EDU 344-002 Fundamentals of Middle Grades Education 2 credit hours Fall
专题05 阅读理解D篇(2024年新课标I卷) (专家评价+三年真题+满分策略+多维变式) 原卷版
《2024年高考英语新课标卷真题深度解析与考后提升》专题05阅读理解D篇(新课标I卷)原卷版(专家评价+全文翻译+三年真题+词汇变式+满分策略+话题变式)目录一、原题呈现P2二、答案解析P3三、专家评价P3四、全文翻译P3五、词汇变式P4(一)考纲词汇词形转换P4(二)考纲词汇识词知意P4(三)高频短语积少成多P5(四)阅读理解单句填空变式P5(五)长难句分析P6六、三年真题P7(一)2023年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P7(二)2022年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P8(三)2021年新课标I卷阅读理解D篇P9七、满分策略(阅读理解说明文)P10八、阅读理解变式P12 变式一:生物多样性研究、发现、进展6篇P12变式二:阅读理解D篇35题变式(科普研究建议类)6篇P20一原题呈现阅读理解D篇关键词: 说明文;人与社会;社会科学研究方法研究;生物多样性; 科学探究精神;科学素养In the race to document the species on Earth before they go extinct, researchers and citizen scientists have collected billions of records. Today, most records of biodiversity are often in the form of photos, videos, and other digital records. Though they are useful for detecting shifts in the number and variety of species in an area, a new Stanford study has found that this type of record is not perfect.“With the rise of technology it is easy for people to make observation s of different species with the aid of a mobile application,” said Barnabas Daru, who is lead author of the study and assistant professor of biology in the Stanford School of Humanities and Sciences. “These observations now outnumber the primary data that comes from physical specimens(标本), and since we are increasingly using observational data to investigate how species are responding to global change, I wanted to know: Are they usable?”Using a global dataset of 1.9 billion records of plants, insects, birds, and animals, Daru and his team tested how well these data represent actual global biodiversity patterns.“We were particularly interested in exploring the aspects of sampling that tend to bias (使有偏差) data, like the greater likelihood of a citizen scientist to take a picture of a flowering plant instead of the grass right next to it,” said Daru.Their study revealed that the large number of observation-only records did not lead to better global coverage. Moreover, these data are biased and favor certain regions, time periods, and species. This makes sense because the people who get observational biodiversity data on mobile devices are often citizen scientists recording their encounters with species in areas nearby. These data are also biased toward certain species with attractive or eye-catching features.What can we do with the imperfect datasets of biodiversity?“Quite a lot,” Daru explained. “Biodiversity apps can use our study results to inform users of oversampled areas and lead them to places – and even species – that are not w ell-sampled. To improve the quality of observational data, biodiversity apps can also encourage users to have an expert confirm the identification of their uploaded image.”32. What do we know about the records of species collected now?A. They are becoming outdated.B. They are mostly in electronic form.C. They are limited in number.D. They are used for public exhibition.33. What does Daru’s study focus on?A. Threatened species.B. Physical specimens.C. Observational data.D. Mobile applications.34. What has led to the biases according to the study?A. Mistakes in data analysis.B. Poor quality of uploaded pictures.C. Improper way of sampling.D. Unreliable data collection devices.35. What is Daru’s suggestion for biodiversity apps?A. Review data from certain areas.B. Hire experts to check the records.C. Confirm the identity of the users.D. Give guidance to citizen scientists.二答案解析三专家评价考查关键能力,促进思维品质发展2024年高考英语全国卷继续加强内容和形式创新,优化试题设问角度和方式,增强试题的开放性和灵活性,引导学生进行独立思考和判断,培养逻辑思维能力、批判思维能力和创新思维能力。
高中英语提分盖老师讲作文
高中英语提分盖老师讲作文Education is a fundamental aspect of personal and societal development. Among the various subjects taught in schools, English has long been recognized as a crucial component, equipping students with the essential skills of communication, critical thinking, and self-expression. One of the most challenging yet rewarding aspects of English education is essay writing, a skill that not only enhances academic performance but also prepares students for the demands of higher education and the professional world.In the context of high school English education, the role of the teacher becomes paramount in guiding students through the complexities of essay writing. An experienced and dedicated English teacher can make a significant difference in a student's ability to craft well-structured, coherent, and compelling essays. This essay will explore the invaluable insights and strategies that a high school English teacher can provide to help students improve their essay writing skills.Firstly, a skilled English teacher understands the importance ofestablishing a solid foundation in the fundamentals of essay writing. This includes a thorough understanding of the various essay formats, such as the five-paragraph essay, the argumentative essay, and the analytical essay. By introducing students to these structures and their respective characteristics, the teacher can help them develop a clear and organized approach to essay writing.Furthermore, an experienced English teacher recognizes the significance of teaching students how to effectively plan and outline their essays. This involves guiding students through the process of brainstorming, researching, and organizing their thoughts before they begin the writing process. By emphasizing the importance of pre-writing activities, the teacher can help students avoid common pitfalls, such as disjointed ideas and lack of coherence.Another crucial aspect of essay writing that a high school English teacher can address is the development of a strong thesis statement.A well-crafted thesis statement serves as the foundation of an essay, guiding the overall direction and providing a clear focus for the writer. An experienced teacher can help students understand the elements of a compelling thesis statement, such as its specificity, arguability, and relevance to the essay prompt.In addition to the structural components of essay writing, a skilled English teacher understands the importance of developing students'critical thinking and analytical skills. By encouraging students to engage with the subject matter on a deeper level, the teacher can help them craft essays that go beyond mere summarization and delve into insightful analysis and interpretation. This approach not only enhances the quality of the essays but also prepares students for the intellectual demands of higher education.Furthermore, a high school English teacher can provide invaluable guidance in the area of effective writing style and mechanics. This includes teaching students how to use appropriate language, sentence structure, and tone to convey their ideas effectively. Additionally, the teacher can help students develop a keen eye for grammar, punctuation, and spelling, ensuring that their essays are polished and professional.One of the hallmarks of an exceptional English teacher is their ability to provide constructive feedback and personalized guidance to students. By carefully reviewing students' essays and offering detailed feedback, the teacher can help them identify their strengths and weaknesses, and provide concrete strategies for improvement. This feedback-driven approach not only helps students enhance their essay writing skills but also fosters a growth mindset, encouraging them to view writing as an ongoing process of refinement and development.Moreover, a skilled English teacher recognizes the importance of fostering a supportive and collaborative learning environment. By creating opportunities for peer review, group discussions, and targeted writing workshops, the teacher can help students learn from one another, share best practices, and develop a sense of community around the art of essay writing.Finally, a high school English teacher who is truly committed to helping students improve their essay writing skills understands the value of continuous professional development. By staying up-to-date with the latest research, pedagogical approaches, and industry trends, the teacher can adapt their instructional methods to meet the evolving needs of their students. This dedication to lifelong learning not only benefits the students but also strengthens the teacher's own expertise and credibility.In conclusion, the role of the high school English teacher in helping students improve their essay writing skills cannot be overstated. By providing a solid foundation in the fundamentals of essay writing, fostering critical thinking and analytical skills, emphasizing effective writing style and mechanics, offering personalized feedback and guidance, and cultivating a supportive learning environment, an experienced English teacher can have a profound impact on the academic and personal growth of their students. As students navigate the challenges of high school and prepare for the demandsof higher education and the workforce, the invaluable insights and strategies provided by their English teacher can serve as a crucial stepping stone towards success.。
英语词汇发展的历史
As language evolves, some words may be forgotten or considered archaic This can be because they are no longer relevant or have been replaced by more modern or common terms
The internet and social media have been significantly influential in the creation of new words and phrases, all as "selfie", "bind watching", and "TL; DR."
The creation and popularity of new words
The appearance and forecasting of old words
Over time, some words fall out of use or become obsolete due to changes in culture, technology, or language norms
01
02
03
Changes in Vocabulary
03
The influence of English vocabulary
Spread of English words
English vocabulary has been widely adopted by other languages, becoming a global language for communication and trade
韩礼德与系统功能语法
Material process (John kicked the ball)
Mental process (John likes Mary)
Relational Process (John is on the sofa)
Transitivity Behavioural process (John laughed)
Verbal process (John said it is cold in the room) Existential process (There is a cat on the sofa)
Process
1. Material processes: Processes of doing
Material processes are processes of doing. Such a process is expressed by an action verb (e.g. beat、break、kick), an actor (logical subject) and the goal of the action (logical direct object, usually a noun or a pronoun). Actor and Goal correspond to Agent and Patient. For example:
• Michael Alexander Kirkwood Halliday has developed ideas stemming from Firth’s theories in the London School.
你当像鸟飞往你的山读书分享ppt课件
• Educated , a unique memoir of Tara's upbringing and
schooling. • Tara was born in the mountains of Idaho. Her father
was a Mormon with a paranoid and extreme attitude. Her mother was an herbalist and midwife. The family of seven children helped out at their father's scrapyard instead of going to school.
• In 2018, she published her debut novel, Educated.
• “Influential Person of The Year" of Time Magazine in 2019.
02 Contents of Educated
Introduction of Educated
Introduction of Educated
• But it changed. when her older brother, Tyler, taught himself to go to college and left home to study. Tyler encouraged Tara to leave the mountains and pass the ACT to go to BYU.
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering(上海交大最新版)
Fundamentals of Materials Science and Engineering第一章原子结构一. 波尔原子模型:1.在任意轨道上绕核运动,在一些符合一定量化的轨道上运动2.电子离核越远,原子所含能量越高,电子尽可能在离核较近的轨道上3.电子只有从较高能级跃迁到较低能级才以光子形式释放能量波动力学模型:量子力学模型量子力学是建立在微观世界的量子性和微粒运动统计性基本特征上,在量子力学处理氢原子核外电子的理论模型中,最基本的方程叫做薛定谔方程,是由奥地利科学家薛定谔(E.Schrödinger 1887-1961)在1926年提出来的。
薛定谔方程是一个二阶偏微分方程,它的自变量是核外电子的坐标,它的因变量是电子波的振幅(ψ)。
给定电子在符合原子核外稳定存在的必要、合理的条件时,薛定谔方程得到的每一个解就是核外电子的一个定态,它具有一定的能量,具有一个电子波的振幅随坐标改变的的函数关系式ψ=f(x,y,z),称为振幅方程或波动方程。
二. 能量最低原理:电子的排布总是尽可能使体系的能量最低三. 泡利不相容原理:在一个原子中不可能有运动状态完全相同的两个电子四. 洪德原则:在同一个亚层中,各个能级中,电子的排布尽可能分占不同的能级,而且自旋方向相同。
五. 原子键合:1.金属键:定义:金属中的电子与金属正离子相互间结合构成的键合特点:1.无方向性无饱和性2.电子公有化3.良好的延展性4.导电导热性,金属光泽2.离子键:定义: 金属将最外层的电子给予非金属原子,是自己成为带正电的正离子,而得到价电子的非金属成为带负电的负离子,正负离子靠静电引力相互结合在一起构的键合特点:1.以离子为结合单元,而不是原子2.无方向性无饱和性3.配位数高,熔点硬度高,绝缘体3.共价键:定义:由两个或多个电负性相差不大的原子相互结合在一起形成共用电子对而形成的键合特点:1.方向性,饱和性2.共用电子对3.熔点高,质硬脆,结构稳定,导电能力差。
Fundamentals 林产化工专业英语知到章节答案智慧树2023年东北林业大学
Fundamentals of Forest Products Chemical Processing 林产化工专业英语知到章节测试答案智慧树2023年最新东北林业大学绪论单元测试1.Generally, gum rosin is produced by chemical processing of woody rawmaterial.参考答案:错第一章测试1.Trace elements are essential to life.参考答案:对2.Elements with similar chemical properties generally fall into the same groupin the periodic table.参考答案:对3. A pure substance always has the same physical and chemical properties andis either an element or a compound.参考答案:对4.Calcium oxide is an inorganic compounds.参考答案:对5.Any chemical species capable of binding to electron pairs is called a Lewisacid; any molecule that tends to donate an electron pair is referred to as a Lewis base.参考答案:对6.In either case, the position of the multiple bond is indicated by numberingfrom the end of the chain, starting at the end that will assign the lowernumber to the first carbon atom of the multiple bond.参考答案:对7.Ethers tend to be reactive, and low molecular mass ethers are often used assolvents.错8.If one or both of the hydrogen atoms on the amide nitrogen atom arereplaced by hydrocarbon groups, the structure is named as an N-substituted amide.参考答案:对9.By doing research in chemistry, we can find new cures for diseases as well asbetter chemicals to use in our natural environment.参考答案:对第二章测试1.We can eat or drink in laboratories参考答案:错2.If a liquid gets into your eyes, the eye should be washed immediately withclean running water for at least 10min.对3.In the case of fire alarm, we need stop all of your ongoing work, turn off gasand electric devices.参考答案:对4.There is no need to label glass or flask filled with solution.参考答案:错5.If you work with flammable solvent, make sure there is no source of ignitionclose by.参考答案:对第三章测试1.Fossilised biomass has been exploited as coal and oil.对2.The relative distribution of phenolic nuclei in lignin strongly differs betweenplant species.参考答案:对3.The role of hemicellulose is to modify and crosslink the basic fibrils andpromote the interaction between other biopolymers.参考答案:对4.Softwoods are mainly vessel members, fibres, and parenchyma, andhardwoods are mainly made of made of tracheids and parenchyma.参考答案:对5.The outer layer (S1) is thicker than The middle layer (S2).参考答案:错6.Klason lignin is a standard analytical method to measure the lignin contentof lignocellulosic biomass.参考答案:对7.For esterification reaction of cellulose, the conversion was low and forsilynation reaction, the conversion is good but with a high cost.参考答案:对8.Cellulose has many hydroxyl groups which can form hydrogen bondinglinked network easily.参考答案:对9.Highly porous aerogels usually tend to show higher oil-sorption capacities参考答案:对10.Starch only has one forms, i.e. amylose.参考答案:错11.In addition to glucomannan, minor amounts of miscellaneouspolysaccharides are present in hardwoods.参考答案:错12.The softening temperature (Ts) of lignins in dry state is higher than that inmoist lignins.参考答案:对13.The reactivity of lignin has nothing to do with its solubility.参考答案:错14.Lignin mainly has two types of linkages including C-C and C-O-C.参考答案:对15.The non-bonded orbital interactions (π-π interactions) of the aromaticgroups could caused the association of lignin molecules.参考答案:对16.The aromatic moieties present in the lignin structure will improve themechanical and thermal properties of epoxy resins.参考答案:对17.There are two different types of polysaccharide hydrolysis, involving acidic(sulfuric acid) or enzymatic reactions.参考答案:对18.Terpene is derive from a 5C compound, isoprene.参考答案:对19.Polyphenols also characteristically possess a significant binding affinity forproteins, which can lead to the formation of soluble and insoluble protein-polyphenol complexes参考答案:对20.Cardanol double bond may be epoxidised or undergo olefin-metathesisreaction which may act as modified monomer for the formation of different set of polymers.参考答案:对第四章测试1.Sodium hydroxide and calcium hydroxide can be used instead of potassiumhydroxide to neutralize the acid.参考答案:对2.Hot air blows into this dryer to bring the sugars humidity level down to 0.05percent, that standard for table sugar.参考答案:错3.The main resistance to the flow of heat or mass to a surface lies within thelaminar sublayer.参考答案:对4.Filter cakes are formed late in the fluid flow.参考答案:错5.Extraction may be used to separate more than two components; andmixtures of solvents, instead of a single solvent, are needed in someapplications.参考答案:对6.Heat fluxes may then be based either on the inside area or the outside area ofthe choice is arbitrary.参考答案:对7.Any evaporator that uses pump to ensure higher circulation velocity is calleda forced circulation evaporator.参考答案:对8.If the feed is introduced at one point along the column shell, the column isdivided into an upper section, which is often called the stripping section, anda lower section, which is often referred to as the rectifying section.参考答案:错9.Drying is an absolute term that means a certain value.参考答案:错第五章测试1.The traditional techniques of solvent extraction of plant materials are mostlybased on the correct choice of solvents and the use of heat or/and agitationto increase the solubility of the desired compounds and improve the masstransfer.参考答案:对2.They spray the rubber cubes with a mix of calcium carbonate and solvent themixture forms the film on the cubes that prevents mold and keeps them from sticking together during transport.参考答案:对3.Biomass is mostly made up of carbon, hydrogen, compounds did not burncalled ash.参考答案:对4.Biochemical approaches include three unit-operations namely, pretreatment,hydrolysis, and distillation.参考答案:错5.Furfural can be produced by a one-step or a two-step process. The advantageof the one-step process is that a higher quantity of furfural is produced when compared to the two-step process.参考答案:错6. A worm screw supply the mixture to a press roll, a constant spray of waterkeeps the mixture from sticking to it.参考答案:对7.Chemical activation is usually carried out at lower temperatures (from 400 to700℃) with activating agents like phosphoric acid, potassium hydroxide,sodium hydroxide and zinc chloride.参考答案:对8.Generally, the cellulosic cell wall from nearly any plant or trees can be usedfor pulp.参考答案:对9.When the paper is dry it may be treated with stabilizing materials andsurface finishes to improve durability or printability.参考答案:对。
2024年同等学力申硕英语考试真题及答案
2024年同等学力申硕英语考试真题及答案全文共10篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: My Experience of Taking the 2024 Equivalent English Test for Master's DegreeHi guys! Today I'm going to share my experience of taking the 2024 equivalent English test for master's degree. It was so exciting and a little bit nerve-wracking, but I had so much fun!First of all, the test started with a listening section. We had to listen to a conversation between two people and answer some questions. It was a bit tricky because they spoke really fast, but I tried my best to catch all the important information.Next up was the reading section. We had to read a passage and answer some questions about it. The passage was about the environment and how we can help to protect it. It was really interesting and I learned a lot from it.After that, we had the writing section. We had to write an essay on the topic of "The Importance of Education in Society". Iwas a little nervous because I wasn't sure if my ideas were good enough, but I just wrote from the heart and hoped for the best.Finally, we had the speaking section. We had to talk about a given topic for two minutes. I talked about my favorite hobby, which is painting. I was a bit nervous at first, but once I started talking, I couldn't stop! I just kept on going and before I knew it, my time was up.Overall, I had a great time taking the test. It was challenging but also a lot of fun. I can't wait to see my results and find out if I passed. Wish me luck! Thanks for listening to my story, guys. Have a great day!篇2Oh my gosh, guys! I just took the 2024 same level entrance exam for the Master's in English and let me tell you, it was sooo crazy! I mean, some of the questions were super tricky, but I think I did pretty good overall.The first question was about the differences between British and American English. I had to write a short paragraph comparing and contrasting the two. It was kind of tough because there are so many subtle differences, but I managed to do it.Next up was a reading comprehension section. I had to read a passage about the history of English literature and answer some questions about it. The questions were not too bad, but I had to really pay attention to the details in the text.Then came the grammar section. I had to fill in the blanks with the correct verb tense or form. Some of the verbs were irregular, so I had to really think about it. But I remembered all the rules Mrs. Smith taught us in school, so I think I did alright.The last part was the writing section. I had to write an essay on a topic of my choice. I chose to write about the importance of learning a second language. I talked about how it can open up so many opportunities and help us connect with people from different cultures. I hope the graders like it!Overall, I think I did my best on the exam. I can't wait to get my results back and see if I passed. Fingers crossed!篇3Hello everybody! I'm so excited to share with you the 2024 English test questions for the postgraduate entrance examination for the same level. Are you ready to ace this test? Let's take a look at the questions together:Section 1: Vocabulary1. Choose the correct definition of the word "abundant":a) A small amountb) Lacking in quantityc) Plentiful or plentifuld) InappropriateAnswer: c) Plentiful or plentiful2. Which word is a synonym for "extravagant"?a) Thriftyb) Generousc) Costlyd) CheapAnswer: c) CostlySection 2: Grammar3. Choose the correct form of the verb to fill in the blank:I ___________ my homework when the phone rang.a) Finishb) Have finishedc) Finishedd) Was finishingAnswer: c) Finished4. Which sentence is correct?a) I haven't seen him yesterday.b) He has been studying for his exam all day.c) She don't want to go to the party.d) We can goes to the park tomorrow.Answer: b) He has been studying for his exam all day.Section 3: Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage and answer the questions that follow:The Benefits of ReadingReading is a great way to relax and unwind after a long day. It can also expand your vocabulary and improve your writing skills. In addition, reading can help improve your focus and concentration.5. According to the passage, why is reading beneficial?a) It helps you exercise your bodyb) It improves your focus and concentrationc) It is a waste of timed) It makes you tiredAnswer: b) It improves your focus and concentration6. How can reading help improve your writing skills?a) It can make you a faster writerb) It can expand your vocabularyc) It can make you sleepyd) It can make you forgetfulAnswer: b) It can expand your vocabularyI hope you found these questions challenging and enjoyable. Good luck with your preparation for the exam! Remember to study hard and believe in yourself. You can do it!篇4Title: 2024 Equivalent Qualification Admission Test for Master's Degree in EnglishHey guys! Today, I'm gonna share with you the questions and answers for the 2024 Equivalent Qualification Admission Test for Master's Degree in English. Are you ready? Let's dive in!Question 1: Write a short essay on the importance of education in today's society.Answer:Education plays a crucial role in shaping our lives and society. It provides us with knowledge, skills, and values that are essential for personal and societal growth. Education not only helps us to develop critical thinking and problem-solving abilities but also enables us to understand and appreciate different cultures and perspectives. In today's fast-paced world, education is the key to success and a better future for all individuals.Question 2: Describe a memorable experience from your childhood and explain how it has influenced you.Answer:One of my most memorable childhood experiences was when I participated in a school play for the first time. I was nervous and scared to go on stage, but once the play started, I felt a surge of confidence and excitement. The applause from the audience at the end of the play made me realize the importanceof overcoming my fears and stepping out of my comfort zone. This experience taught me to be brave, confident, and never give up on my dreams.Question 3: Discuss the impact of technology on society and how it has changed the way we communicate.Answer:Technology has revolutionized the way we communicate and interact with each other. With the advent of smartphones, social media, and messaging apps, we can now connect with people from all over the world in an instant. This has made communication faster and more convenient, but it has also brought about challenges such as cyberbullying and online privacy concerns. Technology has both positive and negative effects on society, and it is up to us to use it responsibly and ethically.That's all for the 2024 Equivalent Qualification Admission Test for Master's Degree in English. I hope these questions and answers will help you prepare for your exam. Good luck, guys! You got this!篇5Title: 2024 Same Level English Graduate School Entrance Exam Questions and AnswersYo, everyone! Today, we're gonna tackle the 2024 Same Level English Graduate School Entrance Exam Questions and Answers together! Are you ready to ace this test? Let's go!Question 1: Write an essay on the importance of education in the modern world.Answer: Education is super duper important because it helps us grow smart and knowledgeable. It teaches us all kinds of cool stuff like math, science, and history. With education, we can become doctors, engineers, or even astronauts! So, let's stay in school and learn lots of new things.Question 2: Translate the following sentence into English: "".Answer: I like to eat ice cream. Yum, yum!Question 3: Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions: "I'll meet you ____ the park ____ 3 o'clock."Answer: I'll meet you at the park at 3 o'clock. Let's play on the swings together!Question 4: Choose the correct word to complete the sentence: "She _____ to the store to buy some apples."a) gob) goesc) wentAnswer: b) goesQuestion 5: Write a short story using at least five different English words.Once upon a time, there was a cute little puppy named Sparky. He loved to chase his tail in circles and bark at the mailman every morning. One day, Sparky got lost in the big city and couldn't find his way home. But with his keen sense of smell, he followed the scent of bacon to a friendly old lady who took him in and gave him a warm bed to sleep in. Sparky was so happy to have a new friend and a full belly of bacon every day.And that's it for the 2024 Same Level English Graduate School Entrance Exam Questions and Answers! Did you do your best? Great job, everyone! Let's keep learning and growing together. Bye-bye!篇6Oh my gosh, guys, I just took the 2024 equivalent qualification master's English exam and it was so crazy! I wanna share the questions and answers with you all, so here we go:Question 1:Write a short paragraph about your favorite hobby and why you enjoy it.Answer:My favorite hobby is playing soccer with my friends. I love it because it's so much fun and I get to run around and kick the ball. And when I score a goal, it's like the best feeling ever!Question 2:Describe a special place you like to visit and explain why you enjoy going there.Answer:I love going to the beach with my family. I like building sandcastles and swimming in the ocean. It's so cool to see the waves crashing and feel the warm sun on my skin.Question 3:What is your favorite book and why do you like it?Answer:My favorite book is Harry Potter because it's all about magic and adventure. I love reading about Harry and his friends going on crazy quests and fighting bad guys. It's just so exciting!Question 4:What do you want to be when you grow up and why?Answer:When I grow up, I wanna be a firefighter. I think it would be so cool to save people and put out fires. Plus, I get to wear a cool uniform and drive a big red truck!I hope you guys found these answers helpful. Let me know if you have any questions or need help with anything. Good luck with your exams, everyone!篇7Hey guys! Today I'm gonna share with you the 2024 equivalent English exam for applying for a master's degree. Let's dive in and see what kind of questions we can expect!Part 1: ListeningQuestion 1: Listen to a conversation between two classmates talking about their plans for the summer break. What are they going to do?Answer: They are going to travel to Europe with their families and visit famous landmarks.Question 2: Listen to a lecture about the importance of recycling. Why is recycling beneficial to the environment?Answer: Recycling helps reduce the amount of waste in landfills and conserves natural resources.Part 2: ReadingQuestion 1: Read a short passage about the history of the Olympic Games. When were the first modern Olympic Games held?Answer: The first modern Olympic Games were held in Athens, Greece in 1896.Question 2: Read a news article about a new scientific discovery. What is the main finding of the research?Answer: The research has found a potential cure for a rare genetic disorder.Part 3: WritingQuestion: Write an essay on the importance of education in today's society. Why is it essential for individuals to pursue higher education?Answer: Education plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' knowledge and skills, opening up opportunities for career advancement and personal growth.So that's it, guys! Remember to study hard and do your best on the exam. Good luck!篇8Oh, hi everyone! Today I’m gonna share with you the questions and answers for the 2024 equivalent qualification examination for applying for a master's degree in English. Are you ready? Let’s get started!Question 1:Read the text below and answer the questions.Text:Hi there! My name is Lily and I’m 10 years old. I love to read books about animals and explore nature. Last weekend, I went on a camping trip with my family and we saw a deer in the forest.It was so cute! I also found a beautiful butterfly in my garden. Nature is amazing!Questions:1. How old is Lily?2. What does Lily like to read about?3. Where did Lily see a deer?Answers:1. Lily is 10 years old.2. Lily likes to read books about animals.3. Lily saw a deer in the forest.Question 2:Complete the following sentences with the correct form of the verb.1. She ____________ (study) for her English exam.2. They ____________ (play) volleyball every Saturday.3. I ____________ (not watch) TV yesterday.Answers:1. is studying2. play3. did not watchQuestion 3:Write a short paragraph about your favorite book and why you like it.Answer:My favorite book is "Harry Potter" because it has magic, friendship, and adventure. I love the characters and the plot twists. It’s so exciting and it takes me to a whole new world!Alright, that’s it for the 2024 equivalent quali fication examination for applying for a master's degree in English. I hope you did well! Keep up the good work and keep on learning! See you next time! Bye-bye!篇92024Hello everyone! I'm super excited to share with you the 2024 Same-level Academic Graduate English Exam questions and answers. Get your pencils ready and let's dive in!Section 1: Listening ComprehensionQuestion 1: Listen to the following conversation and answer the question.Question: What time is the library open until tonight?Answer: The library is open until 9:00 PM tonight.Question 2: Listen to the passage and choose the best answer.Question: What is the main topic of the passage?A) The benefits of exerciseB) The importance of eating vegetablesC) The history of the OlympicsD) The impact of climate change on wildlifeAnswer: A) The benefits of exerciseSection 2: Reading ComprehensionQuestion 1: Read the following passage and answer the questions.Passage: Many people believe that reading books is a great way to improve your vocabulary and expand your knowledge. Reading can also help reduce stress and improve your focus.Question: According to the passage, what are some benefits of reading books?A) Improving vocabulary and reducing stressB) Expanding knowledge and improving focusC) Learning new skills and making friendsD) None of the aboveAnswer: A) Improving vocabulary and reducing stressQuestion 2: Read the passage and fill in the blanks with the missing words.Passage: My favorite (1) is summer because I love going to the beach and swimming in the ocean. I also enjoy (2) ice cream and spending time with my friends.Missing words: 1) season 2) eatingSection 3: WritingQuestion: Write a short essay (minimum 150 words) on the importance of learning a second language. Include personal experiences and examples in your response.Answer: Learning a second language is important because it can open up new opportunities and help us better understanddifferent cultures. For example, when I learned Spanish, I was able to communicate with my Spanish-speaking friends and make new connections. Additionally, knowing a second language can also improve our cognitive skills and ability to problem solve.I hope you found these questions and answers helpful in preparing for the 2024 Same-level Academic Graduate English Exam. Good luck and study hard!篇10Hey guys, have you heard about the 2024 same level test for the master's degree? Today, I'm gonna share the English test questions and answers with you!Question 1: Fill in the blank with the correct word.I like to eat __________ for breakfast every day.A) eggs B) banana C) pizza D) ice creamAnswer: A) eggsQuestion 2: Choose the correct sentence.A) She is a good student.B) She am a good student.C) She are a good student.D) She is a good students.Answer: A) She is a good student.Question 3: Rearrange the words to make a sentence.the / dog / park / in / is / playingAnswer: The dog is playing in the park.Question 4: Write a short paragraph about your favorite hobby.Answer: My favorite hobby is drawing. I love to use colored pencils to create beautiful pictures of animals and nature. It makes me feel happy and relaxed. Sometimes I even give my drawings to my friends as gifts.Question 5: Translate the following sentence into English.。
论文写作讲座(英语科技论文撰写与投稿)课件
Use of technical terms
03
English scientific papers are filled with technical terms and jargon specific to the field of study.
Thesis statement明确
English scientific papers begin with a clear thesis statement that outlines the main argument or research question to be addressed.
Objective language
02
English scientific papers are written in a factual and objective manner, avoiding the use of subjective language and emotional appeals.
Write a clear and concise title: The title should accurately reflect the content and main findings of your paper.
Prepare an abstract: The abstract should summarize the main points of your paper, including the research question, methods, results, and conclusions.
Inactivation of HNF4a mediates alcohol-induced downregulation of intestinal tight junction proteins
Inactivation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4␣mediates alcohol-induced downregulation of intestinal tight junction proteinsWei Zhong,1,5Yantao Zhao,1,6Craig J.McClain,1,2,3,4Y.James Kang,2,3and Zhanxiang Zhou1,3Departments of1Medicine and2Pharmacology&Toxicology,University of Louisville School of Medicine and3University of Louisville Alcohol Research Center,4Louisville Veterans’Affairs Medical Center,Louisville,Kentucky;5College ofVeterinary Medicine,China Agricultural University,Beijing;and6College of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine,Agricultural University of Hebei,Baoding,ChinaSubmitted22December2009;accepted infinal form18June2010Zhong W,Zhao Y,McClain CJ,Kang YJ,Zhou Z.Inactivation of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4␣mediates alcohol-induced downregu-lation of intestinal tight junction proteins.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol299:G643–G651,2010.First published June24,2010; doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00515.2009.—Chronic alcohol exposure has been shown to increase the gut permeability in the distal intestine,in part, through induction of zinc deficiency.The present study evaluated the molecular mechanisms whereby zinc deficiency mediates alcohol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.Examination of zincfinger transcription factors in the gastrointestinal tract of mice revealed a prominent distribution of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4␣(HNF-4␣). HNF-4␣exclusively localizes in the epithelial nuclei and exhibited an increased abundance in mRNA and protein levels in the distal intes-tine.Chronic alcohol exposure to mice repressed the HNF-4␣gene expression in the ileum and reduced the protein level and DNA binding activity of HNF-4␣in all of the intestinal segments with the most remarkable changes in the ileum.Chronic alcohol exposure also decreased the mRNA levels of tight junction proteins,particularly in the ileum.Caco-2cell culture studies were conducted to determine the role of HNF-4␣in regulation of the epithelial tight junction and barrier function.Knockdown of HNF-4␣in Caco-2cells decreased the mRNA and protein levels of tight junction proteins in association with disruption of the epithelial barrier.Alcohol treatment inactivated HNF-4␣,which was prevented by N-acetyl-cysteine or zinc.The link between zinc and HNF-4␣function was confirmed by zinc depriva-tion,which inhibited HNF-4␣DNA binding activity.These results indicate that inactivation of HNF-4␣due to oxidative stress and zinc deficiency is likely a novel mechanism contributing to the deleterious effects of alcohol on the tight junctions and the intestinal barrier function.zinc deprivation;oxidative stress;claudin-1;occludin;zonula occlu-dens-1THE INTESTINAL BARRIER,which prevents the diffusion of mac-romolecules such as endotoxin from the intestinal lumen in the blood,is composed of the mucosal epithelial cells and the paracellular apical junction complex,in particular the most apical tight junctions(23).Disruption of the intestinal barrier leads to endotoxemia,which,in turn,causes inflammation and hepatitis through stimulating cytokine production(25,32). Disruption of the intestinal barrier has been well documented in patients with alcoholic liver disease(11,15,27).Although acute alcohol abuse has been shown to cause damage of the upper small intestine(22),chronic alcohol consumption had minor impact on the intestinal histology(10,12),indicating the importance of the paracellular junction molecules in the devel-opment of gut leakiness.Tight junctions have been suggested to play a pivotal role in the regulation of paracellular permeability.Cell culture studies have shown that alcohol,or alcohol metabolites such as acet-aldehyde,disrupt the epithelial barrier through disassembling tight junction proteins such as claudins,occludin,and zonula occludens(ZO)-1(20,30).Although the precise mechanisms have not been well defined,posttranscriptional modulation of tight junction proteins has been suggested to play an important role in alcohol-,or acetaldehyde-induced,disassembly of tight junction proteins.Alcohol metabolism in the enterocytes was associated with generation of reactive oxygen species(ROS) (2,4).ROS have been shown to disassemble junction proteins by directly causing protein carbonylation or indirectly inducing tyrosine phosphorylation of tight junction proteins and NF-B activation(3–6,31,34).Inhibition of ROS has been shown to mediate the inhibitory effects of diverse protective agents such as epidermal growth factor and L-cysteine on alcohol-induced disassembly of tight junction proteins(2,4).These cumulative data suggest that oxidative stress plays a causal role in alcohol-induced epithelial barrier disruption.Our recent studies demonstrated that the distal,rather than the proximal small intestine is important in the development of alcohol-induced gut leakiness(41).Whereas we found that zinc deficiency due to oxidative stress may interfere with the intestinal barrier function by a direct action on tight junction proteins or by sensitizing to the effects of alcohol,the molec-ular mechanisms for the effects of zinc deficiency are unclear. It is well known that zinc is the key element in zincfinger structure that is required for DNA binding activity of zinc finger transcription factors(8).Previous studies have shown that oxidative stress can release zinc from zincfinger transcrip-tion factors,leading to loss of DNA binding activity(17,39,40). Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4␣(HNF-4␣),a zincfinger transcrip-tion factor,is mainly expressed in the liver,intestine,pancreas, and kidney.Previous studies have shown that HNF-4␣is essential for enterocyte differentiation(1,13,36).Intestinal epithelium-specific knockout of HNF-4␣caused an increase in gut perme-ability in experimental colitis(1),indicating the importance of HNF-4␣in regulation of intestinal barrier function.The present study was undertaken to determine if dysfunction of HNF-4␣due to zinc deficiency is involved in alcohol-induced intestinal barrier disruption.MATERIALS AND METHODSAnimals.Male C57BL/6mice were obtained from Harlan(India-napolis,IN).All of the mice were treated according to the experi-Address for reprint requests and other correspondence:Z.Zhou,Dept.of Medicine,Univ.of Louisville School of Medicine,505South Hancock St., CTR Bldg.508,Louisville,KY40292.Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol299:G643–G651,2010.First published June24,2010;doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00515.2009.mental procedures approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.To examine the distribution of zincfinger transcription factors,mice at4mo old were anesthetized with Avertin(300mg/kg), and tissues from each gastrointestinal segment,including stomach, duodenum,jejunum,ileum,cecum,and colon,were taken.For chronic alcohol exposure,mice at4mo old were pair-fed a modified Lieber-DeCarli alcohol or isocaloric maltose dextrin control liquid diet for4wk with a stepwise feeding procedure as described previ-ously(41).The ethanol content(%,wt/vol)in the diet was4.8(34% of total calories)at initiation and gradually increased up to5.4(38% of total calories).The amount of food given to the pair-fed mice was that of alcohol-fed mice measured the previous day.The average food intake was10.4g·dayϪ1·mouseϪ1.At the end of the feeding experi-ment,the mice were anesthetized,and intestinal samples were har-vested for analysis.The small intestine segment from the pyloric sphincter to the ligament of Treitz was defined as duodenum.The small intestine segment from the ligament of Treitz to the ileocecal junction was divided into equal length as jejunum and ileum.Protein and RNA samples of the whole intestinal tissues were prepared for analysis.Cell culture.Caco-2cells from the American Type Culture Col-lection(Rockville,MD)were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 100U/ml penicillin,100g/ml streptomycin,0.1mM nonessential amino acids,10mM HEPES,and10%FBS,at37°C in a5%CO2 environment.Culture medium was changed every2days.Caco-2cells were subcultured after partial digestion with0.25%trypsin-EDTA, and passages19–30were used.Caco-2cells grown on chamber slides (LabTek,Naperville,IL)were used for immunofluorescence micros-copy,whereas Caco-2cells grown on six-well plates were used for immunoblot analysis.For measurement of epithelial barrier function, Caco-2cells were cultured on inserts(pore size0.4m;BD Bio-sciences,San Jose,CA).HNF-4␣small-interfering RNA(siRNA) transfection was conducted with human HNF-4␣siRNA(Ambion, Austin,TX)using Lipofectamine2000(Invitrogen,Carlsbad,CA). Caco-2cells were cultured with serum-free medium for24h before transfection because Caco-2cells are known to be difficult for trans-fection.For alcohol intoxication,ethanol was added to the culture medium at5%(vol/vol)for5h with or without adding N-acetyl-cysteine(NAC)at2mM or zinc at100M30min before alcohol intoxication.Our previous report has shown that5%ethanol signifi-cantly affected Caco-2monolayer barrier function,which was pre-vented by NAC(41).For inducing zinc deficiency,N,N,N=,N=-tet-rakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine(TPEN)was added to the cul-ture medium at afinal concentration of2,3,or4M and cultured for 24h.Zinc sulfate was added at100M zinc together with TPEN to confirm the specificity of the zinc chelating action of TPEN.Immunoperoxidase procedure.For localization of zincfinger tran-scription factors in the gastrointestinal tract,intestinal tissues were fixed in10%formalin,and paraffin sections were prepared.The antigen retrieval was performed by microwave treatment in0.01M citrate buffer(pH6.0),and the endogenous peroxidase was blocked by incubation with3%H2O2in PBS for10min.Tissue sections were incubated with polyclonal rabbit anti-HNF-4␣,GATA-4,or SP-1IgG (Santa Cruz Biotechnologies,Santa Cruz,CA)overnight at4°C.After being rinsed with PBS,the sections were incubated with DAKO EnVisionϩLabeled Polymer-horseradish peroxidase(HRP)anti-rab-bit IgG(DAKO,Carpinteria,CA)for30min.Visualization was conducted using diaminobenzidine as HRP substrate.Immunofluorescence procedure.For detection of HNF-4␣and tight junction proteins,Caco-2cells on chamber slides werefixed with methanol atϪ20°C for10min and subjected to the immunofluores-cence procedure.Cells on the slides were incubated with rabbit polyclonal antibody against occludin(Zymed Laboratories,San Fran-cisco,CA)or HNF-4␣(Santa Cruz Biotechnologies)overnight at4°C. Slides were then washed in PBS and incubated with Cy3-or Cy2-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG for30min.Immunoblot analysis.Gastrointestinal tissue extracts and whole cell extracts from Caco-2cells were prepared.Aliquots containing40g protein for HNF-4␣or30g proteins for occludin were loaded onSDS-polyacrylamide gels.After electrophoresis,proteins were trans-ferred to a polyvinylidenefluoride membrane.The membrane was probed with rabbit polyclonal antibody against HNF-4␣(Santa Cruz Biotechnologies)or occludin(Zymed)overnight at4°C.The mem-brane was then processed with HRP-conjugated donkey anti-rabbit IgG(GE Healthcare,Piscataway,NJ).The protein bands were visu-alized by an enhanced chemiluminescence detection system(GE Healthcare)and quantified by densitometry analysis.Real-time RT-PCR assay.The mRNA levels of HNF-4␣and tight junction proteins were assessed by real-time RT-PCR.In brief,the total RNA was isolated and reverse-transcribed with the GenAmp RNA PCR kit(Applied Biosystems,Foster City,CA)and oligo(dT) primers.The forward and reverse primers were designed using Primer Express Software and listed in Table1.The SYBR green PCR Master Mix(Applied Biosystems)was used for real-time RT-PCR analysis. The relative differences of gene expression among groups were evaluated using cycle time values.The data were normalized to -actin and expressed as relative changes,setting the values of duodenum as one.Assessment of HNF-4␣function.Nuclear extracts of intestinal epithelium and Caco-2cells were prepared using a kit from Active Motif(Carlsbad,CA).The HNF-4␣function was assessed by mea-suring the DNA binding ability with a Trans-AM HNF Family Transcription Factor ELISA Kit from Active Motif.The kit consists of a96-well plate into which a specific oligonucleotide sequence con-taining the consensus site of HNF-4␣is immobilized.The HNF-4␣bound to the consensus site is recognized by a rabbit polyclonal antibody against HNF-4␣,followed by incubation with a HRP-conjugated secondary antibody for the colorimetric quantification.Evaluation of the epithelial monolayer barrier function.The Caco-2monolayer barrier function was evaluated by measuring the electrical resistance and paracellular permeability.The transepithelial electrical resistance(TEER)of thefilter-grown Caco-2monolayers was measured with an epithelial voltohmmeter(World Precision Instruments,Sarasota,FL).Electrical resistance was recorded with three consecutive measurements,and the resistance value of thefilter alone was subtracted.For determination of paracellular permeability, FITC-dextran(FD-4,FW4kDa)was used.FD-4was added to the apical compartment of Caco-2cells at afinal concentration of10 mg/ml in DMEM.After90min incubation,the basolateral mediaTable1.Primer sequences for real-time RT-PCR Gene SourceGenBankAccession No.Sequences(Forward/Reverse5=-3=) HNF-4␣Mouse NM_008261GCCTTCTGCGAACTCCTTCTGGGGACGATGTAGTCATTGCCT Claudin-1Mouse NM_016674GGGGACAACATCGTGACCGAGGAGTCGAAGACTTTGCACT Occludin Mouse NM_008756TTGAAAGTCCACCTCCTTACAGACCGGATAAAAAGAGTACGCTGG ZO-1Mouse NM_009386GATCCCTGTAAGTCACCCAGACTCCCTGCTTGCACTCCTATC-Actin Mouse NM_007393GGCTGTATTCCCCTCCATCGCCAGTTGGTAACAATGCCATGT Claudin-1Human AF134160CCAGTCAATGCCAGGTACGAATTTGGTGTTGGGTAAGAGGTTGTT Occludin Human NM_002538ACAGAGCAAGATCACTATGAGACATGTTGATCTGAAGTGATAGGTGGA ZO-1Human NM_175610TGGTGTCCTACCTAATTCAACTCACGCCAGCTACAAATATTCCAACA -Actin Human NM_001101CTGGAACGGTGAAGGTGACAAAGGGACTTCCTGTAACAATGCA HNF-4␣,hepatocyte nuclear factor-4␣;ZO-1,zonula occludens-1.G644HNF-4␣AND ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED TIGHT JUNCTIONSwere collected,and FD-4penetrated to the basolateral media was measured by a microplate fluorescence reader with an excitation wavelength of 485nm and an emission wavelength of 530nm.Statistics.All data are expressed as means ϮSD.The data were analyzed by either ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls’Multiple-Comparison Test or the Student’s t -test.Correlation coefficients were used to determine linear association between intestinal HNF-4␣and tight junction protein mRNA variables.In all statistical tests,P values Ͻ0.05were considered as significant.RESULTSDistribution of HNF-4␣,GATA-4,and SP-1in the gastro-intestinal tract.Distribution of zinc finger transcription factors in the gastrointestinal tract was determined by immunohisto-chemistry.HNF-4␣was detected in all of the segments of the gastrointestinal tract except for the stomach (Fig.1).The distribution of HNF-4␣was in the epithelial cells of intestinalmucosa and crypts with exclusive localization in the nuclei.The distribution of HNF-4␣gradually increased along the intestine from the proximal to the distal.In contrast,both GATA-4[Supplemental data 1(Supplemental data for this article may be found on the American Journal of Physiology:Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology website.)]and SP-1(Supplemental data 2)were extensively distributed in the stomach,gradually decreased along the small intestine,and were absent in the cecum and colon.Because our recent studies have shown that chronic alcohol exposure causes zinc defi-ciency and gut leakiness in the distal intestine (41),HNF-4␣was chosen as the target zinc finger transcription factor for further study.Immunoblot analysis demonstrated that the pro-tein levels of HNF-4␣were highest in the ileum,followed by the cecum and colon,and lowest in the duodenum and jejunum (Fig.2A ).The mRNA levels of HNF-4␣in the distalintestine,Fig. 1.Distribution of hepatocyte nuclear factor-4␣(HNF-4␣)in the gastrointestinal tract of mice.HNF-4␣was detected by im-munohistochemical staining.Exclusive lo-calization of HNF-4␣in the nuclei of epithe-lial cells was found in all of the intestinal segments,but not in the stomach.Scale bars:20M.Fig.2.Protein and mRNA levels of HNF-4␣in the gastrointestinal tract of mice.A :immunoblot anal-ysis of HNF-4␣protein levels.The immunoblot bands were quantified by densitometry analysis,and the HNF-4␣-to-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehy-drogenase (GAPDH)ratios were calculated.B :real-time RT-PCR assay of HNF-4␣mRNA levels.The gene expressions,normalized to -actin,were ex-pressed as relative changes,setting the values of duodenum as one.Results are means ϮSD (n ϭ3experiments in A ,n ϭ4in B ).Significant differ-ences (P Ͻ0.05)between intestinal segments were determined by ANOVA and are indicated by differ-ent letters.D,duodenum;J,jejunum;I,ileum;Ce,cecum;Co,colon.G645HNF-4␣AND ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED TIGHT JUNCTIONSincluding ileum,cecum,and colon,were significantly higher than that in the duodenum and jejunum(Fig.2B).Effects of chronic alcohol exposure on intestinal HNF-4␣and tight junction proteins.To determine if chronic alcohol exposure affects intestinal HNF-4␣function and if the effects are at the transcriptional or posttranscriptional level,DNA binding activity and protein and mRNA levels of HNF-4␣were determined.As shown in Fig.3A,chronic alcohol exposure significantly inhibited HNF-4␣function in all of the intestinal segments,and the most prominent effect was in the ileum,a 70%decrease in DNA binding activity compared with20–30%decreases in the duodenum,jejunum,and colon.In accordance,the immunoblot analysis showed that chronic alcohol exposure significantly decreased the HNF-4␣protein level in all of the intestinal segments with the greatest reduc-tion in the ileum(Fig.3B).However,chronic alcohol exposure only caused a significant decrease in the mRNA level of HNF-4␣in the ileum(Fig.3C).To determine the possible link between HNF-4␣and tight junctions,the mRNA levels of tight junction proteins were measured.As shown in Fig.4A,chronic alcohol exposure caused a significant decrease in claudin-1mRNA in all of the intestinal segments,occludin mRNA in the ileum and colon, and ZO-1mRNA in the duodenum,ileum,and cecum.The ileum exhibited the largest decreases of all the genes examined. Highly positive correlations were found between the intestinal HNF-4␣mRNA and the intestinal mRNAs of claudin-1(rϭ0.697),occludin(rϭ0.547),and ZO-1(rϭ0.586)(Fig.4B). Effects of HNF-4␣siRNA transfection on tight junction proteins and epithelial barrier function in Caco-2enterocytes. HNF-4␣siRNA transfection was performed in differentiated Caco-2cells after21days of culture.Immunoblot and immu-nocytochemistry showed that siRNA transfection for24h reduced HNF-4␣protein levels(Fig.5A)and nuclear distribu-tion in the Caco-2cells(Fig.5B).Epithelial barrier function analysis showed that HNF-4␣siRNA transfection for24h caused epithelial barrier dysfunction,as indicated by signifi-cant decrease in the TEER value and increase in paracellular permeability to FD-4(Fig.5C).Real-time RT-PCR showed that knockdown of HNF-4␣resulted in downregulation of claudin-1,occludin,and ZO-1expression(Fig.6A).Reduction of tight junction proteins was further demonstrated by immu-nocytochemical staining and immunoblot analysis of occludin. Immunocytochemical staining demonstrated not only a re-duced intensity of occludin at the tight junction but also a zipper-like distribution,a pattern commonly found in undiffer-entiated Caco-2cells(Fig.6B).Immunoblot analysis showed a reduction of the occludin protein levels in both Triton-soluble and Triton-insoluble fractions(Fig.6C).Mechanistic link of oxidative stress and zinc deprivation in alcohol-induced HNF-4␣inactivation.To determine if alcohol exposure causes HNF-4␣inactivation via oxidative stress-induced zinc release from HNF-4␣,Caco-2cells were treated with alcohol with or without NAC or zinc supplementation. Alcohol treatment significantly inhibited the DNA binding Fig.3.Effects of chronic alcohol exposure on intestinal HNF-4␣in mice.A:HNF-4␣function was assessed by measuring DNA binding activity with a Trans-AM HNF Family Transcription Factor ELISA Kit.EtOH,ethanol;Ctrl,control. B:HNF-4␣protein levels were measured by immunoblot analysis.The immunoblot bands were quantified by densitometry analysis.C:HNF-4␣mRNA levels were measured by real-time RT-PCR.The gene expressions, normalized to-actin,were expressed as relative changes,setting the values of duodenum as one.Results are meansϮSD(nϭ6in A;nϭ3in B;nϭ4in C).Significant differences(PϽ0.05)among intestinal segments were deter-mined by ANOVA and are indicated by different letters.*Significant differ-ences(PϽ0.05)between alcohol-fed and pair-fed mice for each intestinal segment determined by t-test.G646HNF-4␣AND ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED TIGHT JUNCTIONSactivity of HNF-4␣(Fig.7A ),whereas the protein level of HNF-4␣was not affected by alcohol (Fig.7B ).Either NAC or zinc supplementation attenuated alcohol-induced HNF-4␣in-activation,but NAC and zinc did not have a synergistic effect.NAC or zinc alone did not affect HNF-4␣DNA binding and HNF-4␣expression.To define the link between zinc depriva-tion and HNF-4␣inactivation,zinc deprivation in Caco-2cells was achieved by TPEN treatment at 2,3,and 4M.As shown in Fig.8A ,the DNA binding activity of HNF-4␣was markedly inhibited by TPEN at both 3and 4M.However,the HNF-4␣protein level was significantly reduced by TPEN only at 4M (Fig.8B ).The effects of TPEN on HNF-4␣DNA binding activity and protein level were normalized by zinc pretreat-ment.DISCUSSIONThe results obtained demonstrated that HNF-4␣predomi-nantly distributes in the distal part of the intestine.Chronic alcohol exposure significantly inhibited the mRNA and protein levels and DNA binding activity of HNF-4␣,particularly in the ileum,which is correlated well with our previous observations (41)on alcohol-induced ROS accumulation and zinc depriva-tion in the ileum.Caco-2cell culture showed that HNF-4␣critically regulates expression of tight junction proteins,andinactivation of HNF-4␣due to oxidative stress and/or zinc deprivation accounts for alcohol-induced epithelial barrier dys-function.These data provide evidence for the first time that HNF-4␣critically regulates tight junction proteins,and inac-tivation of HNF-4␣is likely an important mechanism under-lying alcohol-induced epithelial barrier dysfunction.HNF-4␣belongs to the nuclear hormone receptor superfam-ily and is distributed in the liver,intestine,pancreas,and kidney (33,35).As a liver-enriched transcription factor,HNF-4␣has been shown to bind to the reporters of Ͼ1,200genes involved in most aspects of hepatocyte function (26).Liver-specific conditional knockout of HNF-4␣in adult mice led to repression of a multitude of genes encoding metabolic proteins/enzymes as well as cell junction and adhesion proteins (28).Although HNF-4␣has been shown to regulate a number of genes in the intestine,most previous studies on intestinal HNF-4␣were focused on its role in enterocyte differentiation.A bioinformatic study demonstrated that genes that are upregu-lated during fetal to adult and crypt to villus differentiation have an overrepresentation of potential HNF-4␣-binding sites in their promoters (36).An embryonic colon-HNF-4␣-null mouse model showed developmental and functional defects,including failure of crypt formation,perturbed goblet cell maturation,and disrupted expression of a number ofgenesFig.4.Effects of chronic alcohol exposure on expres-sion of tight junction proteins in mice.A :mRNA levels of tight junction proteins.The mRNA levels of clau-din-1,occludin,and ZO-1were measured by real-time RT-PCR.The gene expressions,normalized to -actin,were expressed as relative changes,setting the values of duodenum as one.Results are means ϮSD (n ϭ4).Significant differences (P Ͻ0.05)among intestinal segments were determined by ANOVA and are indi-cated by different letters.*Significant differences (P Ͻ0.05)between alcohol-fed and pair-fed mice for each intestinal segment determined by t -test.B :correlations between mRNA levels of HNF-4␣and tight junction proteins.Correlation coefficients were used to deter-mine linear association between intestinal HNF-4␣and tight junction protein mRNA variables.G647HNF-4␣AND ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED TIGHT JUNCTIONSinvolved in colon function (13).The present study demon-strated that HNF-4␣predominantly distributes in the distal intestine and regulates tight junction proteins at the transcrip-tional level.Therefore,HNF-4␣is likely a critical regulator in both intestinal development and physiological functions,in-cluding intestinal barrier function.Dysfunction of hepatic HNF-4␣has been documented in disease conditions such as cirrhosis (7),hepatocellular carci-noma (19),and alcoholic liver disease (14).In a tumor pro-gression mouse model,the highly invasive fast-growing dedi-fferentiated variant (fgHCC)exhibited loss of characteristic hepatocyte markers in association with loss of HNF-4␣expres-Fig.5.Effects of HNF-4␣small-interfering RNA (siRNA)transfection on the epithelial barrier of Caco-2cells.Caco-2cells were transfected with human HNF-4␣siRNA or control siRNA on day 21for 24h.A :immu-noblot analysis of HNF-4␣protein levels.The immunoblot bands were quantified by densitometry analysis.B :immunocytochem-ical localization of HNF-4␣.The nuclei were counterstained by propidium iodide (PI).C :epithelial barrier function.The epithelial barrier function of insert-cultured Caco-2cells was assessed by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER)with an epithelial voltohm-meter and the paracellular FD-4pen-etration from the apical to the basolateral com-partments.Results are means ϮSD (n ϭ3in A ;n ϭ8in C ).*Significant differences (P Ͻ0.05)between control siRNA and HNF-4␣siRNA detected by t -test (A ).*Significant dif-ferences (P Ͻ0.05)between time points de-termined by ANOVA (C).Fig.6.Effects of HNF-4␣siRNA transfection on tight junction proteins.Caco-2cells were transfected with HNF-4␣siRNA for 24h.A :real-time RT-PCR assay of gene expression of tight junction proteins.The mRNA levels,normalized to -actin,were expressed as relative changes,setting the values of controls as one.B :immunocytochemical staining of occludin.C :immunoblot analysis of occludin protein levels.The immunoblot bands were quantified by densitometry analysis.Results are means ϮSD (n ϭ4in A ;n ϭ3in C ).*Significant differences (P Ͻ0.05)between control siRNA and HNF-4␣siRNA detected by t -test (A and C ).G648HNF-4␣AND ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED TIGHT JUNCTIONSsion(19).Forced reexpression of HNF-4␣in cultured fgHCC cells not only reversed the progressive phenotype but also induced fgHCC cells to reestablish an epithelium in association with induction of ZO-1protein.These data indicate that loss of HNF-4␣expression is an important determinant of disease progression.Although the status of HNF-4␣in intestinal dis-eases remains unclear,a recent study showed that knockout of HNF-4␣in the intestinal epithelial cells in mice increases the susceptibility to experimental inflammatory bowl disease(1). Interestingly,the intestinal permeability was significantly higher in intestinal epithelial HNF-4␣null mice in acute colitis.Thus HNF-4␣may have an impact on initiation and progression of intestinal disease through regulating gut perme-ability.The present study showed that chronic alcohol expo-sure significantly reduced the mRNA level of HNF-4␣in the ileum.However,significant decreases in the protein level and DNA binding activity of HNF-4␣were found in all of the intestinal segments,with the most remarkable change in the ileum.Thefindings suggest that chronic alcohol exposure could affect the intestinal HNF-4␣at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels,in particular the latter.Our recent studies showed that chronic alcohol exposure increases gut permeability in the ileum,but not in the duodenum and jeju-num(41).The most predominant loss of HNF-4␣mRNA, protein,and DNA binding activity in the ileum after chronic alcohol exposure is correlated well with the decreased expres-sion of tight junction proteins and the increased gut permeabil-ity.Tight junctions,which are located at the most apical and seal the intercellular space,are organized by interactions among a variety of proteins,including transmembrane proteins such as occludin and claudins,intracellular plaque proteins such as ZOs,and cytoskeleton proteins such as actin and myosin filaments(23).Loss of intestinal tight junction proteins such as ZO-1,occludin,and claudin-1has been reported to be associ-ated with gut leakiness in patients with inflammatory bowel disease(18),alcoholic liver disease(37),celiac disease(24, 29),and experimental colitis(16).However,the mechanisms underlying the direct cause for disassembling the proteins from the tight junctions have been poorly understood.Modifications of tight junction proteins at the posttranslational level have been suggested to mediate oxidative stress-induced disassem-bly of tight junction proteins.Previous studies showed that the interactions between tight junction proteins are dependent on Ser/Thr phosphorylation,which is determined by a balance between protein kinase C and protein phosphatases(32,30, 31).On the other hand,phosphorylation at tyrosine residues has been suggested to account for ROS-induced dissociation of occludin and ZO-1complex.A recent study demonstrated a micro-RNA-dependent mechanism.An increase in siRNA-212 expression was associated with reduction of ZO-1protein in the colon biopsy samples from alcoholic patients(37).Caco-2 cell culture studies further demonstrated that siRNA-212ex-pression decreases the ZO-1protein.The present study showed that tight junction proteins can also be downregulated at the transcription level due to dysfunction of HNF-4␣after chronicFig.7.Effects of alcohol on HNF-4␣proteinand function in Caco-2cells.Caco-2cellswere exposed to5%alcohol for24h,andNAC and zinc were supplemented to deter-mine the role of oxidative stress and zincdeprivation.A:HNF-4␣function was as-sessed by measuring HNF-4␣DNA bindingactivity with a Trans-AM HNF Family Tran-scription Factor ELISA kit.B:immunoblotassay of HNF-4␣protein levels.The immu-noblot bands were quantified by densitome-try analysis.Results are meansϮSD(nϭ6in A;nϭ3in B).Significant differences(PϽ0.05)between time points were deter-mined by ANOVA and are indicated bydifferent letters in A .Fig.8.Effects of zinc deprivation on HNF-4␣protein and function in Caco-2cells.Caco-2cellswere treated on day21with N,N,N=,N=-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine(TPEN)at2,3,and4M or4M TPEN plus100M zincfor24h.A:HNF-4␣function was assessed bymeasuring HNF-4␣DNA binding activitywith a Trans-AM HNF Family TranscriptionFactor ELISA kit.B:immunoblot assay ofHNF-4␣protein levels.The immunoblotbands were quantified by densitometry analy-sis.Results are meansϮSD(nϭ6in A;nϭ3in B).Significant differences(PϽ0.05)between time points were determined byANOVA and are indicated by different letters.G649HNF-4␣AND ALCOHOL-IMPAIRED TIGHT JUNCTIONS。
学术英语(医学)教师版Unit4课文翻译
Unit 4 Text A传统中医和现代西医的融通人们对传统医学和补充医学的兴趣正在引起医疗界、政府部门、媒体和公众等美国社会各界的关注。
越来越多的保险公司和管理式医疗机构为传统医学大开方便之门,现在大多数美国医学院也开设了传统医学课程。
艾森伯格的多项全国性研究表明也有更多人在使用补充疗法。
为了便于研究替代疗法的有效性,美国国家补充与替代医学中心于1999年获得了多达五千万美元的预算。
由于认识到除了要对饮食补充剂安全性和有效性进行系统性评估之外,还需要提升植物药材科学数据的质量和数量,今年为此设立了两个研究中心,以研究植物药材的生物学作用。
许多患者传统模式和现代模式同时并用,这就需要将两种医学进行合理平稳地结合。
传统中医的理论和技术涵盖了美国归为补充医学的多数实践,在医疗保健体系中变得日益重要。
若运用得当,传统中医费用合理,技术含量低,安全且有效。
在全球,正在展开针对针灸、草药、按摩和太极的诸多研究,这可阐释传统中医的一些理论和实践。
雄心勃勃的研究设计提供的证据和巨大的患者需求正在推动传统中医和现代医学在临床层面的结合,而学术研究者和学术机构对两种治疗体系结合的潜力也有越来越浓厚的兴趣。
针刺基于1997年美国国立卫生研究院(NIH)专家共识会议审查的证据,NIH 专家共识发展小组保守建议针刺可以作为多种疾患的辅助疗法、替代疗法或综合管理方案的一部分。
该专家组确认针刺可用于治疗手术后出现的和化疗引起的恶心和呕吐,也可治疗术后牙痛。
专家组同时也建议针灸可作为辅助疗法或可接受的替代疗法,用以治疗成瘾、卒中康复、头痛、经痛、网球肘、纤维肌痛、肌筋膜疼痛、骨关节炎、下背痛、腕管综合症和哮喘等。
未来在传统中医架构下进行的针刺临床试验与当前这一代主要主要从生物医学的角度对针刺疗效进行评判的临床试验相比,可能对针刺的疗效提供更恰当更有临床意义的评估。
临床研究中现有的科学严谨性必须保持。
然而,NIH数据分析的方法过于严格,限制了潜在的适应症。
大学英语专业写作课程
Writing Course for College English Majors
contents
目录
Course Introduction and Objectives Fundamentals of Writing Academic paper writing Creative Writing and Critical Thinking Cultivation
Literature review and citation standards
Purpose and scope: The literature review section of an academic paper provides an overview of previous research on the topic and identifies gaps in knowledge that the current study aims to address It establishes the context for the research and justifies the importance of the study
02
03
04
01
Course objectives and requirements
Requirements
Regular attention and participation in class discussions
Completion of assigned reads and writing assignments
03
Formatting and style: Academic papers follow strict formatting and style guidelines, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago style These guidelines specify how to format the paper, including title page, headings, citations, and references
电子通信专业英语课件李霞、王娟主编
微积分辅以解析几何是一个非常强大的工具,能够解决许多困扰已 久甚至以前认为无法解决的问题。
Unit 1 - Grammer(5)
句法
① 较常使用“无生命主语+及物动词+宾语(+宾语补足语)”句型。 [例5] Chapter 6 provides a basic introduction to the ideas of sequences, series and limits. 第6章介绍序列、级数及极限等基本概念。 ②常用it做形式主语或形式宾语。 [例6] It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.
Unit 1 - Grammer(6)
句法
③ 尽量用紧缩型状语从句而不用完整句。 [例8] While designed primarily for use by engineering students, it is believed that the book is also highly suitable for students of the physical sciences and applied mathematics. 尽管本书主要为工科学生所用,我们相信,它也非常适合于修读物 理与应用数学的学生。 ④ 割裂修饰比较普遍(包括短语或从句被分隔)。 [例9] It is hoped that this provision, together with the large number of worked examples and style of presentation, also makes the book suitable for private or directed study. 希望这些练习,以及书中提供的大量实例及本书的写作风格也使本 书适于自学和课堂教学。
中英美暑期哲学学院第16期高级研讨班德国唯心主义
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中英美暑期哲学学院第16期高级研讨班(德国唯心主义)
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马克思英文介绍ppt课件.ppt
• At the more conservative University of Berlin, Karl Marx’s studies improved dramatically. It was at the Berlin University that he was introduced to the philosophical writings of G. W. F. Hegel by Bruno Bauer, a outspoken atheist and political radical. Marx later becoming involved with a group of radical thinkers the Young Hegelians.
在整堂课的教学中,刘教师总是让学 生带着 问题来 学习, 而问题 的设置 具有一 定的梯 度,由 浅入深 ,所提 出的问 题也很 明确
UNIVERSITY OF BONN AND UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN
Like his father Karl Marx pursued the study of law. Marx enrolled at the University of Bonn. While at Bonn, Marx’s studies were diluted by his frolicking and irresponsible lifestyle. Marx accrued a great deal of debt and was injured in a duel. Heinrich Marx paid off his sons debts and insisted on his enrollment at Berlin University.
哥白尼的天文学说在中国的传播
哥白尼的天文学说在中国的传播尊华大学硕士学位论文论文题目:学科专业:作者姓名:指导教师:完成日期:学校代码:学号:哥白尼的天文学说在中国的传播’学科专业:叠堂蕉查蜇堂作者姓名:王昱指导教师:翌亘盎答辩日期:至圣生旦垒旦东华大学学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明:我恪守学术道德,崇尚严谨学。
所呈交的学位论文,是本人在导师的指导下,独立进行研究工作所取得的成果。
除文中已明确注明和引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写过的作品及成果的内容。
论文为本人亲自撰写,我对所写的内容负责,并完全意识到本声明的法律结果由本人承担。
学位论文作者签名:受日期: 卅湃/月形日东华大学学位论文版权使用授权书学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被查阅或借阅。
本人授权东华大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索,可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。
保密口,在??年解密后适用本版权书。
本学位论文属于不保密指导教师签名:学位论文作者签名:氆≮斤同期:刊拜,月刃幻日期:,吖拜≯月≯尹东华大学硕士学位论文哥白尼的天文学说在中国的传播摘要哥白尼地动日心学说的创立。
确认地球不是宇宙的中心,而是行星之一,从而掀起了一场天文学上根本性的革命,是人类探求客观真理道路上的里程碑。
哥白尼的伟大成就,不仅铺平了通向近代天文学的道路,而且开创了整个自然界科学向前迈进的新时代。
从哥白尼时代起,脱离教会束缚的自然科学和哲学开始获得飞跃的发展。
而就在遥远的东方,明清时期的中国本也有产生科学革命的机会,契机就是欧洲传教士进入中国而产生的一次大规模的学术和思想交流的过程。
史称“西学东渐”。
这次的交流使中国人有机会了解到西方先进的科技成果。
尤其是天文学,几乎和彼时的欧洲人站在了同一高度上。
但这些天文学成就为何没有产生和欧洲一样的效果。
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College of Education and Human Services Northern Kentucky University EDU 344-002 Fundamentals of Middle Grades Education 2 credit hours Fall 2005 Wednesday 8:00 – 9:50am BEP 158"Providing for the educational needs of all students" The College of Education and Human Services will prepare exemplary educators who demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and professional dispositions necessary to provide for the educational needs of all students in a diverse and technological society. This model on which the College of Education and Human Services has built its teacher preparation program represents the effort to prepare teachers and instructional leaders for ever-changing roles and continuous personal and professional self-improvement. These professionals know how to evaluate and modify current teaching approaches to meet emerging student needs. This ability is grounded in a thorough knowledge of current theory and the ability to evaluate these theories and beliefs in light of new information and circumstances. The College of Education and Human Services places particular emphasis on the NCATE themes of diversity, technology, assessment, evaluation, intellectual vitality, conceptual framework, and professional community. The work you will do in this course is subject to the Student Honor Code. The Honor Code is a commitment to the highest degree of ethical integrity in academic conduct, a commitment that, individually and collectively, the students of Northern Kentucky University will not lie, cheat, or plagiarize to gain an academic advantage over fellow students or avoid academic requirements. Please refer to and read the Student Code of Ethics found online at: /~education/college/ethics.html Instructor: Christopher Cook, Ph.D. Office: BEP 277 Telephone: (859) 572-1911 Email address: cookc2@ Office Hours: Monday 8:00-9:00, Tuesday 1:30-4:30, and Wednesday 10:00-12:00 Textbook: Powell, S. (2005). Introduction to Middle School. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Merrill Prentice Hall. Assignments and ActivitiesStudents will attend all class meetings and participate in class discussions and group projects. Participants will be evaluated on the basis of the quality of performance in the following areas: - Autobiography (10% of Final Grade) - Adolescent Culture Project (15% of Final Grade) - Children’s Book Seminar (15% of Final Grade) - Integrated Unit Project (25% of Final grade) - Final Examination (15% of Final Grade) - Quizzes (15% of Final Grade) - Attendance/Participation (5% of Final Grade) Any of these assignments may be used as a portfolio entry to demonstrate student competence. 1. Autobiography (10% of Final Grade) – Students will write a 2 to 3 page autobiography highlighting their background and educational experiences, as well as exploring their decision to become a middle grades educator. In essence, what attracted you to pursue a degree in middle grade education and how do you plan to positively impact this age group? 2. Adolescent Culture Project (15% of grade) – Students will select a topic associated with the culture of adolescents (movies, television, cartoons, food, sports, fashion, music, etc) and prepare a five to ten minute presentation highlighting the topic and outlining what is important and meaningful to middle grade adolescents about the topic. Informal interviews and surveys may need to take place with middle grade adolescents to determine an important and relevant topic. In addition, students will need to prepare a handout of the presentation for the class. 3. Children’s Book Seminar (15% of grade) – Students will select a children’s book that relates to the functions of middle school advisory and prepare a Socratic seminar. Students will create a handout containing a brief summary of the book and questions to utilize while conducting the seminar. A brief presentation (no more than 5 minutes) will be made to the class highlighting the seminar. Students are expected to post a copy of the handout on Blackboard for members of the class. 4. Integrated Unit Project (25% of grade) – Students will work in teams to create a week-long integrated unit. The unit should focus on a central theme and be relevant and meaningful to adolescents. The core curriculums (language arts, science, social studies, and math) should be covered, as well as two exploratory areas. In addition, a kick-off activity, closing activity, and field trip need to be included in the unit. Additional details will be provided in class. 5. Final Examination (15% of grade) - The Final Exam will be drawn from the major themes and topics covered in the assigned readings and class discussions. It may consist of short answer, essay, and multiple choice questions. 6. Quizzes (15% of grade) - Students will take a quiz on the assigned reading for each week. The quiz will consist of approximately ten multiple choice or short answer questions and focus on the key points and ideas from the assigned reading. 7. Attendance/Participation (5% of grade) – Students are expected to attend each class and participate in all discussions and activities. One absence will be excused. Two absences will result in a 70% attendance grade, three absences a 50% attendance grade, and four or more absences will result in an F for the course. Evaluation and Grading Policy Course grades will be reported as A, B, C, D or F using the following scale: 100% - 93% = A 92% - 85% = B 84% - 77% = C 76% - 70% = D Below 70% = F The College of Education uses the following criteria for grades in undergraduate courses: A. Superior: Exceptional performance for undergraduate students. Understanding of terms and concepts thoroughly demonstrated; ideas clearly and thoughtfully presented; activities effectivelycompleted; competence clearly demonstrated in performance and knowledge areas; appropriate English usage and spelling. B. High Achievement: Clearly very good but not outstanding performance for undergraduate students. Understanding of terms and ideas well demonstrated; ideas clearly presented; activities completed; competence well demonstrated in performance and knowledge areas; appropriate English usage and spelling. C. Adequate: The minimum expected of undergraduate students. Understanding of terms and concepts adequately demonstrated; ideas adequately presented; activities completed; competence demonstrated in performance areas; written materials legible, with few English and/or spelling errors. D. Unsatisfactory: Understanding of terms and concepts only vaguely demonstrated; competence in performance areas not clearly demonstrated; English usage and spelling marginal or below average. F. Unacceptable: Not acceptable for undergraduate credit. Quality of Work All work completed outside of class and submitted for evaluation shall be typed (double spaced using a 12-point font). The work shall reflect proper grammar and evidence of proofreading. In addition to the specific criteria incorporated in each assignment, all submissions will also be evaluated on the mechanics of writing, organizational structure, clarity of presentation, and consistency of presentation. All work submitted must bear the student’s name, course number and section. By placing your name on an assignment, you are verifying that the work is the original, independent product of your individual effort. Late Papers All written work must be ready for submission at the beginning of the class on the date on which it is due. If circumstances beyond the control of the learner make this impossible, arrangements must be made with the instructor beforehand for an extension of time to be granted. Late assignments (without prior arrangements) will not be accepted. Course Description and Objectives: The purpose of this course is to teach students the curriculum standards and teaching methods necessary for a professional career as a middle school teacher. The course addresses these New Teacher Standards (means of assessment in boldface): I. The teacher designs/plans instruction and learning climates that develop student abilities to use communication skills, apply core concepts, become self-sufficient individuals, become responsible team members, think and solve problems, and integrate knowledge. 1. Focus instruction on one or more of Kentucky's Academic Expectations Integrated Unit, Final examination 2. Develop the student's ability to apply knowledge, skills, and thinking processes Integrated Unit, Middle School Analysis, Final examination 3. Integrate skills, thinking processes, and content across disciplines Integrated Unit, Final examination 5. Propose learning experiences that are developmentally appropriate for learners Integrated Unit, Children’s Book Seminar 6. Incorporate strategies that address physical, social, and cultural diversity and are sensitive to differences Integrated Unit, Children’s Book Seminar, Final examination 9. Include appropriate assessment strategies and processes Integrated Unit 10. Include comprehensive and appropriate schools and community resources that support learning Final examinationII. Creates/maintains learning climate that challenges students, fosters mutually respectful interaction, shows sensitivity to differences, creates a media rich environment, and supports individual and group inquiry. 2. Shows consistent sensitivity to individual academic, physical, social and cultural differences and responds to all students in a caring manner. Integrated Unit, Children’s Book Seminar 5. Organizes materials to create a media rich environment, including technology. Integrated Unit, Adolescent Culture Project 6. Motivates, encourages, and supports individual and group inquiry. Integrated Unit III. Implements/manages instruction that utilizes multiple developmentally appropriate teaching/learning strategies, uses suitable modeling and questioning strategies, makes effective use of technology and time. 3. Models/demonstrates the skills, concepts, attributes, and/or thinking processes to be used. Children’s Book Seminar, Integrated Unit 4. Uses multiple teaching/learning strategies. Children’s Book Seminar, Integrated Unit 5. Makes appropriate provisions for diversity. Children’s Book Seminar, Integrated Unit 7. Uses appropriate questioning strategies. Children’s Book Seminar, Integrated Unit 11. Makes creative and appropriate use of media and technology. Integrated Unit, Children’s Book Seminar VI. Collaborates to improve student learning and serve as an effective team member. 1. Identifies or recognizes situations when collaboration with others will enhance learning for students. Integrated Unit 2. Articulates the purpose and scope of the collaborative effort. Integrated Unit 3. Demonstrates productive team membership. Integrated Unit IX. Uses technology to support instruction, access data, and conduct research. 6. Uses the computer to do word processing and access the Internet. Autobiography, Children’s Book Seminar, Integrated Unit 9. Designs lessons that use technology to address student diverse needs and learning styles. Integrated Unit 10. Practices equitable and legal use of computers. Integrated Unit X. (NKU) Knowledge of context of schooling by understanding the cultural and political climate in which schools function. Final Exam Bibliography Jackson, A. & Davis, G. (2000). Turning Points 2000. New York: Teachers College Press. George, P.; Stevenson, C.; Thomason, J. & Beane, J. (1992). The Middle School-and Beyond. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Irvin, J.(1997)What Current Research Says to the Middle Level Practitioner.Columbus, OH: NMSA NMSA. (2003). This We Believe. Columbus, OH: NMSA. Raebeck, B. (1992). Transforming Middle Schools. Lancaster, PA: Technomic. Watson, C. (1997). Middle School Case Studies. Columbus, OH: Merrill. EDU 344 TENTATIVE SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES AND ASSIGNMENTSDATE August 24, 2005 August 31, 2005 September 7, 2005TOPICS ADDRESSED Introduction and Course Overview What is Middle School? Young Adolescents – Development & IssuesASSIGNMENTSChapter 1 & Quiz 1 Chapter 2 Autobiography Due Chapter 3 & Quiz 2 Culture Projects Begin Chapter 5 & Quiz 3September 14, 2005Young Adolescents - DiversitySeptember 21, 2005 September 28, 2005 October 5, 2005 October 12, 2005Structures of Middle SchoolONLINE CLASS: Middle Level Teachers Chapter 4 Middle Grades Curriculum Big Ideas of Instruction Chapter 6 & Quiz 4 Chapter 7 Seminar Due Chapter 8 & Quiz 5 Chapter 9 & Quiz 6 Blackboard Assignment Chapter 10 Chapter 11 & Quiz 7October 19, 2005 October 26, 2005 November 2, 2005 November 9, 2005 November 16, 2005 November 23, 2005 November 30, 2005 December 7, 2005 December 14, 2005Strategies of Instruction Assessment ONLINE CLASS Planning for Teaching & Learning Managing the Learning Environment No Class – Thanksgiving Middle School & the CommunityChapter 12 & Quiz 8Integrated Unit Projects Due & Group Presentations FINAL EXAMINATION – 8:00am -10:00am。