The Cost of Capital,Corporation Finance and The Theory of Investment

合集下载

公司理财课后习题及答案chapter12estimatingthecostofcapital

公司理财课后习题及答案chapter12estimatingthecostofcapital

Corporate Finance, 3e (Berk/DeMarzo)Chapter 12 Estimating the Cost of CapitalThe Equity Cost of CapitalUse the following information to answer the question(s) below.Assume that the risk-free rate of interest is 3% and you estimate the market's expected return to be 9%.1) Which firm has the most total riskA) EenieB) MeenieC) MineyD) MoeAnswer: CExplanation: C) Total risk is measured using volatility and Miney has the highest volatility, hence the most total risk.Diff: 1Section: The Equity Cost of CapitalSkill: Analytical2) Which firm has the least market riskA) EenieB) MeenieC) MineyD) MoeAnswer: AExplanation: A) Market risk is measured using beta and Eenie has the lowest beta, hence the lowest market risk.Diff: 1Section: The Equity Cost of CapitalSkill: Analytical3) Which firm has the highest cost of equity capitalA) EenieB) MeenieC) MineyD) MoeAnswer: DExplanation: D) Cost of capital is measured using the CAPM and is a linear function of beta. Therefore the firm with the highest beta (Moe) has the highest cost of equity capital.Diff: 1Section: The Equity Cost of CapitalSkill: Analytical4) The equity cost of capital for "Miney" is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: CExplanation: C) r Miney = 3% + (9% - 3%) = %Diff: 1Section: The Equity Cost of CapitalSkill: Analytical5) The equity cost of capital for "Meenie" is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: BExplanation: B) r Meenie = 3% + (9% - 3%) = %Diff: 1Section: The Equity Cost of CapitalSkill: Analytical6) The risk premium for "Meenie" is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: AExplanation: A) risk premium Meenie = (9% - 3%) = % Diff: 2Section: The Equity Cost of CapitalSkill: AnalyticalThe Market PortfolioUse the following information to answer the question(s) below.Suppose all possible investment opportunities in the world are limited to the four stocks list in the table below:1) The weight on Taggart Transcontinental stock in the market portfolio is closest to:A) 15%B) 20%C) 25%D) 30%Answer: BExplanation: B)Section: The Market Portfolio Skill: Analytical2) The weight on Wyatt Oil stock in the market portfolio is closest to:A) 15%B) 20%C) 25%D) 30%Answer: AExplanation: A)Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical3) Suppose that you are holding a market portfolio and you have invested $9,000 in Rearden Metal. The amount that you have invested in Nielson Motors is closest to:A) $6,000B) $7,715C) $9,000D) $10,500Answer: DExplanation: D)Calculations B × C D/1950Stock Price perShareNumber of SharesOutstanding(Millions)MarketCap WeightTaggart Transcontinental$25$Rearden Metal$45$Wyatt Oil$10$Nielson Motors$26$Total$Amount Nielson = × Amount Rearden = × $9,000 = $10,500 Diff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical4) Suppose that you are holding a market portfolio and you have invested $9,000 in Rearden Metal. The amount that you have invested in Taggart Transcontinental is closest to:A) $4,500B) $6,000C) $7,715D) $9,000Answer: BExplanation: B)Calculations B × C D/1950Stock Price perShareNumber of SharesOutstanding(Millions)MarketCap WeightTaggart Transcontinental$25$Rearden Metal$45$Wyatt Oil$10$Nielson Motors$26$Total$Amount Nielson = × Amount Rearden = × $9,000 = $6,000Diff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical5) Suppose that you have invested $30,000 invested in the market portfolio. Then the amount that you have invested in Wyatt Oil is closest to:A) $4,500B) $6,000C) $7,715D) $9,000Answer: AExplanation: A)Amount WO = Weight WO × Amount Market= .15 × $30,000 = $4,500Diff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical6) Suppose that you have invested $30,000 in the market portfolio. Then the number of shares of Rearden Metal that you hold is closest to:A) 450 sharesB) 700 sharesC) 1,400 sharesD) 2,300 sharesAnswer: BExplanation: B)Calculations B × C D/1950Stock Price perShareNumber of SharesOutstanding(Millions)MarketCap WeightTaggart Transcontinental$25$ Rearden Metal$45$ Wyatt Oil$10$ Nielson Motors$26$Total$ Shares RM = = = sharesDiff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical7) Suppose that you have invested $30,000 in the market portfolio. Then the number of shares of Wyatt Oil that you hold is closest to:A) 150 sharesB) 300 sharesC) 350 sharesD) 450 sharesAnswer: AExplanation: A)Calculations B × C D/1950Stock Price perShareNumber of SharesOutstanding(Millions)MarketCap WeightTaggart Transcontinental$25$ Rearden Metal$45$ Wyatt Oil$10$ Nielson Motors$26$Total$ Shares WO = = = sharesDiff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analyticalin Taggart Transcontinental. The number of shares of Wyatt Oil that you hold is closest to:A) 90 sharesB) 460 sharesC) 615 sharesD) 770 sharesAnswer: BExplanation: B)Calculations B × C D/1950Stock Price perShareNumber of SharesOutstanding(Millions)MarketCap WeightTaggart Transcontinental$25$ Rearden Metal$45$ Wyatt Oil$10$ Nielson Motors$26$Total$= = sharesDiff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analyticalin Taggart Transcontinental. The number of shares of Rearden Metal that you hold is closest to:A) 780 sharesB) 925 sharesC) 1,730 sharesD) 2,075 sharesAnswer: BExplanation: B)Calculations B × C D/1950Stock Price perShareNumber of SharesOutstanding(Millions)MarketCap WeightTaggart Transcontinental$25$Rearden Metal$45$Wyatt Oil$10$Nielson Motors$26$Total$= = 2, sharesDiff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical10) Suppose that you have invested $100,000 invested in the market portfolio and that the stock price of Taggart Transcontinental suddenly drops to $ per share.Which of the following trades would you need to make in order to maintain your investment in the market portfolio:1. Buy approximately 1,140 shares of Taggart Transcontinental2. Sell approximately 256 shares of Rearden Metal3. Sell approximately 57 shares of Wyatt Oil4. Sell approximately 148 shares of Nielson MotorsA) 1 onlyB) 2 onlyC) 2, 3, and 4 onlyD) 1, 2, 3, and 4E) None of the aboveAnswer: EExplanation: E) There is no need to rebalance your portfolio. As an investor, you still hold the market portfolio and therefore there are no trades needed. Diff: 3Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: AnalyticalUse the following information to answer the question(s) below.Suppose that Merck (MRK) stock is trading for $ per share with billion shares outstanding while Boeing (BA) has million shares outstanding and a market capitalization of $ billion. Assume that you hold the market portfolio.11) Boeing's stock price is closest to:A) $B) $C) $D) $Answer: CExplanation: C) Price BA = = = $Diff: 1Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical12) Merck's market capitalization is closest to:A) $ billionB) $ billionC) $ billionD) $ billionAnswer: BExplanation: B) Market Cap = Price × shares outstanding = $ × 2,110 = $77,437 millionDiff: 1Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical13) If you hold 1,000 shares of Merck, then the number of shares of Boeing that you hold is closest to:A) 240 sharesB) 330 sharesC) 510 sharesD) 780 sharesAnswer: BExplanation: B) Shares BA== = sharesDiff: 3Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical14) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) All investors should demand the same efficient portfolio of securities in the same proportions.B) The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) allows corporate executives to identify the efficient portfolio (of risky assets) by using knowledge of the expected return of each security.C) If investors hold the efficient portfolio, then the cost of capital for any investment project is equal to its required return calculated using its beta with the efficient portfolio.D) The CAPM identifies the market portfolio as the efficient portfolio. Answer: BDiff: 1Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual15) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) If investors have homogeneous expectations, then each investor will identify the same portfolio as having the highest Sharpe ratio in the economy.B) Homogeneous expectations are when all investors have the same estimates concerning future investments and returns.C) There are many investors in the world, and each must have identical estimates of the volatilities, correlations, and expected returns of the available securities.D) The combined portfolio of risky securities of all investors must equal the efficient portfolio.Answer: CDiff: 1Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual16) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) If some security were not part of the efficient portfolio, then every investor would want to own it, and demand for this security would increase causing its expected return to fall until it is no longer an attractive investment.B) The efficient portfolio, the portfolio that all investors should hold, must be the same portfolio as the market portfolio of all risky securities.C) Because every security is owned by someone, the sum of all investors' portfolios must equal the portfolio of all risky securities available in the market.D) If all investors demand the efficient portfolio, and since the supply of securities is the market portfolio, then two portfolios must coincide. Answer: ADiff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual17) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) The market portfolio contains more of the smallest stocks and less of the larger stocks.B) For the market portfolio, the investment in each security is proportional to its market capitalization.C) Because the market portfolio is defined as the total supply of securities, the proportions should correspond exactly to the proportion of the total market that each security represents.D) Market capitalization is the total market value of the outstanding shares of a firm.Answer: ADiff: 1Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual18) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) A value-weighted portfolio is an equal-ownership portfolio: We hold an equal fraction of the total number of shares outstanding of each security in the portfolio.B) When buying a value-weighted portfolio, we end up purchasing the same percentage of shares of each firm.C) To maintain a value-weighted portfolio, we do not need to trade securities and rebalance the portfolio unless the number of shares outstanding of some security changes.D) In a value weighted portfolio the fraction of money invested in any security corresponds to its share of the total number of shares outstanding of all securitiesin the portfolio.Answer: DDiff: 1Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual19) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) The most familiar stock index in the United States is the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA).B) A portfolio in which each security is held in proportion to its market capitalization is called a price-weighted portfolio.C) The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) consists of a portfolio of 30 large industrial stocks.D) The Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) is a price-weighted portfolio. Answer: BExplanation: B) A portfolio in which each security is held in proportion to its market capitalization is called a value-weighted portfolio.Diff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual20) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) Because very little trading is required to maintain it, an equal-weighted portfolio is called a passive portfolio.B) If the number of shares in a value weighted portfolio does not change, but only the prices change, the portfolio will remain value weighted.C) The CAPM says that individual investors should hold the market portfolio, a value-weighted portfolio of all risky securities in the market.D) A price weighted portfolio holds an equal number of shares of each stock, independent of their size.Answer: AExplanation: A) Because very little trading is required to maintain it, a value-weighted portfolio is called a passive portfolio.Diff: 3Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual21) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) A market index reports the value of a particular portfolio of securities.B) The S&P 500 is the standard portfolio used to represent "the market" when using the CAPM in practice.C) Even though the S&P 500 includes only 500 of the more than 7,000 individual . Stocks in existence, it represents more than 70% of the . stock market in terms of market capitalization.D) The S&P 500 is an equal-weighted portfolio of 500 of the largest . stocks. Answer: DExplanation: D) The S&P 500 is a value-weighted portfolio of 500 of the largest .stocks.Diff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual22) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) The S&P 500 and the Wilshire 5000 indexes are both well-diversified indexes that roughly correspond to the market of . stocks.B) Practitioners commonly use the S&P 500 as the market portfolio in the CAPM with the belief that this index is the market portfolio.C) Standard & Poor's Depository Receipts (SPDR, nicknamed "spider") trade on the American Stock Exchange and represent ownership in the S&P 500.D) The S&P 500 was the first widely publicized value weighted index and it has become a benchmark for professional investors.Answer: BDiff: 2Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual23) In practice which market index is most widely used as a proxy for the market portfolio in the CAPMA) Dow Jones Industrial AverageB) Wilshire 5000C) S&P 500D) . Treasury BillAnswer: CDiff: 1Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Conceptual24) In practice which market index would best be used as a proxy for the market portfolio in the CAPMA) S&P 500B) Dow Jones Industrial AverageC) . Treasury BillD) Wilshire 5000Answer: DDiff: 1Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: ConceptualUse the table for the question(s) below.Consider the following stock price and shares outstanding data:25) The market capitalization for Wal-Mart is closest to:A) $415 BillionB) $276 BillionC) $479 BillionD) $200 BillionAnswer: DExplanation: D)Diff: 1Section: The Market Portfolio Skill: Analytical26) The total market capitalization for all four stocks is closest to:A) $479 BillionB) $415 BillionC) $2,100 BillionD) $200 BillionAnswer: BExplanation: B)Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: Analytical27) If you are interested in creating a value-weighted portfolio of these four stocks, then the percentage amount that you would invest in Lowes is closest to:A) 25%B) 11%C) %D) 12%Answer: BExplanation: B)Section: The Market Portfolio Skill: Analyticalvalue-weighted portfolio of these four stocks. The number of shares of Wal-Mart that you would hold in your portfolio is closest to: A) 710 B) 1390 C) 1000 D) 870 Answer: C Explanation: C)Stock Name Price per Share SharesOutstanding (Billions)MarketCapitalization (Billions)Percent of Total Number ofSharesLowes $ $ % 368 Wal-Mart $ $ % 1,002 Intel $ $ % 1,387 Boeing $ $ %190Total$Number of shares =Diff: 2Section: The Market Portfolio Skill: Analyticalvalue-weighted portfolio of these four stocks. The percentage of the shares outstanding of Boeing that you would hold in your portfolio is closest to: A) .000018% B) .000020% C) .000024% D) .000031% Answer: C Explanation: C)Stock Name Price per Share SharesOutstanding (Billions)MarketCapitalization (Billions)Percent of Total Number ofSharesLowes $ $ % 368 Wal-Mart $ $ % 1,002 Intel $ $ % 1,387 Boeing $ $ %190Total$Number of shares =percentage shares outstanding = 190/0 = .000024% Diff: 2Section: The Market Portfolio Skill: Analytical30) Assume that you have $250,000 to invest and you are interested in creating a value-weighted portfolio of these four stocks. How many shares of each of the fourstocks will you hold What percentage of the shares outstanding of each stock will you holdAnswer:Stock Name Price perShareSharesOutstanding(Billions)MarketCapitalization(Billions)Percentof TotalNumber ofSharesLowes$ $ %368Wal-Mart$ $ %1,002Intel$ $ %1,387Boeing$ $ %190Total$% of Shares%Number of shares =In a value weighted portfolio, the percentage of shares of every stock will be the same.Diff: 3Section: The Market PortfolioSkill: AnalyticalBeta EstimationUse the following information to answer the question(s) below.Year Risk-freeReturnMarketReturnWyatt OilReturnMarketExcessReturnWyatt OilExcessReturn Beta2007%%%%% 2008%%%.40%% 2009%%%%%1) Wyatt Oil's average historical return is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: AExplanation: A) r average =Year Risk-freeReturnMarketReturnWyatt OilReturnMarketExcessReturnWyatt OilExcessReturn2007%%%%% 2008%%%%% 2009%%%%% Average%%%%%Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Analytical2) The Market's average historical return is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: BExplanation: B) r average =Year Risk-freeReturnMarketReturnWyatt OilReturnMarketExcessReturnWyattOilExcessReturn2007%%%%% 2008%%%%% 2009%%%%% Average%%%%%Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Analytical3) Wyatt Oil's average historical excess return is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: CExplanation: C) excess return average =Year Risk-freeReturnMarketReturnWyatt OilReturnMarketExcessReturnWyattOilExcessReturn2007%%%%% 2008%%%%% 2009%%%%% Average%%%%%Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Analytical4) The Market's average historical excess return is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: DExplanation: D) excess return average =Year Risk-freeReturnMarketReturnWyatt OilReturnMarketExcessReturnWyattOilExcessReturn2007%%%%% 2008%%%%% 2009%%%%% Average%%%%%Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Analytical5) Wyatt Oil's excess return for 2009 is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: AExplanation: A) excess return e = (r WO - r rf)2009Section: Beta Estimation Skill: Analytical6) The Market's excess return for 2008 is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: AExplanation: A) excess return e = (r WO - r rf)2009Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Analytical7) Using the average historical excess returns for both Wyatt Oil and the Market portfolio, your estimate of Wyatt Oil's Beta is closest to:A)B)C)D)Answer: BExplanation: B) excess return average = excess return average =Year Risk-freeReturnMarketReturnWyatt OilReturnMarketExcessReturnWyattOilExcessReturn2007%%%%% 2008%%%%% 2009%%%%% Average%%%%%βWO= = = .8375Diff: 3Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Analytical8) Using the average historical excess returns for both Wyatt Oil and the Market portfolio estimate of Wyatt Oil's Beta. When using this beta, the alpha for Wyatt oil in 2007 is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) +%Answer: CExplanation: C) excess return average =excess return average =Year Risk-freeReturnMarketReturnWyatt OilReturnMarketExcessReturnWyattOilExcessReturn2007%%%%% 2008%%%%% 2009%%%%% Average%%%%%βWO = = = .8375α = actual return - expected return for CAPM = % - [3% + .8375(6% - 3%)] = %Diff: 3Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Analytical9) Using just the return data for 2009, your estimate of Wyatt Oil's Beta is closest to:A)B)C)D)Answer: BExplanation: B)Year Risk-freeReturnMarketReturnWyatt OilReturnMarketExcessReturnWyattOilExcessReturn2007%%%%%2008%%%%%2009%%%%% Average%%%%%βWO = = = .8651Diff: 2Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Analytical10) Using just the return data for 2008, your estimate of Wyatt Oil's Beta is closest to:A)B)C)D)Answer: A Explanation: A)Year Risk-freeReturnMarketReturnWyatt OilReturnMarketExcessReturnWyattOilExcessReturn2007%%%%% 2008%%%%% 2009%%%%% Average%%%%%βWO = - = .8525Diff: 2Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Analytical11) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) Beta is the expected percent change in the excess return of the security for a 1% change in the excess return of the market portfolio.B) Beta represents the amount by which risks that affect the overall market are amplified for a given stock or investment.C) It is common practice to estimate beta based on the historical correlation and volatilities.D) Beta measures the diversifiable risk of a security, as opposed to its market risk, and is the appropriate measure of the risk of a security for an investor holding the market portfolio.Answer: DExplanation: D) Beta measures the nondiversifiable risk of a security.Diff: 1Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Conceptual12) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) One difficulty when trying to estimate beta for a security is that beta depends on the correlation and volatilities of the security's and market's returns in the future.B) It is common practice to estimate beta based on the expectations of future correlations and volatilities.C) One difficulty when trying to estimate beta for a security is that beta depends on investors expectations of the correlation and volatilities of the security's and market's returns.D) Securities that tend to move less than the market have betas below 1.Answer: BExplanation: B) Beta is measured using past information.Diff: 1Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Conceptual13) Which of the following statements is FALSEA) Securities that tend to move more than the market have betas higher than 0.B) Securities whose returns tend to move in tandem with the market on average have a beta of 1.C) Beta corresponds to the slope of the best fitting line in the plot of the securities excess returns versus the market excess return.D) The statistical technique that identifies the bets-fitting line through a set of points is called linear regression.Answer: ADiff: 2Section: Beta EstimationSkill: ConceptualUse the equation for the question(s) below.Consider the following linear regression model:(R i - r f) = a i + b i(R Mkt - r f) + e i14) The b i in the regressionA) measures the sensitivity of the security to market risk.B) measures the historical performance of the security relative to the expected return predicted by the SML.C) measures the deviation from the best fitting line and is zero on average.D) measures the diversifiable risk in returns.Answer: ADiff: 2Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Conceptual15) The a i in the regressionA) measures the sensitivity of the security to market risk.B) measures the deviation from the best fitting line and is zero on average.C) measures the diversifiable risk in returns.D) measures the historical performance of the security relative to the expected return predicted by the SML.Answer: DDiff: 2Section: Beta EstimationSkill: Conceptual16) The e i in the regressionA) measures the market risk in returns.B) measures the deviation from the best fitting line and is zero on average.C) measures the sensitivity of the security to market risk.D) measures the historical performance of the security relative to the expected return predicted by the SML.Answer: BDiff: 2Section: Beta EstimationSkill: ConceptualThe Debt Cost of CapitalUse the following information to answer the question(s) below.Consider the following information regarding corporate bonds:1) Wyatt Oil has a bond issue outstanding with seven years to maturity, a yield to maturity of %, and a BBB rating. The corresponding risk-free rate is 3% and the market risk premium is 5%. Assuming a normal economy, the expected return on Wyatt Oil's debt is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: BExplanation: B) r d = r rf + β(r m - r rf) = 3% + (5%) = %Diff: 1Section: The Debt Cost of CapitalSkill: Analytical2) Wyatt Oil has a bond issue outstanding with seven years to maturity, a yield to maturity of %, and a BBB rating. The bondholders' expected loss rate in the event of default is 70%. Assuming a normal economy the expected return on Wyatt Oil'sdebt is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: DExplanation: D) r d = ytm - prob(default) × loss rate = 7% - %(70%) = % Diff: 2Section: The Debt Cost of CapitalSkill: Analytical3) Wyatt Oil has a bond issue outstanding with seven years to maturity, a yield to maturity of %, and a BBB rating. The bondholders' expected loss rate in the event of default is 70%. Assuming the economy is in recession, then the expected return on Wyatt Oil's debt is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: BExplanation: B) r d = ytm - prob(default) × loss rate = 7% - %(70%) = %Diff: 2Section: The Debt Cost of CapitalSkill: Analytical4) Rearden Metal has a bond issue outstanding with ten years to maturity, a yield to maturity of %, and a B rating. The corresponding risk-free rate is 3% and the market risk premium is 6%. Assuming a normal economy, the expected return on Rearden Metal's debt is closest to:A) %B) %C) %D) %Answer: CExplanation: C) r d = r rf + β(r m - r rf) = 3% + (6%) = %Diff: 1Section: The Debt Cost of Capital。

第五章 资本成本 (The Cost of Capital)

第五章 资本成本 (The Cost of Capital)

x 0.04103.12 4.125 0.0237
x = kd - 0.10174.32
174.32
kd = 0.10 + X = 0.10 + 0.0237 = 0.1237或12.37%
第三步,计算债务的税后成本kdT 。 kdT = 12.37%(1 - 33%) = 8.29%
二、优先股的成本 企业发行优先股的成本的计算公式如下:
= 80(5.660)+ 1 000(0.237)
= 452.80 + 237.00 = 689.80(元)
第二步,利用插值法计算债券价格为761元时的 成本kd 。
0.10
0.04
X
k d
689.80
864.12 761.00 103.12
0.14
174.32
x 103.12 0.04 174.32
用某个特定资本成本可 筹到的某种资本限额
BP
该种资本在资本结构中 所占比重
资本加权平均成 本(%)
12.51
WACC = MCC
0
筹集的新资本
图5-1 泰亚公司资本边际成本线
[例5—9]假设凯悦公司2004年年末的简要资产负债表。
简要资产负债表
2004年12月31日
(单位:元)
资产
年末数 负债及股东权益 年末数
在公司的资产负债表右方,是各种资本的 具体构成,包括各类负债,优先股本和普通股 本等。这些项目“资本构成要素”(Capital Components)。
“资本成本”(cost of capital)?
Myron J. Gordon 在 他 的 《Investment Financing and Valuation of the Corporation》 ( Homewood, I11: Richard D. Irwin Inc., 1962),P218提出: “一个厂商的资本成本是财产的折现率,高于 (或低于)这个折现率的某项投资的利润率, 将会提高(或降低)这个厂商的价值。”

1963 Corporate Income Taxes And The Cost Of Capital-A Correction

1963 Corporate Income Taxes And The Cost Of Capital-A Correction

American Economic AssociationCorporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A CorrectionAuthor(s): Franco Modigliani and Merton H. MillerSource: The American Economic Review, Vol. 53, No. 3 (Jun., 1963), pp. 433-443Published by: American Economic AssociationStable URL: /stable/1809167Accessed: 28/12/2009 14:32Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use, available at/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp. JSTOR's Terms and Conditions of Use provides, in part, that unless you have obtained prior permission, you may not download an entire issue of a journal or multiple copies of articles, and you may use content in the JSTOR archive only for your personal, non-commercial use.Please contact the publisher regarding any further use of this work. Publisher contact information may be obtained at/action/showPublisher?publisherCode=aea.Each copy of any part of a JSTOR transmission must contain the same copyright notice that appears on the screen or printed page of such transmission.JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@.American Economic Association is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to TheAmerican Economic Review.。

1-米勒

1-米勒

Merton H. Miller, 1923-2000没国芝加哥大学商学院财务学教授米勒博士(ler),2000年6月3日因癌症在芝加哥逝世,享年77岁。

米勒教授1923年生于美国波士顿,中学就读于波士顿拉丁学校,1940年进入哈佛大学学习,3年后获哈佛大学文学学士学位。

二战期间,米勒先后任职于美国财政部税务研究部和联邦储备委员会研究及统计部。

1949年进入约翰霍普金斯大学学习,1952年获经济学博士学位,其后任教于伦敦经济学院和卡内基——米伦大学,1961年开始任教于芝加哥大学商学院,直至1993年退休,在此期间,米勒于1983年至1985年还曾兼任芝加哥交易所理事,1990年以后,米勒还一直担任着芝加哥商品交易所理事。

米勒教授是世界知名的财务学家,在财务理论方面卓有建树,出版了八部著作。

他早期一直致力于财务理论的研究,后期因工作关系,其研究范围还涉及证券及期权交易的监管问题,不过他最突出的贡献是在资本结构理论方面。

他与另一位财务专家莫迪格莱尼(Franco Modigliani)通过大量的分析研究,于1956年在美国计量经济学会年会上发表了著名论文《资本成本、公司财务及投资理论》(The Cost of Capital,Corporation Finance and the Theory of Investment),此文经修改后发表于《美国经济评论》1958年6月期上,该文提出:公司价值取决于投资组合,而与资本结构和股息政策无关(称之为“MM理论”),1961年又与莫迪格莱尼合作发表了《胜利政策、增长及股份估价》(Dividend Policy, Growth and the Valuation of Shares)一文,进一步阐述并发展了这一理论,并因此而获得了1990年的诺贝尔经济学奖。

米勒的“MM理论”,在财务理论界引起较大反响,在于它与传统财务理论的大相径庭。

早期的“MM理论”(“无关论”)包括如下三个重要结论:1、资本结构与资本成本和公司价值无关。

CH10TheCostofCapital(财务管理,英文版)

CH10TheCostofCapital(财务管理,英文版)

10 - 22
What’s a reasonable final estimate of ks?
Method CAPM DCF kd + RP
Average
Estimate 14.2% 13.8% 14.0% 14.0%
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Example:
10 - 12
kp = 9% kd = 10% T = 40%
kp, AT = kp – kp (1 – 0.7)(T) = 9% – 9%(0.3)(0.4) =
7.92%.
What’s the expected future g?
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
Retention growth rate:
10 - 19
g = (1 – Payout)(ROE) = 0.35(15%) = 5.25%.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
10 - 3
Should we focus on before-tax or after-tax capital costs?
Stockholders focus on A-T CFs. Therefore, we should focus on A-T capital costs, i.e., use A-T costs in WACC. Only kd needs adjustment.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.

Cost of capital

Cost of capital
t t n b b
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Here : P : represent the usable fund from borrowing; f : represent rate of borrowing fees; I : represent the interest paid at period t;
t
M : represent principle of the borrowing that will be paid at end; R : represent cost of borrowed fund
Method 3: Simple way: (if interest is paid annually and principle payback at the end of the period)
Annualinterest Rd 1 T) ( P 1 f) (
Example 1. ABC company issued 2000 30-years bonds with 12% of annual coupon rate 5 years ago. Presently, the market price of the bond is $1182. Please consider cost of the bond if issuing cost is 3% of bond fund. Assume the company’s tax rate is 40%
The Cost of Capital (资本成本)
Main Concepts: Sources of capital Component Cost of Capital (个别资本成本) WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) Marginal Cost of Capital (边际资本成本)

CF2 Ch 09 The Cost of Capital 公司财务与金融 课件

CF2 Ch 09 The Cost of Capital 公司财务与金融 课件
For an estimate of beta, go to Thomson ONE—Business School Edition, enter a ticker symbol, then look under Key Fundamentals.
22
DCF Cost of Equity, rs: D0 = $4.19; P0 = $50; g = 5%.
Use this formula:
rps =
Dps Pn
0.1($100)
= $113.10 - $2.00
$10
=
= 0.090=9.0%
$111.10
10
Time Line of Preferred
0
1
rps=?
-111.1
2.50
2

...
2.50
2.50
$111.10= DQ = $2.50
Obtain analysts’ estimates: Value Line, Zack’s, Yahoo.Finance.
Use the earnings retention model, illustrated on next slide.
24
Earnings Retention Model
Suppose the company has been earning 15% on equity (ROE = 15%) and retaining 35% (dividend payout = 65%), and this situation is expected to continue.
CHAPTER 9
The Cost of Capital
1

CFA知识点-CorporateFinance公司金融

CFA知识点-CorporateFinance公司金融

CFA知识点-Corporate Finance 公司金融Corporate Finance, 中文通常译作公司金融,或者公司理财。

在CFA一级考试中,它占比8%,难度系数在整个一级的学习科目中,为中等偏下,以理解为主。

虽然只有一个session,但包含6个主题,这构成了一个公司理财核心的三件事:钱从哪里来?钱怎么花?钱怎么分?这门课程告诉学员,一个公司,尤其是公司的高管是如何针对公司财务报表,使公司规划出最合适的资本结构,来获得资本的最优收益;在制定资本预算时,如何做出正确的现金流量估计和风险分析,从而作出正确的决定;如何在决定股利政策时,充分了解其中的资讯和意义;以及如何实现公司融资结构与投资结构的最优化并做出未来决策。

所以,这门课具有较强的实用性。

一、 Capital Budgeting 资本预算在众多的投资项目中,企业应当如何去做决策,这需要科学的方法论,由此衍生了资本预算理论的发展。

我们首先要了解的是资本预算的一般过程和资本预算的五大基本原则,以及在对一个项目进行评估的时候,几种主流评估方法:1)NPV (Net Present Value) 净现值法2)IRR (Internal Rate ofReturn) 内部收益率法3)Payback Period 投资回收期法4)Discounted Payback Period 贴现回收期法5)Average Accounting Rate ofReturn 平均会计收益率法6)Profitability Index 盈利性指数。

这其中,NPV和IRR深受大企业和学术研究的欢迎,也是考试的核心。

然而它们也有其各自优势与不足。

就NPV和IRR 的比较来说,(1)理论上看,净现值是最正确的方法,它考虑了所有的现金流情况,多个项目进行投资选择时,应该选择净现值最大的项目;(2)内部收益率法的最大优点就是以百分比的形式计算收益率,容易让人理解,但是存在多重解问题(即一个项目有可能出现两个IRR) 。

专业文献(发学生)

专业文献(发学生)

会计专业文献选读五.主要参考文献(一)经典书目1.[美]W·H·比弗著,薜云奎主译:财务呈报:会计革命,东北财经大学出版社,1999年2.[加拿大]威廉姆·R·司可脱陈汉文等译:财务会计理论,机械工业出版社,2000年3.[美]罗斯·L·瓦茨,陈少华.黄世忠等译:实证会计理论东北财经大学出版社1999年4.(二)会计学专业及有关期刊5.《会计研究》,中国会计学会主办6.《财务与会计》,中国财政杂志社主办7.《财会通讯》,财会通讯杂志社8.《审计研究》,中国审计学会主办9.《中国财务与会计研究》,清华大学.香港理工大学主办10.《中国会计评论》,北京大学等主办11.《中国内部审计》,中国内部审计学会主办12.《经济研究》,中国社会科学院经济研究所主办13.《管理世界》,国务院发展研究中心主办14.《金融研究》,中国人民银行总行金融研究所.中国金融学会15.《中国社会科学》,中国社会科学院主办16.(三)会计与审计经典英文文献Part1 Methodology in empirical accounting research1.Brown, S.J. and J.B. Warner. “Using daily stock returns:the case of event studies.” Journal ofFinancial Economics (March 1985): 3-32.2.Dechow, P.M., A. Hutton, and R. Sloan. “Economic consequences of accounting for stock-basedcompensation.” Journal of Accounting Research (1996 supplement): 1-20.Part2 Measurement perspective of accounting1.Holthausen, R.W. and R.L. Watts. “The relevance of the value relevance literature for financial accounting standard setting.” Journal of Accounting & Economics (2001):3-76.2.Ohlson, J.A. “Earnings, Book Values, and Dividends in Equity Valuation.”Contemporary Accounting Research (Spring 1995): 661-687.3.Lee, C.M.C. “Accounting-based valuation: impact on business practices andresearch.” Accounting Horizons, (December 1999): 413-426.4.Botosan, C. “Disclosure level and the cost of equity capital.” The Accounting Review (July 1997): 323-349.Part3 Positive accounting theory and earnings management1.Healy, P.H. and J.M. Wahlen, 1999, A review of the earnings management literatureand its implications for standard setting Accounting Horizons 13, 365-384.Part 4 Earnings persistence and quality1. DeFond, M., and C. W. Park. 2001. The reversal of abnormal accruals and the market valuation of earnings surprises. The Accounting Review 76 (July): 375–404.2.Sloan, R. 1996. Do stock prices fully reflect information in accruals and cash flows about future earnings? The Accounting Review (July): 289-315.Part5 Accounting and Corporate Governance1.Bushm an, R., Q. Chen, E. Engel, and A. Smith, 2004. Financial accounting information, organizational complexity and corporate governance systems, Journal of Accounting and Economics 37: 167-201.2.Engel, E., R. Hayes and X. Wang, 2003. CEO turnover and properties of accounting information, Journal of Accounting and Economics 36: 197-226.3. La Porta,L opez-de-Silanes,F.,Andrei Shleifer,Robert W.Vishiny, 2000, InvestorProtection and Corporate Governance ,Journal of Financial Economics58,3---27.Part 6 Law, regulation, and accounting1.Chen, K.C.W. and H. Yuan, earnings management and resource allocation: evidence from China accounting-based regulation of rights issues,? The Accounting Review V ol. 79 (2004): 645-665.Part 7 Auditing1.Teoh,S.H.and T.J. Wong, 1993, Perceived Auditor Quality and the Earnings Response Coefficients, The Accounting Review 68,346---672.Schwaitz K, B. and K.Menon. Auditor Switches by Failing Firms. The Accounting Review, 1985,60 April:248-261Part 8 taxation1.Douglas A. Shackelforda,2001Terry Shevlin Empirical tax research in accounting, Journal of Accounting and Economics,31 (2001) 321–3872.John R. Grahama, Jana S. Raedyb, 2012.Douglas A. Shackelfordb, Research in accounting for income taxes, Journal of Accounting and Economics,53(2012)3.Jeong-Bon Kima,1, Yinghua Lib,n, Liandong Zhanga,2011Corporate tax avoidance and stock price crash risk: Firm-level analysis,Journal of Accounting and Economics,100(2011)4.Verrecchia, Robert E.Stephanie A2012 Capital Gains Taxes and Expected Rates of Return,Sikes, . Accounting Review. May2012, V ol. 87 Issue 3, p1067-1086.5.Moore, Michael L.Steece, Bert M.Swenson, Charles W.1985Some Empirical Evidence on Taxpayer Rationality. Accounting Review. Jan1985, V ol. 60 Issue 1, p18. 15p.ux, Rick C. 2013The Association between Deferred Tax Assets and Liabilities and Future Tax Payments. Accounting Review. Jul2013, V ol. 88 Issue 4, p1357-1383.(四)财务管理英文经典文献Part 1 Introduction and Overview of Corporate Finance1.Brennan, 1995, “Corporate finance over the past 25 years”, Financial Management 24, Summer, 9-222.Hart, O., 1989, “An economist’s perspective on the theory of the firm”, Columbia Law Review 89, 1757-17743.Williamson, O., 1981, “The modern corporation: origins, evolution, attributes”, Journal of Economic Literature 1537-1568.4.Graham, J. and Harvey, C. 2000. “The Theory and Practice of Corporate Finance: Evidence from the Field”. Journal of Financial Economics 60, 187-244.Part 2 Corporate Finance: Agency Theory and Ownership1.Fama, E., and Jensen, M. 1983. “Agency Problems and Residual Claims”. Journal of Law and Economics, 327-3492.Fama, E., and Jensen, M. 1983. “Separation of Ownership and Control”. Journal of law and economics, 301-325.3.Fama, E. 1978. “The Effects of a Firm’s Investment and Financing Decisions on the Welfare of Its Securityholders”. American Economic Review 68, 272-284.4.Jensen, M., and Meckling, W. 1976. "Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure," Journal of Financial Economics, 305-360.5.Demsetz. 1983. “The Structure of Ownership and the Theory of the Firm”. Journal of Law and Economics 26, 375-390.6.Jensen, M. 1986. “Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow, Corporate Finance, and Takeovers”. Am erican Economic Review, 323-329.7.Myers, S. 1977. “The Determinants of Corporate Borrowing”. Journal of Financial Economics 5, 146-175.8.Parrino, R., and Weisbach, M. 1999. “Measuring Investment Distortions Arising from Stockholder-bondholder Confli ct”. Journal of Financial Economics 53, 3-429.Harford, J. 1999. “Corporate Cash Reserves and Acquisitions”. Journal of Finance 54, 1969-1997.10.Opler, T., Pinkowitz, L., Stulz, R., and Williamson, R. 1999. “The Determinantsand Implications of Corpora te Cash Holdings”. Journal of Financial Economics, 52, 3-46.11.Lie, E. 2000. “Excess Funds and Agency Problems: An Empirical Study of Incremental Cash Disbursements”. Review of Financial Studies 13, 219-248.12.Morck, R., Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. 1988. “Management Ownership and Market Valuation: An Empirical Analysis”. Journal of Financial Economics, 293-315.Part 3 Corporate Finance: Information, Investors and Corporate Policy1.Akerlof, George. 1970. “The market for “lemons”: Qualitative Uncertainty and the Market Mechanism”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 89, 488-500.2.Ross, S. 1977. “The Determinants of Capital Structure: The Incentive-signaling Approach”. Bell Journal of Economics 8, 23-40.3.Myers, S.C., and Majluf, N.? 1984. “Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have Information That Investors Do Not Have”. Journal of Financial Economics, 187-221.4.Hart, O. 2001. “Financial Contracting”. Journal of Economic Literature 39, 1079-1100.5.Thakor. 1989. “Strategic Issues in Financial Contracting: An Overview”. Financial Management, 39-58.6.Spence, Michael. 1973. “Job market signaling”. Quarterly Journa l of Economics, 87, 355-74.7.Rothschild, Michael., and Stiglitz, Joseph. 1976. “Equilibrium in Competitive Insurance Markets: an Essay on the Economics of Imperfect Information”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 90, 629-649.8.Grossman, Sanford., and Sti glitz, Joseph E. 1980. “On the Impossibility of Informationally Efficient Markets”. American Economic Review, 70, 393-408.9.Merton, Robert C. 1987. “A Simple Model of Capital Market Equilibrium with Incomplete Information”. Journal of Finance, 483-510.Part 4 Corporate Finance: Capital Structure, Financing Decisions, Investment and Taxesler, M., and Modigliani, F. 1958.“The Cost of Capital, Corporation Finance, and the Theory of Investment”. American Economic Review, 261-297.ler, M., and M odigliani, F. 1963. “Corporate Income Taxes and the Cost of Capital: A Correction”. American Economic Review, 433-443.3.Harris, M. and A. Raviv. 1991. “The Theory of Capital Structure”. Journal of Finance, 297-368.4.Baker, M., and Wurgler, J. 2002. “Market Timing and Capital Structure”, Journal of Finance, 1-32.5.Frank, M., and Goyal, V. 2003. “Testing the Pecking Order Theory of Capital Structure”, Journal of Financial Economics 67, 217-248.6.Mehrotra, V., Mikkelson, M., and Partch, M. 2003. “The Design of Financial Policies in Corporate Spin-offs”. Review of Financial Studies 16, 1359-1388.7.Berger, P., Ofek, E., and Yermack, D. 1997. “Managerial Entrenchment and Capital Structure Decisions”. Journal of Finance, 1411-1437.8.Masulis, R., 1980. “The Effects of Capital Structure Change on Security Prices: A Study of Exchange Offers”. 1980. Journal of Financial Economics, 139-178.9.Chemmanur, T., and Paolo, F. 1999. “A Theory of the Going-Public Decision”. Review of Financial Studies 12, 249-279.10.Dunbar, C. 1995. “The Use of Warrants as Underwriter Compensation in Initial Public Offerings”. Journal of Financial Economics 38, 59-78.11.DeAngelo, H., and Masulis, R. 1980. “Optimal Capital Structure under Corporate and Personal Taxation”. Journ al of Financial Economics 8, 3-29.ler, M. 1977. “Debt and Taxes”. Journal of Finance 32, 261-275.13.Graham, J. 2000. “How Big are the Tax Benefits of Debt?”. Journal of Finance 55, 1901-1941.14.Graham, J. 2003. “Taxes and Corporate Finance: A Review”. Review of Financial Studies 16, 1075-1129.15.Kaplan, S., and Stromberg, P. 2003. “Financial Contracting Theory Meets the Real World: An Empirical Analysis of Venture Capital Contracts”. Review of Economic Studies, 285-315.16.Andrade, G., and K aplan, G. 1998. “How Costly is Financial (Not Economic) Distress? Evidence from Highly Leveraged Transactions that Became Distressed”.Journal of Finance 53, 1443-1493.17.Kaplan, S., and Zingales, L. 1997. “Do Financing Constraints Explain Why Investment Is Correlated With Cash Flow?”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 169-215.18.Gertner, R., and Scharfstein, D. 1991. “A Theory of Workouts and the Effects of Reorganization Law”. Journal of Finance 46, 1189-1222.19.Froot, K., Scharfstein, D., and Stein, J. 1993. “Risk Management: Coordinating Corporate Investment and Financing Policies”. Journal of Finance 48, 1629-1658.20.Fama, E., and French, K. 2005. “Financing Decisions: Who Issues Stock”. Journal of Financial Economics, 549-582.21.Fama, E., and French, K. 2002. "Testing Tradeoff and Pecking Order Predictions about Dividends and Debt". Review of Financial Studies, 1-37.Part 5 Corporate Finance: Corporate Governance1.Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. 1997. “A Survey of Corporate Governance”. Journal of Finance, 737- 783. Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A., and Vishny, R. 2000. “Investor Protection and Corporate Governance”. Journ al of Financial Economics, 3-27.3.Brickley, J., Coles, J., and Terry,R. 1994. “Outside Directors and the Adoption of Poison Pills”. Journal of Financial Economics 35, 371-390.4.Byrd, J., and Hickman, K. 1992. “Do Outside Directors Monitor Managers? Evi dence from Tender Offer Bids”. Journal of Financial Economics 32, 195-222.5.Core, J., Holthausen, R., and Larcker, D. 1999. “Corporate Governance, Chief Executive Officer Compensation, and Firm Performance”. Journal of Financial Economics 51, 371-406.6.Cotter, J., Shivdasani, A., and Zenner, M. 1997. “Do Independent Directors Enhance Target Shareholders Wealth During Tender Offers?”. Journal of Financial Economics 43, 195-218.7.Harford, J. 2003. “Takeover Bids and Target Directors’ Incentives: The Imp act of a Bid on Directors’ Wealth and Board Seats”. Journal of Financial Economics, 51-83. 8.Denis, D., and Sarin, A. 1999. “Ownership and Board Structures in Publicly Traded Corporations”. Journal of Financial Economics 52, 187-224.9.Del Guercio, D., Da nn, L., and Partch, Megan. 2003. “Governance and Boards of Directors in Close-end Investment Companies”. Journal of Financial Economics 69, 111-152.10.Gompers, P., Ishii, J., and Metrick, A. 2003. “Corporate Governance and Equity Prices”. Quarterly Jour nal of Economics 118, 107-155.11.Hermalin, B., and Weisbach, M. 1988. “The Determinants of Board Composition”. RAND Journal of Economics 19, 589-606.12.Hermalin, B., and Weisbach, M. 2003. “Boards of Directors as an Endogenously Determined Institution: a Survey of the Economic Literature”. Federal Reserve Bank at New York, Economic policy review, April 2003.13.Jensen, M. 1993. “The Modern Industrial Revolution, Exit, and the Failure of Internal Control Systems”. Journal of Finance, 831-880.14.Mikk elson, W., and Partch, M. 1997. “The Decline of Takeovers and Disciplinary Managerial Turnover”. Journal of Financial Economics 44, 205-228.15.Weisbach, M. 1988. “Outside Directors and CEO Turnover”. Journal of Financial Economics 20, 431-460.16.Yerm ack, D. 1996. “Higher Market Valuation of Companies with a Small Board of Directors”. Journal of Financial Economics 40, 185-211.17.Shivdasani, A., and Yermack, D. 1999. “CEO Involvement in the Selection of New Board Member: an Empirical Analysis”. Jour nal of Finance 54, 1829-1853.18.Yermack, D. 2004. “Remuneration, Retention, and Reputation Incentives for Outside Directors”. Journal of Finance 59, 2281-2308.19.Rosenstein, S., and Wyatt, J. 1997. “Inside Directors, Board Effectiveness, and Shareholde r Wealth”. Journal of Financial Economics 44, 229-248.20.Shivdasani, Anil. 1993. “Board Composition, Ownership Structure and Hostile Takeovers”. Journal of Accounting and Economics, 167–198.21.Fich, E., and Shivdasani, A. 2006. “Are Busy Boards Effective Monitors”. Journal of Finance, 689-724.22.Ferris, S., Jagannathan, M., and Pritchard, A. 2003. “Too Busy to Mind the Business? Monitoring by Directors with Multiple Board Appointments”. Journal of Finance, 1087-1112.23.Vafeas, Nikos. 1999. “Board Meeting Frequency and Firm Performance”. Journal of Financial Economics, 113–142.24.Perry, Tod., and Peyer, Urs. 2005. “Board Seat Accumulation by Executives: A Shareholder's Perspective”. Journal of Finance, 2083–2123.Part 6 Corporate Finance: Mergers and Acquisitions1.Mitchell, M. And Mulherin, J. 1996. “The Impact of Industry Shocks on Takeover and Restructuring Activity”. Journal of Financial Economics, 193-229.2.Shleifer, A. and Vishny, R. 2003. “Stock Market Driven Acquisitions". Journa l of Financial Economics, 295-311.3.Jensen, M., and Ruback, R. 1983. “The Market for Corporate Control: The Scientific Evidence”. Journal of Financial Economics, 5-50.4.Harford, J. 2005. “What Drives Merger Waves?”. Journal of Financial Economics, 529-560.5.Jarrell, G.A., Brickley, J. and Netta, J. 1988. “The Market for Corporate control: The Empirical Evidence Since 1980.”? Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2:49-68.6.Travlos, Nickolaos. 1987. “Corporate Takeover Bids, Methods of Payment, and Bid ding Firm’s Stock Returns”. Journal of Finance 42, 943-963.7.Stulz, R. 1988. “Managerial Control of V oting Rights: Financial Policies and the Market for Corporate Control”. Journal of Financial Economics, 25-54.8.Healy, Paul., Palepu, Krishna., and R uback, Richard. 1992. “Does Corporate Performance Improve after Mergers?”. Journal of Financial Economics 31, 135-175.9.Halpern, Paul. 1982. “Corporate Acquisitions: A Theory of Special Cases? A Review of Event Studies Applied to Acquisitions”. Journal o f Finance 38, 297-317.10.Fuller, K., Netter, J., and Stegemoller, M. 2002. “What do Returns to Acquiring Firms Tell Us? Evidence from Firms That Make Many Acquisitions”. Journal of Finance, 1763-179311.Ecobo, Espen. 1983. “Horizontal Mergers, Collusion, and Stockholder Wealth”. Journal of Financial Economics 11, 241-273.12.Roll, Richard. 1983. “The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers”. Journal of Business 59, 197-216.13.Fama, E., Fisher, L., Jensen, M., and Roll, Richard. 1969. “The Adjustment of Stock Prices to New Information”. International Economic Review 1, 1-21.14.Dodd, P., and Warner, J. 1983. “On Corporate Governance: a Study of Proxy Contests”. Journal of Financial Economics 11, 401 - 438.15.Brown, Stephen., and Warner, Jerold. 1980. “Measuring Security Price Performance”. Journal of Financial Economics 8, 205-285.16.Brown, Stephen., and Warner, Jerold. 1985. “Using Daily Stock Returns: The Case of Event Studies”. Journal of Financial Economics 14, 3-32.17.MacKinlay, C. 1997. “Event Studies in Economics and Finance”. Journal of Economic Literature 35, 13-39.18.Dann, L.Y., and DeAngelo, H. 1983. “Standstill Agreements, Privately Negotiated Stock Repurchases and the Market for Corporate Control”. Journal of Financial Economics, 275-30019.Martin, K., and McConnell, J. 1991. “Corporate Performance, Corporate Takeovers, and Management Turnover”. Journal of finance, 671-687.20.Kaplan, S., and Weisbach, M. 1992. “The Success of Acquisitions: Evidence from Diverstitures”. Jou rnal of Finance 47, 107-138.21.Kaplan, S. 1989. “The Effects of Management Buyouts on Operating Performance and Value”. Journal of Financial Economics 24, 217-254.22.Kaplan, S., and Stein, J. 1990. “How Risky is the Debt in Highly Leveraged Transactio ns?”. Journal of Financial Economics, 215-246.。

文献阅读MM定理The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment

文献阅读MM定理The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment

现代资本结构理论模型--MM理论
诺贝尔经济学奖获得者莫迪利亚尼和米勒(Franco Modigliani和Mertor Miller)在1958年6月《美国经济评论》 第48卷提出了公司资本结构与其市场价值的“无关性定 理”(Irrelevence Theorem),简称MM理论,由此资本结构 进入了主流经济学的研究视野。MM理论除了包括莫迪格利 安尼和米勒的最为著名的三个定理外,还有1961年10月他 们在《商业学刊》第34卷发表的另一篇经典文章“股利政 策,增长和股票估价”中所提出的一项推论和1963年6月在 《美国经济评论》第53卷所作的“企业所得税和资本成本: 一项修正”的修正结论,以及1966年6月在《美国经济评论》 第53卷刊出的“电力公用事业行业资本成本的某些估计” 一文的实证结果。
(1)在50年代与美国经济学家理查德·布伦伯格(Richard Brumderg)和艾伯特·安多(Albert Ando)共同提出了消费函 数理论中的生命周期假说。这一假说以消费者行为理论为基础, 提出人的消费是为了一生的效用最大化。
弗兰科·莫迪利安尼 (Franco Modigliani, 意大利 籍美国人 ,1918年6 月18日-2003年9月 25日)
阅读文献:
The cost of capital, corporation finance and the theory of investment
内容安排: 一、作者简介 二、资本结构理论的简单介绍 三、文章介绍
莫迪利安尼在经济学上最主要的贡献:1985年因储蓄和金融 市场的开拓性研究获诺贝尔经济学奖。
(2)与美国经济学家默顿·米勒(Merton Miller)共同提出 了公司资本成本定理,即“莫迪利安尼——米勒定理”。这一 定理提出了在不确定条件下分析资本结构和资本成本之间关系 的新见解,并在此基础上发展了投资决策理论。

Corporate Finance2009--cost of capital

Corporate Finance2009--cost of capital
Project Project b Project’s Estimated Cash Flows Next Year $150 $130 $110 IRR NPV at 30%
A B C
2.5 2.5 2.5
50% 30% 10%
$15to Estimate the RiskAdjusted Discount Rate for Projects
1. The risk-free rate, RF 2. The market risk premium, R M 3. The company beta,
βi
RF
Cov( Ri , RM ) Var ( RM )
Example
Suppose the stock of Stansfield Enterprises, a publisher of PowerPoint presentations, has a beta of 2.5. The firm is 100-percent equity financed. Assume a risk-free rate of 5-percent and a market risk premium of 10-percent. What is the appropriate discount rate for an expansion of this firm?
3 Determinants of Beta
Business Risk
Cyclicity of Revenues Operating Leverage
Financial Risk
Financial Leverage
Cyclicality of Revenues
Highly cyclical stocks have high betas. Empirical evidence suggests that retailers and automotive firms fluctuate with the business cycle. Transportation firms and utilities are less dependent upon the business cycle. Note that cyclicality is not the same as variability— stocks with high standard deviations need not have high betas. Movie studios have revenues that are variable, depending upon whether they produce ―hits‖ or ―flops‖, but their revenues are not especially dependent upon the business cycle.

Corporate Finance2011--cost of capital

Corporate Finance2011--cost of capital

Change in EBIT Sales DOL = × EBIT Change in Sales
Operating Leverage
∆ EBIT
$
Total costs Fixed costs
∆ Volume
Fixed costs
Hale Waihona Puke VolumeOperating leverage increases as fixed costs rise and variable costs fall.
βi =
− RF
Cov(Ri , RM ) Var(RM )
Example
Suppose the stock of Stansfield Enterprises, a publisher of PowerPoint presentations, has a beta of 2.5. The firm is 100-percent equity financed. Assume a risk-free rate of 5-percent and a market risk premium of 10-percent. What is the appropriate discount rate for an expansion of this firm?
Financial Leverage and Beta
Operating leverage refers to the sensitivity to the firm’s fixed costs of production. Financial leverage is the sensitivity of a firm’s fixed costs of financing. The relationship between the betas of the firm’s debt, equity, and assets is given by:

资本成本问题研究TheCostofCapital

资本成本问题研究TheCostofCapital
运用 CAPM估计
绝大部分分析者运用5%到 6.5%的 比率作 为市场风险补偿 (RPM)
贝他值的估计在资本资产定价模型中是一 个至关紧要的数据. 美国的有关贝他值数 据请登陆网站浏览 .
我国上市公司贝他值(β)的估计还不是 很规范,但通过有关证券分析机构可以获 得此类数据。
Coca-Cola (KO)
6.9 33.8%
H.J. Heinz (HNZ)
6.5 74.9%
Georgia-Pacific (GP)
5.9 69.9%
9-5
资本成本与企业财务管理
公司总资本成本 12%
A子公司资本成本 10%
B子公司资本成本 12%
C子公司资本成本 14%
甲项目资本成本 8%
乙项目资本成本 12%
9 - 12
债务成本
方法 1: 咨询投资银行适用于新增债务上 的利率水平.
方法 2: 以其他类似信用评级债券的利率 水平作为债务成本.
方法 3: 计算、估计公司债券的报酬率.
9 - 13
债务资本成本的估计
如果实际的融资成本不是很高,则可以 契约中商定的利率水平作为税前资本成 本。银行贷款等的资本成本大体可以这 样计算。
投资者选择问题
9 - 25
invest
S h a re ho ld e r
in ve st
F ir m
return
re tu rn
Financial M arket
P ro je c t
只有当企业投资项目的期望报酬率高于同等级风险的金融投资的报酬 率水平(即投资者的要求报酬率)的时候,股票投资者才会希望将资 金投入到企业中.
9 - 41
股利增长模型方法的优劣势

CH10TheCostofCapital(财务管理,英文版)

CH10TheCostofCapital(财务管理,英文版)

All rights reserved.
10 - 15
Three ways to determine cost of common equity, ks:
1. CAPM: ks = kRF + (kM – kRF)b.
2. DCF: ks = D1/P0 + g.
3. Own-Bond-Yield-Plus-Risk Premium: ks = kd + RP.
Therefore, preferred often has a lower B-T yield than the B-T yield on debt.
The A-T yield to an investor, and the A-T cost to the issuer, are higher on preferred than on debt. Consistent with higher risk of preferred.
Use this formula:
kp

Dp Pp

$10 $111.10

0.090

9.0%.
Copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.
All rights reserved.
10 - 8
Picture of Preferred Stock
0
kp = ?
1
-111.1
Note:
Preferred dividends are not tax deductible, so no tax adjustment. Just kp.
Nominal kp is used. Our calculation ignores flotation
  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

资本成本公司财务和投资理论莫迪格利尼和米勒(Franco Modigliant and Mertor H. Miller)对于一个企业来说什么是资本成本?资金的获取收益是不确定的,资本可以由多种渠道获取,可以发行债券、要求代表固定资金、发行普通股;仅仅在不确定性风险下给予持有者同比例增长的权利。

这个问题至少困扰了三种类型的经济学家:(1)财务运营专家关注公司的财务技能以此来确认企业能够生存和发展;(2)管理经济学家关注的是资本的预算;(3)经济理论学家关注的是在微观和宏观领域解释投资行为。

在正式的分析中,经济理论学家至少倾向于规避资本成本问题的实质,通过诸如有息证券等实物资本的收入可以看作是已知的收益、确定性的收入。

鉴于这些假设,理论学家可以得出企业的所有者的资本成本仅仅是债券的利息率;还得出这样简单的命题:理性的企业,倾向于把投资投向实物资本的边际收益等同于市场利率的地方。

这个命题可以显示出:遵从了在不确定性条件下以下两条等同的理性决策制定者的准则:(1)利润最大化;(2)市场价值最大化。

通过第一条标准,一项实物资产如果能够增加企业所有者的净收益的话是值得投资的;但是净利润只有在期望的利润或者收益超过利息率的时候才能增加;通过第二条标准资产只有在增加了所有者的普通股收益时才是可取的,如果它增加的企业市场价值多于付出的成本。

但是资产的增加是通过假设资本化它产生的市场利息率,资本化的价值超过他的成本仅当资产的收益超过利息率的时候。

我们注意到:在任何一种陈述中,资本成本等同于有息债券的利息率,不管资本是从发行债券还是发行普通股的行为中获得。

实际上,在一个确定性的收益的世界中,在专业术语中债务和普通股收益之间的差别大大减小了。

一定要承认的是有些学者在分析模型时允许不确定性的存在。

这种试图典型的是他在不确定性的分析概念中添加了确定性的结果,在预期收益中扣除了“风险折扣”。

投资决策被认为是基于“风险调整”或是和市场利息率“确定性等价”的比较。

到目前为止没有令人满意的解释出现。

However as to what determines the size of the risk discount and how it raries in response to changes in other variales.考虑一个合适的近似:通过确定性或者与确定性等同构建的公司模型——在处理资本积累和经济波动的进程中被承认是非常有用的。

例如,以这个模型为基础,熟悉的Keynesian 聚焦投资功能,投资被写成是由市场利息率起作用的——同样的无风险利率出现在随后的流动性偏好方程里面。

迄今,只有少数学者坚持这种近似是正确的。

在宏观经济学一些宽广的领域,怀疑利息率更大更直接的影响投资利率的分析使我们开始相信。

在微观经济学领域,确定性模型缺少描述性的价值,没有为财务专家和管理经济学家提供真正的指引,这些财务专家和管理经济学的主要问题是不能在一个处理不确定性如此巧妙{绅士}和忽略除发行债务以外的资本形式框架中被正确对待。

只有到现在,才有经济学家开始面对资本成本附加风险的严重问题。

在这个进程中,他们开始发现他们的兴趣和努力和对这个问题容忍了更长时间和更精通的其他财务专家和管理经济学家混合在一起。

在这个建立主导理性投资和财务政策原理的混合研究中两条主要路线的不同点才能得到辨别。

实际上,这些路线代表了试图推测不确定性世界里的两条标准——利润最大化和市场价值最大化,在确定的特殊例子中,可以看做有同样的影响。

随着不确定性认知这种平衡消失了。

事实上,利润最大化的标准不再被精确地解释。

在不确定性条件下,企业的每一个决策并不是以利润最大化为目标的,但是许多相互的排斥性产出可以很好的看作是主观概率分布。

简而言之,利润产出已经成为一个随机变量,他的最大化不再具有可运行的意义。

这种困难也不能用利润的数学期望最大化来解决。

决策不仅影响期望收益也影响另外一些产出分配的特征。

实际上,在给定的风险下利用债务比普通股更能增加所有者的收益,不仅仅是增加收入离差。

在这些情况下,可供选择的投资决策和财务决策才能和利润产出比较,以所有者的主观效用函数为权衡的期望收益才能对立于概率分布的其他特征。

因此,这种确定性模型下的利润最大化的推测标准有可能发展为效用最大化。

效用毫无疑问的比代表确定性或者与确定性等同的方式更进步。

他至少允许我们探索不同财务安排的内在含义,并且给出了不同类型资本成本的意义。

但是因为资本成本成为一个主观概念,效用因为标准和分析目的而严重的后退了。

例如,股票持有者如何确定风险偏好以及如何协调他们的偏好?经济学家如何建立一个有实际意义的投资函数?对于企业投资者来说任何给定的投资机会都能以或者不能精确计量他的收益?幸运的是,这些问题还没有被很好的回答,对于可供选择的途径,基于市场的价值最大化能够提供资本成本的运行限定和起作用的投资理论。

在这种途径下,任何投资计划和与之相伴的财务计划一定能够通过以下检验:财务计划能够提高公司所有者的市场价值吗?如果能,值得考虑;如果不能,他的收益少于企业的边际资本成本。

这个检验一定是独立于当前所有者的偏好,市场价格不仅影响他们的偏好,也影响潜在所有者的偏好。

如果当前的股票持有者不同意管理和市场对项目的评价,他可以自由的出售或者投资于其他的地方。

但是仍可以从管理决策所带来的资本增值中获取潜在收益。

市场价值的途径能够在长期中获得收益是其潜在的优势。

但是到目前为止分析性的结果还是很少。

是什么使得发展保持这个状态?完成承诺很大程度上是因为缺少市场评估下财务结构的适当的效果理论,以及这些效果如何由客观的市场数据中推断出来。

在这篇论文中,我们关注资本成本问题以及他的发展理论的含义。

我们的程序是在第一部分中介绍基本性的理论和给出一些与实验性相关的简单的描述。

在第二部分,我们展示这个理论怎样被用来回答资本成本问题以及在不确定条件下他怎样允许我们发展投资理论。

通过这些章节,这种聚焦企业和“产业”的方法本质上是一种局部均衡。

据此,在确定性下收入流入的价格将被当做是确定不变和假定是模型之外的,就像在给定条件下企业和产业的投入价格以及其他的产品的标准马歇尔分析。

我们选择关注这个等级而不是另外的所有经济领域是因为在这个水平上不同类型的专家关注企业和产业的资本成本问题开始趋于一致。

虽然重点还是均衡分析,但是获取的结果还显示了给定条件下价格如何提供在对于一般均衡模型必不可少的障碍,是由他们自己决定的。

但是由于空间的原因,还因为他自己的实物收益,遵从一般均衡模型使以下的论文内容逐渐丰富。

Ⅰ债券股价、杠杆作用和资本成本A、不确定流入下的资本化利率作为开始,考虑企业拥有的全部实物资本,在这一时刻,假设只能以发行普通股来筹集资金。

在下一章中,我们再讨论债券和它的等价物的引入。

企业的实物资本将给它的所有者——股票持有人带来收益,但是这个原理并不是不变的,在任何情况下都是不确定的。

收入的变动、普通股股票收入的增加都将被看做是不确定的,但是我们假设流入的平均价值以或者每一单位时间的平均收益是有限的,代表了主观概率分布中的一组随机变量。

我们将提到流入的平均价值在给定的条件下增加股票的收益,平均的数学期望就是期望的股票收益。

虽然个人投资对于股票收益的概率分布有不同的观点,但是我们简单的假设至少在期望收益这一点上他们能够达成一致。

不确定下收入条件下的这一特点是值得做一下简单的注释。

我们注意到流入的是利润而不是红利。

在后面将逐渐明朗:只要在管理中假设股票持有人在最高的利率处采取行动,留存收益可以看作是完全预定的一种等价形式,有股票的优先发行权。

因此,对于目前的意图,现金红利和留存收益流入的差异在任何时候只不过是一个细节。

注意到附属在流入的收益上的不确定性不应该和连续收入上的变动性混淆。

差异性和不确定性是两个完全不同的概念,即使在确定性条件下流入的差异部分也应该清楚地区分。

进一步,它将显示不管流入的收益是确定的还是不确定的,在流入的股价上差异性的效果在我们的目的中可以被完全的忽略。

下一个假设在一下的分析中将起到战略性的角色。

我们假设公司公司可以分成具有相等的收益层级,任何公司在给定的层级中发行股票的收益与同一层级中其他公司发行股所获得收益是成比例的。

这个假设显示了在同一层级中不同股票的差别,至多是一个规模因。

据此,如果我们调整规模上的差异,用实际收益和期望收益的比例,那么对于同一层级上的所有股票,比率的概率分布都是同一的。

接着,通过指明:(1)股票属于哪一层级(2)股票的期望收益,那么股票的相关财产都具有唯一的特征。

这个假设的重要性是:它允许我们把企业分成小组,不同的企业之间的股票具有相似性,那就是一个与另外一个的完美替代。

这样我们就有了企业的商业生产和合我们熟悉的制造业概念的分析就有了相似性。

在分析中我们假设所关注的股票都是在完全竞争市场中交易的。

从我们对于股票的相似性层级界定可以看出,在任何给定的层级中所有股票的期望收益每一美元的价值在完全资本市场上都是均衡的。

或者说,在给定的层级中股票的价格与期望收益是成比例的。

我们以k 为任何层级的比例系数,表示为k ρ1。

如表示价格果p j 表示价格, j x 表示第k 层级中第j 公司的股票的平均收益,那么我们有:(1) p j=k ρ1j x不变的k ρ可以给出很多的经济解释:(a )从(2)中我们可以看到每一个k ρ是k 层级中任何股票的期望收益利率。

(b )从(1)中k ρ1是在k 层级中投资者对美元价值的期望收益。

(c )再次回到(1),根据永久债券类推,k ρ可以看做是k 层级中企业产生的不确定性流入期望收益的资本化的市场利率。

B.负债融资和对有价证券价格的影响开发一种方法来处理不确定性条件下的流入,现在我们放弃公司不能发行债券的假设来靠近资本成本的核心问题。

股票市场上债券融资变化的引入是一个主要的方法,因为企业在资本结构中可能有不同的负债比例,即使在同一层级中,也能产生收益的不同概率分布。

在财务语言中,股票受财务风险和杠杆作用的控制,既然这样,他们不再是完美的替代品。

在这些条件下,展示股票的相关价格的决定性机理,我们对于自然债券和债券市场有以下两个假设——虽然他们比必要性更强,在以下将展开:(1)假设所有债券每一单位时间所获取的收益都是固定不变的,不管发行者所有交易者的收入都是确定性的。

(2)债券、还有股票,都是在完全竞争市场中进行交易,任何的能够完全替代的商品,作为平衡,在完全竞争市场中都是以相同的价格进行交易。

它遵从以下假设:(1)所有债券在规模因素上都是可以替代的(2)他们必须以相同的价格进行出售,获取相同的收益或者说获得相同的收益回报率。

这个回报率用r 表示,涉及到利息率或者等价的确定性收入下的资本化利率。

相关文档
最新文档