书信的种类

∙书信的种类

A.邀请信

B.感谢信

C.求职信（包括申请奖学金）

D.抱怨信(投诉信)

E.道歉信

F.祝贺信

∙格式：

（1）日期

（2）称谓

（3）正文第一段：表明写信意图。

（4）正文第二段：解释原因或说明情况

（5）正文第二段：重申写信意图

（6）署名

∙答题步骤（一）确定体裁和题材

∙答题步骤（二）确定主题句

通过审题确定体裁和主题后，就要确定主题句。写主题句最保险的方法就是把中文提纲的各句译成英语。（直译保守，意译最佳）

∙答题步骤（三）扩展主题句（1）Listing

列举法是指列举具体的事实或要点来逐步说明和论证主题思想、展开段落的方法。

采用列举法的时候，需要注意两点。

是要点的罗列要遵循一定的顺序

要使用合适的过渡词语。

∙答题步骤（三）扩展主题句（2）Example

举例法也是一种常用而且有效的展开段落的方法。它是通过生动、典型的实例对比较复杂或者抽象的观点进行阐述的方法。写作时提供的例子必须认真选择，保证例子能够恰如其分，能够准确地说明问题。

举例法常用的一些表达方式包括for example, for instance, such as, a case in point, to illustrate, in illustration of, by way of examples, I can’t find a better example than…等。

举例法其实是一种“细节描述法”

原文：He dances very well.

改后：His gift for dancing in a style that no one has even imagined, known as the

“moonwalk” made him an instant superstar.

∙答题步骤（三）扩展主题句（3）C & C

段落的主题要指出两件以上事物的相同或相异之处时，便可采用比较或对比的方法。“比较Comparison”用于描述所比对象的相似之处，而“对比Contrast”则用于描述所比对象不同之处。

比较和对比一般采用两种方法来组织：

逐点比较：逐个问题进行双方面的比较

整体对照：先叙述一方的全部细节，再叙述另一方的全部细节

比较和对比法常用过渡词：like, likewise, unlike, similarly, in the same way, on the other hand, compared with, by comparison, in contrast to, on the contrary, but, yet, instead, while, whereas, however, nevertheless 等。

∙Comparison & Contrast: Useful Expressions

Similarities

is similar to Spring weather in A is similar to spring weather in B

Both Both A and B have rain in the spring.

Also A also has a rainy spring season.

Too A has a rainy spring season, too.

as well As well, A has rainy spring season.

Differences

on the other hand On the other hand, winter is much colder in A .

however However, winter is much colder in A.

but / while A has a mild winter, but / while B has a cold one.

in contrast to In contrast to A, B has a cold winter.

differs from A differs from B by having a cold winter.

∙答题步骤（三）扩展主题句（4）C & E

因果关系法（Cause and Effect）是指根据事态发展的因果关系来展开段落的一种写作方法，这种方法常用在说明文和议论文中。

写作的时候，可以从原因入手推导出结果，也可以从结果入手推导出原因。因果关系又是比较复杂，一种事物或现象的起因往往是多方面的，而某种原因也可能会引起多种后果，还有可能多种原因导致了多种后果。

一果多因：先写出结果然后分析原因

一因多果：先分析原因然后说明后果

∙答题步骤（三）扩展主题句（5）Classification

划分和分类法（Classification）就是把要阐述的内容按其属性的不同分门别类、分层次地表达清楚。使用这种方法可使文章层次分明，表达清楚，逻辑性强。

划分指把一个整体分成若干部分，逐个阐述。比如，苹果包括果皮、果肉、果核等组成部分。

分类是指按一定的原则和特点把若干个体纳为一类，使具有相同特征的事物归入同一类别。

例如，绘画可以分为水彩画、油画、中国画、版画等等类别。进行划分和分类时，特别需要注意的是要有明确而统一的标准。

Classification = Example + C&C

分类法实际是举例法和对比法两者结合在一起的一种方法。为了描写上的方便，我们常常对主题句中提出的某些观点、事物举例加以说明。当所举的例子比较多时，我们常常将它们进行分类，并进行比较。

When I arrived at the park, I found, to my surprise, that there were so many people there.

Besides old people, who are the usual early risers to do Taijiquan boxing, a lot of youngsters were also there, running, jumping or talking. In the east of the park, I even saw an old lady showing some school children and workers how to do sword-play.

这段文章把作者早上散步时所看到的人分为三类：老人、青年人和一位老太太。这样描写既突出了各类人的特点，又写出了他们的共性——清晨锻炼身体。这是典型的分类法。

∙Classification: Useful Expressions

is a kind of Coal is a kind of non-renewable resource.

can be divided into E nergy resources can be divided into two types.

is a type of Coal is a type of non-renewable resource.

falls under Coal falls under the category of non-renewable resources.

belongs to Coal belongs to the category of non-renewable resources.

is a part of Coal is a part of the category of non-renewable resources.

fits into Coal fits into the category of non-renewable resources.

is grouped with Coal is grouped with non-renewable resources.

is related to Coal is related to other non-renewable resources.

is associated with Coal is associated with other non-renewable resources.

∙答题步骤（三）扩展主题句（6）Definition

定义法是通过简单易懂而且准确的语言阐明某事物的性质和特征来发展段落，使读者对某事物比较抽象的或是难以把握的一些特征有一个较清晰的认识。