Academic misconduct

三、Effects of academic misconduct
Misconduct in academia has a host of effects on students, on teachers, on schools, and on the educational system itself.
2、Sabotage（蓄意破坏）: Sabotage is when a student prevents others from completing their work. This includes cutting pages out of library books or willfully disrupting the experiments of others. Sabotage is usually only found in highly competitive, cutthroat environments, such as at extremely elite schools where class rankings are highly prized.
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Indeed, one study found that students who are dishonest in class are more likely to engage in fraud and theft on the job when they enter the workplace. Students are also negatively affected by academic misconduct after graduation. A university diploma is an important document in the labor market. Potential employers use a degree as a representation of a graduate's knowledge and ability.
二、Types of academic misconduct
1、Deception：
Deception is providing false information to a teacher concerning a formal academic exercise.
Examples of this include taking more time on a take-home test than is allowed, giving a dishonest excuse when asking for a deadline extension, or falsely claiming to have submitted work. This type of academic misconduct is often considered softer than the more obvious forms of cheating.
Fabrication predominates in the natural sciences, where students sometimes falsify data to make experiments "work".
Bibliographical references are often fabricated, especially when a certain minimum number of references is required or considered sufficient for the particular kind of paper. This type of fabrication can range from referring to works whose titles look relevant but which the student did not read, to making up bogus titles and authors.
一、The definition of academic misconduct Academic misconduct or academic dishonesty is any type of cheating that occurs in the process of academic research. It can include cheating, plagiarism, unauthorized collaboration, deliberate interference with the integrity of the work of others, fabrication of data, and other forms of academic dishonesty.
Effects on teachers
Academic misconduct also creates problems for teachers. In economic terms, cheating causes an underproduction of knowledge, while the professor's job is to produce knowledge.
Nowadays, some students hire ghostwriters who take up writing as their career to write thesis for them. And some students act as ghostwriters.
As is estimated in the survey conducted by Wuhan University, the market of the substituted thesis and other frauds like this in China has come to one billion yuan in 2009.
3、Cheating: Any attempt to give or obtain assistance in a formal academic exercise (like an examination) without due acknowledgment.
(The use of crib notes during an examination is typically viewed as cheating.)
5、Fabrication（伪造）:
Fabrication is the falsification（伪造、篡 改） of data, information, or citations in any formal academic exercise. This includes making up citations to back up arguments or inventing quotations.
4、Plagiarism（剽窃、抄袭）: The adoption or reproduction of original intellectual creations of another author without due acknowledgment. This can range from borrowing without attribution a particularly apt phrase, to paraphrasing someone else's original idea without citation.
Cheating can take the form of crib notes, looking over someone's shoulder during an exam, or any forbidden sharing of information between students regarding an exam or exercise.
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However, due to academic misconduct, not all graduates with the same grades actually did the same work or have the same skills, which lowers the quality of the average graduate of a school, and thus the less employers are willing to pay a new hire from that school. • Because of this reason, all students, even those that do not cheat themselves, are negatively affected by academic misconduct.
6、Bribery: It is also called paid services. Giving certain test Answers for money.
Example:
On December 6th, 2006, Chen jing, a woman-doctor majoring in mathematics in City University of Hong Kong put ten thousand Hong Kong dollars into his teacher’s mailbox and then demanded of questions and answers from him by sending emails. Finally, on December 14 th,2006, she was sentenced to six months imprisonment for bribery and her money was confiscated（没收、充公）.