness72分阶段付款 periodic payments periodic payments73预付现金 cash in advance cash in advance74汇票 draft / bill of exchange draft/bill of exchange75远期汇票 usance draft usance draft76跟单汇票 documentary draft documentary draft77提单 bill of landing bill of landing78货物所有权 title to goods title to goods79保险单 insurance policy insurance policy80跟单托收 documentary collection documentary collection81付款交单 documents against payment (D/P)documents against payment (D/P) 82承兑交单 documents against acceptance (D/A)documents against acceptance (D/A) 83光票 clean draft clean draft84开证银行opening bank opening bank85往来行 correspondence bank correspondence bank86通知行 advising bank advising bank87保兑行 confirming bank confirming bank88分批装运 partial shipment partial shipment89保兑信用证 confirmed letter of credit confirmed letter of credit90价格条款 price term price term91光票信用证 clean credit clean credit92非贸易结算 non-trade settlement non-trade settlement93可撤销信用证 revocable credit revocable credit94不可撤销信用证 irrevocable credit irrevocable credit95双重保障 double assurance double assurance96即期信用证 sight credit sight credit97远期信用证 usance credit usance credit98面值 face value face value99可转让信用证 transferable credit transferable credit100不可转让信用证 non-transferable credit non-transferable credit101无汇票信用证 non-draft credit non-draft credit102推迟付款 deferred payment deferred payment103循环信用证 revolving credit revolving credit104唛头 shipping marks shipping marks105被通知人 notify party notify party106货运收据 cargo receipt cargo receipt107发运港 port of shipment port of shipment108海关发票 custom invoice custom invoice109领事发票 consular invoice consular invoice110装船通知 shipping advice shipping advice111产品自然领域 natural product provinces natural product provinces112公共承运人 common carrier common carrier113契约承运人 contract carrier contract carrier114自有承运人 private carrier private carrier115中间产品 intermediate product intermediate product116制成品 finished products finished products117最大诚信原则 utmost good faith utmost good faith118货物原产地港口 port of origin port of origin119交货费用 forwarding charges forwarding charges导致损失的直接原因 proximate cause of the loss120121汇率 exchange rate exchange rate122金本位制 gold standard gold standard123平价 par value par value124储备货币 reversed currency reversed currency125清洁浮动 clean float (free float-自由浮动)clean float 清洁浮动 (free float 自由浮动) 126肮脏浮动 dirt float (managed float-管理浮动)dirt float 肮脏浮动 (managed float 管理浮动) 127(汇率)直接标价 direct quote direct quote128(汇率)间接标价 indirect quote indirect quote129买入价 buying rate buying rate130卖出价 selling rate selling rate131中间价 medial rate medial rate132大萧条 Great Depression great depression133特别提款权 special drawing right special drawing right134国际收支赤字 BOP deficit BOP deficit135国际收支盈余 favorable balance of payment favorable balance of payment136贴现率 discount rate discount rate137外汇管制 foreign exchange control foreign exchange control138游资 idle funds (hot money)idle funds (hot money)139世界银行集团 word bank group word bank group140资本市场 capital market capital market141优惠期 grace period grace period142私营经济 private sector private sector143股权投资 equity investment equity investment144经济结构调整 economic restructuring economic restructuring145投票权 voting power voting power146黄金份额 gold tranche gold tranche147备用(信贷)安排 standby arrangement standby arrangement148客户流动 customer mobility customer mobility149免税期 tax holiday tax holiday150合资企业 joint venture joint venture151绿地战略 the greenfield strategy the greenfield strategy152战略联合 the strategic alliance the strategic alliance153知识产权 intellectual property intellectual property154常务委员会 standing committee standing committee155证券交易所 stock exchange stock exchange156长期资本 long-term capital long-term capital157二级资本市场 secondary capital market secondary capital market158交易场地 market floor (trading floor)market floor (trading floor)159挂牌证券交易市场 listed market listed market160所得税 income tax income tax161平衡帐目 balance the books balance the books 公共部门借贷需求 the public sector borrowing requirement162163金边证券 gilt-edged stocks / securities gilt-edged stocks/securities164事业机构投资商 institutional investors institutional investors165期权 options options166套期保值 hedge hedge167具体事场 particular market area particular market area168普惠制 generalized system of preferences generalized system of preferences 169关税减让 tariff concession tariff concession170制度力量 institutional strength institutional strength171反贴补措施 counter-veiling measures counter-veiling measures172反倾销 anti-dumping anti-dumping173国民待遇 national treatment national treatment174关税配额 tariff quota tariff quota175充分就业 full employment full employment176公平贸易 fair trade fair trade177贸易条款 term of trade term of trade178免责条款 escape clauses escape clauses179行动纲领 action programme action programme180联合国大会 united nations general assembly united nations general assembly 181较不发达国家 less-developed countries less-developed countries182无差别待遇 non-discrimination principle non-discrimination principle183差别待遇 differential treatment differential treatment184贸易条件 terms of trade terms of trade185186特惠税 preferential customs tariffs preferential customs tariffs 187技术转让 transfer of technology transfer of technology188金融市场 financial market financial market189中期贷款 extended fund facility extended fund facility190双边谈判 bilateral negotiation bilateral negotiation191特约条款 special clause special clause192董事会 board of directors board of directors193生产方式 production approach production approach194可保利益 insurable interest insurable interest195缓冲库存贷款 buffer stock financing facility buffer stock financing facility 196跨国公司母公司 parent MNC parent MNC197记帐交易 open credit open credit198滚装滚卸范畴运输 roll-on and roll-off traffic roll-on and roll-off traffic199规模经济 economies of scale economies of scale200有价保单 valued policy valued policy201从量税 specific duty specific duty202业务范围 business line business line203基础设施 capital infrastructure capital infrastructure204布雷顿森林会议 the Bretton woods convention the Bretton woods convention 205保证金 margin margin206统一关税制度 uniform tariff system uniform tariff system207208209210211212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224电子数据交换EDI (Electronic Data Interchange)国内生产总值GDP (Gross Domestic Product)国民生产总值GNP (Gross National Product)购买力平价PPP (Purchasing Power Parity)增值税VAT (value added tax)国际经济新秩序 new international economic order石油输出国组织OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)东南亚国家联盟ASEAN (Association of SouthEast Asian Nations)北美自由贸易协定NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)多边投资担保机构MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency)经济及社会理事会ECOSOC (economic social council)国际开发协会IDA (International Development Association)国际货币基金组织IMF (International Monetary Fund)经济合作与发展组织OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development)零库存 just-in-time delivery (JIT)自动出口限制VER (Voluntary Export Restriction)投资交易所RIE (Recognized Investment Exchange)国际复兴开发银行IBRD (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development)国际金融公司IFC (International Finance Corporation)。
《国际商务英语》(自考)Lesson 10
other risks
➢ political risks - war, quotas, foreign exchange control
➢ commercial risks - market change and exchange rate fluctuation
➢ language barriers
exporter
draft and the shipping document
bank
customer
importer’s bank
document will not be released to the importer until payment is affected
D/ P at sight
sales on this basis are usually paid for by periodic payment
the exporter must have sufficient financial strength to carry to cost of the goods until receiving payment
/
debtor /ˈdetə(r)/
debit /ˈdebɪt/
adj. 国内的 n. 状况 n. 汇款 n. 债务人 v. 将……记入 借方；n. 借方
financial standing standing n. 地位；级别；身份；名声
credit worthiness /ˈwɜːðinəs/ default /dɪˈfɔːlt/ ban /bæn/
fluctuation /ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
财务状况
资信可靠 状况
n. 违约 n./ v. 禁 止
自考国际商务英语_句子翻译
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS国际商务1. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.2. 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3. 其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4. 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料
05844 自考国际商务英语复习资料lesson 1 International Business1.International business国际贸易Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders ofdifferent customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.2.Visible trade有形贸易The form of commodity trade. i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one countryfor consumption or resale in another.3.Invisible trade无形贸易The form of service trade. i.e. transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc.4. Franchise特许An arrangement by which an monopoly producer or owner gives another permission for the exclusive right to manufacture or sell the products in a certain area.Franchising特许经营A special form of licensing. A firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logo, and operating techniques for royalty.5. Licensor 给予许可的人A person or a company granting a licenceLicensing许可经营/国际许可A firm lease the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such as trademarks, brand names, patents, copyright or technology.6. Non-tariff barrier非关税壁垒All forms of man-made obstructions to international trade other than tariffs, including prohibitions and quotas, etc.7. Portfolio证券The entire collection of investments in the form of stocks, bonds, or certificate of deposits for purposes other than controlling.8. Turnkey contract交钥匙工程One in which one of the parties agree to supply, at the contract price, a complete product ready for use, such as a new home, factory, ship, etc.9. Contract manufacturing承包生产A firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain.11. Major differences between international business and domestic business.Ans: Differences in (1) legal system (2) currencies(3) cultural background:language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.(4) natural and economic conditions,12. Major types of international businessAns: (1) trade : A. commodity trade B. service trade(2) Investment :(difference)A. foreign direct investment (FDI外国直接投资)(is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.)B. portfolio investment 证券投资(refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.)(3) other types: A. licensing & franchising(in comparison with the relation between the licenser and licensee, franchiserhas more control over and provide more support for the franchisee.)B. management contract &contract manufacturingC. turnkey project & BOT(making profit from operating the project for a period )13. Why do firms choose licensing as a means of entering a foreign market? Ans:(1) do not have to make cash payments to start business ;(2) receive income in the form of royalty;(3) benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership ormanagement.14. Under what condition is management contract most applicable? Ans: When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers tobe of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation. A foreign companyto operate in the industry without owning the assets.Lesson 2 Income Level and the World Market1. PPP购买力平价--purchasing power parityPurchasing power购买力 of persons, the public, having the money to buy goods and services.2.Recipient接受者 a person or an organization etc. that receives something.3. Infrastructure基础设施large-scale public services, such as water and power supplies, road, rail and radio communications,etc. Needed to support economic activity, esp.industry, trade and commerce.4. GNP---refer to the market value of goods and services produced by the property andlabor owned by the resident of an economy.(国民生产总值)(focuses on ownership of the factors of production)GDP---refer to the market value of all goods and services produced within thegeographic area of an economy.(国内生产总值)(concentrates on the place where production take place),5. Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into 3 categories:(1) high-income countries (per capita income of $9,386 and above):A. OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)B. Rich oil producing countries of the Middle East (Kuwait, Saudi Arabia &Arab Emirates)C. Small-industrialized countries or regions (Israel, Singapore, HK and Taiwan)(2) middle-income countries (per capita income bellow $9,386 but above $765 )A. 6 OECD members ( Czech, Greece, Hungary, Mexico and Turkey )B. -a. Some Latin American countries-b. Some Asia countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines and Thailand)-c. Some South African and oil-producing countries (Libya, Nigeria, Algeria)(3) low-income countries (per capita incomes of only $765 or even less)Include: most African countries, some Asia countries and a few Latin American countries.6. High-income countries often have :(1)good infrastructure (2)high purchasing power (3)advanced technology(4)efficient management(5)favorable environment for trade and investmentA. Offer prime markets for expensive consumer goodsB. Are both attractive sources and destinations of investment7. Low-income countries should not be neglected in international business activities:(1) lower-priced staple goods (2) cheap labor(3) are often rich in resources (4)market is something to be developed8. In what way, GDP&per capita income significant in assessing(评估)the potential of aparticular market:(1)GDP is important in market assessment for durable equipment耐用设备or bulk goods大宗货物, such as grain谷物, steel, or cement水泥. (indicates the overall size of an economy)(2)Per capita income is important when marketing consumer durables.(reveals the average incomelevel of consumers)9. China with a per capita income of over $1,100 is a middle-income countriesthough is was a low income countries just a few years ago.10. The best policy for China to develop business opportunities iswherever advantageous while keeping in mind the key markets.11. Triad ---refers to the 3 richest region of the world ( the United States, the EU and Japan).Quad- --extend the scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadenedgrouping Quad.12.OECD (the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development)经济合作发展组织headquarters in Paris, established in 1963, have 29members (23members are high-income countries& 6 middle-income countries).Lesson 3 Regional Economic Intergration1. Major objective of regional integrationTo better enjoy the benefit of free flow of goods, services, capital, labor and other resources, countries have signed various agreement to liberalize trade among themselves while putting up barriers toeconomic activities with non-members.,2. The characteristics of a common market(1)Free trade area自由贸易区members of a free trade removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders.(different members may have different tariff rates or quota restrictions.)The most notable(largest market)free trade area is NAFTA (the North American Free Trade Agreement), formed by the United Stated, Canada, Mexico in 1991.(2)Customs union 关税同盟by adopting(采取)the same trade policy for all members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing(废除)trade barriers among themselves.(It's impossible for non-members to get into the market of the customs union in a detour(以迂回方式)as they possibly do in the case of trade with a free trade area.)(3)Common market共同市场the European Community remained a common market for some years in the pastA. Free movement of goods and servicesB. Adoption of common external trade policyC. Free movement of the factor of production (such as labor, capital, and technology)It's hard to say individual members will always benefit, still less to expect them to enjoy the advantage of factor mobility to the same degree.(4)Economic union 经济同盟A. is characterized by integration of the domestic policies of its members in respect of economy,finance etc. in addition to absence of trade barriers, practice of common external policy and freeproduction factor mobility.(not only to harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies,etc.but also use the same currency. )B. the member countries are require to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is erodingthe tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states.3. The development of EU(the European Union)欧盟:1952---ECSC (the European Coal and Steel Community)For more ambitious integration efforts.1957---EEC (the European Economic Community)Treaty of Rome ---signedAim to realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well asharmonization of economic policies of the member countries.1967---EC (the European community)became a ture common market as evisaged by --the Single European Actformed by emrging EEC, ECSC and EURATOM(the European Atomic Energy Community)1994---EU--the strength of the Maastricht Treaty---12members(6signatories of the Treaty of Rome :France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands and Luxemburg +1973. Britain, Island and Denmark + 1981. Greece + 1986.Spain and Portugal)1995---15members (+Austria, Finland and Sweden)1999---use the common European currency for accounting and settlement2002---euro banknotes and coin were put into circulation.,4. The EU is a full-fledged(齐全的) entity.---composed of 20commissioners overseeing 23departments in charge of different affairs.---the commissioners appointed by member governments, but the commissioners are responsible tothe Union instead of their home country.(1)The Council of Ministers is the most powerful institution.A. has the final say on all important mattersB. has the power to pass legislationC. decision are made by votes allocated to member countries on the basis of their size.D. different ministers attend the council meetings depending on the matters discussed.(2)The European Parliament is an advisory body with limited power.A. vote EU membership application and trade agreements with non-members.B. believed that will be more powerful in the future.5. APEC(the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation) 亚太经合组织set up at the Ministerial Meeting held in Australian capital Canberra. 1991,attended by 12members.(1) 21members:all the major Pacific Rim countries and regions.(2) has a five-layer organization structureA. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders---held annuallyB. the Dual-Ministerial Meeting ---attended by foreign ministers and ministers in chargeof foreign trade (excluding Chinese Taipei and HK)C.the Meeting for Ministers Responsible for TradeD.the Senior Officials Meetings(SOM)--attended by vice ministers, departmental directors or ambassadors to implement(执行) decisions by economicleaders and ministerial meeting.E.four subordinate committees under SOMmittee of Trade and Investmentb.Economic Committeec.Economic and Technical Cooperation Subcommittee of SOMd.Budget Management Committee(3)the tenet and objectives---(by the Seoul Declaration)" inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system andreduction of regional trade barriers."(4)"the two wheels of APEC"(APEC co-operation concentrates on)A. trade and investment liberation and facilitation (TILF)B. economic and technical cooperation (ECOTECH)6.OPEC(the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries)欧佩克--the most influential commodity cartel(account for 40%of the global oil production)(1)composed of 13members established in 1960 with headquarters at Vienna.(2)tried to limit the overall crude oil supply(原油供应) of the world for the purpose of maintaining higher oil prices.,Lesson 4 Economic Globalization1. Economic Globalization经济全球化 as a objective trend(1)The basic featurefree flow of commodity, capital, technology, service, :and information in the context for optimized allocation优化配置Major role:A. Giving new impetus动力 and providing opportunities to world economic development.B. Making the various economies more and more interdependent相互依赖and interactive相互影响.(2)The pros and cons: different countries and peoples do not enjoy balanced benefitsA. enables countries benefit from the boom of other countriesB. makes them more vulnerable to the adverse events across the globe.the best policy for us isto follow the trend closely, availing 利用the opportunities it offer todevelop ourselves and avoiding its possible impacts.2. Multinational enterprise (MNE)跨国企业A business organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, oftenincluding productive resources, in more that one country, through its member companies incorporated 有限公司separately in each of these countries.Each member company is known as a multinational corporation(MNC)跨国公司.(1)If the MNC is established as a result of investments by the MNE, whether through the parent or through another of its already established MNC, it is an affiliate MNC.(2)If the MNC is the original investment corporation,it is known as the parent MNC, normally alsothe international headquarters of the MNE.(3)An MNE may also have various regional or operational headquarters, in addition to itsinternational headquarters.3. The characteristics of MNE(1)enormous size(2)wide geographical spread (play an important role and why?)A. have a wide range of option in terms of decisions in areasB.take advantage of changes in the international economic environmentC.engage in worldwide integrated production and market giving rise to extensive intra-MNE transactions Bcs: in order to the security of its profits, assets, organization and operations.(3) longevity and rapid growth4. Commonly objective of MNE(needs, goals, and roles)(1) profit ---the profits goal represents the basic needs of the MNEs' shareholders(2) securityA.the security in the short-and-long-runB.the security of the MNE's assets and investmentC.the security of other organizational needsa. a favorable business environmentb. supplies of raw materials and other resource inputsc. effective organizational control and managementd. transportation and communicatione. technical improvementsf. employees including managers(3)as vehicles for cross-border transfer of resources,5. The relationship between MNEs &their host countriesHost government can and do wield power over MNCs located within their territories. MNCs areunder the legal jurisdiction of their host governments which can impose various rules, regulations and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets.6. 4 types of MNCs---according to their organization and way of operation(1)multi-domestic corporations a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. ---i(2)the global corporations-iews the world market as an integrated whole. --vPower and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manage production and marketing to achieve theeconomies of scale as much as possible.(3)the transnational corporation--aim to achieve both efficiency and flexibility, the activities and resources are integrated in an interdependent network of affiliates.(4)world company--as their national identities are blurred to a large extent. -Very few companies reached this level of internationalization.When such companies increasing and become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may begreatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.Lesson 5 --6 International Trade1. International trade国际贸易Is defined as the exchange of goods and service produced in one country with those produced inanother.2. Other reasons for international trade:(1)the uneven distribution of natural resources among countries(2)International specialization国际生产专门化A.absolute advantage绝对利益/绝对优势(理论)---holds that a commodity will be produced in the country where it costs least in terms ofresources(capital, land, and labor.)---In reality, it is not rare that one country has no absolute advantage in any commodity.parative advantage比较优势(理论)---holds that even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodity, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.---it can make one country better off好转 without making another worse off恶化.The first country should specialize in the production, and export of the commodity in which its absolute disadvantageis smaller, and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater.a.introduced by the English economist David Ricardo.b.not a static静止的 concept.(a)Switzerland--watchmaking (b)the United States--the most up-to-date technology.c.the cornerstone基石 of modern thinking on international trade.3. Primary commodities初级货物those commodities not processed, not only slightly processed, usually farm produce or raw material.3. Other bases for trade among countries(1)patterns of demand(2)economy of scale(i.e. The cost advantage of large-scale production)The cost for the production will decrease if the goods are produced on a larger scale.(3)innovation or style,4. The theory of international specialization and other bases for trade seeks to answer thequestion:Which countries will produce what goods, with what trade patterns among them.5. The reasons for complete specialization may never occur(1)for strategic or domestic reasons.a country may continue to produce goods for which does not have an advantage.(2)affected by transport cost.( the cost of transport reduces the benefit of trade,like bulky or perishable goods)(3)protectionist measures which are often taken by governments.6.Tariff barriers关税壁垒---are the most common form of trade restriction.7.Tariff关税---is a tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area.8.customs area关税区---usually coincides with the area of a country.9.customs union关税同盟---is a customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations.10.Import duties进口税--are tariffs levied on goods entering an area.(more common) (1)specificduty--duties levied on the basis of quantity, weight, size etc. of the goods.(2)ad valorem duty--duties levied on the basis of the price of the goods.(3)compound duty--the combination of specific duty&ad valorem duty.11.Export duties出口税--are tariffs levied on goods leaving an area.Coz. Most nations want to expand exports and increasing their foreign exchange earnings.12.drawback退税refers to duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.13.MFN(the most-favoured-nation)treatment最惠国待遇refers to a tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariffconcessions granted to any participating country.It is not really special but is just normal trading status. It gives a country the lowest tariffs only within the tariff'sschedule, is still possible to have lower tariffs.14.Quotas配额or quantitative restrictions数量限制the most common form of non-tariff barriers.A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time.The limits may be in quantity or value terms, and quotas may be on a country basis or global, without reference to countries.15.Visible trade--involves the import and export of goods.16.Invisible trade--involves the exchange of services between countries.(1)transportation service运输服务(2)insurance保险(Lloyd's of London is a leading exporter of this service)(3)tourism旅游(4)immigrant remittance移民汇款 ---refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.,Lesson 7 Incoterms 2000《2000通则》1. The necessity and purpose of having Incoterms(1)eliminate any possibility of misunderstanding and subsequent dispute.(2)to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade termsin foreign trade.2. The revision of Incoterms took account of changes in transportation techniques.3. The 1990 revision of Incoterms was the desire to adapt terms to the increasing use of electronicdata interchange(EDI).It is of vital importance, when using EDI messages, to ensure that the buyer has the same legal position as he wouldhave obtained if he had received a bill of lading from the seller.4. The reasons for the 2000 revision of Incoterms(1)the spread of customs-free zones(2)changes in transportation practices(3)increasing use of electronic communication5.Incoterms 2000E terms---the seller makes the goods available to the buyer at the seller's own premises.(1)EXW---Ex work工厂交货F terms---the seller is called upon to deliver the goods to a carrier appointed by the buyer.(2)FCA---Free Carrier货交承运人(3)FAS---Free Alongside Ship装运港船边交货(4)FOB---Free On Board装运港船上交货C terms--the seller has to contract for carriage, but without assuming the risk of loss of or damage tothe goods or additional costs due to events occurring after shipment and dispatch.(5)CFR---Cost and Freight成本加运费(6)CIF--- Cost, Insurance and Freight成本、保险加运费(7)CPT---Cost Paid To 运费付至(8)CIP---Carriage and Insurance Paid To运费、保险费付至D terms---the seller has bear all costs and risk needed to bring the goods to the country ofdestination.(9)DAF---Delivered At Frontier边境交货(10)DES---Delivered Ex Ship目的港船上交货(11)DEQ---Delivered Ex Quay目的港码头交货(12)DDU---Delivered Duty Unpaid未完税交货(13)DDP---Delivered Duty Paid完税后交货6. The substantive实质性的changes made with Incoterms 2000:(1)the customs clearance and payment of duty obligations under FAS and DEQ.(2)the loading and unloading obligation under FCA.,Lesson 8 Business Contract1.Contract合同is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued andforced to make compensation, though most contract do not give rise to disputes.2.Business negotiation交易磋商: A legitimate contract can be either in written or oral form. (1)Oral---refers to direct discussion conducted:A.at trade affairsB.by sending trade groups abroadC.by inviting foreign customers(2)WrittenA. Enquiry询盘 ---is made without engagement on the part of the enquirer.a. made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity,specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.b. a first enquiry should be given, so as to facilitate the exporter's work:(a)how the name& address of the exporter have been obtained,(b)the business line and usual practice of the importer.B. Quotation报价---may be sent by the exporter which should include all the necessary informationrequired by the enquiry. Sometimes, the exporter may make an offer to an importer voluntarily. C.Offer and acceptance发盘与接受a firm offer---is a promise to sell goods at a stated price.The validity period is indispensable必不可少的.is open untill a stipulated time or it's accepted or rejected.made of :a. the time of shipmentb.the mode of payment desiredc.an exact description of the goods: quantity, quality, specifications, packing etc. D.Counter-offer还盘---is a refusal of the offer, the offeree may find part of the offer unacceptable and may raise for further discussions his own proposals. (the price, terms of payment, time of shipment, or otherterms and conditions of the offer.)Trade is considered concluded once an offer or a counter-offer is accepted.3. The necessity of the written contractis prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.4. The types of contracts(1)sales contract--the contract is made by the seller(2)purchase contract--the contract is made by the buyer(3)sales/purchase confirmation--is less detailed than a contact, covering only the essential terms of the transaction. Usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.5. The setting of a contract(1)the title(2)the contract proper合同正文&address of the buyer and the sellerB.details of the commodity transactionC.terms and conditions mutually agreedD. Indication of the number of original copies, languages used, and the validity. (3)The signatures of the contracting parties(4)the stipulations规定on the back of the contractA.the shipping documents requiredB.force majeureC.arbitration仲裁D.claims理赔,,Lesson 9 Modes of Trade1.counter trade对销贸易--is a peculiar form of transaction allegedly popular in less developed countries and in centrally planned economies. It has become the generic term of describe a set of cross-border contracts that link a seller's exports to imports from the buyer.original:the pre-World War ? years the Reichsbank agreed to establish a clearing system that permitted traditional trade flows between Germany and the Balkans to continue.development:during the World War ?Britain use bilateral arrangements, West Europe setting up the European Payment Union. Subsequently,the countries of centrally planned economies(like Finland)trade credit accounts between familiar trading partners exchanged unrelated goods.In the 1970s and 1980s, counter trade partner are not necessarily familiar partner and goods exchanged are sometimes vertically related.2.The 3forms of counter trade(1)Barter易货贸易The direct exchange of goods and services which is completed in a short period of time.(2)Counter purchase互购贸易An intertemporal不同时的direct exchange of goods and services. Usually stipulated to be fulfilled within a given period of time.(3)Buyback回购贸易/补偿贸易An arrangement by an exporter or plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output product by these goods as full or partial payment.3.The 2difference between counter purchase and buyback(1)in buyback the goods and services taken back are tied to the original goods exportedbut not in counter purchase.(2)a buyback deal usually stretches over a longer period of time than counter purchase.4.The features common to the 3forms of counter trade is bundling互相捆绑.Bundling--means the exchanges of goods and services are bundled together. (the exchanges are implemented either concurrently同时地or intertemporally不同时地)Unbundling greatly facilitates transaction and allow more efficient economic exchanges.5.The 5advantages in counter trade:(1)helps a country to deal with foreign exchange shortages; (2)promote exports;(3)reduce uncertainty regarding export receipts;(4)bypass an international price agreement(5)helps countries with debt problems to import goods.6.The drawbacks of counter trade:(1)concealing the real prices and costs of transactions . (2)company may suffer losses bcz they could not get rid of products of poor quality. (3)be considered as a form of protectionism.7.Other modes of trade:(1)processing trade加工贸易(2)consignment寄售(3)leasing trade租赁贸易(4)agency代理,,Lesson 10 International Payment1.Mutual trust is hard to build. purchase and sale of goods and service are carried out beyond national boundaries, which makes it rather difficult for the parities concerned in the transaction to。
自考05844国际商务英语(真题-词组解释)
International business: refer to transaction between parties from different countriesVisible trade:exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in anotherInternational investment: supplying capital by residents of one country to anotherFDI(foreign direct investments)is made of returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.Portfolio investment refers to purchase of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Franchising,a firm called the franchisee,is allowed to operate in the name of another,called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks,brand names,logos,and operating techniques for royalty.Turnkey project,a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for build,O for operate and T for transfer.For a BOT project,a firm operate a facility for a period of time after bulding it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company.Customs union:A customs area extending beyond national boundaries to include two or more independent nations is called a customs unionTrade terms are terms used in international trade to describe the general information about the trade, such as the unit price, port of shipment, port of destination and the kind of currency.Protectionism is a trade barrier to international trade for the purpose of protecting a nation’s own domestic market and industries. It includes tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers.A multinational enterprise is a business organization which owns,controls and manages assets,in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated.Per capita GNP refers to the total value of the goods and services per man provided by all kinds of sectors during a certain period ( a year, a quarter, etc )Force majeure is a default of the contract which is given rise to not because of the contracting parties’default,but of the uncontrollable causes.One type of the cause is the natural force and the other is social cause.Drawer: The person who draws the bill of exchange is called the drawer.Proximate cause of loss:When an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk,a claim becomes payable only if the risk occurred as the proximate cause of the loss suffered.The proximate cause is the direct cause of the loss.Shortfall means the shortage of amount or values of certain goods.Tariff concession list:It refers to the list of commodities on which the deduced tariff rate is stipulatedCompound duty:a type of tariff levied according both the amounts and the prices of the commodities.Customs cleance:as to customs clearance,for ordinary imported goods,the customs will sign on the shipping documents to release the goods.But for some particular duty–free goods or bonded goods,the customs still have control over it after the consignee acknowledged the receipt of shipmentInsurance is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provide a payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Insurance is a risk transfer mechanism. Those who transfer risk are called insured. Those who assume risk are called insurers.Standby arrangements:That’s the standby credit arrangement given by IMF to its member countries.Escape clause:It’s a clause of contemporary canceling of the preferential tariff when some domestic industries are damaged because in bilateral and multilateral negotiations and agreements there are excessive importing commodities that enjoy the deduction of tariff and other trade allowance for the contracting parties.Non-trade settlement mainly means the settlement which occurs not because of trade between the trading parties, but of the other reasons such as the government agreement.Intermediate products are products which are not the same as the raw materials or as the finished goods. They can called semi-finished products.Counter trade is the generic terms to describe a set of cross border contracts which link a seller’s exports to imports from the buyer.Intra-MNE transfer refers to the transfer among the different units within the range and under the control of MNCFair trade refers to the trade conducted by two parties on the equal treatment.Beneficiary: The exporter in whose favour the credit is openedConsular visa is a visa signed by one country’s consul in another country when the visaed subject is about to go through the customs between these two countries.Incoterms are short for the international rules for interpretation of trade terms,the purpose of it is to provide a set of international rules for the interpretation of the most commonly used trade terms in foreign trade.Thus,the uncertainties of different interpretation of such terms in different countries can be avoided or at least reduced to a considerable degree.Contribution:A person can not be allowed to insure twice for the same risk,and claim compensation from both insurers.If two policies do cover the same event the insurance companies contribute pro rata to the loss, and the insured is only restored to the indemnity position.The most favoured nation clause:It is most effective method to avoid the damage by bilateral talks to the world trade.Countries can automatically enjoy the favorable tariffs given by the relevant countries to the other countries.Consignment trade is a kind of trade in which the seller ships his goods abroad,and his agent in that country will sell the goods for him,and the title to the goods still belongs to the seller before the goods are sold.Productivity is a ratio figure which indicates how much inputs should be needed to produce the goods. It is a sensitive index to measure the economic growth of one industry or of one nationInsurable interest:No one may insure anything unless he has an interest in it,which means that if the thing insured is preserved he will derive a benefit from its preservationGroup of77:It’s a group initiated by some countries in Asia,Africa and Latin America in order to maintain their interests and protest the deprivation of the imperialist countries.At present,the group of 77 countries has expanded to include more than 100 countries and regionsIDA refers to the international Development association established in1960to provide financial assistance primarily in the poorer developing countries and on terms that would bear less heavily on their balance of payments.Documents against payment at sight requires immediate payment by the importer to get hold of the documentsTransportation deregulation has removed the shackles of control,both shippers and carriers are free to negotiate the best rate and service packages to meet the needs of both parties.Clearing system is a government agreement where the trade balance is finalized by accounting and offsetting the debts and credits between two countriesComparative advantage:Even if a country is less efficient than another in the production of both commodities, there is still a basis for mutually beneficial trade.Clean credit,credits that only require clean draft,i.e.draft not accompanied with shipping documents for payment are clean credit.Known premium is the cost the insured should have to pay the insurance company for the insured goods.Hyperinflation is a kind of inflation in which the market prices are soaring quickly.The devaluation rate of the currency is astronomical.The normal economic activities are out of the order,and finally lead to the collapse of the whole monetary system.Parent MNC is the original investing multinational corporation.It is also the international headquarters of the MNE.Letter of credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Legal holder is an owner of a property who is entitled to it by lawTrading practices are widely-acknowledged customary deeds experienced from actual trade. Secondary capital market is the market where the issued securites are traded,it includes the stock exchange and the over-the –counter market.World Bank group,it is a complex institutions composed of IBRD,IDA,IFC and MIGA,with the main purpose of helping raise standards of living in developing countries by channeling financial resources to them from developed countries.Opening bank: the bank that issues the letter of credit is called the opening bank.Freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effect of such movement as the development and advancement of businessClaims are activities for the insured to get compensation from the insurer according to the insurance policy for the insured, also damaged subject.Balance of payments:it is a statement of the total payments to the total receipts from foreitn countriesTransfer technology:it means the activity that technology suppliers transfer the technologies of production, management and marketing to the receivers in any proper way. The pure export of goods is not within this range.。
英语本科自考【复习资料】05844国际商务英语(词汇部分 )
国际商务英语复习题库unit one International businessI .Translate the following words and expressions from English into Chinese.commercial risk 贸易风险opportunity cost 机会成本absolute advantage 绝对优势intellectual property 人才资源1.visible trade有形贸易2. credit inquiry信用调查3. letter of credit信用证4.balance of trade贸易顺差5.sales contract销售合同 6.bill of lading提单7.consular invoice领事发票8. draft汇票1.counter-offer 还盘2.firm-offer 实盘3.enquiry 询盘4.offeror 发盘人5. cooperative negotiation 合作谈判6.offer without engagement 虚盘7.acceptance 承兑1.insurance premium 保险费2.certificate of origin 原产地证书3.metric ton 公吨4. inland freight 内陆运费5. FOB Under T ackle FOB 吊钩下交货1. cost structure 费用结构2. cost of production 生产成本3.profit margin 利润率4. selling cost 销售费用1.liner transport 班轮运输2. sea waybill 海运提单3. shipper 托运人4. shipping marks 运输标志5. war risks 战争险6. natural calamity 自然灾害7.total loss 全损8. sue and labor expenses 施救费用1. promotion 促销2.international marketing 国内营销3.product differentiation 产品差异化4. sociocultural factors 社会文化因素5. market structure 市场结构1. financial instruments 金融工具2. crossing cheque 划线支票3. sight bill 即期票据4. commercial invoice 商业发票5. shipping documents 船运单据6. consular invoice 领事发票7. insurance policy 保单1.remitting bank 汇出行2. consignment 寄售3.D/P 即期付款交单4. D/A 承兑交单5. credit assessment 信用评估6. performance guarantee 履行合同保证金7. overdraft guarantee 账号透支保函1.export commodities fairs 出口商品交易会II. Translate the following words and expressions from Chinese into English.国际商务international business 商业借贷commercial credit 双重征税double taxation 世贸组9.trade barrier贸易壁垒10.tariff关税11.export trade出口贸易12.letter of credit信用证13. transit trade过境贸易14.entrepot trade转口贸易15.certificate of origin原产地证书8.询盘enquiry 9. 还盘counter-offer 10.受盘人offered 11.发盘人offeror 12.虚盘offer without engagement 13. 实盘firm-offer6. 技术转让technological transfer7.内河航运inland water transportation8. 贸易协定trade agreement5.支付货币money of payment6. 硬货币hard 6. 市场细分market segmentation7.营销战略marketing strategy8. 消费者行为customer behavior9. 营销组合marketing mix 10.营销环境marketing environment 11. 目标市场target market12.营销研究market research currency 7.汇率exchange rate 8. 折扣discount9.期货/现货市场spot market9. 物权凭证document of title 10. 清洁提单clean bill of lading 11. 投保人policy-holder 12. 共同海损general average 13. 水渍险WPA ( with particular average)8. 价格术语term of price 9. 本票promissory note 10. 背书endorsement 11. 承兑人acceptor12. 受票人drawee 13. 商业单据commercial documents 14.提单bill of lading 15. 原产地证明certificate of origin 16.海关发票customs invoice10. 保兑行confirming bank 11. 议付行negotiating bank 12. 国际保理international factoring13. 银行保函bank guarantee 14. 光票托收clean collection 15规格、明细单specificationIV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.AQSIQ is abbreviation for The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国国家质量监督检验检疫总局（简称国家质检总局）p29（卷一）32. international trade, also known as world trade or overseas trade, is the fair and deliberate exchange of goods and services across national boundaries.P1733 Balance of trade indicates the balance between the export value and the import value in a given period.P20（卷四）34.Incoterms is abbreviation for International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms 国际贸易术语解释通则P21（卷二）35. A packing list is a document made out by the seller stating the detailed content of each individual shipment.P33 (卷三）IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.31.positional bargaining is based on fixed, opposing viewpoints and tends to result in compromise or no agreement at all 立场型谈判P46（卷一）32 Contract P65 A contract is an agreement that creates an obligation, which is a binding, legally enforceable agreement between two or more competent parties.33.offer with engagement P61 is the kind of offer, in which the offeror's intention of making a contract is definitely indicated, and under which the offeror cannot revoke or amend what he has offered during the validity of the offer.IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.FOB--- free on board (d port of shipment)CIF---P83 cost, insurance and freight (d port of destination) 成本加保险费加运费（指定目的港）CIP--- P89 carriage and insurance paid to (d place of destination)运费，保险费付至IV. Make brief explanations of the following terms or give the full name of the abbreviation in English.customs duties P112 are taxes imposed by a government on the import or export of products or services, whose cost factors must be taken into account by the exporter when he prices his products.（卷一）marginal cost P115 is the variable costs per unit of the production 边际成本，是增加一单位（output) 随即而产生的成本增加，其等于总成本的变化量除以对应产量的变化量。
《国际商务英语》(自考)Lesson 18
the World Bank - the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
three affiliates
the International Development Association (IDA)
the International Finance Corporation (IFC)
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) established in 1945 source of its capital:
subscribed by its members finances its lending operations
channel /ˈtʃæn(ə)l/ (n. 频道；海峡)
financial resources / ……
subscribe /səbˈskraɪb/ (订阅) subscription /səbˈskrɪpʃ(ə)n/ n.
※finance /faɪˈnæns/
adj. 多边的 v. 开辟途径 资金 v. 任捐 v. 提供资金
the significance of the World Bank
financed all kinds of capital infrastructure
its development strategy emphasizes investments that can directly affect the well-being of the masses of poor people of developing countries by making them more productive and by integrating them as active partners in the development process
自考-国际商务英语(复习资料)
International Business EnglishLesson 1International Business/国际商务Business Knowledge:The major differences between international business and domestic businessA.Differences in legal systems 法律体系B.Differences in currencies 货币C.Differences in cultural backgroundD.Different in natural and economic conditionsThe major types of international businessA. Trademodity trade 商品贸易b.Service tradeB. Investmenta.Foreign direct investmentb.Portfolio investment 证券投资C. Other typesa.Licensing and franchising 许可经营和特许经营b.Management contract and contract manufacturing 管理合同和承包生产c.Turnkey project and BOTTrade Terms:1.Customs area关税区:2.Conversion货币兑换3.Visible trade有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goodsproduced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)4.Invisible trade无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance,consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.5.FDI外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises orassets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them. 6.Portfolio investment证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other thancontrolling.7.Stocks股票: Capital stocks or bonds.8.Bonds债券: The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the moneylent or invested together with interest.9.Maturity（票据等）到期10.Certificate of deposit大额存单11.Licensing许可经营: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firmin another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty（许可费）.12.Franchising特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name ofanother, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.13.Trade Mark商标14.Patent专利15.Royalty专利（许可）使用费，版税16.Copyright版权17.Licenser许可方18.Licensee被许可方19.Franchiser特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logosand operating techniques for royalty.20.Franchisee被特许方: A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.21.Management contract管理合同:Under a management contract, one company offersmanagerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.22.Value chain价值链23.Turnkey project“交钥匙”工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contractwith a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion.24.BOT建设、经营和移交: Build, Operate, Transfer25.Expertise专门知识26.Bonus红利、奖金、津贴27.Royalty 许可使用费28.International investment国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.29.Contract manufacturing承包生产30.GATT关贸总协定: General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade31.International business国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries.Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.32.Intellectual property知识产权33.Oil deposit: 石油储备= oil reserves34.the reserves of natural resources 自然资源储备35.Personal advancement个人的晋升，个人素质的提高以及个人事业的进步等。
自考商务英语试题及答案
自考商务英语试题及答案商务英语自考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. In international business, what does "FOB" stand for?A. Free on BoardB. Freight on BoardC. Friend of BusinessD. Full of Benefits答案：A. Free on Board2. Which of the following is not a typical form of business negotiation?A. Face-to-faceB. EmailC. TelephoneD. Telepathy答案：D. Telepathy3. The term "B2B" refers to:A. Business to BusinessB. Business to ConsumerC. Business to GovernmentD. Business Travel Bureau答案：A. Business to Business4. What is the primary purpose of a SWOT analysis in business?A. To identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threatsB. To analyze financial statementsC. To conduct market researchD. To create a business plan答案：A. To identify strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats5. In business English, "PIE" can stand for:A. Product, Investment, ExpenseB. Price, Income, ExpenseC. Product, Income, ExpenseD. Profit, Investment, Expense答案：C. Product, Income, Expense6. The phrase "due diligence" in a business context usually refers to:A. The process of investigating a company before acquiring itB. The process of paying bills on timeC. The process of conducting a financial auditD. The process of performing a market survey答案：A. The process of investigating a company before acquiring it7. Which of the following is a common method of payment ininternational trade?A. Cash on Delivery (COD)B. Letter of Credit (LC)C. BarterD. All of the above答案：D. All of the above8. A "sole proprietorship" is a type of business structure where:A. There is only one owner who is fully responsible for the businessB. The business is owned and operated by a married coupleC. The business is a partnership with two or more individualsD. The business is a corporation with shareholders答案：A. There is only one owner who is fully responsible for the business9. "EBITDA" stands for:A. Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationB. Economic Business Income, Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationC. Employee Benefits Including Taxes, Depreciation, and AmortizationD. Equity Before Interest, Taxes, and Depreciation, and Amortization答案：A. Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation,and Amortization10. The "4Ps" of marketing refer to:A. Product, Price, Place, PromotionB. People, Process, Physical evidence, PerformanceC. Planning, Positioning, Pricing, ProductD. Product, Price, Placement, Partnership答案：A. Product, Price, Place, Promotion二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）11. The international business term "CIF" stands for_______________________.答案：Cost, Insurance, and Freight12. A(n) _________________ is a document that provides evidence of the terms of a shipment and serves as a contract between the seller and the buyer.答案：Bill of Lading13. In business, "ROI" refers to _________________________.答案：Return on Investment14. The process of systematically gathering and analyzing information about a market is known as _________________.答案：Market Research15. A "joint venture" is a business arrangement in which_________________________.答案：Two or more businesses agree to pool their resources for a specific project16. The term "venture capital" refers to funds that are available for investment in new or struggling businesses, with the expectation of _________________________.答案：High returns in the form of equity or debt17. A "trade deficit" occurs when a country's_________________________ is greater than its exports.答案：Imports18. "GDP" stands for _________________________.答案：Gross Domestic Product19. In business, "DPO" can stand for_________________________.答案：Days Payable Outstanding20. A "franchise" is a type of business where the owner receives the right to operate a business that is part of a larger network, in exchange for a fee and the agreement to follow certain _________________________.答案：Operating procedures and standards。
自学考试国际商务英语必背重点翻译
1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易,它涉及到许多因素,因而此国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is morecomplicated than, domestic business.2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商品,出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。
Visible trade refers to exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in an-other.3、外国直接投资,简称FDI。
投资者通过控制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
Foreign direct investments of FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country.4、国民生产总值指一个经济体凭借其居民拥有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市场价值。
GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.5、日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴,两国经济互补,又是一衣带水的近邻。
中日贸易关系对两国都有重要的意义。
With mutually complementary economy, Japanand China are major trade partners, and the two countries are close neighbours separated only by a strip of water. Sino-Japanese relationsare therefore of great importance to both countries.6、加拿大和美国有很长的共同边境,而且大部分加拿大居民居住在边境地区。
自考国际商务英语1-4课课后问答题答案
Lesson 1International Business1. What does international business refer to? Please tell the difference between international business anddomestic business.A: International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export. Some major differences between international business and domestic business is following: (1) Differences in legal systems (2) Differences in currencies (3) Differences in cultural background (4) Different in natural and economic conditions 2. Please explain the differences between visible trade and invisible trade. Which is becoming more andmore important and accounts for an increasing proportion in international trade?A: Visible trade is the form of commodity trade. The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, consulting, information information information etc. etc. etc. is is is called called called invisible invisible invisible trade trade trade or or or service service service industries. industries. industries. The The The later later later is is is become become become more more more and and and more more important. 3. Can you cite some examples to illustrate cultural differences in international business?A: Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behavior etc.4. Please elaborate on the two categories of international investment. What is their major difference? A: FDI (Foreign direct investment) is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host host country. country. Portfolio investment refers to to purchases purchases purchases of of of foreign foreign financial assets assets for for for a a a purpose purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit. 5. What is licensing? Why do firms sometimes choose it as a means of entering a foreign market?A: In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in in another country. They choose another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royalty. Besides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. 6. What is franchising? How is it different from licensing?A: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee. 7. What is a management contract? Under what conditions is it most applicable?A: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. When a government forbids foreign foreign ownership ownership ownership in in in certain certain certain industries industries industries it it it considers considers considers to to to be be be of of of strategic strategic strategic importance importance importance but but but lacks lacks lacks the the the expertise expertise expertise for for operation, management contracts maybe a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets. 8. What is an international turnkey project? In what way is its variant BOT different from it? A: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, designing, contracting contracting contracting and and and facility facility facility equipping equipping equipping before before before handing handing handing it it it over over over to to to the the the latter latter latter upon upon upon completion. completion. completion. For For For a a a BOT BOT project, a firm operates a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit profit from from from operating operating operating the the the project project project for for for a period a period is the major major difference difference difference between between between BOT BOT BOT and and and the the common turnkey project Lesson 2 Income Level and the W o rld Market orld Market 1. Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively and point out their major difference. Can we use them interchangeably? A: GNP (Gross national Product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor labor owned owned owned by by by the the the residents residents residents of of of an an an economy. GDP economy. GDP (Gross (Gross Domestic Domestic Domestic Product) Product) Product) measures the measures the market market value value value of of of all all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy. The difference between them is that GNP focuses on ownership of the factors of production while GDP concentrates on the place where production takes place. The difference between GNP and GDP can be ignored since it very small in most cases. Therefore, we can use them interchangeably. 2. In what different ways are GDP and per capita income significant in assessing the potential of a particular market? A: Total Total GDP GDP GDP indicates indicates indicates the the the overall overall overall size size size of of of an an an economy, economy, economy, which which which is is is important important important in in in market market market assessment assessment assessment for for for durable durable equipment or bulk goods (grain, steel or cement). Per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables. 3. What are meant by high income, middle income, and low-income countries according to the W orld Bank? Cite some examples for each group. A: High-income countries: those enjoying annual per capita income of $9386 and above. In this group comprise three types of countries; most members of OECD, rich oil producing countries of the Middle East, small-industrialized countries or regions. Middle-income countries: those with annual per capita income below $9386 but above $765. Included in this category category is is is most most most East East East European European European countries countries countries and and and most most most members members members of of of the the the Commonwealth Commonwealth Commonwealth of of of Independent Independent Independent States, States, States, six six OECD members, quite a number of Latin American countries and some comparatively developed countries in Asia, South Africa and oil-producing countries in African. Low-income countries: those that have per capita incomes of only $765 or even less. Most African countries, some Asian countries and a few Latin American countries are included in this group. 4. 4. Why Why Why are are are high-income high-income high-income countries countries countries important important important to to to trade trade trade and and and investment? investment? investment? Should Should Should we we we neglect neglect neglect low-income low-income countries in international business? A: High-income High-income countries countries countries often often often have have good good infrastructure, infrastructure, infrastructure, high high high purchasing purchasing purchasing power, power, power, and and and advanced advanced advanced technology, technology, efficient management and favorable environment for trade and investment. They offer prime markets for expensive consumer goods and are both attractive sources and destinations of investment. In international trade the low-income countries should not be neglected, because they constitute markets for lower-priced staple goods, provide cheap labor and are often rich in resources. Once tapped, the business potential of these countries will one day become real business opportunities. 5.W as China a low-income country a few years ago? How about now?A: China with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low-income country just a few years ago. 6.What does the term“Triad ” refers to? What is meant by Quad? A: The term Triad refers to the three richest regions of the world; the United States, the European Union and Japan that offer the most important business opportunities. The scope of Triad to include Canada and name the broadened grouping Quad. 7. How much do you know about OECD? Please make a brief account.A: OECD OECD means means means Organization Organization Organization for for for Economic Economic Economic Cooperation Cooperation Cooperation and and and Development. Development. Development. The The The organization organization organization is is is included included included 29 29 members, 23 of them are high-income countries and 6 are middle-income countries. The headquarters is in Paris. 8. What is the best policy for China to develop business opportunities?A: So far as China is concerned, other markets we should pay particular attention to are those around us: the Four Tigers, the ASEAN countries, Russia, India and a bit farther away Australia. These countries or regions either have rich consumers and offer good business opportunities or are developing fast with very promising market potential. And their geographical proximity to China is a great advantage for us in developing business relations with them. Lesson 3Regional Economic Integration1. What is a free trade area? Make a brief account of the most notable free trade area in the world. A: Free trade area is the loosest form in the regional economic integration. Members in this form removes barriers to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regards to trade with outsiders. The most notable one is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the largest free market formed by the United States, Canada and Mexico in 1991 with over 360 million consumers and total GDP of more than 6 trillion US dollars. 2. In what way is a customs union different from a free trade area?A: The Customs Union goes a step further by adopting the same trade policy for all the members toward countries outside their organization in addition to abolishing trade barriers among themselves. Imports from other countries are subject to the same tariff. 3. What are the characteristics of a common market? Which organization remained a common marketfor some years in the past?A: The common market is further up the scale of regional economic integration. Besides free movement of goods and and services services services and and and adoption adoption adoption of of of common common common external external external trade trade trade policy, policy, policy, factors factors factors of of of production production production such such such as as as labor, labor, labor, capital capital capital and and technology are free to move among members so that they can be utilized in a more efficient and productive way. In the past, the European Community remained a common market for some years.4. How much do you know about economic an economic union? union? Can members of economic an economic union union keep all oftheir national sovereignty?A: The economic union is the highest form of economic integration, which is characterized by integration of the domestic domestic policies policies policies of of of its its its members members members in in in respect respect respect of of of economy, economy, economy, finance finance finance etc. etc. etc. in in in addition addition addition to to to absence absence absence of of of trade trade trade barriers, barriers, practice of common external policy and free production factor mobility. The members of an Economic Union are required required not not not only to only to harmonize harmonize their their their taxation, taxation, taxation, government government government expenditure, expenditure, expenditure, industry policies, industry policies, etc., etc., but but but also also also use use use the the same currency. The member countries of an economic union are required to surrender some of their national sovereignty, which is eroding the tradition of the world political system based on the autonomy and supreme power of sovereign states. 5. Make a brief account of the origin and development of the EU. A: The first community, the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) was established in 1952, which set the stage for more ambitious integration efforts. The signing of the monumental Treaty of Rome in 1957 marks the establishment of the European Economic Community with the aim of gradually realizing the free movement of goods, services, labor and capital as well as the harmonization of economic policies of the member countries.Ten years later in 1967, the European Community was formed by merging EEC, ECSC and European Atomic Energy Community (EURA TOM). 1992 it became a true common market as envisaged by the Single European Act . Then on January 1, 1994 the European Union (EU) came into being on the strength of the Maastricht Treaty . From the beginning of 1999 most of the members began to use the common European currency for accounting and settlement and in 2002, euro banknotes and coins were put into circulation. 6. What is the most powerful institution of the EU? What is the executive body of the EU? How does itoperate?A: The most powerful institution of the EU is the Council of Ministers. Its executive body is the European Commission composed of 20 commissioners overseeing 23 departments in charge of different affairs. Decisions Decisions of of of the the the council council council are are are made made made by by by votes votes votes allocated allocated allocated to to to member member member countries countries countries on on on the the the basis basis basis of of of their their their size. size. size. Different Different ministers attend the council meeting depending on the matters discussed. The council even has the power to pass legislation.7. Explain briefly the five layer organizational structure of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation.A: a. the Informal Meeting of Economic leaders b. Dual-Ministerial Meeting c. Ministers Responsible for Trade d. The Senior Officials Meeting (SOM) e. Subordinate committees under SOM: Committee of Trade and Investment, Economic Committee, Economic and Technical Cooperation Sub-committee of SOM and Budget Management Committee. 8. What are the tenet and objectives of APEC? What do its two wheels mean?A: The tenet and objectives of APEC are inter-dependence, mutual benefits, adhering to an open and multilateral trading system and reduction of regional trade barriers. Its Its two two two wheels wheels wheels mean mean mean trade trade trade and and and investment investment investment liberation liberation liberation and and and facilitation facilitation facilitation (TILF) (TILF) (TILF) and and and economic economic economic and and and technical technical cooperation (ECOTECH).MNEs are generally enormous in size and and pricing. pricing. pricing. They They They are are are also also also more more more able able able to to to take take take advantage advantage advantage of of of changes changes changes in in in the the the international international international economic economic economic environment. environment. Such multi-nationality also enables MNEs to engage in worldwide integrated production and marketing. 8. What is the relationship between MNEs and their host countries?A: MNCs are under the legal jurisdiction of their host governments that can impose various rules, regulations, and laws on the MNCs to the extent of nationalizing all their assets. 9. What are the four types of multinational enterprises? Describe each of them briefly.A: The four types of multinational enterprises is that: d. Multi-domestic corporation: it is a group of relatively independent subsidiaries. The parent company delegates sufficient power to each subsidiary to manage the production and marketing in the host country for the needs of local customers.e. Global corporation: it it operates operates operates and and and views views views the the the world world world market market market as as as an an an integrated integrated integrated whole. whole. whole. Power Power Power and and responsibility are concentrated at the headquarters that manages production and marketing to achieve the economies of scale as much as possible.f. Transnational Corporation: The The activities activities activities and and and resources resources resources of of of the the the transnational transnational transnational corporation corporation corporation are are are highly highly neither neither centralized centralized as as the the the second second second type type type nor nor nor decentralized decentralized decentralized as as as the the the first first first type type type but but but are are are integrated integrated in in an an interdependent network of affiliates.g. W orld Company: t heir national identities are blurred to a large extent.their national identities are blurred to a large extent.10. Are there may world companies at present? Imagine their future role in complete globalization.A: Now it is very few. When such companies become dominating, the possibility of conflicts among sovereign states may be greatly reduced. Possibly they will be instrumental to the realization of complete globalization.。
2020年10月全国自考国际商务英语真题及答案
2020年10月全国自考国际商务英语真题及答案词组英译汉1.conference【正确答案】(正式)会议(尤指年会)2.multinational corporation【正确答案】跨国公司petitive devaluation【正确答案】竞争性贬值4.start from scratch【正确答案】白手起家／从零开始5.hinterland【正确答案】内地6.financial resources【正确答案】资金7.standing committee【正确答案】常务委员会8.action program【正确答案】行动纲领9.bankrupt【正确答案】破产的10.idle funds【正确答案】游资／闲散资金词组汉译英11.货运收据【正确答案】cargo receipt12.清洁浮动【正确答案】clean float13.管理合同【正确答案】management contract14.租赁贸易【正确答案】leasing trade15.经济全球化【正确答案】economic globalization16.目的地【正确答案】destination17.成本经济【正确答案】cost economies/economy18.大额存单【正确答案】certificate of deposit19.(汇率)直接标价【正确答案】direct quote20.股票交易所【正确答案】stock exchange配对题a. business dealings between individuals or firmsb. ed paper money issuedby a bank, usu. the country's central bank c. irregular movement of (prices, exchange rates etc.) d. equal in value, on the same level e. becoming due f. fail to carry out an obligation g. benefits from combining different business es, normally claimed by the promoters of mergers h. a multinational compa ny whose national identity has been blurred i. the stock of gold coin and bul lion (gold bars) held by a note-issuing bank in a country on the gold standard j. an account of probable fut ure income and expenditure during a stated period, usu. a year used as a gu ide in making financial arrangements【正确答案】21.maturity【正确答案】e22.budget【正确答案】j23.banknote【正确答案】b24.par【正确答案】d25.default【正确答案】i26.synergy【正确答案】g27.gold reserves【正确答案】fmercial intercourse【正确答案】a29.world company【正确答案】h30.fluctuation【正确答案】c名词解释32.deposit【正确答案】Deposit refers to money paid as part payment that is owed.33.barriertotrade【正确答案】Barrier to trade refers to any action by a government to limit or prevent the free flow of goods in and out of its country.34.consignee【正确答案】Consignee is the party in the bill of lading to whom the goods are shipped.35.affiliate【正确答案】Affiliate refers to a business concern owned or controlled in whole or in par t by another concern.36.CFR【正确答案】CFR: cost and freight简答题37.What major challenges does China still face despite all its achievements?【正确答案】China still faces the following big challenges: the protectionist measures in s ome countries, competition from the banking and insurance industries, and challenges from agriculture.38.What is a tariff?【正确答案】A tariff is a tax imposed on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a customs area which usually coincides with the area of a country.39.How does the letter of credit offer security to the buyer and the seller? 【正确答案】The seller has the security to get paid provided he presents impeccable doc uments while the buyer has the security to get the goods required through the documents he stipulates in the credit.40.Explain the concepts of GNP and GDP respectively.【正确答案】GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the prop erty and labor owned by the residents of an economy. GDP refers to the ma rket value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.句子英译汉41.A contract is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the re levant parties. It is enforceable by law, and any party that fails to fulfill his c ontractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation. 【正确答案】合同是对有关当事人规定了约束性责任的一种协定。
自考国际商务英语课件
International Business English
LESSON TWO Income level and the world market
Business Knowledge
GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP (gross national product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.(国民原则). GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy（国土原则）. The major difference between them is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place; the former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter ,the value of the products themselves. And we can use them interchangeable. Per capita income and per capita GDP Per capita income is calculated by dividing its national income by its population. per capita GDP is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population. Per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables.
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
《国际商务英语》串讲Aabroad adv. 在国外，出国，广泛流传absence n. 缺席，离开absent adj. 不在，不参与absenteeism n. （经常性）旷工，旷职absorb v. 吸收，减轻（冲击、困难等）作用或影响abstract n. 摘要access n. 接近（或进入）的机会，享用权v. 获得使用计算机数据库的权利accommodation n. 设施，住宿account n. 会计帐目accountancy n. 会计工作accountant n. 会计accounts n. 往来帐目account for 解释，说明account executive n. （广告公司）客户经理*accruals n. 增值，应计achieve v. 获得或达到，实现，完成acknowledge v. 承认，告知已收到（某物），承认某人acquire v. 获得，得到*acquisition n. 收购，被收购的公司或股份acting adj. 代理的activity n. 业务类型actual adj. 实在的，实际的，确实的adapt v. 修改，适应adjust v. 整理，使适应administration n. 实施，经营，行政administer v. 管理，实施adopt v. 采纳，批准，挑选某人作候选人advertise v. 公布，做广告ad n. 做广告，登广告advertisement n. 出公告，做广告advertising n. 广告业after-sales service n. 售后服务agenda n. 议事日程agent n. 代理人，经纪人allocate v. 分配，配给amalgamation n. 合并，重组ambition n. 强烈的欲望，野心*amortise v. 摊还analyse v 分析，研究analysis n. 分析，分析结果的报告analyst n. 分析家，化验员annual adj. 每年的，按年度计算的annual general meeting （AGM）股东年会anticipate v. 期望anticipated adj. 期待的appeal n. 吸引力apply v. 申请，请求；应用，运用applicant n. 申请人application n. 申请，施用，实施appointee n. 被任命人appraisal n. 估量，估价appreciate v. 赏识，体谅，增值*appropriate v. 拨出（款项）approve v. 赞成，同意，批准aptitude n. 天资，才能*arbitrage n. 套利arbitration n. 仲裁*arrears n. 欠帐assemble v. 收集，集合assembly-line n. 装配线，流水作业线assess v. 评定，估价asset n. 资产current asset n. 流动资产fixed asset n. 固定资产frozen asset n. 冻结资产intangible assets n. 无形资产liquid assets n. 速动资产tangible assets n. 有形资产assist v. 援助，协助，出席audit n. 查账，审计automate v. 使某事物自动操作意识；警觉awareness n. average n. 平均，平均水准Bn. 贿赂backhander n. backing 财务支持，赞助死账（无法收回的欠款）bad debt n. *backlog 积压（工作或订货）贸易支付差额balance of payments n. 收支差额，余额n. balancebalance sheet n. 资产负债表bankrupt adj. 破产的bankruptcy n. 破产bank statement n. 银行结算清单（给帐户的），银行对账单bar chart n. 条形图，柱状图bargain v. 谈判，讲价base n. 基地，根据地batch n. 一批，一组，一群batch production 批量生产bear market n. 熊市beat v. 超过，胜过behave v. 表现，运转behaviour n. 举止，行为，运转情况below-the-line advertising 线下广告，尚未被付款的广告benchmark n. 衡量标准benefit n. 利益，补助金，保险金得益fringe benefits n. 附加福利sickness benefit n. 疾病补助费bid n. 出价，投标takeover bid n. 盘进（一个公司）的出价bill n. 账单，票据billboard n. （路边）广告牌，招贴板black adj. 违法的in the black 有盈余，贷方black list 黑名单，禁止贸易的（货物、公司及个人）名单black Monday n. 黑色星期一，指1987年10月国际股票市场崩溃的日子blue chips n. 蓝筹股，绩优股blue-collar adj. 蓝领（工人）的Board of Directors n. 董事会Bond n. 债券bonus n. 津贴，红利books n. 公司帐目book value n. 账面价值，（公司或股票）净值bookkeeper n. 簿记员，记帐人boom n. 繁荣，暴涨boost v. 提高，增加，宣扬bottleneck n. 瓶颈，窄路，阻碍bottom adj. 最后的，根本的v. 到达底部，建立基础bounce v. 支票因签发人无钱而遭拒付并退回brainstorm n./v. 点子会议，献计献策，头脑风暴branch n. 分支，分部brand n. 商标，品牌brand leader n. 占市场最大份额的品牌，名牌brand loyalty n. （消费者）对品牌的忠实break even v. 收支相抵，不亏不盈break even point 收支相抵点，盈亏平衡点breakthrough n. 突破brief n. 摘要brochure n. 小册子broker n. 经纪人，代理人bull market 牛市budget n. 预算bulk n. 大量（货物）adj. 大量的买下全部产权buyout n. bust adj. 破了产的Cn. 打电话call n. 计算机辅助设计CAD（=Computer Aided Design）战役，运动campaign n. call on v. 呼吁，约请，拜访食堂canteen n. candidate n. 求职者，候选人（最大）产量n. 生产额，capacity canvass v. 征求意见，劝说资本，资金capital n. caption n. 照片或图片下的简短说明v. 兑现cash n. 现金，现付款capture v. 赢得案例分析case study n. cash flow n. 现金流量大灾难，大祸catastrophe n. catalogue n. 目录，产品目录连锁店chain n. CEO n. Chief Executive Officer（美）总经理（商品流通的）渠道channel n. n. challenger 挑战者图表chart n. ……记入（账册等）charge n. 使承担，要（价），把主要的，首席的，总的chief adj.付款台checkout n.传阅的小册子（传单等）n. circular 成本保险费加运费c.i.f. ，CIFcirculate v. 传阅claim n./v. 要求，索赔client n. 委托人，顾客cold adj. 没人找上门来的，生意清淡的commercialise v. 使商品化commission n. 佣金*commitment n. 承诺commodity n. 商品，货物company n. 公司limited （liability）company （ltd.）股份有限公司public limited company （plc）n. 股票上市公司compensate v. 补偿，酬报compensation n. 补偿，酬金compete v. 比赛，竞争competition n. 比赛，竞争competitor n. 竞争者，对手competitive adj. 竞争性的component n. 机器元件、组件、部件，部分concentrated marketing n. 集中营销策略condition n. 条件，状况*configuration n. 设备的结构、组合conflict n. 冲突，争论*conglomerate n. 综合商社，多元化集团公司*consolidate v. 帐目合并*consortium n. 财团constant adj. 恒定的，不断的，经常的consultant n. 咨询人员，顾问，会诊医生consumables n. 消耗品consumer durables n. 耐用消费品（如：洗衣机）consumer goods n. 消费品，生活资料*contingency n. 意外事件continuum n. 连续时间contract n. 合同，契约contractor n. 承办商，承建人contribute v. 提供，捐献contribution n. 贡献，捐献，税conversion n. 改装，改造conveyor n. 运送，传递，转让core time n. （弹性工作制的）基本上班时间（员工于此段时间必须上班，弹性只对除此以外的时间有效）fixed costs 固定成本成本cost n.可变成本variable costs running costs 日常管理费用n. 成本计算，成本会计costing cost-effective adj. 合算的，有效益的credit control 赊销管理（检查顾客及时付款的体系）credit n. 赊购，赊购制度credit limit 赊销限额letter of credit 信用证n. 债权人，贷方creditor 信贷的信用等级，信誉评价credit ratingn. 危机，转折点crisis *creditworthiness n. 信贷价值，信贷信用关键途径分析法*critical path analysis n. critical adj. 关键的通用的，现行的current adj. currency n. 货币，流通流动资产current assets n. Current account 往来帐户，活期（存款）户流动负债current liabilities n.残酷的，激烈的cut-throat adj. customise v. 按顾客的具体要求制造（或改造等）；顾客化简历，履历n. CV（=curriculum vitae）cut-price a. 削价（出售）的循环时间*cycle time n.Dn. 最后期限deadline n. damages 损害，损失商人dealer n. deal n. 营业协议，数量v. 交易欠款，债务debt n. debit n. 借方，欠的钱v. 记入帐户的借方不欠债to be out of debt to get into debt 负债n. 债务人debtor 还清债务to pay off a debt申报，声明declare v. 长期债务人aged debtors减少decrease v. 衰退，缓慢，下降decline n./v.违约，未履行n. default 扣除，减去v. deductdefect n. 缺陷defective adj. 有缺点的defer v. 推迟deferred payments n. 延期支付deficit n. 赤字delivery cycle n. 交货周期*demand management n. 需求规化demotivated adj. 消极的，冷谈的deposit n. 储蓄，预付（定金）depot n. 仓库depreciate v. 贬值，（对资产）折旧depressing adj. 令人沮丧的deputy n. 代理人，副职，代理devalue v. 货币贬值（相对于其它货币）diet n. 饮食，食物，特种饮食differentiation n. 区分，鉴别dimensions n. 尺寸，面积，规模direct v 管理，指导director n. 经理，主管Managing Director n. 总经理direct cost n. 直接成本direct mail n. （商店为招揽生意而向人们投寄的）直接邮件direct selling n. 直销，直接销售directory n. 指南，号码簿discount n. 折扣，贴现dismiss v. 让……离开，打发走dismissal n. 打发走dispatch n./v. 调遣display n./v. 展出，显示dispose v. 安排，处理（事务）dispose of 去掉，清除distribution n. 分配，分发，分送产品*diversify v. 从事多种经营；多样化divest v. 剥夺dividend n. 股息，红利，年息division n. 部门*dog n. 滞销品down-market a./ad. 低档商品的*down-time/downtime n. 设备闲置期DP（=Data Processing）n. 计算机数据处理，计算机数据处理部门dramatic adj. 戏剧性的drive n. 积极性，能动性adj. 有活力的dynamic due adj. 应付的，预期的E效率efficiency n. earnings n. 工资v. 雇用engage 背书，接受endorse v.n. 应得的权利entitlement entitle v. 授权n. 股东权益equity 休假权holiday entitlement n.普通股，股票equities equity capital n. 股本估价，评价evaluate v. estimated demand n. 估计需求夸张exaggerate v. eventual adj. 最终的展览，表现exhibit n. exceed v. 超过n. 费用，支出expense expenditure n. 花费，支出额n. 费用，业务津贴expenses expense account n. 费用帐户expertise n. 专长，专门知识和技能n. 公众对某一产品或公司的知悉；广告所达到的观众总数*exposureF设备的布局规化、计划facilities layout n. facilities n. 用于生产的设备、器材折价购买债券*factoring n. facilities location n. 设备安置n. 可行性研究feasibility study *fail-safe system n. 安全系统办公室外边，具体业务field n. feedback n. 反馈，反馈的信息把文件（或资料）归档n. 文件集，卷宗，档案，文件v. file提供资金资金，财政v. n. finance 充任fill v.提供资金，筹借资金n. financing 财政的adj. financial公司firm n. finished goods n. 制成品确定，使固定在fix v.fire v. 解雇国库的，财政的fiscal adj. fix up v. 解决，商妥有弹性的，灵活的flexible adj. *flagship n. 同类中最成功的商品，佼佼者促销传单）n. flier（=flyer 弹性工作时间制flextime n.失败flop n. float v. 发行股票fluctuate v. 波动，涨落，起伏flow shop n. 车间*follow-up n. 细节落实，接连要做的事FOB，f.o.b n. 离岸价forecast v. 预测PROMOTION、地点PLACE、促销four P's 指产品PRODUCT、价格PRICEv. 特许经销，给予特许经销权*franchise n. 特许经销权framework n. 框架，结构franchiser n. 授予特许经营权者franchisee n. 特许经营人n. （非正式的）赠品，免费促销的商品*freebie fraud n. 欺骗n. 期货交易futures funds n. 资金，基金freelance n.& adj. 自由职业者（的）G配称（即定息债务与股份资本之间的比率）*gearing n. gap n. 缺口，空隙n. 目标goal *gimmick n. 好主意，好点子n. 产品的市场价格going rate adj. 进行的，运转中的going声誉goodwill n. goods n. 货物，商品搏斗，尽力解决grapple with v. 与……v. 首次公开发行股票*go public总的，毛的gross adj. grievance n. 申诉，抱怨毛利gross profit n. gross margin n. 毛利率逐渐地gradually adv. gross yield n. 毛收益增长，扩大grow v. n. （由若干公司联合而成的）集团groupguidelines n. 指导方针，准则增长，发展guarantee n. 保证，保单growth n.Hhandle v. 经营hand in one's notice 递交辞呈hand in v. 呈送n. 强行推销hard sell *hands on adj. 有直接经验的n. 主管，负责head n. 危险，危害行为hazardn. 套期保值*hedge health and safety n. 健康和安全n. 等级制度，统治集团，领导层hierarchy hidden adj. 隐藏的，不明显的分期付款购物法hire purchase n. hire v. 雇用持有者holder n. hit v. 击中，到达hostile adj. 不友好的，恶意的holding company n. 控股公司HRD n. 人力资源发展部human resources n. 人力资源I实施，执行implement v. impact n. 冲击，强烈影响n. 刺激；鼓励incentive implication n 隐含意义n. 工资或薪金收入，经营或投资的收入income非劳动收入，投资所得unearned income earned income 劳动收入，劳动所得招致，承担incur v increment v. 定期增加指数，索引index n. n. *indemnity 偿还，赔偿n. 间接成本indirect costs 零售价格指数retail price index工业的industrial adj. 就职n. inductionindustrial action n. （罢工、怠工等）劳工行动industrial relations n. 劳资关系inefficiency n. 低效率，不称职inflate v. 抬高（物价），使通货等）膨胀inflation n. 通货膨胀*infringe v. 违法，违章initial adj. 初步的innovate v. 革新input n. 投入insolvent adj. 无清偿力的installment n. 部分，分期付款insure v. 给……保险，投保insurance n. 保险interest n. 利息，兴趣interest rate n. 利率interim n. 中期，过渡期间intermittent production n. 阶段性生产interview n./v. 面试interviewee n. 被面试的人interviewer n. 主持面试的人，招聘者introduce v. 介绍，提出*inventory n. 库存buffer inventory n. 用于应付突发性需求的存货capacity inventory n. 用于将来某时使用的存货cycle inventory n. 循环盘存decoupling inventory n. 保险性存货（以应付万一）finished goods inventory n. 制成品存货（盘存）pipeline inventory n. 在途存货raw materials inventory n. 原材料存货work-in-progress inventory n. 在制品盘存（存货）invest v. 投资investment n. 投资investor n. 投资者invoice n. 发票v. 给（某人）开发票irrevocable adj. 不可撤消的，不能改变的issue n. 发行股票* rights issue n. 优先认股权IT=Information Technology 信息技术item n. 货物，条目，条款Jjob n. 工作job description 工作说明，职务说明*job lot n. 一次生产的部分或少数产品job mobility 工作流动job rotation 工作轮换job satisfaction 工作的满意感（自豪感）*job shop n. 专门车间jobbing n. 为一次性的或小的订货需求而特设的生产制度joint adj. 联合的joint bank account （几个人的）联合银行存款帐户journal n. 专业杂志*jurisdiction n. 管辖（权）junk bonds n. 低档（风险）债券，垃圾债券junk mail n. （未经收信人要求的）直接邮寄的广告宣传*just-in-time n. 无库存制度Kkey adj. 主要的，关键的knockdown adj. （价格）很低的know-how n. 专门技术Llabel n. 标签，标牌v. 加标签，加上标牌labour n. 劳动，工作，劳动力labour market 劳动力市场labour relations 劳资关系labour shortage 劳动力短缺*launch v. 在市场推出一种新产品n. 新产品的推出lay-off/layoff n./v. 临时解雇layout n. 工厂的布局lead v. 领先，领导lead time n. 完成某项活动所需的时间leaflet n. 广告印刷传单lease n. 租借，租赁物legal adj. 合法的lend v. 出借，贷款lessee n. 承租人lessor n. 出租人*ledger n. 分类帐nominal ledger n. 记名帐purchase ledger n. 进货sales ledger n. 销货帐负债n. liability 杠杆比率n. *leverage许可证US：license）n. licence（liabilities n. 债务寿命周期life cycle n. license v. 许可，批准*line process 流水线（组装）adj. likely 可能的liquid adj. 易转换成现款的link n. 关系，联系，环*liquidity n. 拥有变现力liquidate v. 清算n. 清算人，公司资产清理人liquidator ，清算liquidation n. 清理（关闭公司）n. 上市公司名录listing listed adj. 登记注册的v. 提出诉讼litigate literature n. （产品说明书之类的）印刷品，宣传品企业的特有标记logo n. loan n./v. 贷款，暂借loser n. 失败者亏损lose v.lot n. 批，量loss n. 损失loyalty n. 忠诚，忠实M邮购mailshot n. n. 杂志，期刊magazinen. 维持，坚持maintenance maintain v. 维持，保持majority shareholding 绝对控股major adj. 重大的，主要的，较大的adj. 根据订货而生产的产品make-to-order make n. 产品的牌子或型号指那些在未收到订货时就已生产了的产品make-to-stock adj.中层管理人员middle management n. management n. 管理，管理部门managerial adj. 管理人员的，管理方面的senior management n. 高层管理人员plant manager n. 工厂负责人manager n. 经理staff manager n. 部门经理助理line manager n. 基层负责人矩阵管理matrix management n. management accounts n. 管理帐目人员配备manning n. *management information system（MIS）n. 管理信息系统n. 劳动力资源manpower resources 劳动力manpower n.（用机器）制造manufacture v. manual adj. 体力的，人工的，蓝领的制造的manufacturing adj. manufacturer n. 制造者（厂、商、公司）margin n. 利润manufacturing industry 制造业净利润net margin n. gross margin n. 毛利率市场；产品可能的销量market n. 标高售价，加价v. mark-up地adj./adv. 高档商品的/ up market /down market adv./adj. 低档商品地的综合营销策略，指定价、促销、产品等策略的配合marketing mix n.market leader n. 市场上的主导公司*market niche n. 小摊位，专业市场的一个小部分因而此国内贸易要复杂它涉及到许多因素，国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，、1 得多。