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英语词汇学复习大纲整理

1 B a s i c C o n c e p t s 基本概念1.1 the definition of a word（：（1) a minimal free form of a language; (2） a sound unity ； (3） a unit of meaning; (4) a form that can function alone in a sentence 。

A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.)1.2 sound and meaning :symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional 。

A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters thatmake up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question 。

1.3 sound and form : 1.4 vocabulary 1.5 classification of words 词汇分类 basic word stock 基本词汇nonbasic vocabulary 非基本词汇 by use frequency 按使用频率分： basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary 基本词汇和非基本词汇by notion 按概念分：content words and functional words实义词和功能词by origin 按起源分： native words and borrowed words 本地词和外来词 all national character 全民性stability 稳定性 productivity 多产性 polysemy 一词多义 collocability 搭配性terminology 术语jargon 行话slang 俚语argon 黑话dialectal words 方言词archaism 古语词neologism 新词neutral in style 文体上中性frequent in use 使用频繁native words 本地词 borrowed words 外来词 denizens 同化词aliens 异形词translation-loans 译借词1. No enough letters: alphabet from Latin2. Pronunciation changed more rapidly3. Early scribes: change spelling for easier recognition4. Borrowing: different rules of pronunciation and spelling obviouscharacteristics明显的特点(Functional words do not have notions of their own and their main function is to express the relation betweennotions, words, etc.)2 D e v e l o p m e n tIt is assumed that the world has approximately 3, 000 （some put it 5， 000 ) languages ， which can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar. 2。

英语作文好词好句收集

英语作文好词好句收集在英语写作中使用好词好句可以提升文章的表达力和阅读体验。

以下是一些常用的好词好句以及它们在作文中的应用示例1. Vivid Adjectives 生动的形容词Ethereal 超凡的缥缈的 The ethereal beauty of the sunset left us speechless.Resplendent 华丽的辉煌的 The resplendent gown shimmered under the spotlight.2. Powerful Verbs 有力的动词Transcend 超越 Her performance transcended expectations.Emanate 散发 Confidence emanated from his every gesture.3. Descriptive Phrases 描述性短语A tapestry of colors 色彩斑斓的挂毯 The autumn leaves created a tapestry of colors that blanketed the forest floor.A symphony of sounds 声音的交响乐 The bustling market was a symphony of sounds each vendor adding their own unique note.4. Metaphorical Language 隐喻性语言Time is a thief 时间是小偷 Time is a thief stealing away our youth without a trace.Life is a journey 生活是一段旅程 Life is a journey not a destination.5. Idiomatic Expressions 成语表达Break the ice 打破僵局 His humorous remark broke the ice at the meeting.Bite the bullet 硬着头皮做 She decided to bite the bullet and face the difficult decision.6. Complex Sentences 复杂句Although 尽管 Although the task was daunting she approached it with determination.Not only... but also 不仅...而且 The book is not only informative but also highly entertaining.7. Concessive Clauses 让步状语从句Despite 尽管 Despite the heavy rain the marathon runners continued their race.Even though 即使 Even though he was tired he stayed up to finish his project.8. Causal Linkages 因果关系As a result 结果 As a result of his hard work he achieved his goal.Consequently 因此 He studied diligently and consequently he passed the exam with flying colors.9. Emotive Language 情感语言Heartwarming 温暖人心的 The heartwarming story brought tears to everyones eyes. Breathtaking 令人屏息的 The breathtaking view from the mountaintop was unforgettable.10. Elegant Transitions 优雅的过渡Furthermore 此外 Furthermore the new policy will benefit the environment.In conclusion 总之 In conclusion the event was a resounding success thanks to the efforts of all involved.通过在作文中恰当地使用这些好词好句可以使你的写作更加生动有趣同时也能更好地传达你的思想和情感。

language的名词解释

language的名词解释IntroductionLanguage is a fundamental aspect of human communication. It is a complex system of symbols, sounds, and rules used by humans to express thoughts, emotions, and ideas. In this article, we will delve into the intricate and multifaceted nature of language, exploring its various components and functions.1. History of LanguageLanguage has evolved over thousands of years, with its origins dating back to early human civilizations. The development of language can be attributed to the fundamental human need to communicate and share information. As societies advanced, languages became more structured and sophisticated, reflecting the cultural and societal values of different communities.2. Components of LanguageLanguage comprises several essential components, including phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.- Phonology: Phonology refers to the study of speech sounds in language. It involves the analysis and classification of sounds, their patterns, and the rules governing their combination within a particular language. For example, the English language has distinctive vowel sounds, while Mandarin Chinese features tonal variations.- Morphology: Morphology examines the structure and formation of words in language. It investigates how words are constructed from smaller meaningful units called morphemes. Morphemes can be either free or bound, and they carry specific grammatical or semantic information. For instance, the word "unhappiness" consists of three morphemes: "un-" (meaning not), "happy," and "-ness" (indicating a state or quality).- Syntax: Syntax deals with the arrangement of words to form grammatically correct sentences. It encompasses the rules governing word order, sentence structures, andgrammatical relationships. Different languages have distinct syntactic patterns. For instance, while English follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, Japanese employs a subject-object-verb (SOV) structure.- Semantics: Semantics is the study of meaning in language. It explores how words, phrases, and sentences convey specific meanings and how they relate to the world around us. Semantic analysis involves examining the denotations and connotations of words, as well as the relationships between different words and concepts.- Pragmatics: Pragmatics focuses on the use of language in social contexts. It examines how language is influenced by factors such as culture, social norms, and individual intentions. Pragmatic knowledge allows individuals to interpret and produce language based on situational context, implying that meaning is not solely derived from words but also relies on shared contextual knowledge.3. Functions of LanguageLanguage serves various functions beyond simple communication. These functions include:- Expressive Function: Language allows individuals to express their thoughts, feelings, and emotions, enabling them to communicate their inner experiences and subjective states to others.- Informative Function: Language serves as a powerful tool for sharing information. It allows individuals to convey facts, ideas, and knowledge, thereby facilitating learning, intellectual growth, and the exchange of information across generations.- Social Function: Language promotes social interaction and cohesion among individuals and communities. It enables individuals to establish connections, form relationships, and participate in collective activities. Language plays a vital role in shaping cultural identity and transmitting cultural values.- Directive Function: Language is employed to give instructions, make requests, and convey commands. The directive function of language influences human behavior and facilitates social coordination.- Artistic Function: Language is used to create literary works, poetry, and other forms of artistic expression. It allows individuals to express their creativity, evoke emotions, and provoke thought through the use of linguistic devices such as metaphor, simile, and personification.ConclusionLanguage is an intricate and multifaceted system that encompasses various components and functions. It is a tool that enables human beings to communicate, share information, and express their thoughts and emotions. Understanding the complexities of language enhances our ability to connect with others, appreciate different cultures, and engage in meaningful communication.。

2023年自考00832英语词汇学考试重点精华整理

English Lexicology(英语词汇学)1.English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.英语词汇学意在调查和研究英语单词和单词旳等价物旳形态构造,其语义构造、关系、历史发展、形成和使用方法。

2.English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.Word（词旳定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentence词语是语言最小旳自由形式，拥有固定旳声音和意义以及句法作用。

2.Sound and meaning（声音与意义）: almost arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”3.Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一旳四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were created by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary （5）printing、standardization、dictionary—Old English,The speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than itis today. 古代英语中旳口语比今天更忠实旳代表书面语—The written form of English is an imperfect representation of the spoken form。

language的英文名词解释

language的英文名词解释
"Language"是一个英文名词，它有多个解释和用法。

以下是对"language"的几个常见解释：
1. 语言（Language），指人类用来进行交流和表达思想的系统，通过语音、文字、手势等方式传达信息。

语言是文化的核心组成部分，不同的地区和社群使用不同的语言来沟通。

2. 语言（Programming Language），指用于编写计算机程序的
一种形式化语言。

编程语言通过特定的语法和语义规则来描述计算
机算法和操作，以实现特定的功能。

3. 语言（Body Language），指人类通过肢体动作、面部表情、眼神等非语言方式传达信息和表达情感的方式。

身体语言在人际交
流中起着重要的作用，可以传递出人的情绪、意图和态度。

4. 语言（Natural Language），指人类日常生活中使用的口头
语言或书面语言，例如英语、中文、法语等。

自然语言是人类最主
要的交流工具，具有丰富的词汇、语法和语义。

5. 语言（Sign Language），指聋哑人使用的手势语言，通过手势、手指动作、面部表情等方式传达信息。

手势语言是一种独特的视觉语言，用于沟通和交流。

以上是对"language"的几个常见解释，涵盖了语言的不同方面和用法。

希望这些解释能够满足你的需求。

雅思阅读语言教育类文章必备词汇

雅思阅读语言教育类文章必备词汇1. linguistic adj. 语言学的2. linguist n. 语言学家3. source n. 来源4. norm n. ＝standard 标准5. scrupulous adj. 小心谨慎的6. bilingual adj. 双语的n. 双语者7. way ＝method ＝approach8. recording n. 录音9. body language ＝gesture 手势10. social situation ＝social background ＝social setting11. less self-conscious 自然一些12. generate vt. 产生13. mother tongue ＝ancestral tongue 母语14. property n. 属性15. objective adj. 客观的、16. child speech ＝baby talk17. employ vt ＝use ＝adopt18. accurate adj. 精确的19. paradox n. 矛盾20. ethical objection 道德反对21. where possible ＝if possible22. supplement ＝complement23. non-verbal adj. 非语言的24. context n. 语境；上下文25. facial expression 表情26. alter vt. 更改27. to a large extent 在很大程度上28. limitation n. 局限29. limit n. 极限30. transcription 听抄31. cover＝include32. feed ＝give ＝provide33. feedback n. 反馈34. corpus n. 语料库35. compile vt. 编纂36. unbiased adj. 公正的；无偏见的37. bias vt. 影响= influence38. corpus －》corporamedium mediacriterion criteriaphenomenon phenomena39. practical factors 实际因素40. dominate vt. 主导；主宰41. dominant adj. 占主导的42. reach vt. 接触到43. prominence ＝importance44. intellectual n. 知识分子45. revival n. 复兴；复活46. classical times 古典时期47. extend vt. 延伸48. emergent adj. 崛起的＝risingemerge vi. 出现emergencyn. 紧急状况49. explore vt. 探寻；探究50. exploration 冒险= adventure51. discovery n. 发现52. shooting star ＝meteor53. academy n. 学院54. society n. 学会55. arise vi. 崛起56. socially wider57. preliminary adj. 初步的58. have dangers in doing sth59. put into public domain sthreplace a with breplace with b a60. growing concern 增长的关注61. through ＝via 通过62. about ＝of 关于63. social distinction 社会差异64. a man of letters 作家all walks of life 各行各业65. common practice 常规做法66. obscure adj. 模糊的；不著名的67. seal vt. 封印quill n. 鹅毛笔68. engage vi. 参与；参加69. foster vt. 培植；养育70. genre n. 风格；领域71. momentum n. 动力；势头72. establish vt. 建立establish oneself as ...73. establishment n. 机构74. leading adj. 统领的；75. as opposed to ＝whereas76. substantial ＝considerable77. lexical adj. 词汇的78. dyslexia 诵读困难症剑四TEST2P3精读必备34个词汇：1. Engross=indulge 沉溺2. Imaginary 假想的3. Cub 幼崽4. Tease 逗弄5. Carefree 无忧无虑的6. Exuberant 欢快活泼的7. Cost sb one’s life 要命8. Juvenile delinquency 青少年犯罪9. Fail to do sth. 没能够做某事10. Spot vt.发现11.hiccup 插曲12.Intelligent 聪明的13.Resemble=Simulate 模仿14. in earnest =for real 认真15.socialize 社交16.endurance 耐力17.permanentótemporary 18.Optimum timeGolden time19. Peak达到顶点Summit n. 顶峰20. Apositive link正比关系21.The converse was also found to betrue=Vice versa22.Stimuli n.刺激23.Mould vt. 塑造24.Timing 时机25.Clue 线索26. Plot vt.用图表表示n. 阴谋；情节27. window 阶段28. modify vt.更改ease 轻松自如29.a kaleidoscope 万花筒30. assess 评估31. reciprocity互惠32. flexibility 灵活33. Potential n. 潜力34.exam-oriented adj.应试教育的剑五TEST1P2精读必备45个词汇：1.Nature天性=Genetic2. Nurture 后天3.Subject试验对象4.All Walks of life各行各业5.distaste for sth.憎恶6.Cause 事业7.Positive积极的8.Range from…的范围; 从…到…9.Administer 执行10.supposed =So-calledAlleged11.simulate doing sth.模仿做某事Stimulate刺激12.Emit 发出；放出n emittedn Emission 尾气13.A Spectrum of一系列的14.An Assortment of=A variety of各种各样的15.denounce谴责16.Balk at doing迟疑=Hesitate17.Be reluctant to do18.Revulsion=Distaste19.Overwhelming20.concensus =Agreement21.virtually=Basically22.Anticipate 期待23.Lunatic fringe极端狂热分子24.Account for解释25.Discrepancy差异26.Built-in内在的=Genetic=Hard-wired=Innate27.Pent-up Accumulated28.Primal urge原始冲动29. hardcore＝Typical30.Trait 特征31.be of survival value生死攸关n A is important.n A is +of +greatimportance.32.BenevolentMalevolent33.Context上下文环境背景34.In pursuit of35.Evoke唤起=spark36.Merge 结合37.Moral 道德的38.code =rule 规则39.property 属性40.loyalty=Faithfulness忠诚41.Forgo 放弃42.two polar 截然不同的43.dictate=control44.bias=influence45.Basis=theory剑四TEST4P3精读必备25个词汇：1. Scarce Resource 稀缺资源Rare species 珍稀物种2.Just 公正的justiceJustify 使…公正Justification n. 公正3.efficient adj.有效率的Efficiency 高效率Effectiveness 有效性4. illusion 幻想disillusion 幻灭;失望delusion 幻觉；错觉5. Priority 优先权Top priority 当务之急6.Economic 经济的；实惠的7. fossil fuel 石油8.exhaustible 可用光的9. Sustainable 可持续的10.realization 意识AwarenessConsciousness11. economic progress经济发展~ advanceTechnological advance12. fundamental 基本的Foundation13. personal liberty 个人自由14. poverty-stricken adj.15.be deprived of basic education16. a context of law and order Social context 社会环境Political context 政治环境17.state 州；政府GovernmentAdministrationAuthority18. generate 产生Produce vt.生产19. obligation 责任Duty 职责20. public purse21.indispensable22. stem from23. dramatic rise24.elderly peopleSenior citizen25.scenarioScene =picture考前两周:Focus on IELTS 聚焦雅思全真模拟试题集外研社IELTS 4 剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析4 (新东方课堂教材)考前两个月到一个月:IELTS 3 剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析3 (新东方课堂教材)IELTS 2 剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析2 (新东方课堂教材)建议大家在时候要用剑4物尽其用,最好经历一个做题-精读-背单词的过程可以配合<剑桥雅思真题4精讲IELTS 1 剑桥雅思考试全真试题解析1 (可以选,但是老了点)如果从东校区出发的话，那么这样去第1种方案(约33站)在中国农业大学东校区坐913路到东湖/利泽西街东口换乘421路到大北窑第2种方案(约40站)在中国农业大学东校区坐运通110线到望京花园西区换乘421路到大北窑呵呵。

英语词汇学复习

英语词汇学复习的内容：一、考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(20分)：完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合,即知识点等。

1-9cahptersⅡ.填空（30分）：考定义概念。

1-10chaptersⅢ.（20分）习语英译汉：教材中汉语部分idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 论述题：第三章为主Ⅴ. 树形图（依据上下义关系作图）(20分)：第二、六章二、教材内容简介三、复习内容Introduction 部分Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife 纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化是Narrowing or specialization第一章词的概述；1.识记：词的定义2.声音与意义3.声音与拼写4.词汇5.词汇的分类What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次划分为manage 和-mentmisfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和fortuneblackmail 次划分为black 和mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。

索绪尔关于语言的定义

索绪尔关于语言的定义English Answer:Ferdinand de Saussure, a Swiss linguist, proposed a influential definition of language in his work "Course in General Linguistics". According to Saussure, language is a system of signs that express ideas, and that the bond between the signifier (the sound or written form of the word) and the signified (the concept or idea) is arbitrary.Language is a system of signs that Saussure called "langue." Langue is a social construct that exists in the minds of the members of a speech community. It is distinct from "parole," which is the individual act of speaking.The sign is the basic unit of language. A sign consists of two parts: the signifier and the signified. Thesignifier is the sound or written form of the word. The signified is the concept or idea that the word represents.The relationship between the signifier and thesignified is arbitrary. This means that there is no natural connection between the sound or written form of the word and the concept or idea that it represents. Therelationship between the signifier and the signified is conventional. It is based on the agreement of the members of the speech community.Language is a system of values. The value of a sign is determined by its opposition to other signs in the system. For example, the value of the word "dog" is determined by its opposition to other words in the system, such as "cat," "horse," and "cow."Language is a structured system. The signs in a language are organized into a system of relationships. These relationships include paradigmatic relations and syntagmatic relations. Paradigmatic relations are the relationships between signs that can occur in the same position in a sentence. For example, the words "dog," "cat," "horse," and "cow" are all paradigmatically related because they can all occur in the subject position of asentence. Syntagmatic relations are the relationships between signs that can occur together in a sentence. For example, the words "the," "dog," "ran," and "away" are all syntagmatically related because they can all occur together in the sentence "The dog ran away."中文回答：索绪尔对语言的定义如下：语言是表达思想的符号系统，而能指（单词的声音或书面形式）和所指（概念或思想）之间的联系是任意的。

与language有关的词汇

与language有关的词汇语言是人类沟通交流的工具，它是一种复杂的符号系统，通过语音、文字或手势来表达思想和感情。

在我们日常生活中，语言无处不在，它影响着我们的思维方式、文化传承和社会交往。

下面将介绍与language有关的一些词汇。

一、语言类型1. 书面语言（Written language）：以文字形式表达的语言，如中文、英文等。

2. 口头语言（Spoken language）：以口头形式表达的语言，如汉语、英语等。

3. 外语（Foreign language）：非本族群的语言，如对于中国人来说，英语、法语等都属于外语。

二、语言学派1. 语言学（Linguistics）：研究语言的科学，包括语音学、语法学、语义学等分支。

2. 结构主义（Structuralism）：强调语言结构和规则的学派，着重研究语言的形式和内部关系。

3. 生成语法（Generative grammar）：一种语法理论，试图揭示语言生成的规则和机制。

4. 语用学（Pragmatics）：研究语言使用的学科，关注语言在具体语境中的意义和效果。

三、语言发展1. 语言起源（Origin of language）：研究语言起源和演化的学科，相关理论包括“口头语起源论”和“神话论”等。

2. 语言变迁（Language change）：语言在漫长的发展过程中发生的变化，如语音、词汇、语法等方面的变迁。

3. 语言传承（Language acquisition）：人类习得和掌握语言的过程，包括儿童语言习得和成人语言学习。

四、语言特点1. 语音（Phonetics）：研究语音的学科，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。

2. 语法（Grammar）：语言的组织规则，包括词汇、句法和语义等方面的规律。

3. 词汇（Vocabulary）：语言中的基本单位，包括词和词组等。

4. 语义（Semantics）：研究语言意义的学科，探讨词义、句义和篇章意义等方面的问题。

高教版英语1(高职高专版)(第三版)课件unit 3

Aims and Requirements Skills Development
(Listening and Speaking
熟读对话与课文，背诵对话和课文语句，并能就课文内容进行问答。
Reading and Translating
能朗读并翻译（英译汉）有关介绍，涉及年龄、地址、职业、国籍等的小短文。
Lizzy: How many members are there in your family?
Li: There are five in my family. Look at the picture. The old couple in the middle are my parents. They used to be doctors and now both of them are retired. The young man on the left is my elder brother. He is the manager of a big company in the South.
6) A passport provides the personal particulars about the holder such as (name, age, sex, nationality and so on).
7) That’s why (he has the passport).
Unit 3 Getting and Giving Information About People
Applied Writing Grammar Focus Merry Learning Words & Phrases
• Lead-in • Dialogues • Passage A • Learn to communicate • Build up your language stock • Extra reading • Passage B

language 介绍

language 介绍
语言是人类交流和表达思想的工具，通过语言，人们能够沟通、交流、传递信息和表达情感。

语言可以分为口头语言和书面语言两
种形式。

口头语言是通过口头发音和语音来传达信息，而书面语言
则是通过文字和符号来表达。

语言的产生和发展是人类文明的重要
标志之一，它随着时间和环境的变化不断演变和发展。

从语言学的角度来看，语言可以分为自然语言和人工语言。

自
然语言是人类日常生活中使用的语言，如英语、汉语、法语等。

而
人工语言是人为创造出来的语言，如编程语言、国际象棋术语等。

语言学家研究语言的结构、语音、语法、语义等方面的规律，以及
语言的起源、发展和演变。

另外，从文化和社会学的角度来看，语言也承载着丰富的文化
内涵和社会意义。

不同的语言反映了不同民族、国家和地区的文化
传统和历史背景，通过语言可以了解到不同文化的特点和习俗。

同时，语言也是社会交往和社会认同的重要标志，人们通过共同的语
言建立起彼此之间的联系和认同感。

总之，语言是人类社会不可或缺的重要组成部分，它不仅是交
流思想的工具，也承载着文化传承和社会认同的功能。

通过对语言的研究和理解，可以更好地促进不同文化之间的交流与理解，促进世界的和平与发展。

英语常用缩写词汇

英语常用缩写词汇在日常生活和工作中，我们经常会遇到各种各样的缩写词汇，这些缩写词汇不仅可以简化表达的长度，还可以提高工作效率。

本文将介绍一些常见的英语缩写词汇，帮助大家更好地理解和运用这些缩写词汇。

一、常见的政府和行政缩写 - 美国（United States） - 英国（United Kingdom）3.UN - 联合国（United Nations）4.EU - 欧盟（European Union）5.WHO- 世界卫生组织（World Health Organization）6.NASA - 美国国家航空航天局（National Aeronauticsand Space Administration）7.FBI- 联邦调查局（Federal Bureau of Investigation）8.CIA - 中央情报局（Central Intelligence Agency）二、常见的商业和金融缩写1.CEO - 首席执行官（Chief Executive Officer）2.CFO - 首席财务官（Chief Financial Officer）3.CTO - 首席技术官（Chief Technology Officer）4.NYSE - 纽约证券交易所（New York Stock Exchange）5.NASDAQ - 纳斯达克证券交易所（NationalAssociation of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations）6.GDP - 国内生产总值（Gross Domestic Product）7.ROI - 投资回报率（Return on Investment）8.ETF - 交易所交易基金（Exchange-Traded Fund）三、常见的科技和互联网缩写1.HTML - 超文本标记语言（HyperText MarkupLanguage）2.CSS - 层叠样式表（Cascading Style Sheets）3.API - 应用程序接口（Application ProgrammingInterface）4.URL- 统一资源定位符（Uniform Resource Locator）5.IoT - 物联网（Internet of Things）6.AI - 人工智能（Artificial Intelligence）7.VR - 虚拟现实（Virtual Reality）8.AR - 增强现实（Augmented Reality）四、常见的医学和健康缩写1.AIDS - 艾滋病（Acquired Immune DeficiencySyndrome）2.MRI - 磁共振成像（Magnetic Resonance Imaging）3.DNA - 脱氧核糖核酸（Deoxyribonucleic Acid）4.HIV - 人类免疫缺陷病毒（HumanImmunodeficiency Virus）5.FDA - 美国食品药品监督管理局（Food and DrugAdministration）6.CDC - 疾病控制和预防中心（Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention）7.BP - 血压（Blood Pressure）8.BMI - 身体质量指数（Body Mass Index）结语以上是一些常见的英语缩写词汇，这些缩写词汇在不同领域和场景中发挥着重要的作用。

关于对language的英语解释

关于对language的英语解释Language is the way we communicate with each other,like a magical bridge that connects our thoughts and feelings. You know, when we talk or write, we're using language to express ourselves. It's not just words though, it's also the tone, the pace, and even the silence that can speak volumes.Language is kind of like a puzzle. There are so many pieces, like words and phrases, that when put together, create a picture of what we're trying to say. And each person's puzzle is a little different, because we all have our own way of expressing ourselves.Hey, language is also like a window to different cultures. You can learn so much about a place just by hearing its language. The sounds, the rhythms, even the way people talk to each other tells you a lot about their history and traditions.Language can be powerful too. It can inspire, motivate, or even change someone's life. A simple phrase or a kind word can make all the difference in someone's day. And sometimes, the strongest messages are the ones that are said with the fewest words.Language is also fun! It's like playing with words, trying out new phrases, and seeing how they fit together. You can be creative with language and make it your own. So don't be afraid to experiment and find your own voice.。

taking stock of language vyvyan evans的总结

taking stock of language vyvyan evans的总结Vyvyan Evans, a renowned linguist, has made significant contributions to the field of language study. In his book, "Taking Stock of Language," Evans provides a comprehensive summary of his research and insights into the nature and importance of language in human communication. This article aims to summarize the key points discussed by Evans in this remarkable work.Evans begins by highlighting the fundamental role language plays in our everyday lives. He emphasizes that language is not just a tool for communication but also a reflection of our cognitive abilities. It allows us to express our thoughts, emotions, and beliefs, shaping our understanding of the world and influencing our interactions with others.One of the central themes explored by Evans is the relationship between language and cognition. He investigates how language structures influence our thought processes and shapes our perception of reality. Evans argues that language is not a passive medium but an active force that both reflects and shapes our cognitive experiences. He presents compelling evidence from cognitive science and linguistic analysis to support this claim.Another significant aspect of Evans' work is his examination of the cultural and social dimensions of language. He emphasizes that language is deeply rooted in our cultural identities and acts as a vehicle for the transmission of cultural knowledge and values. Through language, we are not only able to communicate but also to convey our identities, social hierarchies, and societal norms.Furthermore, Evans delves into the fascinating concept of language evolution. He explores the origins of language and its evolutionary advantages, shedding light on how language has evolved over time. Drawing on research from various disciplines, such as anthropology and biology, Evans provides valuable insights into the development and diversification of different languages.Additionally, Evans discusses the complex relationship between language and technology. He recognizes the profound impact of technological advancements on language use and communication patterns. From the advent of written language to the modern era of digital communication, Evans examines how technology has both influenced and transformed the way we communicate.In conclusion, Vyvyan Evans's book, "Taking Stock of Language," offers a comprehensive overview of language's multifaceted nature and its significance in human communication. Through his extensive research and insightful analysis, Evans illuminates the interplay between language, cognition, culture, evolution, and technology. This work serves as a valuable resource for linguists, researchers, and anyone interested in understanding the profound role language holds in shaping our world.。

英文版股票交易软件哪个好用

英文版股票交易软件哪个好用Choosing the right stock trading software is crucial for investors and traders. There are several popular English-language stock trading software options available in the market. In this article, we will discuss some of the top-rated and widely used stock trading software and their features.1. Interactive Brokers:Interactive Brokers is a renowned brokerage firm that offers a powerful and user-friendly trading platform. The software provides access to a wide range of financial instruments, including stocks, options, futures, and currencies. It offers advanced trading tools, customizable charts, real-time data streaming, and comprehensive research capabilities. Interactive Brokers also provides a mobile app for on-the-go trading.2. TD Ameritrade:TD Ameritrade's trading platform, thinkorswim, is highly regarded in the industry due to its advanced features and intuitive interface. It offers real-time quotes, robust charting tools, technical analysis indicators, and a wide range of order types. Additionally, thinkorswim provides access to educational resources, including webinars and tutorials, making it suitable for both beginner and experienced traders.3. E*TRADE:E*TRADE's Power E*TRADE platform is known for its user-friendly interface and comprehensive research tools. The platform offers real-time quotes, customizable charts, and integrated trading tools. E*TRADE also provides access to market research, newsupdates, and educational resources to help investors make informed trading decisions. It has a mobile app that allows traders to track their portfolios and execute trades on the go.4. Fidelity:Fidelity's Active Trader Pro platform offers advanced features and tools for active traders. It provides real-time data streaming, customizable layouts, powerful charting capabilities, and advanced order types. The platform also offers access to various research resources and educational materials. Fidelity's mobile app, Fidelity Mobile®, allows traders to monitor their positions and place trades anytime, anywhere.5. Charles Schwab:Charles Schwab's StreetSmart Edge platform is highly regarded for its user-friendly interface and comprehensive functionality. It offers real-time streaming quotes, customizable charting tools, advanced order types, and integrated trading strategies. The platform also provides access to market research, news updates, and educational resources. Charles Schwab also offers a mobile app for convenient trading on the go.Conclusion:When selecting the best stock trading software, consider your trading style, level of experience, and specific needs. The platforms mentioned above are popular choices among traders and provide a range of features to meet different trading requirements. It is recommended to research and compare different software options to find the one that best suits your trading goals and preferences.。

SCI常用句型库--StockPhrases

SCI常用句型库--StockPhrases五. SCI常用句型库-- Stock PhrasesRecognizing Stock Phrases：Standard phrases (“stock phrases”) are used in many research articles in biomedical journals just as readers are used to seeing articles organized according to the standard format.Objectives1. This paper concerns/tests/investigates/reports/proposes/ demonstrates/considers/evaluates/measures…2. This present study discusses/explains…3. This project desc ribes/examines…4. This research calculates…5. This survey analyzes…6. The objective of this study was to examine the relation between …7. The purpose of this study was to determine whether …8. Our goal was to evaluate whether …9. The aims of this stu dy were (1) to…, (2) to …., and (3) to…10. We aimed/sought to …Methods1. Male (or female ) …year-old SD rats, from…animal department ,were randomly divided into experimental and control groups.2. The primary groups of cultures were exposed to … medium3. The medium was changed every … days.4. Study participants with known malignancies … were excluded5. Serum ferritin levels were entered as … variable6. Analyses were performed with SPSS…7. Study participants were classified as …8. We found no clear relationship between …9. …was obtained from…10. …were randomly chosen for each specimen …11. Results were expressed as mean values ± standard deviation.12. Results were significantly different compared with those of elicited statistically significant i ncreases in the levels of …13. Results were expressed as mean values ± standard deviation.14. Unpaired tests were used to compare …15. We also measured …16. The study comprised 20 consecutive patients suffering from___17. The statistical association between ___ and ___ was performed by ___18. Differences between ___and ___ were tested by...19. Blood samples for determination of … levels were drawn.20. A total of… patients with (disease) were included in the trial.21. …were randomized into treatment groups and dosed topically 4 times per day..22. All patients gave signed informed consent.23. …… was/were obtained from/purchased from ……24. The assay was performed essentially as described above, …25. Each step was performed as follows.26. Statistic al calculations were performed by using…27. Using the second random half of the sample (testing sample), we calculated…28. The… method was used to estimate… (àSample 1, Sample 5)Results1.The results showed/demonstrated/revealed/documented/indicated/sugges ted…that…2. It was found that…3.A was related /correlated/associated with B.4.There was a relationship/relation/correlation between A and B.5.There was/is significant difference in … between A and B.6.The difference in … between A and B was/is significant.7.A was/is significantly different from B in …8. analysis suggested that there was a significant correlation between …, whereas there was no significant correlation between…9.We found no clear relation/relationship between … and … .10. … which showed a strong expression of …11.In the course of these studies, it was visually app arent that…12.There was no statistically significant relation between … and …13.No significant differences were ob served with regard to…14.Data were expressed as …15. Compared to the control group, patients treated with … showed …Conclusions1. Fac ts show that…2. The present Experiment finds that…3. Our study proves that…4. Statistical analysis demonstrates tha t…5.It remains to be proved that…6. The results of this study can be generalized for …7. The results of this study are summarized as follows:8. Calculations made with this formulation show that…9. These results support/fail to support the idea that…Acknowledgments1.We thank … for…2.We are grateful to … for…3.We are indebted to … for …4.Our special thanks go to …5.We greatly appreciate …6.We gratefully acknowledge the technical assistance of …7.We express our gratitude to … for their technical contribution8.We express our gratitude to … for their technical contribution9.We acknowledge with thanks the cooperation of t he patients and their families …10.Contributions to this project from the following individuals are gratefully acknowledged: xx x for…, xxx for…, …。

帕鲁英语词条

**Title:** The Palu Language: A Comprehensive Overview and Analysis**Introduction**The Palu language, also known as "Palue," is an Austronesian language spoken primarily in the Indonesian province of Central Sulawesi, specifically in and around the city of Palu, which serves as its namesake. It belongs to the Celebic branch of the Malayo-Polynesian language family and holds significant cultural and linguistic value for the Palu-Kalora people. This entry provides a comprehensive overview and in-depth analysis of the Palu language, covering its historical roots, linguistic features, sociolinguistic context, and efforts towards documentation and preservation.**Historical Roots and Linguistic Classification**The Palu language can be traced back to the early Austronesian migrations that occurred across Southeast Asia and Oceania. As part of the Celebic subgroup within the Malayo-Polynesian languages, it shares genetic ties with other languages spoken on Sulawesi Island, such as Buginese, Makassarese, and Toraja-Sa'dan. These languages, collectively known as the Sulawesi languages, exhibit a high degree of linguistic diversity due to the island's complex geographical layout and historical isolation, fostering distinct local linguistic developments.The Palu language has likely undergone significant influence from neighboring languages, particularly Buginese, due to historical trade relations and cultural interactions. Additionally, the presence of Dutch colonialism in the region during the 19th and 20th centuries has left a minor lexical footprint in the language, particularly in domains related to administration, education, and Christianity.**Linguistic Features****Phonology:** Palu's phonological inventory consists of five vowels (/a/, /e/, /i/, /o/, /u/) and twenty consonants, including both voiced and voiceless stops, nasals, fricatives, and affricates. The language exhibits a typical Austronesian syllable structure, characterized by open syllables (CV) and closedsyllables (CVC). Palu also displays a vowel harmony system, where the quality of vowels in suffixes harmonizes with the preceding vowel in the root word.**Morphology:** Palu exhibits an agglutinative morphology, with words formed by attaching various morphemes, each carrying a single grammatical meaning. Nouns have no grammatical gender or number distinctions, but they can be inflected for definiteness through the use of possessive markers or demonstratives. Verbs are marked for tense, aspect, and mood through a complex system of prefixes, infixes, and suffixes. Reduplication plays a significant role in Palu, serving to express plurality, intensity, or iterative actions.**Syntax:** Palu follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order, typical of many Austronesian languages. However, constituent order can be flexible to emphasize certain elements or convey pragmatic nuances. Palu employs postpositions rather than prepositions, and noun phrases typically consist of a head noun followed by various modifiers, including adjectives, numerals, and relative clauses.**Lexicon:** The Palu vocabulary is primarily Austronesian in origin, with a rich stock of indigenous terms related to the local environment, culture, and social practices. However, it also contains loanwords from neighboring languages like Buginese and Makassarese, as well as limited borrowings from Dutch, Arabic, and, more recently, Indonesian due to national language policy and modernization.**Sociolinguistic Context****Speakers and Dialects:** The Palu language is spoken by approximately 75,000 people, primarily in the Palu Valley and along the coastal regions of Central Sulawesi. There exist dialectal variations within the language, mainly distinguished by differences in pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammatical structures. However, these dialects are generally mutually intelligible, facilitating communication among speakers.**Multilingualism and Language Shift:** In contemporary times, Palu speakers live in a multilingual environment, interacting daily with Indonesian(the national language), Buginese, and other local languages. This situation has led to increasing bilingualism, with younger generations showing a stronger proficiency in Indonesian at the expense of their native Palu. Language shift towards Indonesian is a growing concern, as it threatens the vitality and sustainability of the Palu language.**Education and Documentation:** Formal education in Palu predominantly uses Indonesian as the medium of instruction, limiting the exposure and transmission of the Palu language in formal settings. However, there have been recent initiatives to incorporate Palu into local school curricula, particularly in mother tongue-based multilingual education programs. Efforts towards documenting the Palu language include the development of orthographies, dictionaries, and grammars, as well as linguistic research and community-based language documentation projects.**Preservation and Revitalization Efforts**Recognizing the importance of preserving linguistic diversity and cultural heritage, various stakeholders have undertaken initiatives to revitalize and promote the Palu language. These efforts include:1. **Language Policy and Planning:** Advocating for the inclusion of Palu in regional language policies, promoting its use in official contexts, and supporting the development of language resources and educational materials.2. **Community Engagement:** Organizing language workshops, cultural events, and storytelling sessions to raise awareness about Palu's value and encourage intergenerational transmission.3. **Media and Technology:** Utilizing digital platforms, radio programs, and local media to broadcast content in Palu, reaching wider audiences and fostering a sense of linguistic pride.4. **Literacy Programs and Educational Materials:** Developing reading materials, storybooks, and teaching resources in Palu to support mother tongue-based education and enhance literacy skills among speakers.5. **Documentation and Archiving:** Conducting comprehensive linguisticdocumentation projects, including audio and video recordings, to preserve the language for future generations and serve as a resource for revitalization efforts.**Conclusion**The Palu language, a vibrant member of the Celebic branch of the Austronesian language family, showcases a unique blend of linguistic features and reflects the rich cultural heritage of the Palu-Kalora people. Despite facing challenges posed by language shift and limited institutional support, concerted efforts towards documentation, education, and revitalization hold promise for the preservation and continued use of this invaluable linguistic treasure. Understanding and appreciating the Palu language not only contributes to linguistic diversity but also fosters a deeper understanding of the human experience and the intricate tapestry of cultures that enrich our world.**Word Count:** 1,626。

standard

standardStandard Language and Poetic LanguageJan MukarovskyThe problem of the relationship between standard language and poetic language can be considered from two standpoints. The theorist of poetic language poses it somewhat as follows: is the poet bound by the norms of the standard? Or perhaps: how does this norm assert itself in poetry? The theorist of the standard language, on the other hand, wants to know above all to what extent a work of poetry can be used as data for ascertaining the norm of the standard. In other words, the theory of poetic language is primarily interested in the differences between the standard and poetic language, whereas the theory of the standard language is mainly interested in the similarities between them. It is clear that with a good procedure no conflict can arise between the two directions of research; there is only a difference in the point of view and in the illumination of the problem. Our study approaches the problem of the relationship between poetic language and the standard from the vantage point of poetic language. Our procedure will be to subdivide the general problem into a number of special problems.The first problem, by way of introduction, concerns the following: what is the relationship between the extension of poetic language and that of the standard, between the places of each in the total system of the whole of language? Is poetic language a special brand of the standard, or is it an independent formation?--- Poetic language cannot be called a brand of the standard, if for no other reason that poetic language has at its disposal, from the standpoint of lexicon, syntax, etc., all the formsof the given language---often of different developmental phases thereof. There are works in which the lexical material is take n over completely from another form of language than the standard (thus, Villon’s or Rictus’ slang poetry in French literature). Different forms of the language may exist side by side in a work of poetry (for instance, in the dialogues of a novel dialect of slang, in the narrative passages the standard). Poetic language finally also has some of its own lexicon and phraseology as well as some grammatical forms, the so-called poe tisms such as zor [gaze], or [steed], pláti [be aflame], 3rd p. sg. muz [can; cf. English -th] …. Only some schools of poetry, of course, have a positive attitude towards poetisms (among them the LumírGroup including Svatopluk Cech), others reject them.Poetic language is thus not a brand of the standard. This is not to deny the close connection between the two, which consists in the fact that, for poetry, the standard language is the background against which is reflected the esthetically intentional distortion of the linguistic components of the work, in other words, the intentional violation of the norm of the standard. Let us, for instance, visualize a work in which this distortion is carried out by the interpenetration of dialect speech with the standard; it is clear, then, that it is not the standard which is perceived as a distortion of the dialect, but the dialect as a distortion of the standard, even when the dialect is quantitatively preponderant. The violation of the norm of the standard, its systematic violation, is what makes possible the poetic utilization of language; without this possibility there would be no poetry. The more the norm of the standard is stabilized in a given language, the more varied can be its violation, and therefore the more possibilities for poetry in that language. And on the other hand, the weaker theawareness of this norm, the fewer possibilities of violation, and hence the fewer possibilities for poetry. Thus, in the beginnings of Modern Czech poetry, when the awareness of the norm of the standard was weak, poetic neologisms with the purpose of violating the norm of the standard were little different from neologisms designed to gain general acceptance and become a part of the norm of the standard, so that they could be confused with them.The second special question which we shall attempt to answer concerns the different function of thetwo forms of language. This is the core of the problem. The function of poetic language consists in the maximum of foregrounding of the utterance. Foregrounding is the opposite of automatization, that is, the deautomatization of an act; the more an act is automatized, the less it is consciously executed; the more it is foregrounded, the more completely conscious does it become. Objectively speaking: automatization schematizes an event; foregrounding means the violation of the scheme. The standard language in its purest form, as the language of science with formation as its objective, avoids foregrounding [aktualisace]: thus, a new expression, foregrounded because of its newness, is immediately automatized in a scientific treatise by an exact definition of its meaning. Foregrounding is , of course, common in the standard language, for instance, in journalistic style, even more in essays. But here it is always subordinate to communication: its purpose is to attract the rea der’s (listener’s) attention more closely to the subject matter expressed by the foregrounded means of expression. All that has been said here about foregrounding and automatization in the standard language has been treated in detail in Havránek’spaper in this cycle; we are here concerned with poetic language. In poetic language foregrounding achieves maximum intensity to the extent of pushing communication into the background as the objective of expression and of being used for its own sake; it is not used in the services of communication, but in order to place in the foreground the act of expression, the act of speech itself. The question is then one of how this maximum of foregrounding is achieved in poetic language. The idea might arise that this is a quantitative effect, a matter of the foregrounding of the largest number of components, perhaps of all of them together. This would be a mistake, although only a theoretical one, since in practice such a complete foregrounding of all the components is impossible. The foregrounding of any one of the components is necessarily accompanied by the automatization of one or more of the other components; thus, for instance, the foregrounded intonation in [Jaroslav] Vrchlicky [1853-1912, a poet of the LumírGroup, see above] and [Svatopluk] Cech has necessarily pushed to the lowest level of automatization the meaning of the word as a unit, because the foregrounding of its meaning would give the word phonetic independence as well and lead to a disturbance of the uninterrupted flow of the intonational (melodic) line; an example of the degree to which the semantic independence of the word in context also manifests itself as intonational indepen dence can be found in [Karel] T oman’s [1877-1946, a modern poet] verse. The foregrounding of intonation as an uninterrupted melodic line is thus linked to the semantic “emptiness” for which the Lumír Group has been criticized by the younger generation as b eing “verbalistic.”--- In addition to the practical impossibility of the foregrounding of all components, it can also be pointed out that the simultaneousforegrounding of all the components of a work of poetry is unthinkable. This is because the foregrounding of a component implies precisely its being placed in the foreground; the unit in the foreground, however, occupies this position by comparison with another unit or units that remain in the background. A simultaneous general foregrounding would thus bring all the components into the same plane and so become a new automatization.The devices by which poetic language achieves its maximum of foregrounding must therefore be sought elsewhere than in the quantity of foregrounded components. They consist in the consistency and systematic character of foregrounding. The consistency manifests itself in the fact that the reshaping of the foregrounded component within a given work occurs in a stable direction; thus, the deautomatization of meanings in a certain work is consistently carried out by lexical selection (the mutual interlarding of contrasting areas of the lexicon), in another equally consistently by the uncommon semantic relationship of words close together in the context. Both procedures result in a foregrounding of meaning, but differently for each. The systematic foregrounding of components in a work of poetry consists in the gradation of the interrelationships of these components, that is, in their mutual subordination and superordination. Thecomponent highest in the hierarchy becomes the dominant. All other components, foregrounded or not, as well as their interrelationships, are evaluated from the standpoint of the dominant. The dominant is that component of the work which sets in motion, and gives direction to, the relationships of all other components. The material of a work of poetry isintertwined with the interrelationships of the components even if it is in a completely unforegrounded state. Thus, there is always present, in communicative speech as well, the potential relationship between intonation and meaning, syntax, word order, or the relationship of the word as a meaningful unit to the phonetic structure of the text, to the lexical selection found in the text, to other words as units of meaning in the context of the same sentence. It can be said that each linguistic component is linked directly or indirectly, by means of these multiple interrelationships, in some way to every other component. In communicative speech these relationships are for the most part merely potential, because attention is not called to their presence and to their mutual relationship. It is, however, enough to disturb the equilibrium of this system at some point and the entire network of relationships is slanted in a certain direction and follows it in its internal organization: tension arises in one portion of this network (by consistent unidirectional foregrounding), while the remaining portions of the network are relaxed (by automatization perceived as an intentionally arranged background). This internal organization of relationships will be different in terms of the point affected, that is, in terms of the dominant. More concretely: sometimes intonation will be governed by meaning (by various procedures), sometimes, on the other hand, the meaning structure will be determined by intonation; sometimes again, the relationship of a word to the lexicon may be foregrounded, then again its relationship to the phonetic structure of the text. Which of the possible relationships will be foregrounded, which will remain automatized, and what will be the direction of foregrounding--- whether from component A to component B or vice versa, all this depends onthe dominant.The dominant thus creates the unity of the work of poetry. It is, of course, a unity of its own kind, the nature of which in esthetics is usu ally designated as “unity in variety,” a dynamic unity in which we at the same time perceive harmony and disharmony, convergence and divergence. The convergence is given by the trend towards the dominant, the divergence by the resistance of the unmoving background of unforegrounded components against this trend. Components may appear unforegrounded from the standpoint of the standard language, or from the standpoint of the poetic canon, that is, the set of firm and stable corms into which the structure of a preceding school of poetry has dissolved by automatization, when it is no longer perceived as an indivisible and undissociable whole. In other words, it is possible in some cases for a component which is foregrounded in terms of the norms of the standard, not to be foregrounded in a certain work because it is in accord with the automatized poetic canon. Every work of poetry is perceived against the background of a certain tradition, that is, of some automatized canon with regard to which it constitutes a distortion. The outward manifestation of this automatization is the ease with which creation is possible in terms of this canon, the proliferation of epigones, the liking for obsolescent poetry in circles not close to literature. Proof of the intensity with which a new trend in poetry is perceived as a distortion of the traditional canon is the negative attitude of conservative criticism which considers deliberate deviations from the canon errors against the very essence of poetry.The background which we perceive behind the work of poetry as consisting of the unforegrounded componentsresisting foregrounding is thus dual: the norm of the standard language and the traditional esthetic canon. Both backgrounds are always potentially present, though one of them will predominate in the concrete case. In periods of powerful foregrounding of linguistic elements, the background of the norm of the standard predominates, while in periods of moderate foregrounding, that of the traditional canon. If the latter has strongly distorted the norm of the standard, then its moderate distortion may, in turn,constitute a renewal of the norm of the standard, and this precisely because of its moderation. The mutual relationships of the components of the work of poetry, both foregrounded and unforegrounded, constitute its structure, a dynamic structure including both convergence and divergence and one that constitutes an undissociable artistic whole, since each of its components has its value precisely in terms of its relation to the totality.。

索绪尔名言中英文

以下是一些索绪尔的名言及其英文翻译：
- 语言是一种社会现象。

Language is a social phenomenon.
- 能指和所指的联系是任意的，是由社会约定俗成的。

The connection between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary and is determined by social convention.
- 语言是一个符号系统，其本质是意义的表达。

Language is a system of signs, and its essence is the expression of meaning.
- 共时语言学研究的是语言在某一特定时期的状态，而历时语言学研究的是语言的历史演变。

Synchronic linguistics studies the state of language at a particular period, while diachronic linguistics studies the historical evolution of language. - 语言的价值取决于它在社会中的使用。

The value of language depends on its use in society.
这些名言体现了索绪尔的语言学理论和观点，对现代语言学的发展产生了深远的影响。