Chapter_7--The_United_States--The___Land_and_People 英美概况
Chapter VII-VIII part2
Britain recognized the independence of the United States.
The storming of the Bastille, 14 July 1789
II. The French Revolution
1. Breakout in 1789 with the guide by “The Rights of Man” 2.Different attitudes to the French Revolution A. The English radicals sympathized with it. B. The British government took reactionary measures. (The bourgeoisie profited from the struggle, but the people suffered misery.)
Before the Revolution: The Thirteen Colonies are in pink
A. the Navigation Acts 1651 航海法 to increase the prosperity of English merchants and shipbuilders. They prohibited exporting articles to any other country and forbade importation of any European goods.
Intolerable Acts /Coercive Acts
a series of laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 relating to Britain's colonies in North America Four of the acts were issued in direct response to the Boston Tea Party of December 1773 the British Parliament hoped these punitive measures would reverse the trend of colonial resistance to parliamentary authority closed Boston's commerce until the British East India Company had been repaid for the destroyed tea
公共英语PETS1词汇短语
airport [ˈeəpɔːt] n.机场
company [ˈkʌmpəni] n. 公司
feel [fiːl] vt.( felt, felt ) 感觉/ n.感觉
excuse [ɪkˈskjuːs] vt.原谅 / n. 理由
on foot 步行
quite [kwaɪt] adv.十分,非常
from [frəm] prep. 从
go to bed 上床
sure [ʃʊə(r)] adv.的确,当然
get [ɡet] vt. (got, gotten) 获得 / vt. 到达 tired [ˈtaɪəd] adj. 疲劳的,累的
pleased [pliːzd] adj.高兴的,满足的
get up 起床
for [fə(r)] prep. (表目的)为了 conj. 因为
arrive [əˈraɪv] vi. 到达
greeting [ˈɡriːtɪŋ] n. 问候
about [əˈbaʊt] adv.大约/ prep. 关于
arrive at 到达
introduction [ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn] n. 介绍
but [bət] conj. 但是,而是
office [ˈɒfɪs] n. 办公室
n. 美国人
life [laɪf] n. 生活,生命
everyone [ˈevriwʌn] pron. 每个人
China [ˈtʃaɪnə] n. 中国
something [ˈsʌmθɪŋ] pron.某事,某物
news [njuːz] n. 新闻,消息(不可数) (china)瓷器
modern [ˈmɒdn] adj. 现代的;时髦的
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎以下是《了不起的盖茨比》第七章中出现的一些单词及其用法解释:1. Debauch: (verb) to corrupt morally or by intemperance or sensuality.Example: The wild party in Gatsby's mansion was filled with debauchery and excess.2. Sotto voce: (adverb) in a low voice, or in an undertone.Example: Jordan spoke to Nick sotto voce, revealing a secret that nobody else could hear.3. Affront: (verb) to insult intentionally.Example: Tom felt affronted when Gatsby openly declared his love for Daisy.4. Elude: (verb) to evade or escape from, as by daring, cleverness, or skill.Example: Despite all efforts, the truth about Gatsby's past eluded everyone.5. Nebulous: (adjective) hazy, vague, indistinct, or confused.Example: Gatsby's actual identity remained nebulous to many of his party guests.6. Meretricious: (adjective) alluring by a show of flashy or vulgar attractions, but often without real value.Example: Daisy was not impressed by the meretricious displays of wealth at Gatsby's parties.7. Contemptuous: (adjective) showing or expressing contempt or disdain; scornful.Example: Tom looked at Gatsby with a contemptuous expression, as he considered him a social climber.8. Ineffable: (adjective) incapable of being expressed or described in words; inexpressible.Example: Daisy experienced an ineffable sense of longing when Gatsby took her for a drive in his fancy car.9. Ramification: (noun) a consequence or implication; a branching out.Example: The ramification of Gatsby's obsession with Daisy was the destruction of his own life.10. Libertine: (noun) a person who is morally or sexually unrestrained, especially a dissolute man.Example: Gatsby was often seen as a libertine, indulging in extravagant parties and relationships.11. Sluggish: (adjective) displaying slow or lazy movements or responses.Example: The sluggish summer heat made everyone at the party feel lethargic and unmotivated.12. Pander: (verb) to cater to the lower tastes or base desires of others.Example: Gatsby's extravagant parties were seen by some as an attempt to pander to the desires of the wealthy elite.13. Incarnation: (noun) a particular physical form or state; a concrete or actual form of a quality or concept.Example: Gatsby believed that he could recreate himself into an incarnation of the man Daisy truly desired.14. Inexplicable: (adjective) unable to be explained or accounted for.Example: Daisy's sudden attraction towards Gatsby seemed inexplicable to many, considering their past.15. Insidious: (adjective) proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, but with harmful effects.Example: Tom warned Daisy about Gatsby's insidious intentions, accusing him of trying to steal her away.16. Supercilious: (adjective) behaving or looking as though one thinks they are superior to others; arrogant.Example: Tom's supercilious attitude towards Gatsby was evident in his condescending mannerisms.17. Saunter: (verb) to walk in a slow, relaxed, and confident manner.Example: Gatsby sauntered across the lawn towards Daisy, trying to appear nonchalant.18. Harrowed: (adjective) distressed or disturbed.Example: Gatsby's harrowed expression revealed the emotional turmoil he was experiencing.19. Truculent: (adjective) eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant.Example: Tom showed his truculent nature when he confronted Gatsby about his relationship with Daisy.20. Portentous: (adjective) of or like a portent; foreboding; full of unspecified meaning.Example: The dark clouds and thunderous sky seemed portentous, as if something significant was about to happen.21. Gaudiness: (noun) the quality of being tastelessly showy or overly ornate.Example: Despite the gaudiness of Gatsby's mansion, the guests were drawn to its opulence.22. Indiscernible: (adjective) impossible to see or clearly distinguish.Example: In the chaos of the party, individual voices became indiscernible and blended into a cacophony.23. Intermittent: (adjective) occurring at irregular intervals; not continuous or steady.Example: The intermittent rain throughout the night dampened the enthusiasm of the party guests.24. Stratum: (noun) a layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground.Example: Gatsby tried to climb the social stratum, hoping to be accepted by the upper class.25. Harlequin: (noun) a character in traditional pantomime; a buffoon.Example: Gatsby's harlequin smile hid the sadness and longing he felt for Daisy.26. Disconcerting: (adjective) causing one to feel unsettled or disturbed.Example: Daisy's disconcerting confession about her true feelings left Gatsby feeling disoriented and hurt.请注意,以上的双语例句是根据所给的单词和上下文进行编写的,但并非《了不起的盖茨比》中的原文。
美国文学试卷+答题纸+答案
2012-2013学年 第二学期 《美国文学》期末考试试卷(A 卷)专业:英语 年级:2010级 考试方式:闭卷 学分:2 考试时间:110分钟I .Multiple Choices (每小题 1分,共20分)Directions: Select from the four choices of each item the one thatbest answers the question.1. Naturalism is evolved from realism when the author’s tone in writing becomes less serious and less sympathetic but more ironic and more_____________. A . rational B . humorous C. optimisticD . pessimistic2. Which of the following is not written by Ernest Hemingway, one of the best-known American authors of the 20th century? A. The Sun Also Rises B. The Old Man and the Sea C. Mosses from the Old ManseD. Hills Like White Elephant3. The Romantic writers would focus on all the following issues Except the __________ in the American history. A. individual feeling B. survival of the fittest C. strong imaginationD. return to nature4. Almost all Faulkner ’s heroes turned out to be tragic because__________. A. all enjoyed living in the declining American South.B. none of them was conditioned by the civilization and Social institutions.C. most of them were prisoners of the past.D. none were successful in their attempt to explain the inexplicable.5. As an autobiograp hical play, O’Neill’s ________ (1955) has gained its status as a world classic and simultaneously marks the climax of his literary career and the coming of age of American drama._.A. The Iceman ComethB. Long Day’s Journey into NightC. Beyond the HorizonD. Bound East for Cardiff6. Which of the following statements is right about Robert Frost’s poetry?A. He combined traditional verse forms with the difficult and highly ornamental language.B. He combined traditional verse forms with the pastoral language of the Southern area.C. He combined traditional verse forms with a simple spoken language, the speech of New England farmers.D. He combined traditional verse forms with the experimental.7. Edgar Allen Poe was characterized by his __________.A. psycho-analysisB. novels set in the WestC. free verseD. political pamphlets8. Which of the following is depicted as the mythical county in William Faulkner’s novels?A. CambridgeB. OxfordC. MississippiD. Yoknapatawpha9. ____________ was the first great American writer to write for pleasure rather than utility. He is considered to be founder of American literature by some critics.A. James Fenimore CooperB. Washington IrvingC. Ezra PoundD. Mark Twain10. We can perhaps summarize that Walt Whitman’s poems are characterized by all the following features except that they are _______________.A. lyrical and well-structuredB. conversational and crudeC. simple and rather crudeD. free-flowing11. The Grapes of Wrath by Steinbeck reveals the miserable lives of __________ .A. factory workersB. sailorsC. landless farm laborersD. veterans12. Among the American realistic writers, _________ focused his attention on the rising middle class and the way they lived.A. Herman MelvilleB. Henry JamesC. Mark TwainD. William Dean Howells13. Which of the following is a representative novel of naturalism by an American writer? 2A. Innocents AbroadB. McTeagueC. Daisy MillerD. The Grapes of Wrath14. The first symbol of self-made American man is _________.A. Benjamin FranklinB. Washington IrvingC. George WashingtonD. Mark Twain15. The Imagist writers followed three principles. They respectively are direct treatment, economy of expression and ________.A. local colorB. ironyC. clear rhythmD. blank verse16. Robert Frost is famous for his lyric poems. Which of the following lyric poems wasnot written by Robert Frost?A. “The Raven”B. “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”C. “After Apple-picking”D. “The Road Not Taken”17. “The lost generation”refers to the writers who relocated to Paris in the post WWⅠyears to reject to values of American materialism. All the following but ________are involved in this group.A. F. S. FitzgeraldB. Ernest HemingwayC. Theodore DreiserD. John Dos Passos18. The first settlers who became the founding fathers of the American nation were quite a few of them _________.A. AnglicansB. CatholicsC. NormansD. Puritans19. Which one of the following statements is applicable to the understanding of Transcendentalism?A. It is strongly influenced by social Darwinism.B. Belief in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance.C. Man has no free-will.D. It holds that determinism governs everything.20. In __________, Captain Ahab is obsessed with the revenge on a whale which shearedoff his leg on a previous voyage, and his crazy chasing of it eventually brings death to allon board the whaler except Ishmael, who survives to tell the tale.《美国文学》A卷第3页共18页4A. TypeeB. White JacketC. Moby DickD. Billy BuddII .Explain the Following Literary Terms Briefly (每小题7分,共14分)Directions : Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.21. Local Colorism 22. Stream of ConsciousnessIII .Identification of Fragments (每小题7分,共21分)Directions : Please give the name of the author and the title of the literary work from which it is taken and then briefly comment on itin English. Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.23. “‘That ’s right.’ He said; ‘I ’m no good now. I was all right. I had money. I ’m going to quit this,’ and, with death in his heart, he started down toward the Bowery. People had turned on the gas before and died; why shouldn ’t he? He remembered a lodging house where there were little, close rooms, with gas-jet in them, almost pre-arranged, he thought, for what he wanted to do, which rented for fifteen cents. Then he remembered that he had no fifteen cents.”24. “All day Buck brooded by the pool or roamed restlessly above the camp. Death, as a cessation of movement, as a passing out and away from the lives of the living, he knew, and he knew John Thornton was dead. It left a great void in him, somewhat akin to hunger, but a void which ached and ached, and which food could not fill.25. “Her skeleton was small and spare; perhaps that was why that would have been merely plumpness in another was obesity in her. She looked bloated, like a body long submerged in motionless water, and of that pallid hue.IV . Short Essay Questions (每小题10分,共 30 分)Directions : Please write down the answers on the Answer Sheet.《美国文学》A 卷 第5页 共18页26. The relationship between man and nature is a recurrent theme, perhaps one of the most important themes, in American literature. Write a short essay on it by contrasting tow or three American literary works, or two or three American literary movements, to tell what you know about their different views of nature. 27. Please make a comment on Eugene O ’Neil.28. Please briefly comment on Theodore Dreiser ’s novel Sister Carrie.V .Appreciating a Literary Work (计 15 分)Directions:In this part, you are required to write a commentary paper in no less than 100 words. Please write it on the AnswerSheet .A Clean, Well-Lighted PlaceErnest HemingwayIt was very late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light. In the day time the street was dusty, but at night the dew settled the dust and the old man liked to sit late because he was deaf and now at night it was quiet and he felt the difference. The two waiters inside the cafe knew that the old man was a little drunk, and while he was a good client they knew that if he became too drunk he would leave without paying, so they kept watch on him."Last week he tried to commit suicide," one waiter said. "Why?""He was in despair." "What about?" "Nothing.""How do you know it was nothing?" "He has plenty of money."They sat together at a table that was close against the wall near the door of the cafe and looked at the terrace where the tables were all empty except where the old man sat in the shadow of the leaves of the tree that moved slightly in the wind. A girl and a soldier went by in the street. The street light shone on the brass number on his collar. The girl wore no head covering and hurried beside him."The guard will pick him up," one waiter said. "What does it matter if he gets what he's after?""He had better get off the street now. The guard will get him. They went by five minutes ago."The old man sitting in the shadow rapped on his saucer with his glass. The youngerwaiter went over to him."What do you want?"The old man looked at him. "Another brandy," he said."You'll be drunk," the waiter said. The old man looked at him. The waiter went away."He'll stay all night," he said to his colleague. "I'm sleepy now. I never get into bed before three o'clock. He should have killed himself last week."The waiter took the brandy bottle and another saucer from the counter inside the cafe and marched out to the old man's table. He put down the saucer and poured the glass full of brandy."You should have killed yourself last week," he said to the deaf man. The old man motioned with his finger. "A little more," he said. The waiter poured on into the glass so that the brandy slopped over and ran down the stem into the top saucer of the pile. "Thank you," the old man said. The waiter took the bottle back inside the cafe. He sat down at the table with his colleague again."He's drunk now," he said."He's drunk every night.""What did he want to kill himself for?""How should I know.""How did he do it?""He hung himself with a rope.""Who cut him down?""His niece.""Why did they do it?""Fear for his soul.""How much money has he got?" "He's got plenty.""He must be eighty years old.""Anyway I should say he was eighty.""I wish he would go home. I never get to bed before three o'clock. What kind of hour is that to go to bed?""He stays up because he likes it.""He's lonely. I'm not lonely. I have a wife waiting in bed for me.""He had a wife once too.""A wife would be no good to him now.""You can't tell. He might be better with a wife.""His niece looks after him. You said she cut him down.""I know." "I wouldn't want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing.""Not always. This old man is clean. He drinks without spilling. Even now, drunk. Look at him.""I don't want to look at him. I wish he would go home. He has no regard for those 6《美国文学》A 卷 第7页 共18页who must work."The old man looked from his glass across the square, then over at the waiters."Another brandy," he said, pointing to his glass. The waiter who was in a hurry came over."Finished," he said, speaking with that omission of syntax stupid people employ when talking to drunken people or foreigners. "No more tonight. Close now.""Another," said the old man."No. Finished." The waiter wiped the edge of the table with a towel and shook his head.The old man stood up, slowly counted the saucers, took a leather coin purse from his pocket and paid for the drinks, leaving half a peseta(西班牙货币单位) tip. The waiter watched him go down the street, a very old man walking unsteadily but with dignity."Why didn't you let him stay and drink?" the unhurried waiter asked. They were putting up the shutters. "It is not half-past two.""I want to go home to bed." "What is an hour?""More to me than to him." "An hour is the same.""You talk like an old man yourself. He can buy a bottle and drink at home." "It's not the same.""No, it is not," agreed the waiter with a wife. He did not wish to be unjust. He was only in a hurry."And you? You have no fear of going home before your usual hour?" "Are you trying to insult me?""No, hombre (老兄), only to make a joke.""No," the waiter who was in a hurry said, rising from pulling down the metal shutters. "I have confidence. I am all confidence.""You have youth, confidence, and a job," the older waiter said. "You have everything.""And what do you lack?" "Everything but work.""You have everything I have.""No. I have never had confidence and I am not young." "Come on. Stop talking nonsense and lock up.""I am of those who like to stay late at the cafe," the older waiter said."With all those who do not want to go to bed. With all those who need a light for the night.""I want to go home and into bed.""We are of two different kinds," the older waiter said. He was now dressed to go home. "It is not only a question of youth and confidence although those things are very beautiful. Each night I am reluctant to close up because there may be some one who needs the cafe.""Hombre, there are bodegas open all night long.""You do not understand. This is a clean and pleasant cafe. It is well lighted. The light is very good and also, now, there are shadows of the leaves.""Good night," said the younger waiter."Good night," the other said. Turning off the electric light he continued the conversation with himself, It was the light of course but it is necessary that the place be clean and pleasant. You do not want music. Certainly you do not want music. Nor can you stand before a bar with dignity although that is all that is provided for these hours. What did he fear? It was not a fear or dread, It was a nothing that he knew too well. It was all a nothing and a man was a nothing too. It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. Some lived in it and never felt it but he knew it all was nada (没有,虚无)y(所以)pues(既然,那么)nada y nada y pues nada. Our nada who art in nada, nada be thy name thy kingdom nada thy will be nada in nada as it is in nada. Give us this nada our daily nada and nada us our nada as we nada our nadas and nada us not into nada but deliver us from nada; pues nada. Hail nothing full of nothing, nothing is with thee. (这是一段模仿祷告词,其中的名词和动词都被虚无所取代,表明一切事物和行为都是虚无。
英语国家概况复习笔记TheUSA
THE USAGeography and People1.The United States of America (Since 1775)2. The National Flag:The Stars and Stripes(星条旗) OR popularly known as the Old Glory美国国旗的爱称3. The National Anthem:The Star-Spangled Banner星条旗之歌4. Capital City: Washington, District of Columbia (The District of Columbia was named after Christopher Columbus and the city Washington was named after George Washington. The city is governed directly by the Federal government. 哥伦比亚特区以克里斯托弗.哥伦布命名,华盛顿以华盛顿命名。
这个城市是由联邦政府直接管辖的。
)⏹Famous architectures: U.S. Capitol Hill 国会山; Pentagon(五角大楼the U. S. DefenseDepartment and the headquarters of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) are in it);White House; Lincoln Memorial [mə'mɔːrɪəl]林肯纪念堂,etc.5. Size:the 4th largest country in the world6. Administrative Divisions: America consists of 50 states and a federal district, the District of Columbia. Two of the 50 states, Alaska and Hawaii, are separated from the continental America, which are the youngest states of the United States.7. Largest state: Alaska (the 49th state )Smallest state:Rhode island美国罗德岛州Largest city: New Y ork8. Landforms:Three major divisions⏹East—highlands:(Appalachian Range阿巴拉契亚山脉)⏹West—mountains:high plateaus['plætəʊ]高原(Cordillera[,kɔːdɪ'ljeərə]山脉Range: the Coast Range-the Sierra Nevada-the Cascades-the Rocky Mountains) 山脉范围:海岸山脉的林区的内华达州,Cascades-the 洛基山脉⏹In between—a vast plain region一个广阔的平原地区: The Great Plains大平原9. Highest point:The Sierra-Nevada内华达山脉: Mount Whitney惠特尼峰4418m(14,495 feet)the highest peak in the continental US(the highest peak of the USA is the Mount McKinley (20320 feet) in the south of Alaska)Lowest point: Death Valley死谷: in eastern California, 85 meters below sea level, the lowest point in the whole of N. America北美洲10. RiversThe Mississippi River, the most important and longest river in the US. This river is known to some native American Indians as ―the father of waters‖.父亲河The Missouri River密苏里河:Since the river runs through the dry west, it carries a large amount of topsoil表层土, so it is sometimes called as ―the Muddy泥泞的River‖.11. The Great Lakes⏹The Great Lakes are composed of five lakes: Lake Michigan['miʃiɡən]密歇根湖,Lake Superior苏必利尔湖, Lake Erie['iəri]伊利湖,Lake Huron['hjuərən]休伦湖and Lake Ontario[ɔn'tεəriəu]安大略湖.⏹Among the five lakes, only Lake Michigan belongs to the US completely while the other four are shared by the United States and Canada.⏹Lake Superior (82,414 km2 ), is the largest freshwater lake (by surface area) in the world.12. Natural Resources1) Large supplies of fresh water has played a very important part in America’s growth2) Rich in lumber resources3) The United States is also rich in mineral resources. ―Gold Rush‖: A rush of migrants [ 'maɪɡrənts ]移民者to an the western where gold was discovered in California in 184813. Principle Cities:Now Y ork: The S tatue of Liberty a gift from the French people in 1886, was placed on Liberty Island,The United Nations headquarters stands along the East River at 42nd Street in the city. 联合国总部位于沿着城市东河的第四十二条街上Philadelphia [ ˌfɪlə'delfjə ]费城the seat of the Continental Congress大陆会议所在地.⏹The First and Second Continental Congresses (1774 and 1775-1776) and the Constitutional Convention制宪会议(1787) met in the city, which served as the capital of the United States from 1790 to 1800.⏹Independence Hall: It was in this hall that the American Declaration of Independence美国独立宣言was signed on July 4, 1776 and Constitution of the US was framed美国宪法框架San Francisco: The Chinatown in San Francisco is the largest Chinese settlement in the US. The Golden Gate BridgeDetroit底特律[dɪ'trɔɪt] :the largest center of the automobile industry in the US and is known as“the Mo tor City”汽车城Houston[ˈhju:stən]休斯顿: “Space City, USA.”太空城14. Population Distribution人口分布: Uneven不均匀&High urbanization15. From the “ Melting Pot大熔炉”--a country of many racial and ethnic[ˌeθnɪk]民族groups from different parts of the world , who came to the New World to seek for freedom in politics or religion.T o the “Salad Bowl沙拉碗” -- However, this country is tolerant and allow people with different cultural background to keep their own distinct culture and custom.16. The different ethnic groups:Native Americans --American IndiansWhite Anglo-Saxon Protestants (W ASPs) --- the dominant ethnic group占主导地位的民族Black People ----African American----the largest ethnic-racial minority groupHispanics西班牙裔---- the largest ethnic minorityAsian Americans have always been a small community.17. P.107Immigration Act of 1924 (restrict further immigration particularly from Europe)Immigration and Nationality Act Amendments《移民与国籍法修正案》18. P.107 The dominant American cultureThe dominant American culture is English-speaking, Western European, Protestant and middle-class in character. The first immigrants formed the land’s basic cultural values as freedom, equality and desire to work hard for a higher standard of living. (占美国文化主导地位的是说英语的人们,包括了西欧,新教和一些中产阶级。
美国宪法-英文原版带中文翻译
其中译文如下:
我们合众国人民,为建立更完善的联邦,树立正义,保障国内安宁, 提供共同防务,促进公共福利,并使我们自己和后代得享自由的幸福, 特为美利坚合众国制定本宪法。
这篇序言并没有赋予或者限制任何主体的权力,仅仅阐明了制定美国 宪法的理论基础和目的。尽管如此,这篇序言尤其是最开头的“我们 合众国人民”(英文为"We the people"三个单词)却成为美国宪法 中被引用频率最高的部分。
12 1804 年6 月 15 总统选举办法
日
13
1865 年12 月 6 日
废除奴隶制度
14
1868 年7 月 9 日 国籍护权
15
1870 年2 月 3 日 所有公民不得由於肤色和种族的区别而受到选举权的限制。 (不包括性别)
16 1913 年2 月 3 日 国会对所得税的征收权
7
1791 年12 月 15 日
民事案件接受陪审团审判的权利
8
1791 年12 月 15 日
禁止过度严厉的刑罚和罚款
9
1791 年12 月 15 日
宪法未列明的权利同样受保护
10
1791 年12 月 15 日
宪法未赋予政府的权利都属于各州和人民
11 1795 年2 月 7 日 限制联邦法院对各州的管辖权
[编辑] 宪法批准程序
主条目:美国宪法第七章
宪法第七章规定了这部宪法本身得以生效的表决程序。起初美国宪法 作为邦联条例的修正形式,需要获得全部 13 个州的批准方能成立。 然而宪法第七章只要求获得 9 个州以上的批准就可以使宪法生效。为 此,许多学者认为一旦只有 9 个州批准了这部宪法草案,那么将从原 有的邦联中脱离出来,成立一个新的联邦体国家。而不批准的其余州 将留在旧邦联体制内。事实上,这种理论并没有得到实践的印证,因 为 13 个州最终全部批准了这部宪法。
美国文学chapter_7
Backward
Forward
Chapter 7: the Era of Realism and Naturalism
In 1860, there were fewer than 100 millionaires; by 1875, there were more than 1,000. From 1860 to 1914, the United States was transformed from a small, young, agricultural ex-colony to a huge, modern, industrial nation. A debtor nation in 1860, by 1914 it had become the world's wealthiest state, with a population that had more than doubled, rising from 31 million in 1860 to 76 million in 1900. By World War I, the United States had become a major world power. As industrialization grew, so did alienation. Characteristic American novels of the period Stephen Crane's Maggie: A Girl of the Streets, Jack London's Martin Eden, and later Theodore Dreiser's An American Tragedy depict the damage of economic forces and alienation on the weak or vulnerable individual. Survivors, like Twain's Huck Finn, Humphrey Vanderveyden in London's The Sea-Wolf, and Dreiser's opportunistic Sister Carrie, endure through inner strength involving kindness, flexibility, and, above all, individuality.
英语国家概况Chapter-7
2. Main Geographical Regions
New England The Mid-Atlantic States
The South
The Midwest
The Southwest
The West
New England
including six states in the northeastern corner. long history—the Europeans’ first settlement featured with mountains, valleys and rivers, and cities and towns with historic sites top-ranking universities
Oregon & California
Alaska
northwestern part of America Alaska--glaciers, waterfalls and lakes Native population
Eskimos--half of all Alaska Natives Indians Aleuts
Known as the “father of waters” to American Indians As Mark Twain was raised on the river, his most popular and important writings are concerned with this area.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn tells the story of how the boy Huckleberry Finn and his black friend Jim, a runaway slave, sailed down the Mississippi on a raft.
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎
了不起的盖茨比第七章英语单词知乎全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Vocabulary of Chapter 7 in The Great Gatsby: A Student's In-Depth AnalysisWhat's up, fellow literature lovers and word nerds? Today, we're diving deep into the rich and symbolic vocabulary found in Chapter 7 of F. Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby. As a student who adores dissecting literary works, I'm thrilled to share my insights and personal interpretations of the language used in this pivotal chapter.First things first, let's set the stage. Chapter 7 is the climax of the novel, where tensions reach a boiling point, and the illusions surrounding Gatsby's persona and his pursuit of Daisy begin to unravel. The atmosphere is thick with dramatic irony, and Fitzgerald masterfully employs evocative diction to convey the underlying emotions and thematic elements.One word that immediately caught my attention is "inexplicable." Fitzgerald describes the "inexplicable certified confusion" surrounding Gatsby's background and wealth. Thisword not only highlights the mystery and ambiguity surrounding Gatsby but also foreshadows the eventual revelation of his shady past and the disillusionment that follows.Moving on, we encounter the phrase "fantastic conceits." This phrase perfectly encapsulates the grandiose delusions and unrealistic expectations that have driven the characters' actions throughout the novel. It's a poignant reminder of the theme of disillusionment and the harsh reality that often shatters our idealized dreams.Another standout word is "appalling." Used to describe Gatsby's reaction to Tom's revelations about his past, it conveys the profound sense of shock and dismay that overwhelms him as his carefully crafted persona crumbles. The intensity of this word mirrors the devastating impact of the truth on Gatsby's psyche.Let's not forget the word "colossal." Fitzgerald employs this adjective to depict the sheer magnitude of Gatsby's illusions and the scale of his dreams. It's a testament to the grandiose nature of his aspirations, which ultimately prove to be his undoing.Shifting gears, the phrase "grotesque, circumstantial" caught my eye. Fitzgerald uses it to describe the evidence Tom presents against Gatsby, hinting at the sordid and unsavory details of his past. This phrase adds a sense of ugliness and distortion to therevelations, further emphasizing the stark contrast between Gatsby's idealized persona and the harsh realities of his life.One word that struck me as particularly powerful is "holocaust." Fitzgerald employs this term to describe the intense emotional turmoil and devastation that Gatsby experiences as his dreams are shattered. The word's connotations of complete destruction and sacrifice resonate deeply with the theme of disillusionment and the sacrifices Gatsby made in pursuit of his dreams.Finally, let's explore the phrase "obscurity borne once more in line of sight." This poetic line refers to the resurfacing of Gatsby's obscure past, which had been carefully concealed until this point. It's a haunting reminder that no matter how hard we try to reinvent ourselves, our pasts have a way of catching up with us, and the truth ultimately prevails.In conclusion, the vocabulary employed by Fitzgerald in Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby is a masterclass in literary craftsmanship. Each word and phrase is meticulously chosen to convey deeper meanings, symbolism, and thematic elements. From the sense of mystery and ambiguity to the harsh realities of disillusionment, the diction in this chapter is a powerful tool thatenhances the emotional impact of the narrative and leaves a lasting impression on the reader.So, there you have it, my fellow word enthusiasts – a deep dive into the vocabulary of Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby. I hope this analysis has piqued your interest and inspired you to delve deeper into the rich tapestry of language woven by Fitzgerald in this literary masterpiece.篇2Vocabulary Gems from Chapter 7 of The Great GatsbyHey fellow bookworms! As an avid reader and lover of literature, I always look forward to diving deep into the linguistic riches found in classic novels. Today, I want to share some of the juiciest vocabulary morsels from Chapter 7 of F. Scott Fitzgerald's masterpiece, The Great Gatsby.Let's kick things off with a word that perfectly encapsulates the lavish lifestyle portrayed in the novel: "sumptuous." When Gatsby's house is described as "a solemn, haunting house, broodingly immense among its fringed and sumptuous gardens," the word "sumptuous" conjures up images of extravagant opulence and luxurious splendor. It's a word that screams "over-the-top" and "no expense spared."Speaking of lavish parties, the word "revelers" caught my eye. It refers to the raucous, carefree merrymakers who attended Gatsby's legendary bashes. Can't you just picture a horde of revelers, decked out in their finest threads, dancing the night away with reckless abandon?Now, let's delve into a word that carries a more ominous undertone: "sinister." When Nick describes Gatsby's smile as having "a quality of eternal reassurance in that conclusive smile, the vigorous promise that the rock of the world was founded securely on a fairy's wing," the word "sinister" is used to describe the smile's "sinister resilience." This word choice hints at something darker lurking beneath the surface, foreshadowing the tragic events to come.Moving on, we have the delightfully whimsical word "oblivious." When the narrative states that Gatsby was "oblivious of the sunshine," it paints a vivid picture of someone so lost in their own thoughts and preoccupations that they fail to notice the world around them. It's a relatable feeling we've all experienced at one point or another.Next up is a word that evokes a sense of mystique and intrigue: "inscrutable." When Nick observes Gatsby's "inscrutable vision," it suggests a depth and complexity to Gatsby's characterthat defies easy comprehension. It's a tantalizing hint at the layers of mystery surrounding this enigmatic figure.Let's not forget the deliciously descriptive word "grotesque." When Nick describes the "grotesque, fascinating brightness" of Gatsby's wealth and possessions, it simultaneously conveys a sense of awe and repulsion. It's a word that perfectly captures the allure and excess of the Gatsby lifestyle while hinting at its inherent ugliness.Moving on, we have the evocative word "haunt." When Nick mentions Gatsby's "haunting loneliness," it conjures up images of a specter-like figure, forever trapped in a state of melancholic solitude. It's a word that adds a haunting, ethereal quality to Gatsby's character.Finally, let's explore the word "permeate." When Nick describes the "permeating scent" of Gatsby's house, it creates a vivid sensory experience, as if the reader can smell the rich, lingering aromas wafting through the air. It's a word that adds depth and texture to the descriptive passages.Well, there you have it, fellow word nerds! A tantalizing glimpse into the rich vocabulary that permeates Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby. Whether you're a seasoned literary connoisseur or a budding bibliophile, these words are sure to add somelinguistic sparkle to your reading experience. Happy reading, and may the words dance off the page and into your heart!篇3The Dazzling Vocabulary of Gatsby's ReunionChapter 7 of The Great Gatsby is a pivotal moment in the novel, where the long-awaited reunion between Gatsby and Daisy finally occurs. As a student of literature, I was struck by the masterful way Fitzgerald uses language to convey the intense emotions and tensions at play during this climactic scene. The vocabulary he employs is rich, evocative, and at times, dazzlingly complex, adding layers of depth and nuance to the narrative. Let's delve into some of the most captivating words and phrases from this chapter.One word that immediately caught my attention was "colossal," used to describe Gatsby's dreams and aspirations. This adjective conjures up images of something vast, monumental, and awe-inspiring, perfectly capturing the grandiose nature of Gatsby's pursuit of Daisy. The word's etymological roots in Greek further emphasize its magnitude, lending a sense of timelessness and universality to Gatsby's desires.Another striking word is "feign," which Fitzgerald employs when describing Gatsby's attempts to appear casual and nonchalant in Daisy's presence. The term "feign" suggests a deliberate act of deception or pretense, hinting at the complex web of emotions and facades that Gatsby has woven around himself. This word choice skillfully underscores the deep vulnerability and insecurity that lie beneath Gatsby's carefully constructed persona.Fitzgerald's use of the word "ineffable" is particularly noteworthy, as he applies it to describe the quality of Gatsby's smile when he finally reunites with Daisy. "Ineffable" suggests something that is too profound or too sublime to be adequately expressed in words, perfectly capturing the depth of Gatsby's emotional state in that moment. This word choice elevates the scene to a level of almost spiritual transcendence, reflecting the intensity of Gatsby's long-held dreams and desires.The phrase "furnace of vitriol" is another evocative turn of phrase that caught my eye. Fitzgerald uses this vivid metaphor to describe Tom Buchanan's simmering anger and hostility towards Gatsby. The word "vitriol" conjures up images of a highly corrosive and toxic substance, while "furnace" implies an intense and uncontrollable heat, together painting a powerful picture ofTom's barely contained rage. This metaphor foreshadows the explosive confrontation that ultimately erupts between the two men, heightening the sense of tension and impending conflict.Fitzgerald's use of the word "appalling" is particularly interesting, as it carries a dual meaning. On one level, it suggests something that is shocking or horrifying, reflecting the profound emotional turmoil and disillusionment that Gatsby experiences as his dreams begin to unravel. However, the word "appalling" can also mean "causing dismay or disappointment," which aptly describes the sense of disenchantment that Gatsby must feel as he realizes the true nature of Daisy's character and the insurmountable challenges standing in the way of their reunion.The phrase "grotesque and fantastic conceits" is another standout example of Fitzgerald's rich vocabulary. "Conceits" refers to fanciful or imaginative notions, while "grotesque" and "fantastic" suggest something that is both distorted and whimsical. This phrase is used to describe the extravagant and over-the-top decorations adorning Gatsby's mansion, reflecting the grandiose and almost absurd lengths to which he has gone in his pursuit of wealth and status – all in an effort to win over Daisy. This vivid description not only paints a striking visualpicture but also serves as a metaphor for the distorted and fantastical nature of Gatsby's dreams and aspirations.Throughout Chapter 7, Fitzgerald employs a multitude of evocative and richly descriptive words and phrases, such as "riotous," "curtains of azaleas," "vanished trees," and "ecstatic caress." These word choices not only create a vivid and immersive reading experience but also serve to reinforce the overarching themes of the novel, such as the futility of pursuing the past, the corrupting influence of wealth and materialism, and the disillusionment that often accompanies the pursuit of idealized dreams.As a student of literature, I am in awe of Fitzgerald's masterful command of language and his ability to weave together words in a way that not only tells a compelling story but also resonates on a deeper, emotional level. The vocabulary he employs in Chapter 7, with its rich tapestry of evocative and nuanced terms, is a testament to his literary genius and his profound understanding of the human condition.In conclusion, the dazzling vocabulary and artful use of language in Chapter 7 of The Great Gatsby are a true hallmark of Fitzgerald's literary prowess. From the grandiose "colossal" to the sublime "ineffable," and the vivid "furnace of vitriol," eachword is carefully chosen and expertly woven into the narrative, adding depth, nuance, and emotional resonance to this pivotal moment in the novel. As a student, exploring and unpacking the meanings and connotations of these words has not only enriched my understanding of the text but has also deepened my appreciation for the power of language and the craft of great literary works.。
The_United_States
American Attitudes Toward… Cell Etiquette
Do not allow cell phones to ring in class or while at movies, theatres and other performances. If the phone rings, turn it off. Do not talk to the caller. caller. Inappropriate cell phone use is considered rude behavior. Never speak loudly on the phone . . . People around you might ask you to reduce the tone of your voice. Americans usually don’t like noisy people.
THE COUNTRY
AND HISTORY
► Physical Features ► The Map ► National Anthem ► The Climate ► Ethnic diversity ► Social customs ► Etiquette and Manners ► Famous Inventors ► Most Popular Sports
United States of America, (2010 estimated. pop. 309,033,553 ), estimated. pop. 309,033, (9,166,598 sq km), in North America. The United States is the world's 166, km), America. third largest country in population and in area. It consists of 50 states area. and a federal district. The conterminous (excluding Alaska and Hawaii) district. United States stretches across central North America from the Atlantic Ocean on the east to the Pacific Ocean on the west, and from Canada on the north to Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico on the south. south. The state of Alaska is located in extreme NW North America between the Arctic and Pacific oceans and is bordered by Canada on the east. east. The state of Hawaii, an island chain, is situated in the east central Pacific Ocean (3,400 km) SW of San Francisco. Washington, D.C., is Francisco. the capital of the United States, and New York is its largest city. city.
全版新编英国文学选读(上)chapter7.doc
Chapter 7. The Eighteenth Century[The Age of Reason (1688——1798)]I. Historical backgroundAfter the Glorious Revolution, Whig and Tory were established. The former one represented the interests of the moneyed class, while the latter one represented the royalists.England fought many wars with France, Spain, etc. In those wars England rose as a victor making it the strongest country in navy and economy and considerably stretching its occupied land oversees extending from the west of Canada to the east of India.II. The special features of the cultural life at the timea. Political writings: the rise of the political parties led to the appearance of pamphlet wars of political writings attracting many writers to work for either of the parties or both alternatively.b. The rise of newspapers and magazines: the reason for the rise: ·Both parties had their respective ones to express their opinions. ·The rise of the middle class demanded entertainment and education and they need to express their views too.c. Coffeehouses:where people gathered to exchange ideas and thus they help to determine the literary trend of the timed. The new morality:·The emphasis on reason·The development of tolerance of different opinions in politics and religione. The influence of science and technology:·Principia Mathematica in 1687 by Newton (1642——1727) ·The new epistemology of John Locke (1632——1704)f. French influence——Augustanism——neoclassicism stressing to learn from the classicals*What is classicism?The characteristics in Greek and Roman classical works. They are clarity, logic, form, proportion, balance with each other, parallelism, restraint.III. The characteristics of neoclassicism1.Reason rather than emotion and form rather than content were emphasized.2.Most of the writings at the time were didactic and satirical.3.The closed couplet was the only possible verse form for serious work for elegance, correctness, appropriateness and restraint were preferred.4.It is exclusively a “town”poetry, catering to the interests of the“society”in great cities. The humbler aspect of life are neglected and it showed in most part no love of nature, landscape, or country things and peoplecking romantic elements and being hostile to medieval literature6.An age of prose, especially the latter part the centuryIV. Representative authors of the time1. Daniel Defoe2. Jonathan Swift3. Joseph Addison4. Alexander Pope5. Samuel Johnson6. Henry Fieldding7. Thomas Gray8. Thobias George Smollet9. Richard Brinsley Sheridan10. Robert Burns11. William Blake1.Daniel Defoe(1661—1731)a pioneer novelist of England and also a prolific writer of books and pamphlets on a great variety of subjects.1)his life story:a.from a dissenter’s family: Presbyterian butcherb.having a questionable character in politics, but strong belief in religious freedom2)his literary achievements:·fiction:Robinson , Crusoe , Moll Flanders·contribution to journalism & regulating English trade methods and principles3) characteristics of his fiction:a.Robinson Crusoe:(1)based on real experience of a Scottish sailor but combinedwith his own imagination, it is still a fictional work.(2)using the picaresque frame with a story in the shape of a journal and having strong sense of journalistic truth; containing serious wisdom of life(3)The importance of the hero:i. typical of the rising English bourgeois class, practical and diligent with a restless curiosity to know more about the world and a desire to prove individual power in the face of social and natural challengesIi. a real hero of middle class different from the hero of knights orepic hero(4)moral teaching: sing praise of labour, presenting it as the source of human pride and happiness as well as a means to change man’s living conditions from desperation to prosperity(5)limitations:i. praise colonization overseas through the relationship with Friday ii. his attitude to woman is open to criticismiii. Praise slaveryb. Moll Flanders:(1) its story(2)the significance, one is for the first a woman being the protagonist; artistically more mature than Robinson: better structure and better plot; so it is written in an autobiographical form called a memoir2. Jonathan Swift(1667-1745)a churchman and also a university graduate who viewed human society with contempt and has been called a cynic and even a misanthrope.1)his life story:His father died before he was born, and he had to accept the aid of his relatives and finished his study at Dublin University.2)his literary achievements:a.satirical essays:The Battle of Books(1696-1698), A Tale of the Tub(1696-1698)b.Writings in pamphlets:The Draiper’s Letters, A Modest Proposac.fiction:Gulliver’s Travel(1726)3)characteristics of his pamphlets:·Gulliver’s Travela. criticizing the oppression and exploitation of the Irish people by the absentee landlords and the English government.b. using bitter satire·The battle of Booksa debate happening 18th century. Some people modern people ·The Tale of the Tuba satire on various religious sects: Catholic, Anglican and dissenters’churches: changes done by different churches to the Christian doctrines·The Draiper’s Lettersrevealing the corruption and license, debased·A Modest Proposala satire on the English government’s heavy exploitation4)A Modest Proposala.It is a bitter satire on the policy of the English government towards the Irish people.b.Swift in this article suggested to the Irish people that the best way to end their misery was to produce children and sell them at market as a delicious dish for the rich.3. Joseph Addison(1672-1719)and Richard Steele(1672-1729)1) their life stories: they were born in the same year, attended the same school and later studied at the same university.they had the same political trend——whig2) their literary achievements:Joseph Addison & Richard Steele·Joseph Addisonstarted the periodical essays that were the most characteristic genre of 18thcentury literature.·Richard Steelecontribution to the periodicals:The Tatler, The Spectator, The Guardian3)characteristics of their periodical essays:a.Methods:d, indirect, was admirably adapted to their purpose.2. were full of wit, humor, and satire.b. Themes:dealt with1)light topics-fashions, head-dresses, practical jokes,2)polite conversations, discussed art, philosophy, drama, and poetry, and sought in so doing not only to interest the general reader in such subjects, but also to guide and develop their tastes.3) deeper topics such immoralityOne other characteristic: draw some images of some typical middle class people:C. Style: simple language familiar to the middle men; graceful, poised, well balanced, familiar words and expressions to the readers,4)Aims of their writing:a.to educate the newly risen middle class.b.to bridge the gap between the small circle of London elegance and wit,and the large, serious, rather Puritan middle class.5)two selected pieces written by Addisona. The Royal Exchangeb. Sir Roger at Church4.Alexander Pope(1688-1744)1) his life story:·he was self-educated.·he worked hard against poor health and unfavorable conditions and gained a profound knowledge of both the classics and the craft of writing.2)his literary achievements:·An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock, An Essay on Man ·Contribution to poetry in heroic couplets3)characteristics of his poems:a. succeeded Chaucer and Dryden in bringing metrical form to its perfection.b. contained a great number of quotable lines that have passed into everyday speech as popular sayings, such as :“To err is human, to forgive divine”, and “For fools rush in where angels fear to tread.”c. limitation: Pope is never profound in thought, so the poems lack original ideas5.Samuel Johnson(1709-1784)the greatest English man of letters between Pope and Wordsworth. 1) his life story:·he was born in a book seller’s family.·he was conservative in his world outlook and was against any kind of reform or innovation.·he upheld tradition and authority. Uphold conventions authority2)his literary achievements:·A Dictionary of the English Language·Contribution to a periodical, The Rambler,·Known for essay; his Preface to his edition of Shakespeare and The Lives of the Poets3)characteristics of his writing:Emphasizing the specification of language6. Henry Fielding(1707-1754)playwright, novelist and district law magistrate, came from an aristocratic background1) his life story:·was born to an upper-class family·began writing plays while at university and took it as his profession after leaving school.2)his literary achievements:novels:The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrews,The History of Tom Jones3)characteristics of his novels:a. The History of the Adventures of Joseph Andrew( 1) its story and significance(2)in his preface to this novel Fielding proudly announced that he had created a new genre called comic epics in prose and discussed its characteristic feature.(3)the novel turned from a novel of seduction into one of the first exemplars of the great English panoramic tradition, which was to reach new heights later in Thackeray and Dickens.b. The History of Tom Jones(1) its story(2) Its significance:a. the understanding of allegory in the storyb. to Fielding, the countryside represents the basic goodness of human race, whereas the city stands for evil and sin.Tobias George SmollettA general introductionTobias George Smollett (19 March 1721 –17 September 1771) was a Scottish poet and author.He was best known for his picaresque novels, such as·The Adventures of Roderick Random (1748),·The Adventures of Peregrine Pickle (1751), which influenced later novelists such as Charles Dickens.·His last novel, the best novel is The Expedition of Humphry Clinker(1771), published in the year of his death.7. Thomas Gray(1716-1771)one of the representative poets at the time1) his life story:was born in London and educated at Eton and Cambridge, where he, after a grand tour on the continent, spent the rest of his life.2)characteristics of his poems:·more natural and spontaneous in thought·emphasizing emotions and sentiments3)The Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard8. Richard Brinsley Sheridan (1751-1816)1) his life story:was born in Dublin, of Irish origin, and was educated at Harrow.2)his literary achievements:drama: The Rivals, A Trip to Sarborough, The School for Scandal3)The School for Scandala. its story and significanceb. it is written in the tradition of Comedy of Manners, and exposes the immorality, hypocrisy, money-hunting, and scandal-mongering of the idle classes in 18th century England.9. Robert Burns(1759-1796)1) his life story:was born in Scotland in a poor peasant family and educated himself through selfstudy.2)his literary achievements:poems and songs3)characteristics of his poems and songsa.written in the Scottish dialect and in the tradition of Scottish folk songs.b.besides love lyrics, most of his poems and songs are about patriotic and political themes.10. William Blake (1757-1827)a poet as well as an engraver.1)his life story:was born in a hosier’s family in London and drew pictures and engraved to illustrate his works and the works of others.2)his literary achievements:·poems:Poetical Sketches, Songs of Innocence,Songs of Experience, Prophetic Books·broke with the neo-classical tradition both in form and in content3)characteristics of his poemsa. Songs of Innocence(1) expressed the poet’s delight in life,even in the face of sorrow and suffering.(2)the world is seen through the eyes of a child’s imagination which can be attained by adults if they cast away the follies and deceits of the hostile world and seek a visionary world through their imagination.b. Songs of Experience(1) the atmosphere is no longer sunny but sad and gloomy, and evil is found everywhere in this world.(2) through the loss of imagination, man has become a slave to the falsehood and hypocrisy of religion and society, and thus has lost the Heaven of Innocence and gained the Hell of Experience.c. the contradiction of these two poem collections。
英语阅读教程第七课
READING SELECTION AA Whole Nation and a People[1] There was one storekeeper I remember above all others in my youth, when I was spending a good portion of my time with a motley group of varied ethnic ancestry. We contended with one another to deride the customs of the old country. On our Saturday forays into neighborhoods beyond our own, to prove we were really Americans, we ate hot dogs and drank Cokes. If a boy didn't have ten cents for this repast he went hungry, for he dared not bring a sandwich fro m home made of the spiced meats our families ate.[2] One of our untamed games was to seek out the owner of a pushcart or a store, unmistakably an immigrant, and bedevil him with a chorus of insults and jeers. To prove allegiance to the gang it was necessary to reserve our fiercest malevolence for a storekeeper or peddler belonging to our own ethnic background.[3] For that reason I led a raid on the small, shabby grocery of old Barba Nikos, short, sinewy Greek who walked with a slight limp and sported a flaring, handlebar mustache.[4] We stood outside his store and dared him to come out. When he emerged to do battle, we plucked a few plums and peaches from the basket on the sidewalk and retreated, I go across the street to eat them while he watched. He waved a fist and hurled epithets at us in ornamental Greek.[5] Aware that my mettle was being tested, I raised my arm and threw my half-eaten plum at the old man. My aim was accurate and the plum struck him on the cheek. He shuddered and put his hand to the stain. He stared at me across the street, and although I could not see his eyes, I felt them sear my flesh. He turned and walked silently back into the store. The boys slapped my shoulders in admiration, but it was a hollow victory that rested like a stone in the pit of my stomach.[6] At twilight, when we disbanded, I passed the grocery alone on my way home. There was a small light burning in the score and the shadow of the old man's body outlined against the glass. Goaded by remorse, I walked to the door and entered.[7] The old man moved from behind the narrow wooden counter and stared at me. I wanted to turn and flee, but by then it was too late. As he motioned for me to come closer, I braced myself fora curse or a blow.[8] "Y ou were the one," he said, finally, in a harsh voice.[9] I nodded mutely.[10] "Why did you come back?'[11] I stood there unable to answer.[12] "What's your name?"[13] "Haralambos," I said, speaking to him in Greek.[14] He looked at me in shock, "Y ou are Greek!" he cried. "A Greek boy attacking a Greek grocer!" He stood appalled at the immensity of my crime. "All right," he said coldly. "You are here because you wish to make amends." His great mustache bristled in concentration. "Four plums, two peaches," he said. "That makes a total of seventy-eight cents. Call it seventy-five. Do you have seventy-five cents, boy?"[15] I shook my head.[16] "Then you will work it off," he said. "Fifteen cents an hour into seventy-five cents makes" —he paused— "five hours of work. Can you come here Saturday morning?"[17] "Y es," I said.[18] "Y es, Barba Nikos," he said sternly. "Show respect."[19] "Y es, Barba Nikos," I said.[20] "Saturday morning at eight o'clock," he said. "Now go home and say thanks in your prayers that I did not loosen your impudent head with a solid smack on the ear." I needed no further urging and fled.[21] Saturday morning, still apprehensive, I returned to the store. I began by sweeping, raising clouds of dust in dark and hidden corners. I washed the windows, whipping the squeegee swiftly up and down the glass in a fever of fear that some member of the gang would see me. When I finishedI hurried back inside.[22] For the balance of the morning I stacked cans, washed the counter, and dusted bottles of yellow wine. A few customers entered, and Barba Nikos served them. A little after twelve o'clock he locked the door so he could eat lunch. He cut himself a few slices of sausage, tore a large chunk from a loaf of crisp-crusted bread, and filled a small cup with a dozen black shiny olives floating in brine. He offered me the cup. I could not help myself and grimaced.[23] "Y ou are a stupid boy," the old man said. "Y ou are not really Greek, are you?"[24] "Y es, I am."[25] "Y ou might be," he admitted grudgingly. "But you do not act Greek. Wrinkling your nose at these fine olives. Look around this store for a minute. What do you see?"[26] "Fruits and vegetables," I said. "Cheese and olives and things like that."[27] He stared at me with a massive scorn. "That's what I mean," he said. "You are a bonehead. Y ou don't understand that a whole nation and a people are in this store."[28] I looked uneasily toward the storeroom in the rear, almost expecting someone to emerge.[29] "What about olives?" he cut the air with a sweep of his arm. "There are olives of many shapes and colors. Pointed black ones from Kalamata, oval ones from Amphissa, pickled green olives and sharp tangy yellow ones. Achilles carried black olives to Troy and after a day of savage battle leading his Myrmidons, he'd rest and eat cheese and ripe black olives such as these right here. Y ou have heard of Achilles, boy, haven't you?"[30] "Y es," I said.[31] "Y es, Barba Nikos."[32] "Y es, Barba Nikos," I said.[33] He motioned at the row of jars filled with varied spices. "These are all the marvelous flavorings that we have used in our food for thousands of years. The men of Marathon carried small packets of these spices into battle, and the scents reminded them of their homes, their families, and their children."[34] He walked limping from the counter to the window where the piles of tomatoes, celery, and green peppers clustered. "I suppose all you see here are some random vegetables?" He did not wait for me to answer. "You are dumb again. These are some of the ingredients that go to make up a Greek salad. Do you know what a Greek salad really is? A meal in itself, an experience, an emotional involvement. It is created deftly and with grace. The story goes that Zeus himself created the recipe and assembled and mixed the ingredients on Mount Olympus one night when he had invited some of the other gods to dinner. Do you understand now, boy?"[35] He watched my face for some response and then grunted. We stood silent for a moment until he cocked his head and stared at the clock. "It is time for you to leave," he motioned brusquely toward the door. "We are square now. Keep it that way."[36] I decided the old man was crazy and reached behind the counter for my jacket and cap and started for the door. He called me hack. From a box he drew out several soft, yellow figs that he placed in a piece of paper. "A bonus because you worked well," he said. "Take them. When you taste them, maybe you will understand what I have been talking about."[37] I took the figs and he unlocked the door and I hurried from the store. I looked back once and saw him standing in the doorway, watching me, the swirling tendrils of food curling like mist about his head.[38] I ate the figs late that night. And in the morning when I woke, I could still taste a nd inhale their fragrance.[39] I never again entered Barba Nikos' store, because shortly afterwards my family moved from the city.[40] Some twelve years later, after the war, I drove through the old neighborhood and passed the grocery. I stopped the car and for a moment stood before the store. The windows were stained with dust and grime, the interior bare and desolate, a store in a decrepit group of stores marked for razing so new structures could be built.[41] I have been in many Greek groceries since then and have often bought the feta and Kalamata olives. I have eaten countless Greek salads and have indeed found them a meal for the gods. But I have never been able to recapture the flavor of those figs he gave me on that day so long ago, although I have bought figs many times. I have found them pleasant to my tongue, but there is something missing. And to this day I am not sure whether it was the figs or the vision and passion of the old grocer that coated the fruit so sweetly I can still recall their savor and fragrance after almost thirty years. (1, 478 words)ABOUT THE AuthorHarry Mark Petrakis (1923— ) has written novels and short stories about Greek-American life. His characters are people who live with memories of another culture and seek to join the old ways with new customs and attitudes. Petrakis was born in St. Louis, Missouri and worked at an assortment of jobs, in steel mills and driving trucks, before becoming a writer. The text here is taken from his autobiography, Stelmark.EXERCISES1. Reading ComprehensionAnswer the following questions or complete the following statements.1. When the author was young, he and his friends banded together to _____.A. bully new immigrantsB. fight against old customsC. contend that they were real menD. reject their own ethnic background2. The author and his friends often chose a pushcart or a store of their own nationality to attack because _____.A. they hated their own peopleB. they could thus be respected as real AmericansC. they hated all the peddlers and store keepersD. they could thus get free fruits and other food3. Why did the author feel that the attack on the grocer was a hollow victory after he won the respect of his friends?A. Because he only hit the grocer once.B. Because he could have taken more plums.C. Because he felt sort of guilty in his heart.D. Because he wanted to attack the grocer again4. At twilight the author returned to the grocery store and entered because _____.A. he felt regret and wanted to make amendsB. he wanted to play tricks on the grocerC. he felt hungry and wanted to buy some olivesD. he wanted to check whether the grocer was injured5. Mr. Nikos insisted on t he author's saying “Y es, Barba Nikos" because he wanted the boy to _____.A. remember his nameB. recognize his authorityC. learn how to respect othersD. speak more Greek6. Saturday morning the author washed the windows of the store very quickly because he_____.A. didn't want his friends to see himB. wanted to show that he was a good boyC. was afraid that Mr. Nikos would punish himD. wanted to go hack home early7. Mr. Nikos thought that the author was _____.A. a real GreekB. a real AmericanC. scornful of his small businessD. ignorant of his own culture8. Mr. Nikos believed that the ancient Greek cultureA. was the richest and most colorful in the worldB. had shaped the whole nation of Greece and its peopleC. was of the same value as that of the AmericansD. could be tasted in Greek food9. By describing the appearance of the store twelve years later, the author impliesthat _____.A. old customs and culture should be got rid of in AmericaB. the ethnic cultures were giving way to the American mainstreamC. American value should be restructured and rebuiltD. American society changes quickly and dramatically10. The author conveys his thesis in the last paragraph that _____.A. old people can teach young Americans good lessonsB. Mr. Nikos influenced his perspective in appreciating their own cultureC. Greek food is still the best for American GreeksD. Mr. Nikos was the best teacher he had ever seenII. VocabularyA. Read the following sentences and decide which of the four choices below each sentence closest in meaning go the underlined word.1. In July he issued a decree ordering all unofficial armed groups in the country to disband.A. end upB. come upC. stand upD. break up2. The Amazon ant carries out forays against other ants and brings back some of them to the home nest to serve as slaves.A. invasionsB. fightsC. warsD. missions3. The flu virus that are most prevalent one year differ from those that bedevil humans the next year.A. killB. worryC. frustrateD. trouble4. He correctly predicted that the policy against their neighboring countries would goad them into economic nationalism.A. assistB. pressC. driveD. aid5. The King made war on the state of Kalinga, and conquered in 261 B.C. When he saw the suffering he had caused, however, he was overcome with remorse.A. regretB. revengeC. hatredD. emotion6. When she first visited South-West Africa in 1947 as an investigative journalist, she helped reveal the appalling conditions under which blacks were obliged to work.A. startlingB. exoticC. terrificD. amusing7. In his book the Iliad, Homer describes Thersites as the ugliest and most impudent of the Greeks.A. toughB. ill-famedC. rudeD. harmful8. Apprehensive of their enemy's encirclement, the country enhanced its foreign contacts with its neighbors in Europe.A. ScornfulB. FearfulC. RegardlessD. Careless9. The slave-owners grudgingly accepted the abolition in 1888, rather than face the massive slave unrest and flight.A. slowlyB. graduallyC. unwillinglyD. eventually10. They swore their allegiance to the nation and received their naturalization papers.A. contributionB. loyaltyC. immensityD. epithetB. Choose the best word or expression from the list given for each blank. Use each word or expression only once and make proper changes where necessary.work off contend with deftly sternly brusquelyseek out make amends desolate deride mutely1. It's full of useful give you some idea of all theaspects a business needs to in order to survive in today's current economic climate.2. European market is becoming promising. Now is the time for local companiesbusiness opportunities in Europe.their debt through community service.5. Many students right of freedom. Some of my students once protested to me6. Evidently(Obviously) men of great energy and charm, Bouvier and Thierry found10. His sophisticated theory about economic development is widely derided (laughed at) by conventional scientists.III. ClozeThere are ten blanks in the following passage. Read the passage carefully and choose the right word or phrase from the list given below for each of the blanks. Change the form if necessary.in favor of look down on distinctive traditionally successivediverse despite target in search of integrateAlthough the United States has been shaped by waves ofhave often viewed immigration as aimmigrants. The cultural habits of immigrants are frequentlyespecially arrivals come from a different country than those in the establishedcommunity. such tensions, economic needs have always forced Americans to seek immigrants as foreigners. The vastmajority of immigrants to the United States have comea better life for themselves and their families. In all of American history, less than 10 percent ofthe United States has been described as a melting pot,previous identities of each immigrant group are melted down to create an. Since the 1960s, many Americans have rejected the term ofthe image of themosaic, each piece retains its own identity, while design.Advocates of the term of "mosaic" believe that it better represents the multicultural society of the United States. Today, many Americans value their immigrant heritage as an important part of their identity. More recent immigrant groups from Asia have established communities alongside those populated by the descendants of European immigrants.IV. TranslationPut the following parts into Chinese.1. There was one storekeeper I remember above all others in my youth, when I was spending agood portion of my time with a motley group of varied ethnic ancestry. We contended with one another to deride the customs of the old country. On our Saturday forays into neighborhoods beyond our own, to prove we were really Americans, we ate hot dogs and drank Cokes. If a boy didn't have ten cents for this repast he went hungry, for he dared not bring a sandwich from home made of the spiced meats our families ate.我常和一帮来自各国的移民子弟一起玩。
英美国家历史与文化答案
C h a p t e r1L a n d a n d H i s t o r y1.Choose the most appropriate answer to each question or statement.(5 points for each)1)The following figures were often considered the founding fathers of the American Republic EXCEPT__C_.A.George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Roger WilliamsD. John Adams2)The following were some of the characteristics of Puritanism EXCEPT_A_.A. Manifest destinyB. Religious freedomC. Intolerant moralismD. Separation of state and church3)The 1920s was associated with the following EXCEPT__D.A. Silent moviesB. Ku Klux KlanC. ProhibitionD. Television4)Clinton was the second US president to be impeached by the House of Representatives, but retired in the_A_.A. The SenateB.the Supreme CourtC. The Department of JusticeD. The Federal Reserve5)Which of the following did not take place in the Nixon administration BA. VietnamizationB. Cuban Missile CrisisC. Watergate ScandalD. Re-establishing US with China.2.Match the US president with the event that took place in his presidency. (5 points for each)1)Abraham Lincoln e a. New Deal2)Franklin D. Roosevelt. a b. Rapid development in IT Industry3)John F. Kennedy d c. Watergate Scandal4)Richard Nixon c d. Cuban Missile Crisis5)Bill Clinton b e. Civil War3.Translate the English passage into Chinese.When an American says that he loves his country, he means not only that he loves the New England hills, the prairies glistening in the sun, the wide and rising plains, the great mountains, and the sea. He means that he lovesan inner air, an inner light in which freedom lives and in which a man can draw the breath of self-respect.当一个美国人说他热爱他的祖国,他不仅仅意味着他深爱着新英格兰连绵的山丘,阳光下熠熠生辉的草原,宽阔无边际的平原,巍峨的高山和一望无际的大海。
克鲁格曼国际经济学课件英文官方第10版1第七章
– In Europe? – In Asia?
• the entertainment industry in Bollywood (near Bombay).
7-8
The Theory of External Economies (cont.)
– In developing countries such as China, external economies are pervasive in manufacturing.
• One town in China produces most of the world’s underwear, another nearly all cigarette lighters.
– External economies played a key role in India’s emergence as a major exporter of information services.
– In the United States,
• the semiconductor industry is concentrated in Silicon Valley, • investment banking in New York, • the entertainment industry in Hollywood
• Internal economies of scale occur when the cost per unit of output depends on the size of a firm.
7-6
Economies of Scale and Market Structure (cont.)
•
In the presence of perfect competition, the decreasing AC curve implies a forwardfalling supply curve:
The United States-a Nation of Immigrants
The United States-a Nation of Immigrants[Abstract]This paper mainly introduce the America immigrant. Mainly can included four parts. The first part show us the introduction of America. The second part told the history of America immigrants. The third is about contemporary immigration. At last, introduce the influence of America immigrants.I.The introduction of AmericaThe Unit ed States of America, short for America, i s the federal republic of constitutional monarchy which made up of Washington, d.c., 50 states, Puerto Rico and Guam, and many other overseas territories. It’s main part is located in the central North America, the CIA world fact book 1989 to 1996 claims that the original version of the United States has a total area of 9372610 square kilometers, 1997 to 963 square kilometers (plus the sovereignty of the five great lakes and estuaries, coastal waters and inland sea harbor area), population of 310 million, general language is English, and is an immigrant country.[1] A fter the second world war, the United States have get great gains and become the only superpower in the world today .The United States is a highly developed capitalist county. Its political, economic, military, culture, innovation and other power led by the world. As the world's first military power, the level of higher education and scientific technology is worthy of the world first, the input of scientific research funds, the abundance of research of enterprises, scientific research in colleges anduniversities in the world. While facing all sorts of problems at home and abroad, the United States continues to attract people from all over the world come here to chasing the American dream because of its relatively sound legal system, healthy living environment, the top education resources, etc.,II.The immigrant history of AmericaA look at the history of the United States indicates that this country has often been called "a melting pot". In America history, there are three big waves of immigrants. In the early 19th century, so many Europeans emigrated to America that formed the immigrant upsurge in American history. Immigrants mainly from Western Europe and northern Europe, of which about 2 million Irish, German, about 1.7 million. There are a large number of sold to African slaves in the United States. At the same time, there are a few immigrants from Asia, mainly to American gold rush.The second immigration boom from 1861 to 1861, about 5 million immigrants arrived in the United States. After the civil war, the United States ushered in the peak of industrialization, it need a lot of labor. In order to recruit skilled workers to work in, some enterprise groups to Europe recruiting. There are lot of newspaper advertising in many European country, printing brochures, with European settlers. In desire to depict the tempting prospects, some companies also are willing to provide the necessary money for them who willing to immigrate .The third climax from 1881 to 1881, immigration soared to 23.5 million.Immigration peak is 1907 to 1907. In this stage, the U.S. government legislation for many times, reject the European immigrants, reject Asian immigrants. From north-western Europe countries such as Britain, Germany, Sweden "old immigrants" growth is limited, but from Italy, Russia and other countries in southeast Europe "new immigrants" is growing rapidly.Three times after the immigration, in 1920 the United States total population of more than 100 million for the first time. From 1820 to 1920, that the number of immigrants in the population growth in the number of more than 20%.where various immigrant and ethnic groups have learned to work together to build a unique nation. Even those "original" Americans, the Indians, probably walked a land bridge from Asia to North America some thousands of years ago. No matter where you come from, could become an American should you want to. The United States is currently shifting from being a nation of immigrants of mainly European descent to one of immigrants from other parts of the world, such as Asia and Latin America. The number of recent immigrants has skyrocketed. They desire to escape economic hardship and political oppression in their native countries as well as the desire to seek a better education and a more prosperous life in America, "the land of opportunity". Although there are frequent conflicts between the cultures they have brought with them from the "old country" and those found in America, most immigrants learn to love their country as their native land, and make efforts .Americans have also learned much from the customs and ideas of the immigrants and are often influenced by them in subtle and interesting ways.Immigrants bring their native cultural, political, and social patterns and attitudes, varied academic and religious backgrounds, as well as ethnic arts, sports, holidays, festivals, and foods. They have greatly enriched American life.III.Contemporary immigrationUntil the 1930s most legal immigrants were male. By the 1990s women accounted for just over half of all legal immigrants.[2]Contemporary immigrants tend to be younger than the native population of the United States, with people between the ages of 15 and 34 substantially overrepresented.[3] Immigrants are also more likely to be married and less likely to be divorced than native-born Americans of the same age.[4]Immigrants are likely to move to and live in areas populated by people with similar backgrounds. This phenomenon has held true throughout the history of immigration to the United States.[5] Seven out of ten immigrants surveyed by Public Agenda in 2009 said they intended to make the U.S. their permanent home, and 71% said if they could do it over again they would still come to the US. In the same study, 76% of immigrants say the government has become stricter on enforcing immigration laws since the September 11, 2001 attacks ("9/11"), and 24% report that they personally have experienced some or a great deal of discrimination.[6]Public attitudes about immigration in the U.S. were heavily influenced in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. After the attacks, 52% of Americans believed that immigration was agood thing overall for the U.S., down from 62% the year before, according to a 2009 Gallup poll.[7] A 2008 Public Agenda survey found that half of Americans said tighter controls on immigration would do "a great deal" to enhance U.S. national security.[8]Harvard political scientist and historian Samuel P. Huntington argued in Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity that a potential future consequence of continuing massive immigration from Latin America, especially Mexico, might lead to the bifurcation of the United States.IV.The influence of America immigrantAs an immigrant country, America from 1607 until now, has combined with more than 100 national immigration, and is the most complicated race in the world. Immigration is not just the simple transfer of human beings, to a certain extent, large-scale international migration will have far-reaching consequences for the social economic consequences. In addition to the transfer of human resources, as well as the flow of capital, knowledge, technology, culture communication and ethnic structure and so on a series of changes.A country with a less than 300 years of history, has now developed into a world power,to be sure, the U.S. immigration has played a vital role. America can so quickly absorb new things, and those from different countries, have different migration of the intimate relationship of culture and thought.In today's streets in the United States, when you see people of different skin color on the street, you will understand that this is a place that only seeability. Can accommodate different races, it is the measure of a country. Only when a country can mature and fusion of culture differences, digest them ’s bad effects, and brewed fresh blood will create new miracles continuously.However, when a large number of immigrants flock in, the test will more than the measurement, also consider the country's many problems of public resources, and so on. Coordinate with migrants and local residents, targeted controlled immigration, is the current U.S. Government’s issues should to consider..Of course, this also prompted the quality of the immigrants, let us enter the continuously inject new strong the power of a virtuous cycle.No matter which country you come from, immigration to the United States on this land, absorbing nutrients, also play their own energy. This is also can say that the United States as a accommodate thousands of the fertile soil of culture and science and technology, cultivating the tens of thousands of people of different nationalities, and these people will absorb nutrients, dissolved in the blood, and show a new vitality to the United States in new ways. Immigration to the United States, as the starting point of the history of the United States, throughout the entire development process, and will be continue.in the United States.Reference:.1.Encyclopedia2The New Americans,Smith and Edmonston, The Academy Press.3.The New Americans, Smith and Edmonston, The Academy Press.4.The New Americans, Smith and Edmonston, The Academy Press.5.The New Americans, Smith and Edmonston, The Academy Press. Page 58 ("Immigrants have always moved to relatively few places, settling where they have family or friends, or where there are people from their ancestral country or community.").6./pages/immigrants 2009 report available for download, "A Place to Call Home: What Immigrants Say Now About Life in America".7."Americans Return to Tougher Immigration Stance". . Retrieved September 22, 2011.8."Public Agenda Confidence in U.S. Foreign Policy Index". . Retrieved April 25, 2012.。
Chapter+7+Culture+during+the+Enlightenme...
Chateau Versailles Galerie des Glaces, Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles
Louis XIV, the Sun King of France
Louis XIV at the Academie de Sciences. 1666
traditional dogma, irrational, blind beliefs despotism
----Creyerz, 2007
Therefore, it was necessary
to dispel the Darkness with the light of ration to illuminate the bright future for the public
A reading of Molière, Jean Franç de Troy, about 1728 ois
Most who attended were middle class (bourgeoisie) who had time to hang out in cafes and living rooms of the wealthy.
France was the leading European power. It fought three major wars:
the Franco-Dutch War, 法荷战争 the War of the League of Augsburg, 奥格斯堡同盟
战争
the War of the Spanish Succession, 西班牙王位继
the result of these discoveries.
360 Systems Instant Replay2中文用户手册
NETWORKED DIGITAL AUDIO RECORDER-PLAYERWITH EDITING(网络数字音频录制-播放编辑机)Model DR-600用户手册Warning Symbols(警告标志)以下警告符号用于本手册中的产品:英语注意:请参阅业主手册以获取重要信息。
法语ATTENTION:VEUILLEZ VOUS RÉFÉRER AU MODED’EMPLOI POUR UNE INFORMATION IMPORTANTE.意大利语ATTENZIONE:FATE RIFERIMENTO AL MANUALE PERINFORMAZIONI IMPORTANTI.西班牙语ATENTCION:FAVOR DE REFERIR AL MANUAL DEOPERACION POR INFORMACION IMPORTANTE.ENGLISH WARNING:ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARD.FRANÇAIS AVERTISSEMENT:DANGER DE CHOCÉLECTRIQUE.ITALIANO AVVERTIMENTO:PERICOLO DI SHOCK ELETTRICO.ESPAÑOL ADVERTENSIA:PELIGRO DE CHOQUE ELECTRICO. Safety Compliance(安全性)Instant Replay II Plus符合以下安全标准:•UL1950,信息技术设备安全标准,包括商业电气设备。
•EN60950,包括商业电气设备在内的信息技术设备安全标准。
EU Declaration of Conformity(欧盟符合性声明)设备类型:专业音响设备。
符合下列标准:EN55103-1(排放)(1997)电磁兼容性–专业音频、视频、视听和娱乐照明控制装置的产品系列标准。
EN55103-2(免疫)(1997)电磁兼容性–专业音频、视频、视听和娱乐照明控制装置产品系列标准。
考研英语阅读unit7
Unit 7Man proposes, God disposes.谋事在人,成事在天。
学习内容题材词数建议时间得分统计做题备忘Part A Text 1 商业经济390 /10Text 2 科普知识411 /10Text 3 社会生活461 /10Text 4 社会生活436 /10Part B 科普知识502 /10Part C 文化教育402 /10P art ADirections:Read the following texts. Answer the questions blow each text by choosing [A],[B],[C] or [D].Text 1A new malady is running rampantly in corporate America: management phobia. Many people don’t want to be manager, and many people who are managers are itching to jump off the management track—or have already. “I hated all the meetings,”says a 10-year award-winning manager, “And I found the more you did for people who worked for you, the more they expected.I was a counselor, motivator, financial adviser and psychologist.”With technology changing in a wink, we can never slack off these days if we’re on the technical side. It’s a rare person who can manage to keep up on the technical side and handle a management job, too. In addition, with Scott Adams’ popular cartoon character as well as many television situation comedies routinely portraying managers as morons or enemies, they just don’t get much respect anymore.Supervising others was always a tough task, but in the past that stress was offset by hopes for career mobility and financial rewards. Along with a sizable pay raise, people chosen as managers would begin a nearly automatic climb up the career ladder to lucrative executive perks: stock options, company cars, club memberships, plus the key to executive washroom. But in today’s global, more competitive arena, a manager sits on an insecure perch.Restructuring have eliminated layer after layer of management as companies came to view their organizations as collections of competencies rather than hierarchies. There are far fewer rungs on the corporate ladder for managers to climb. In addition, managerial jobs demand more hours and headaches than ever before but offer slim financial paybacks and perks.In an age of entrepreneurship, when the most praised people in business are those launching something new, management seems like an invisible, thankless role. Employers are looking for people who can do things, not for people who make other people do things. Management layoffs have done much to erode interest in managerial jobs.With more people wary of joining management, are corporations being hurt or worrying about developing future leaders? No many are. While employers have dismissed a lot of managers, they believe a surplus lingers on at many companies. “Another reason companies aren’t short ofmanagers”, contends Robert Kelley, a Carnegie Mellon University business professor, “is that so many workers today are self-managed, either individually or via teams, you don’t need a manager.”1. The words of 10-year award-winning manager implies that[A] managerial jobs demand more hours and offer more headaches.[B] managers should not do too much beyond the scope of his job.[C] being a manager requires many other skills besides management.[D] a person can get a lot of development in a management role.2. The word “perk” (Line 3, Para. 3) probably means[A] privileges. [B] status.[C] mobility. [D] rungs.3. Which one of the following statements applies to today’s managers?[A] Their stress can be reduced by the financial and emotional rewards.[B] They begin to neglect their development on the technical side.[C] They don’t feel secure in their positions because of the reduction in company hierarchies.[D] They are not respected any more by the media despite of their hard efforts.4. Which skill do employers value most in this age of entrepreneurship?[A] Management. [B] Creativity.[C] Cooperation. [D] Diligence.5. The last paragraph suggests that[A] the loss of interest in the managerial jobs would damage American corporate culture.[B] more and more managers would be laid off in order to relieve the financial burden.[C] those who are still lingering on managerial jobs are not foresighted.[D] many employees are to some extent a manager of themselves.Text 2Man’s puzzlement and preoccupation with time both derive ultimately from his unique relationship to it. All animals exist in time and are changed by it; only man can manipulate it.Like Proust, the French author whose experiences became his literary capital, man can recapture the past. He can also summon up things to come, displaying imagination and foresight along with memory. It can be argued, indeed, that memory and foresightedness are the essence of intelligence; that man’s ability to manipulate time, to employ both past and future as guides to present action, is what makes him human.To be sure, many animals can react to time after a fashion. A rat can learn to press a lever that will, after a delay of some 25 seconds, reward it with a bit of food. But if the delay stretches beyond 30 seconds, the animal is stumped. It can no longer associate reward to “far” in the future with present lever-pressing.Monkeys, more intelligent than rats, are better able to deal with time. If one of them is allowed to see food being hidden under one of two cups, it can pick out the right cup even after 90 seconds have passed. But after that time interval, the monkey’s hunt for the food is no better than chance predicts.With the apes, man’s nearest cousins, “time sense”takes a big step forward. Even under laboratory conditions, quite different from those they encounter in the wild, apes sometimes showremarkable ability to manipulate the present to obtain a future goal. A chimpanzee, for example, can learn to stack four boxes, one atop the other, as a platform from which it can reach a hanging banana. Chimpanzees, indeed, carry their ability to cope with the future to the threshold of human capacity: they can make tools. And it is by the making of tools—physical tools as crude as a stone chopper, mental tools as subtle as a mathematical equation—that man characteristically prepares for future contingencies.Chimpanzees in the wild have been seen to strip a twig of its leaves to make a probe for extracting termites from their hole. Significantly, however, the ape does not make this tool before setting out on a termite hunt, but only when it actually sees the insects or their nest. Here, as with the banana and the crates, the ape can deal only with a future that is immediate and visible—and thus halfway into the present.6. The sentence “Like Proust, …recapture the past”(Line 1, Para. 2) shows that[A] Proust wrote about past experiences.[B] Proust described man’s development of time sense.[C] Proust discovered things about the future by reliving the past.[D] Proust wrote primarily to improve his future life.of the following is true according to the text?[A] Monkeys and apes are almost as intelligent as man.[B] Memory and foresight contribute to intelligence.[C] Man developed from apes.[D] Chimpanzees’ sense of time is as good as man’s.8. The word “stump”(Line 3, Para. 3) most probably means[A] confuse.[B] inspire.[C] frighten.[D] disappoint.9. It is significant that chimpanzees make tools, but it is more important that[A] the tools they make are crude.[B] they stack items to make platforms.[C] they can make up simple equations.[D] they never make tools before they need them.10. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?[A] How apes understand time relationships.[B] Man’s preoccupation with past and future events.[C] How man’s time sense separates him from animals.[D] Time sense in animals.Text 3Children are in need of adoption because some birth parents are unable or unavailable to provide adequately for the needs of their child. There are numerous reasons for making an adoption plan. Birth parents may feel they cannot take on the responsibility of an unplanned child because they are too young or because they are financially or emotionally unable to provide proper care. They do not feel ready or able to be good parents.In other cases children are in need of adoption because courts have decided that their birthparents are unable to function adequately. Many of these children are victims of abuse or neglect. Regardless of how children come to need adoption, they are put with adoptive parents through private or public social service agencies. Other adoptions may be arranged independently, as when birth parents and adoptive parents come to know each other outside of an agency and then complete the adoption according to the laws and regulations of their states of residence.In the early 1970s there was a dramatic increase in the number of families seeking to adopt, a condition which persists today. For this reason, the number of those who wish to adopt regularly exceeds the number of infants available. Reasons for this dramatic increase are varied. A major factor has been the choice of many people to delay the start of a family until later in life. Many of these people, in turn, have found themselves to be less fertile at that time, and so they have decided that their desire to have children might best be fulfilled through adoption.In every state, however, there are children who are legally free to be adopted but are desperately waiting for parents. The children in this group are usually older and often have special needs. They may require additional care from a parent because of their physical, emotional, or mental disabilities which may have been caused by abuse, neglect, or medical or genetic factors. Because of their special needs, these children are challenging to rear. In fact, adoption experts believe that people who adopt these children need special training and preparation in order to successfully rear the child and to integrate the child into the family and eventually into society.In cases of international adoption, Americans have adopted orphaned children from places like India, and Latin America. United States immigration laws allow such children to reside in the United States through a special visa under which the children are classified as immediate relatives of the adopting family. The laws, regulations, and attitudes toward international adoption vary a great deal from one country to another. Because of this, people wishing to adopt should use experienced agencies or organizations in order to adopt a child from another country successfully.11. In the author’s opinion, adopting children is basically[A] illegal.[B] unethical.[C] unavoidable.[D] necessary.12. What is the most important reason for the adoption boom in the 1970s?[A] In the early 1970s, adoption came into vogue among young American couples.[B] Many women chose adoption for fear that their figure might be adversely affected.[C] Many people who married late found they were less fertile and had to adopt children.[D] Due to the baby boom, the American government carried out family planning.13. By saying “…children who are…parents”(Line1-2, Para. 4), the author means that[A] few people would like to adopt these children for they are hard to rear.[B] the children were eager to be loved by their birth parents.[C] these children wait for their birth parents desperately.[D] their birth parents abandoned them but these children still loved them.14. According to the text, international adoption[A] occurs more often than adoptions of American infants.[B] mostly involves European orphans.[C] should be done through experienced agencies.[D] should be banned right away.text intends to tell us[A] how to adopt a child.[B] why and how Americans adopt children.[C] the history of child adoption.[D] the significance of adopting children.Text 4Aristotle wrote that men come together in cities to live, but stay in them to live the good life. It was the Greeks who invented the idea of the city, and urbanity continues as a thriving tradition. But in the first decade of the 21st century, urban life is changing. “Cities are now junctions in the flows of people, information, finance and freight,” says Nigel Harris, a professor of development planning. “They’re less and less places where people live and work.”The enlargement of the European Union in December in 2002 has given residents of up to 13 new member nations freedom of movement within its borders. At the same time, an additional million immigrants a year will be needed in the EU just to keep a stable ratio between workers and pensioners over the next half century. All this mobility will make Europe’s cities nodes of nomadism, linked to each other by high-speed trains and cheap airline flights. The bustle around airports and train stations will make the crowds in Europe’s great piazza look thin by comparison. Urban designers, with a freshly pricked interest in transience rather than stasis, are even now dreaming up cityscapes that focus on flows of people and fungible uses for buildings.Public spaces are due for a revamp. Earlier architects conceived of train stations as single buildings; today’s designers are thinking of them as transit zones that link to the city around them, pouring travelers into bus stations and surrounding shops. In Amsterdam, urban planner Ben van Berkel, co-director of the design firm of UN Studio, has developed what he calls Deep Planning Strate gy, which inverts the traditional “top-down” approach: the creation of a space comes before the flow of people through it. With 3-D modeling and animation, he’s able to look at different population groups use public spaces at different times of the day. He uses the data to design spaces that accommodate mobs at rush hour and sparser crowds at other times.The growing mobility of Europe has inspired a debate about the look and feel of urban sprawl. “Up until now, all our cultural heritage has been concentrated in the city center,” notes Prof. Heinrich Moding of the German Institute of Urban Affairs. “But we’ve got to imagine how it’s possible to have joyful vibrancy in these outlying parts, so that they’re not just about garages, highways and gasoline tanks.”The designs of new building are also changing to anticipate the emerging city as a way station. Buildings have been seen as disconnecting, isolating, defining. But increasingly, the quality of space that’s in demand is movement.16. What can be inferred from the second paragraph?[A] People belonging to the . member states can travel freely within borders.[B] Immigration to the European Union will benefit the nation’s welfare.[C] The flow of people among European nations will cause troubles to transportation.[D] The mobility of cities in Europe will put urban designers in a dilemma.17. The word “revamp” (Line 1, Para. 3) probably means[A] revival. [B] revelation.[C] renewal. [D] recovery.18. According to Ben van Berkel, the creation of public spaces should[A] base on information about the flow of people.[B] come before the people move into the city.[C] make full use of 3-D animation technology.[D] take into account the working hours of the inhabitants.19. Prof. Heinrich Moding indicates that[A] the lifestyle and culture of a city should change because of people’s mobility.[B] the suburbs will no longer be the places for garages and highways in the future.[C] the cultural environment will be more attractive than the locational factors.[D] the suburbs will be more prosperous in the future than the city center20. The main idea of the text is[A] the modern cities won’t be places to live the good life so much as way stations.[B] Aristotle’s idea about urban life is no longer applicable in the 21st century.[C] locational factors will not be so important in the 21st century as in Aristotle’s time.[D] there will be no fixed buildings in the future and the culture of architecture will change.Part BDirections: You are going to read a list of headings and a text about Safe Courses for Your Computer. Choose the most suitable heading from the list [A]-[F] for each numbered paragraph (21-25). The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use.[A] Check virus promptly[B] Various virus-checking software available in market[C] Don’t take candy from strangers[D] Postpone the upgrade[E] Use good virus-checking software[F] Back up your dataViruses have been around longer than PCs, and are not without a certain mathematical and scientific interest. Indeed, not all viruses are malignant. Used properly, viral techniques are a valuable programming tool. Used improperly, they are pestilentially destructive. There’s no perfect cure. Like the flu, computer viruses evolve. Last year’s immunization isn’t any good for this year’s disease because every time someone invents a new medication, someone else invents a malady. Nonetheless, a few simple precautions will buffer you against all but the cleverest hacker.21.Outfits like Network Associates McAfee and Symantec sell strong virus medicine, keeping their cures up-to-date by posting revisions at their Web sites—which you should check often. Further, there are more than a dozen public-domain virus checkers that you can download for free. is a good place to find them. You can also get virus repellents from services like America Online. But a word of caution: not every program fixes every virus, and when a new bug hits, the remedy takes a while to reach the market.22.Anyone who doesn’t have a backup drive is begging for trouble,and not just because of viruses. I keep a spare disk drive hooked to my PC, religiously saving redundant copies ofeverything but only after performing a virus check. Storage is cheap, and I’d rather be safe than sorry.23.Whenever you load a new file or application onto your computer, immediately pass it through anti-virus software. Most viruses aren’t activated —and will not spread —until you use the stuff in which they’re hiding. You can catch them and kill them before they do any harm. If you get zapped by a virus and don’t have an uncorrupted spare hard drive to reboot from, then use a friend’s computer to search the Web for a cure. If the virus has exploited a weakness in a major software vendor’s products, that vendor will have a remedy at its Web site.24.These days most viruses and their cousins, network-infecting worms, are spread through files attached to e-mail or downloaded from the Web. If you receive mail with a file hooked to it from someone you don’t know, then do not open that file. By the same token, avoid downloading anything from dubious Web sites. Even the most innocuous-seeming document can be a viral carrier. But don’t be paranoid, either; Web sites run by reputable outfits generally can be trusted.25.New versions of the most popular operating systems and application software attract virus writers like sugar attracts flies. I haven’t upgraded email program since 1995 or my word processor since 1996; they work just fine and are too old to attract hackers.Where viruses are concerned, what grandma used to tell you is extremely relevant: an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.Why does the Foundation concentrate its support on basic rather than applied research?26)Basic research is the very heart of science, and its cumulative product is the capital of scientific progress, a capital that must be constantly increased as the demands upon it rise. The goal of basic research is understanding, for its own sake. Understanding of the structure of the atom or the nerve cell, the explosion of a spiral nebula or the distribution of cosmic dust, the causes of earthquakes and droughts, or of man as a behaving creature and of the social forces that are created wherever two or more human beings come into contact with one another — the scope is staggering, but the commitment to truth is the same. 27)If the commitment were to a particular result, conflicting evidence might be overlooked or, with the best will in the world, simply not appreciated. Moreover, the practical applications of basic research frequently cannot be anticipated. When Roentgen, the physicist, discovered X-rays he had no idea of their usefulness to medicine.Much of the prestige accorded to basic research results from its purity; it is thought to be an intellectual venture from political, organizational and economic constraints. 28)The insulation of scientists from the demands of their patrons confers a sense of higher ethical standards; scientists are indebted to nothing but the internal demands of science.Applied research, undertaken to solve specific practical problems, has an immediate attractiveness because the results can be seen and enjoyed. For practical reasons, the sums spent on applied research in any country always far exceed those for basic research, and the proportions are more unequal in the less developed countries. 29)Leaving aside the fund devoted to researchby industry — which is naturally far more concerned with applied aspects because those increase profits quickly — the funds the US government allots to basic research currently amount to about 7 percent of its overall research and development funds. Unless adequate safeguards are provided, applied research invariably tends to drive out basic. Then, as Dr. Waterman has pointed out, “Developments will inevitably be undertaken prematurely, career incentive will gravitate strongly toward applied science, and the opportunities for making major scientific discoveries will be lost.30)Unfortunately, pressures to emphasize new developments, without corresponding emphasis upon pure science, tend to degrade the quality of the nation’s technology in the long run, rat her than to improve it.做题点拨与全文翻译Part AText 1语境词汇n.疾病ad.猖獗地;粗暴地n.恐惧症n.瞬间;眨眼示意;闪烁,闪亮v.眨眼;闪烁,明灭off 松懈;放松n.白痴v.弥补,抵消a.赚钱的n.特权;额外补贴n.等级,层次n.梯级n.(尤指临时)解雇难句突破1.[In addition], [with Scott Adams’ popular cartoon character as well as many television situation comedies routinely portraying managers as morons or enemies], they just don’t get (much) respect [anymore].【分析】简单句。
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• Chapter 7 The Land
Ⅰ.Location, Size ,and Administrative Areas
9 166 601 square kilometers (4th largest country of world) 50 states and a federal district (the District of Columbia)
Ⅶ.Principle Cities
Washington D.C.
Washington D.C. ,the capital of the US. The city is now the seat of the federal government as well as a leading cultural center and a center of world affairs.
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The Star-Spangled Banner: National Anthem
Uncle Sam
• Nickname for the American government • Origins: unknown, possibly Samuel Wilson. • Tall, white-haired man with a goatee and a top hat.
August 25, 2013
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Symbols of the US
•The national flag •The national anthem •Uncle Sam •Barbie (Doll) •American Gothic •Buffalo Nickel
Flag of the U.S.
1/3 of land area is covered by forests. Found in the eastern and western highlands of country.
3.Minerals and Metals
Important mining areas of the country are: the northern part of the Appalachian Highlands ,the five Great Lakes area ,and the Western mountainous regions.
4
Images of the US美国印象
• • • • • Land of promise and opportunity Land of miracles and achievements Land of paradox and contradiction Land of oddities and absurdities Land of inequality and injustice
2.The Western Mountains Cordillera Range 山脉群
The Coast Range The Sierra Nevada The Cascades
The Rocky Mountains (落基山脉)
3000 meters high Grand Canyon with a maximum depth of 1 800 meters
Paradox and contradiction
“The U.S. is the only country that drove to the poorhouse in a car.” e.g.: the world’s highest GNP with the world’s highest national debt
Mountains in U. S. A.
Rocky Mountains 落基山脉 Appalachian Mountains 阿巴拉契亚山脉
3.The Central Plains
• The Central Lowland in the east (from five Great Lakes to central Texas) • The Great Plains in the west
The United States
We will stay in the US for over a month!
Prelude
Questions
• What images come to your mind when the US is mentioned? • what do the colors, stars, strips symbolize in the American national flag? • What are the American cultural symbols?
Ⅱ.Geographic Features
The highlands in the east, the mountains in the west ,a vast plain region in between
1.The Eastern Highlands Appalachian Range (阿巴拉契亚山脉)
Domestic Challenges
•High national debt •Poverty •Climbing crime rate •Urban Decay •Environmental Pollution •Inequality Foreign Challenges •War on Terrorism •Middle East tension •Global trading •Global economic competition
Nicknames •Stars and Stripes •Old Glory •The Star-Spangled Banner
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• 13 alternating red and white stripes • 50 stars • Color: white, purity and innocence; red, valor and bravery; blue, vigilance, perseverance and justice • Stars: a symbol of the heaven • Stripes: symbolic of the rays of light emanating from the sun.
replaced Brother Jonathan as American’s most popular symbol.
Barbie
Time: 1959
Designer: Elliot and Ruth Handler Model: Daughter Barbara
History: After watching her daughter play with paper dolls, Ruth had the idea.
3200 kilometers away from the mainland of the US. Mauna Loa is the world’s largest active volcano
Ⅲ.Rivers
The Mississippi River and the Missouri River and their branches from a 19 000-kilometer system of waterways that are connected to the Great Lakes in the north by a canal. The Mississippi is “father of water”, flows about 6 400 kilometers from the northern Rocky Mountains ,to the mouth of Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico.
oddities and absurdities
• The plight of the Indians • The maltreatment of early Chinese laborers • The prevalent American “exceptionalism”
Domestic and Foreign Challenges
Ⅳ.Lakes
Ⅴ.ClimateCFra bibliotekimate• Mainly temperate with some mild subtropical zones with only the southern Florida and Hawaii being tropical. • 50 centimeter rainfall line
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Uncle Sam
Time: From 1913 to 1938
Model
:
:
Sam Wilson
James Montgomery Flagg Happening to get the name
Designer: History
“Uncle Sam”, Uncle Sam soon
Buffalo Nickel
Time: From 1913 to 1938 Designer: Fraser Model: An aging buffalo from New York City’s Central Park Zoo History: It honored a pair of connected tragedies from the settlement of the American frontier — the of the buffalo herds and American Indians .
The western half is the great prairies The eastern half of the Great Plains is the most important agricultural areas