Keynote-turing-china-Michael Stonebraker
第十届世界肺癌会议英文
Adjuvant lung project ITALY(ALPI)
➢ 1209 pts with completely resected NSCLC were randomly assigned to received either MMC, VDS, and DDP every 3 weeks for 3 cycles or no chemotherapy
➢ 74% of the pts chemotherapy pts in the IALT study received at least 240mg/m2 of DDP
➢ In the BLT and ALPI, 64% and 69% of pts, respectively, received all 3 chemotherapy cycles.
The Big Lung Trial (BLT)
➢ Large, multicenter study in the UK ➢ All pts with NSCLC received primary therapy
as determined by stage (surgery, radiation, or BSC) ➢ Pts randomized to receive either three 3weekly cycles of DDP-based chemotherapy ➢ DDP/VDS, MMC/IFO/DDP, MMC/VLB/DDP NVB/DDP, or no chemotherapy
➢ There may be a real benefit for adjuvant chemotherapy in NSCLC, but the magnitude of this benefit is likely quite small
人口变动在大城市碳排放中的作用与影响——以北京市为例
人口变动在大城市碳排放中的作用与影响——以北京市为例童玉芬;韩茜【摘要】碳排放是表征一个国家或地区环境状况的重要指标,与经济发展、技术和人口等都有着密切的联系.本文采用了基于环境压力等式IPAT的STIRPAT模型来定量分析北京市人口因素及其他相关因素对北京市碳排放的影响.研究结果显示,北京市的经济水平、城镇人口规模、就业结构、城镇化率和年龄因素对北京市的碳排放具有正效应,即随着上述因素的增大,碳排放也呈现增加趋势,而碳排放强度(技术因素)与碳排放呈现反相关关系.从1980-2010年的上述各类因素的变化以及对碳排放的影响程度上看,经济水平的提高对碳排放的贡献最大,人口规模的增加对碳排放的贡献紧随其后,产业结构升级和城镇化提高都对碳排放产生了明显的促进作用.【期刊名称】《北京社会科学》【年(卷),期】2013(000)002【总页数】7页(P113-119)【关键词】北京市;人口因素;碳排放【作者】童玉芬;韩茜【作者单位】首都经济贸易大学劳动经济学院,北京100070【正文语种】中文【中图分类】C922一、前言近一个世纪以来，矿物燃料 (如煤、石油等)被大量使用，森林被大肆砍伐和焚烧，其排放出大量的二氧化碳等多种温室气体，成为全球气候变暖的主要原因。
政府间气候变化问题小组根据气候模型预测，到2100年为止，全球气温估计将上升大约1.4－5.8℃ (2.5－10.4华氏度)(IPCC，2007)。
根据这一预测，全球气温将出现过去10，000年中从未有过的巨大变化，其后果会使全球降水量重新分配、冰川和冻土消融、海平面上升等，既危害自然生态系统的平衡，更威胁人类的食物供应和居住环境。
改革开放以来，我国国民经济持续增长。
在经济高速增长和社会转型的大背景下，我国的人口发展和居民生活消费方式正发生着深刻变化。
北京作为中国的首都和特大城市，更是经历了社会发展的深刻变革和经济增长的巨大改变，同时伴随着人口的快速增长和结构变化。
屠呦呦颁奖词英文原文
屠呦呦颁奖词英文原文篇一：屠呦呦获奖英文介绍Tu YouyouFor the discovery of artemisinin, a drug therapy for malaria that has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world.The 2011 Lasker~DeBakey Clinical Medical Research Award honors a scientist who discovered artemisinin and its utility for treating malaria. Tu Youyou (China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing) developed a therapy that has saved millions of lives across the globe, especially in the developing world. An artemisinin-based drug combination is now the standard regimen for malaria, and the W orld Health Organization (WHO) lists artemisinin and related agents in its catalog of Essential Medicines. Each year, several hundred million people contract malaria. Without treatment, many more of them would die than do now. Tu led a team that transformed an ancient Chinese healing method into the most powerful antimalarial medicine currently available.Malaria has devastated humans for millennia, and it continues to ravage civilizations across the planet. In 2008, the mosquito-borne parasites that cause the illness, Plasmodia, infected 247 million people and caused almost one million deaths. The ailment strikes children particularly hard, especially those in sub-Saharan Africa. It affects more than 100 countries—including those in Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, parts of Europe—and travelers from everywhere. Symptoms include fever, headache, and vomiting; malaria can quickly become life-threatening by disrupting the blood supply to vital organs. Early diagnosis and treatment reduces disease incidence, prevents deaths, and cuts transmission.In the late 1950s, the WHO embarked on an ambitious project to eradicate malaria. After limited success, the disease rebounded in many places, due in part to the emergence of parasites that resisted drugs such as chloroquine that had previously held the malady at bay. At the beginning of the Chinese Cultural Revolution, the Chinese government launched a secret military project that aimed to devise a remedy for the deadly scourge. China was particularly motivated to prevail over malaria not only because it was a significant problem at home, but also because the Vietnamese government had asked for help.It was at war and the affliction was devastating its civilian and military populations.The covert operation, named Project 523 for the day it was announced—May 23, 1967—set out to battle chloroquine-resistant malaria. The clandestine nature of the enterprise and the political climate created a situation in which few scientific papers concerning the project were published for many years, the earliest ones were not accessible to the international community, and many details about the endeavor are still shrouded in mystery. In early 1969, Tu was appointed head of the Project 523 research group at her institute, where practitioners of traditional medicine worked side by side with modern chemists, pharmacologists, and other scientists. In keeping with Mao Zedong's urgings to explore and further improve the great treasure house of traditional Chinese medicine, Tu combed ancient texts and folk remedies for possible leads. She collected 2000 candidate recipes, which she then win(转载于: 博威范文网:屠呦呦颁奖词英文原文)nowed. By 1971, her team had made 380 extracts from 200 herbs. The researchers then assessed whether these substances could clear Plasmodia from the bloodstream of mice infected with the parasite.One of the extracts looked particularly promising: Material from Qinghao (Artemisia annua L., or sweet wormwood) dramatically inhibited parasite growth in the animals. Such hopeful results, however, were not reproducible, so Tu dove back into the literature and scoured it for possible explanations.The first known medical description of Qinghao lies in a 2000-year-old document called 52 Prescriptions (168 BCE) that had been unearthed from a Mawangdui Han Dynasty tomb. It details the herb's use for soothing hemorrhoids. Later texts also mention the plant's curative powers. Tu discovered a passage in the Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergencies (340 CE) by Ge Hong that referenced Qinghao's malaria-healing capacity. It said Take a handful of Qinghao, soak in two liters of water, strain the liquid, and drink. She realized that the standard procedure of boiling and high-temperature extraction could destroy the active ingredient.With this idea in mind, Tu redesigned the extraction process, performing it at low temperatures with ether as the solvent. She also removed a harmful acidic portion of the extract that did not contribute to antimalarial activity, tracked the material to the leaves rather than other parts of the plant, and figured out when to harvest the herb to maximize yields. These innovationsboosted potency and slashed toxicity. At a March 1972 meeting of the Project 523 group's key participants, she reported that the neutral plant extract —number 191—obliterated Plasmodia in the blood of mice and monkeys.From branch to bedsideLater that year, Tu and her team tested the substance on 21 people with malaria in the Hainan Province, an island off the southern coast of China. About half the patients were infected with Plasmodium falciparum, the deadliest of the microbial miscreants, and about half were infected with Plasmodium vivax, the most common cause of a disease variant that is characterized by recurring fevers. In both groups, fever disappeared rapidly, as did blood-borne parasites.In the meantime, Tu started to home in on the active ingredient, using chromatography to separate the extract's components. On November 8, 1972, she and her colleagues obtained the pure substance. They named it Qinghaosu (literally, the principle of Qinghao) and it is now commonly called artemisinin in the west. Tu and her colleagues subsequently determined that it had an unusual structure. It proved to be a sesquiterpene lactone with a peroxide group, a completely different kind of compound than any known antimalarial drug.Later studies would show that the peroxide portion is essential for its lethal effects on the parasite.Subsequent clinical trials on 529 malaria cases confirmed that the crystal they had isolated delivers the antimalarial blow. Many scientists from other institutes then joined efforts to improve the extraction procedures and conduct clinical trials. The first English language report about artemisinin was in December 1979; as was customary at the time in China, the authors were anonymous. By that point, the China-wide Qinghaosu research group had given the substance to more than 2000 patients, some of whom had chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum malaria infections. In addition, the drug cured 131 of 141 individuals with cerebral malaria, a particularly severe form of the disease. Comparative studies on a small number of cases suggested that the drug acted morequickly than chloroquine did. The investigators reported no harmful side effects.The paper drew international attention. In October 1981, the scientific working group on the chemotherapy of malaria, sponsored by the WHO, the W orld Bank, and United Nations Development Business, invited Tu to present her findings at its fourth meeting. Her talk evoked an enthusiastic response. Shetold the audience not only about artemisinin, but also about some of its chemical derivatives. In 1973, as part of her structural studies, Tu had modified artemisinin to generate a compound called dihydroartemisinin. She later found that it delivers ten times more punch than artemisinin and that it reduces risk of disease recurrence. This compound provided the basis for other artemisinin-derived drugs. Starting in the mid 1970s, Guoqiao Li (Guangzhou College of Traditional Chinese Medicine) performed clinical trials with artemisinin and these substances. They all delivered more therapeutic clout than did standard drugs such as chloroquine and quinine. The derivatives tend to hold up better than the parent compound in the body, and they form the foundation of today's therapies.In 1980, Keith Arnold (Roche Far East Research Foundation, Hong Kong) joined Li's enterprise and two years later, they published the first high-profile clinical trial of artemisinin in a peer-reviewed, western journal. The same group then conducted the first randomized studies that compared artemisinin alone with the known anti-malarial agents, mefloquine and Fansidar (sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine). Artemisinin enhanced effectiveness without adding side effects. Li, Arnold, and others subsequently showed that suppositoryforms of artemisinin and its derivatives are effective. This mode of drug delivery is especially important for babies and unconscious patients.Almost every new antimalarial drug has initially slashed incidence of the disease, and then the parasites stop succumbing to it. At that point, sickness and death rates climb again. Small pockets of resistance to artemisinin-based compounds have already cropped up in Western Cambodia. To avoid resistance, patients typically take two drugs that attack the parasite in different ways, and since 2006, the WHO has discouraged use of artemisinin compounds as solo therapies. The organization now recommends several combination treatments, each of which contain an artemisinin-based compound plus an uelated chemical.In 2001, the WHO signed an agreement with Novartis, the manufacturer of one of these drug combinations, Coartem?; it consists of artemether and lumefantrine, another antimalarial agent, which was originally synthesized by the Academy of Military Medical Sciences in Beijing. The company is supplying the drug at no profit to public health systems of countries where the disease is endemic. To date, Novartis has provided more than 400 million Coartem? treatments.Tu pioneered a new approach to malaria treatment that has benefited hundreds of millions of people and promises to benefit many times more. By applying modern techniques and rigor to a heritage provided by 5000 years of Chinese traditional practitioners, she has delivered its riches into the 21st century.By Evelyn Strauss屠呦呦获Lasker临床研究奖2011年的Lasker~Debakey临床成就奖颁给了一名中国女科学家，为了表彰其对青蒿素的发现和在治疗疟疾方面的杰出贡献，这名女科学家就是中国中医科学研究院的科学家屠呦呦。
《腹腔镜或机器人辅助胰腺癌根治术中国专家共识（2022_年版）》解读
收稿日期：2023-08-03 录用日期：2023-11-03Received Date: 2023-08-03 Accepted Date: 2023-11-03基金项目：上海市科委科技创新行动计划（20Y11908600）Foundation Item: Science and Technology Inovation Action Plan of Shanghai Science and Technology Commission (20Y11908600)通讯作者：姜翀弋，Email：*********************Corresponding Author: JIANG Chongyi, Email: : *********************引用格式：蔡志伟，姜翀弋. 《腹腔镜或机器人辅助胰腺癌根治术中国专家共识（2022年版）》解读[J]. 机器人外科学杂志（中英文），2024，5（2）：299-303.Citation: CAI Z W, JIANG C Y. Interpretation of Chinese expert consensus on laparoscopic or robot-assisted radical pancreatectomy for pancreatic cancer (2022 edition)[J]. Chinese Journal of Robotic Surgery, 2024, 5(2): 299-303.《腹腔镜或机器人辅助胰腺癌根治术中国专家共识（2022年版）》解读蔡志伟，姜翀弋（复旦大学附属华东医院普外科·胆胰疾病诊疗中心 上海 200040）摘 要 《腹腔镜或机器人辅助胰腺癌根治术中国专家共识（2022年版）》是由中国抗癌协会胰腺癌专业委员会微创诊治学组与中华医学会外科学分会胰腺外科学组组织全国部分胰腺外科专家制定，2022年首次发表于 Journal of Pancreatology 。
吉西他滨及顺铂经动脉、静脉注射后血浆、组织药物浓度的变化
吉西他滨及顺铂经动脉、静脉注射后血浆、组织药物浓度的变化目的分析不同化療药物通过动脉及静脉途径注射后血浆及组织内药物浓度的变化情况。
方法40只带瘤裸大鼠，随机分为8组，其中4组为动脉组，另4组为静脉组，带瘤裸大鼠分别经动脉及静脉注射吉西他滨及顺铂。
于注射后5、10、20、40、80、120、360、720 min采血液标本，注射后10、40、120、720 min取组织标本，以高效液相色谱法测定血浆及肿瘤组织中吉西他滨浓度，ICP-MS法测定血浆及肿瘤组织中的铂含量，计算药代动力学参数。
结果经动脉及静脉注射两种药物后，血浆及肿瘤组织中的药物浓度出现规律性变化，其变化过程均可用两室模型来描述。
动脉注射两组药物的药代动力学参数与静脉注射的药代动力学参数不同，动脉组注射药物后，血浆药物峰浓度[吉西他滨：（20.84±10.11）μg/mL，顺铂：（15.13±7.12）μg/mL]均低于静脉组[吉西他滨：（28.96±7.02）μg/mL，顺铂：（21.64±9.72）μg/mL]，靶组织内药物峰浓度[吉西他滨：（20.18±9.43）μg/mL，顺铂：（6.98±0.31）μg/mL]均高于静脉组[吉西他滨：（18.19±10.30）μg/mL，顺铂：（3.04±0.11）μg/mL]，靶组织内药物曲线下面积[吉西他滨：（2641±411）μg/（min·mL），顺铂：（6025±870）μg/（min·mL）]均明显高于静脉组[吉西他滨：（1663±568）μg/（min·mL），顺铂：（1780±883）μg/（min·mL）]，差异均有统计学意义（P < 0.05或P < 0.01）。
结论动脉注射吉西他滨和顺铂较静脉注射有不同程度的优势，这种优势与药物的药理特性有关。
曹原 石墨烯英语介绍
曹原石墨烯英语介绍Graphene: The Extraordinary Material Discovered by Cao YuanGraphene, a remarkable material discovered by Cao Yuan, has captivated the scientific community and captured the imagination of the public. This single-atom-thick layer of carbon has revolutionized various fields, from electronics and energy storage to materials science and biomedicine. In this comprehensive introduction, we will delve into the fascinating properties, applications, and the story behind the discovery of this transformative material.Cao Yuan's Groundbreaking DiscoveryCao Yuan, a Chinese physicist, and his research team at the University of Manchester made a groundbreaking discovery in 2004 when they successfully isolated and characterized graphene. This achievement was the culmination of years of research and experimentation, and it earned Cao Yuan and his colleagues the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2010.The path to the discovery of graphene was not an easy one. Researchers had long theorized about the existence of a two-dimensional material composed of carbon atoms, but its realizationhad been considered impossible due to the inherent instability of such a structure. Cao Yuan and his team, however, persevered and developed a simple yet ingenious method to extract graphene from graphite, the material found in pencils.The Remarkable Properties of GrapheneGraphene's unique atomic structure, with its tightly packed carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice, gives rise to a remarkable set of properties that have captured the attention of scientists and engineers worldwide. One of the most striking characteristics of graphene is its extraordinary strength, with a tensile strength 200 times greater than that of steel. This makes it an ideal candidate for applications that require durable and lightweight materials, such as in the aerospace and automotive industries.In addition to its remarkable strength, graphene is also an exceptional conductor of electricity and heat. Its high electrical conductivity allows for the development of faster and more efficient electronic devices, while its thermal conductivity makes it a valuable material for heat dissipation in electronic systems. These properties have led to the exploration of graphene in a wide range of applications, from transparent and flexible electronics to energy storage devices and sensors.Graphene's Potential ApplicationsThe discovery of graphene has opened up a world of possibilities, and researchers are actively exploring its potential applications in various fields. In the realm of electronics, graphene's unique properties have enabled the development of high-speed transistors, flexible displays, and advanced sensors. The material's transparency and conductivity make it an ideal candidate for use in touch screens and flexible electronics, potentially leading to the creation of foldable smartphones and wearable devices.In the field of energy, graphene's exceptional performance as an electrode material has led to the development of advanced batteries and supercapacitors. These energy storage devices have the potential to revolutionize the way we power our devices and vehicles, offering faster charging times, higher energy density, and longer lifespans.Moreover, graphene's potential in the biomedical field is equally promising. Researchers are exploring the use of graphene in drug delivery systems, tissue engineering, and biosensors. The material's biocompatibility and ability to interact with biological systems make it a promising candidate for various medical applications, from targeted cancer therapies to neural interfaces.The Ongoing Exploration of GrapheneAs the scientific community continues to delve deeper into the worldof graphene, new and exciting discoveries are being made. Researchers are constantly exploring ways to optimize the production and processing of graphene, as well as investigating its interactions with other materials to create novel composite structures.One area of particular interest is the development of graphene-based composites, which combine the exceptional properties of graphene with other materials to create even more versatile and functional materials. These composite materials have the potential to revolutionize industries ranging from construction to aerospace, offering enhanced strength, durability, and functionality.Furthermore, the exploration of graphene's potential in the realm of quantum computing and spintronics is an active area of research. The material's unique electronic properties, such as its high electron mobility and the ability to control the spin of electrons, could pave the way for the development of next-generation computing and information processing technologies.ConclusionCao Yuan's discovery of graphene has undoubtedly been a transformative moment in the history of materials science. This remarkable material has opened up a world of possibilities, with its exceptional properties and diverse applications capturing theimagination of scientists, engineers, and the general public alike.As the exploration of graphene continues, we can expect to see even more groundbreaking advancements in fields ranging from electronics and energy to biomedicine and beyond. The potential of this material to revolutionize our world is truly limitless, and the story of its discovery is a testament to the power of human ingenuity and the relentless pursuit of scientific knowledge.。
肿瘤免疫治疗性治疗方法[发明专利]
![肿瘤免疫治疗性治疗方法[发明专利]](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/6332d1c52af90242a995e520.png)
专利名称：肿瘤免疫治疗性治疗方法
专利类型：发明专利
发明人：S·基维马,M·亨尼西,N·K·阿南德,H·蔡,邓波良,任忠旭,B·V·乔希
申请号：CN201880029079.7
申请日：20180502
公开号：CN110582300A
公开日：
20191217
专利内容由知识产权出版社提供
摘要：提供了一种向患有癌症的患者施用以下各项的方法：(a)4‑1BB激动剂；(b)IL‑2Rβ活化量的长效IL‑2Rβ选择性激动剂；和/或(c)toll样受体激动剂，以及相关的组合物、试剂盒和组合物。
申请人：尼克塔治疗公司
地址：美国加利福尼亚
国籍：US
代理机构：中国国际贸易促进委员会专利商标事务所
代理人：袁志明
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青藏高原巨厚地壳：生长、加厚与演化
学研究予以准确标定，其物质演变 及其 深部过 程也
可被同位素填图和地球物理探测予以明确限定。
对 于 青 藏 高 原 巨 厚 地 壳 的 成 因 与 生 长 ，前 人 已
提出了若干 模 式，如 印 度 大 陆 地 壳 楔 入 模 式 （Ｚｈａｏ Ｗｕｌｉｎｇａｎｄ Ｍｏｒｇａｎ，１９８５；Ｎáｂｅｌｅｋｅｔａｌ．，２００９）、 地 壳 缩 短 与 加 厚 模 式 （Ｅｎｇｌａｎｄａｎｄ Ｈｏｕｓｅｍａｎ， １９８６）、新 生 幔 源 岩 浆 注 入 模 式 （Ｎｉｕ Ｙａｏｌｉｎｇｅｔａｌ．， ２０１３；ＨｏｕＺｅｎｇｑｉａｎｅｔａｌ．，２０１５ａ）、地壳连 续生 长 加厚模式（ＺｈｕＤｉｃｈｅｎｇｅｔａｌ．，２０１７）等。 然 而，地 球物理探测发现，印度大陆岩石圈地幔可 能 以低 缓
注：本文为国家重点研发计划项目（编号 ２０１６ＹＦＣ０６００３１０），变革 性 技 术 项 目（编 号 ２０１９ＹＦＡ０７０８６０２），中 国 科 学 院 战 略 性 先 导 科 技 专 项（编号 ＸＤＡ２００７０３０４）联合资助成果。 收 稿 日 期 ：２０２０１００７；改 回 日 期 ：２０２０１０１２；网 络 发 表 日 期 ：２０２０１０１３；责 任 编 辑 ：周 健 。 作 者 简 介 ：侯 增 谦 ，男 ，博 士 ，中 国 科 学 院 院 士 ，矿 物 学 、岩 石 学 、矿 床 学 专 业 ，主 要 从 事 矿 床 学 研 究 。Ｅｍａｉｌ：ｈｏｕｚｅｎｇｑｉａｎ＠１２６．ｃｏｍ。
本文拟 在 前 人 研 究 基 础 上，结 合 笔 者 研 究 成 果，从物质记录与构 造 变 形 两 个 角 度，系 统 剖 析 青 藏高原从 俯 冲 到 碰 撞 全 过 程 的 地 壳 生 长 与 加 厚 原 因，半定量评估 俯 冲 与 碰 撞、岩 浆 与 构 造 对 地 壳 生 长和加厚的相对贡献，深入揭 示大 陆碰 撞引 发地 壳 生长与物质演化的作用机制和深部过程。
中国之恋——访2011年度国际科技合作奖获得者栗原博教授
（ 中药及天然药物化学专家 ） 和一些 向我 发 出邀 请 ， 希望我 加 盟 这个 研 究
２ 巾国 科技奖励 ｃＨ Ｎ ＷＡ Ｄ ＯＲ Ｓ Ｉ Ｎ Ｅ Ａ Ｅ Ｎ ＯＧＹ ８ ＩＡＡ Ｒ Ｓ Ｆ Ｃ Ｅ Ｃ ＮＤ Ｔ ＣＨ ＯＬ
平 把所 有设 备都 更 换 成使 所。 没有立即答应 ， 我 但犹豫再三之 得 那 是 很 美 的 文 字 ， 时 也 练 习 书 室进 行 调 整 ， 后 还 是辞 去 了多年在 Ｓ Ｎ ＯＲ 公司 法， Ｕ Ｔ Ｙ 写写博客。 开博客３ 多， 年 总访问 用 时间 六年 以上 的 ， 过 了赠 与 税 ， 避 研 究 中心 的研 究 员职 务 ， 离开 年迈 的 量 接近 ４ 万 了， 我备 受鼓 舞 。 ０ 让 我做 辗转将设备 运 到了暨南大学 。 父母妻儿 只 身来 到广州。
～ ｍ ～ ～
ｒ ｒ ｊ
．～ 竭Ｉ ＿～ Ｉ ｜
Ｕ ９
《 国 科 技 奖 励 》： 一 个人 中 您 要 做 这 么多事 ， 当时 的工作 状 态是 怎
■
一 一 一 一 一
样的？
我很高兴， 中国之旅 延长了我的快乐
心 理 时间。
琵
～ 一
Ｌ．
有 时 “ 阴似 箭 ”， Ｂ ￣ “ 日如 到 中国 ， 收取 很 高 的 赠 与 税 （ 与 工作 情况怎么样？ 光 有 ，Ｉ度 －］ Ｊ 会 赠
年 ” 由 此 看来 心 理 时 间是 一 种 对 经 税， ， 是指以赠送的财产为课税对 象，
历的体 验 ； 果 人们 能够人 为延长 快 向赠 与人或受赠人课 征的税 ） 于是 加坡Ｃ Ｒ Ｂ 公司成立了联合研究 如 ， Ｅ Ｅ ＯＳ
国际科学技术合作奖的８ 位获奖者： 德国著名数学家德乐思、 日本著名冶金专家江见俊
剪切螺栓设计及在电力机车结构耐撞性上的运用
第53卷第5期2022年5月中南大学学报(自然科学版)Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology)V ol.53No.5May 2022剪切螺栓设计及在电力机车结构耐撞性上的运用杨毅1，朱涛1，张江田2，黄明惠2，肖守讷1，丁浩谞1(1.西南交通大学牵引动力国家重点实验室，四川成都，610031；2.中车大同电力机车有限公司，山西大同，037038)摘要：为提高电力机车被动安全性，提出回退式车钩剪切螺栓设计方法，并对机车端部结构进行耐撞性设计，提高既有机车的耐撞性。
首先，对剪切螺栓开展准静态与动态冲击试验，研究剪切螺栓失效的最大剪切力及失效形式；然后，基于试验数据对剪切螺栓用45号钢J-C 本构模型参数进行优化，结合数值仿真讨论最大剪切力的参数依赖性；最后，基于数值仿真，验证回退式车钩的功能可行性，同时，基于多级能量吸收的原则，改进既有机车端部结构并对耐撞性指标进行分析。
研究结果表明：剪切螺栓可有效应用于回退式车钩，以保证机车碰撞中车钩回退到恰当的位置；基于试验数据优化后的45号钢J-C 本构模型能够准确模拟剪切螺栓剪切力及失效形式，剪切力最大相对误差为4.31%；剪切螺栓的最大剪切力与螺栓自身直径无关，与剪切螺栓凹槽横截面面积成正比；随着螺栓凹槽宽度增大，螺栓的最大剪切力减小，螺栓剪切段的塑性逐渐增强；剪切螺栓的回退式车钩在整车仿真中能够实现回退功能，使吸能装置有效发挥吸能作用；改进后的机车相较于既有机车的纵向最大平均加速度减少了2.49g ，峰值界面力减少了472kN ，碰撞前后司机室纵向生存空间增加了12.54%。
关键词：剪切螺栓；回退式车钩；本构模型；耐撞性中图分类号：O313.4；U270.2文献标志码：A开放科学(资源服务)标识码(OSID)文章编号：1672-7207（2022）05-1877-12Shear bolt design and its application in crashworthiness ofelectric loco-motive structureYANG Yi 1,ZHU Tao 1,ZHANG Jiangtian 2,HUANG Minghui 2,XIAO Shoune 1,DING Haoxu 1(1.State Key Laboratory of Traction Power,Southwest Jiaotong University,Chengdu 610031,China;2.CRRC Datong Co.Ltd.,Datong 037038,China)Abstract:In order to improve the passive safety of electric locomotive,the design method of retractablecoupler收稿日期：2021−09−29；修回日期：2021−11−28基金项目(Foundation item)：国家自然科学基金资助项目(52172409)；四川省杰出青年基金资助项目(2022JDJQ0025)(Project(52172409)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China;Project(2022JDJQ0025)supported by the Outstanding Youth Fund of Sichuan Province)通信作者：朱涛，博士，副研究员，从事机车车辆设计与理论研究；E-mail ：******************DOI:10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2022.05.032引用格式：杨毅,朱涛,张江田,等.剪切螺栓设计及在电力机车结构耐撞性上的运用[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2022,53(5):1877−1888.Citation:YANG Yi,ZHU Tao,ZHANG Jiangtian,et al.Shear bolt design and its application in crashworthiness of electric loco-motive structure[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2022,53(5):1877−1888.第53卷中南大学学报(自然科学版)shear bolt was proposed,and the crashworthiness of locomotive end structure was designed to improve the crashworthiness of the existing locomotive.Firstly,the quasi-static and dynamic impact tests of shear bolts were carried out,and the maximum shear force and failure mode of shear bolts were studied.Then,based on the experimental data,the parameters of the J-C constitutive model of45steel for shear bolt were optimized,and the parameter dependence of the maximum shear force was discussed combined with numerical simulation.Finally, based on the numerical simulation,the functional feasibility of the fallback coupler was verified.At the same time, based on the principle of multi-level energy absorption,the end structure of the existing locomotive was improved, and the crashworthiness index was analyzed.The results show that the shear bolt can be effectively applied in the retraction coupler to ensure that the coupler retracts to the appropriate position in locomotive collision.Based onthe test data,the optimized J-C constitutive model of45steel can accurately simulate the shear force and failure mode of shear bolt,and the maximum error is4.31%.The maximum shear force of the shear bolt has nothing to do with the diameter of the bolt itself,and is directly proportional to the cross-sectional area of the shear bolt groove. With the increase of bolt groove width,the maximum shear force of bolt decreases,and the plasticity of bolt shear section increases gradually.The retraction coupler with shear bolt can realize the retraction function in the whole vehicle simulation,so that the energy absorption device can effectively play the role of energy absorption. Compared with the existing locomotive,the longitudinal maximum average acceleration of the improved locomotive is reduced by2.49g,the peak interface force is reduced by472kN,and the longitudinal living space ofthe cab before and after collision is increased by12.54%.Key words:shear bolt;retractable coupler;constitutive model;crashworthiness近年来，随着我国现役电力机车规模逐渐扩大，电力机车的被动安全性改进的重要性逐渐凸显[1]。
2008诺贝尔化学奖得主华裔科学家钱永健
获奖感言
• “发现新东西是我‘玩’下去的动力” 发现新东西是我‘ 发现新东西是我 下去的动力” • 血统出身并不能决定一个人的身分，一个 血统出身并不能决定一个人的身分， 成功的科学家必出于一个开放的社会， 成功的科学家必出于一个开放的社会，自 由的环境是培育科学家的要件。 由的环境是培育科学家的要件。” • 比高锟幸运多了
钱永健的成就
• 钱永健获得了许多重要奖项，包括：１９ 钱永健获得了许多重要奖项，包括： ９１年 帕萨诺基金青年科学家奖； ９１年，帕萨诺基金青年科学家奖；１９ ９５年 比利时阿图瓦－巴耶－ ９５年，比利时阿图瓦－巴耶－拉图尔健 康奖；１９９５年 盖尔德纳基金国际奖； 康奖；１９９５年，盖尔德纳基金国际奖； １９９５年 美国心脏学会基础研究奖； １９９５年，美国心脏学会基础研究奖； ２００２年 美国化学学会创新奖； ２００２年，美国化学学会创新奖；２０ ０２年 ０２年，荷兰皇家科学院海内生物化学与 生物物理学奖；２００４年 生物物理学奖；２００４年，世界最高成 就奖之一以色列沃尔夫奖医学奖。 就奖之一以色列沃尔夫奖医学奖。
瞄准癌症
• • • • • 获奖之后，钱永健谈到将来目标， 获奖之后，钱永健谈到将来目标，表露出自己希望为攻 克癌症贡献力量的愿望。 克癌症贡献力量的愿望。 他不久前瞄准癌症成像和治疗，与同事研制出Ｕ 他不久前瞄准癌症成像和治疗，与同事研制出Ｕ形缩氨 用于承载成像分子或化疗药物。 酸，用于承载成像分子或化疗药物。 形缩氨酸可成为某些蛋白酶和蛋白裂解酶的底物， Ｕ形缩氨酸可成为某些蛋白酶和蛋白裂解酶的底物，这 些酶从癌细胞中渗出，却极少出现在正常细胞中。 些酶从癌细胞中渗出，却极少出现在正常细胞中。 当蛋白酶穿透Ｕ形缩氨酸底部时，Ｕ ，Ｕ形缩氨酸的双臂会 当蛋白酶穿透Ｕ形缩氨酸底部时，Ｕ形缩氨酸的双臂会 分离，其中一支臂拖住有效载荷部分进入隔壁细胞。 分离，其中一支臂拖住有效载荷部分进入隔壁细胞。 我一直想在临床方面做一些与我事业相关的事， “我一直想在临床方面做一些与我事业相关的事，”钱 永健说， 如果可能的话，癌症就是终极挑战。 永健说，“如果可能的话，癌症就是终极挑战。”
我国赴美学者锁定癌症治疗药物新靶点
（ 科技 日报 ）
该校学者的 （－ Ｎ ｓ （ Ｒ ａ ｅ对离体砂梨 不亲和性花粉管线粒 体和 Ｓ 核 ＩＡ的影响》研究论文 。 ） Ｎ 据 论文第 一作者 、南 京农业 大学在 校博 士生王 春雷介 绍，梨是亚洲及我 国主栽 果树之一 ，是典型的 自花授粉 不结 实性 果树 ，田间 白花授 粉坐果率极低 。因此在生产上 需要合 理配 置授 粉树或进行人工辅助授粉 。 但人工授粉需要花 费很 多劳力，同时也常因授粉树配置 不当，花期不 良，气象 条件 影响，昆虫传 粉或人工授粉不及 时等 原因造成减产 。 提高 梨的产量和品质 ， 需要掌握梨 白花授粉不结实 的原 因。张绍铃教授领导 的南京 农大梨工程 中心经 多年研 究 ， 成 中国科 学家尝试用 中药治疗奶 牛的细菌 性疾 病，旨在遏 制在奶 牛身上滥 用抗生素 ， 减少牛奶 中的药物 等化学物质残
“ －Ｎ ｓ ”，并在 实验室建立 了一套梨 “ 亲繁殖 ”不 结 ＳＲａ ｅ 近
养殖示 范基 地切断了对奶牛 的所有抗 生素供 给， 只用中草药 治疗感 染细 菌性炎症的奶牛 ， 饲料 中也严格 不添 加三聚氰胺 或尿素 。示范生产 的牛奶达 到了零 残留 ， 供应给 企业生产安
从 自然界寻找在驯化 中遗 失了的重要基 因， 也就是物种 问基
因的转移和互相利用 。 通过染色 体工程可 以有效地将栽 培和
野生近缘种中的优异基 因转移 到 目标栽培物 中， 创造 出在遗
传学研究和育种 中有利用价值 的种 质材 料 。 我国具有 ５ ０多年历史 的小 麦远 缘杂交与染色 体工程 ， 在上个世纪 ８ Ｏ年代也 曾有过一 段辉 煌 。但是 ，到上个 世纪 ９ Ｏ年代初 ，基因工程育种抗 虫棉与抗除草剂 大豆成功选 育 与推广，吸 引了人们 的注意力 ，染色 体工程被列入常规育种 的范畴， 自 “ 九五 ”开始 即未再立 项。 “ 植物染色体工程在未来仍将 发挥 重要作用 ， 但这种潜 力的发挥 有赖 于常规染色体工程与新 兴学科的交叉和结合 ，
分层接种对猪粪厌氧干发酵产气性能及微生物群落结构的影响
第37卷第1期农业工程学报V ol.37 No.1 2021年1月Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering Jan. 2021 251分层接种对猪粪厌氧干发酵产气性能及微生物群落结构的影响李丹妮1，高文萱1，张克强1，孔德望2，王思淇1，杜连柱1※（1. 农业农村部环境保护科研监测所，天津300191；2.杭州能源环境工程有限公司，杭州310020）摘要：为避免厌氧干发酵酸抑制，提高产气效率，以猪粪和玉米秸秆为发酵原料，采用中温批式试验，在总固体（Total Solid, TS）为20%、接种比为25%的条件下研究分层接种和混合接种对猪粪干发酵厌氧消化性能的影响。
结果表明：2种接种方式下的发酵体系内挥发性脂肪酸（V olatile Fatty Acids,VFAs）均发生明显积累，其中，分层接种在第15天的TVFAs 质量浓度达到33.0 mg/g，之后明显降低，至发酵结束时VFAs消耗殆尽。
混合接种从第15天至发酵结束，TVFAs质量浓度维持在29.2～38.5 mg/g高水平范围内。
分层接种的累积挥发性固体甲烷产率为211.5 mL/g。
高通量测序结果显示，氢营养型产甲烷途径在2种接种方式下均占主导，但分层接种增加了发酵体系中微生物的丰富度和多样性，且群落结构更加稳定。
进一步分析表明，乙酸和pH值是影响厌氧干发酵中微生态结构的主要环境因子。
该研究结果为解除畜禽养殖废弃物酸抑制、提高产气效率提供理论依据与有益借鉴。
关键词：发酵；粪；微生物群落；分层接种；混合接种doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.01.030中图分类号：X705 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1002-6819(2021)-01-0251-08李丹妮，高文萱，张克强，等. 分层接种对猪粪厌氧干发酵产气性能及微生物群落结构的影响[J]. 农业工程学报，2021，37(1)：251-258. doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.01.030 Li Danni, Gao Wenxuan, Zhang Keqiang, et al. Influences of layer inoculation on biogas production and microbial community in solid-state anaerobic fermentation of pig manure[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(1): 251-258. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.01.030 0 引 言近年来，中国的沼气产业发展迅速，已经成为最大的生物质能源产业之一[1]，随着畜禽养殖向集约化、规模化发展方式转变，沼气发酵成为消纳养殖废弃物应用最广泛的有效措施之一[2]。
麦肯基疗法腰椎
三大综合征
姿势综合征 通常在30岁以下，职业多为办公室工作， 缺乏体育运动。症状局限，疼痛常在脊 柱中线附近，不向四肢放射。间歇性疼 痛。体检无阳性体征，运动试验结果无 变化，运动中无疼痛，仅于长时间的静 态姿势后出现疼痛，活动后疼痛立即缓 解。 原因是正常组织被长时间过度地牵拉。
三大综合征
功能不良综合征 通常30岁以上（创伤除外），病因多为 长年不良姿势并缺乏体育运动，使得软 组织弹性降低，长度适应性缩短。 疼痛原因是短缩的组织受到过度地牵拉。 疼痛多为间歇性，多局限于脊柱中线附 近，疼痛总是在活动范围的终点发生， 绝不在过程中出现。 运动试验结果为在进行受限方向全范围
三大综合征
移位综合征 通常在20~55岁之间，患者多有不良坐姿， 常有突发的疼痛，即在几小时或1到2天 由正常发展至严重的功能障碍。发病通 常无明显诱因。症状可能局限，可能放 射或牵涉至远端肢体。疼痛可能持续性， 可能间歇性。某些运动或维持某些体位 时，对症状有影响。疼痛的范围，程度， 部位可以变化。运动或体位引起的症状
麦肯基疗法-腰椎
背部练习4：站立伸展运动 两脚分开站直，双手放在后腰部，四指 靠在脊椎两侧 躯干尽量向后弯曲，使用双手作为支点 每组10次，每天6到8组
发生急性下背痛，在条件不容许躺下的 时候采用的方法也可作为预防措施使用
麦肯基疗法-腰椎
背部练习5：平躺弯曲运动 平躺在地上或床上，双腿弯曲，双脚平 放 使双腿靠近胸部 双手抱腿，在疼痛可以忍受的前提下轻 柔而缓慢地将两膝尽量靠近胸部，保持1 到2秒 每组5到6次，每天3到4组
麦肯基疗法
四肢着地比直立好？
麦肯基疗法
绝大部分疼痛的原因是韧带和周边软组 织的长期过度拉伸导致的。
肌肉拉伤需要很大的力量，且肌肉 拉伤能够较快恢复 ，很少会持续两周 以上。
麦肯基力学疗法
麦肯基疗法，脊柱病疼痛的克星麦肯基力学疗法McKenzie技术是由澳大利亚RobinMcKenzie先生独创的一种专门治疗颈肩腰腿痛的技术。
是目前治疗颈肩腰腿痛的最新非手术疗法。
具有安全、见效快、疗程短、容易预防复发的特点。
因为对腰椎研究所作的贡献，RobinMcKenzie于1983年被国际腰椎研究会接受为会员，并于1982年成立了McKenzie国际学院，用以研究McKenzie技术和向全世界推广该技术。
McKenzie先生认为坐姿不良和反复低头弯腰是造成颈肩腰腿痛的重要因素，因此，正确姿势的维持和有针对性的运动会消除患者颈肩腰腿痛的症状。
为此设计了一套完整的评估表，通过详细的体格检查和运动试验，以确定适合患者的姿势、运动手段或适宜的手法，并施以治疗，健康运动指导。
患者的疼痛、麻木、发胀等症状会在数天之内缓解甚至消失，其间不需要服用任何药物或是手术治疗。
McKenzie认为在患者掌握了适合自己的运动方式后，即使以后因为劳累而导致颈腰痛，也不必马上来医院找医生，自己在家做特定的运动就可以缓解症状。
在特殊情况下做运动时症状加重，就必须停止并来医院找医生重新检查和评估。
）第一节概述一、起源麦肯基力学诊断治疗方法的创始人是新西兰的物理治疗师麦肯基先生（Robin McKenzie）。
整个诊断治疗系统的创立与发展源自于一个偶然的病例。
1956年，麦肯基先生在新西兰惠灵顿的私人诊所行医。
史密斯先生是他的一个患者。
史密斯先生右侧腰痛，右侧臀部、大腿和膝部疼痛，弯腰不受限，腰向后伸展受限。
麦肯基先生为史密斯进行了3周的治疗，但史密斯症状没有改善。
有一天，当史密斯来到诊所时，他被告知进入治疗室上床等待。
但工作人员并没有注意到治疗床的一端已经被抬起。
史密斯脸朝下趴在床上使得腰处于过度伸展位。
在那个年代，腰伸展位被认为是对腰痛患者非常有害的体位。
大约过了10分钟，麦肯基先生进治疗室时才发现这个“错误”，但让人不可思议的是，史密斯竟然认为他得到了3周以来最好的治疗。
单孔胸腔镜肺切除术治疗早期肺癌的效果及对肿瘤标志物水平的影响
单孔胸腔镜肺切除术治疗早期肺癌的效果及对肿瘤标志物水平的影响殷德猛① 乔羽① 邹松① 邓楠① 【摘要】 目的：探讨单孔胸腔镜肺切除术治疗早期肺癌的效果及对肿瘤标志物水平的影响。
方法：选取苏州市中医医院2020年7月—2022年12月收治的116例早期肺癌患者，根据手术方式将其分为单孔组和两孔组，每组58例。
单孔组采用单孔胸腔镜肺切除术，两孔组采用两孔胸腔镜肺切除术。
对比两组手术效果、疼痛评分、肿瘤标志物水平及并发症发生率。
结果：两组手术时间、淋巴结清扫数对比，差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
单孔组术中出血量少于两孔组，术后引流时间、住院时间均短于两孔组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
术后24 h、3 d和出院时，单孔组疼痛评分均低于两孔组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
术后24 h，单孔组可溶性细胞角蛋白19片段（Cyfra21-1）、糖类抗原125（CA125）、癌胚抗原（CEA）均低于两孔组，差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。
两组并发症发生率对比，差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）。
结论：与两孔胸腔镜肺切除术治疗早期肺癌相比，单孔胸腔镜肺切除术手术效果更好，可减少手术创伤，缓解术后疼痛，降低肿瘤标志物水平，促进患者术后恢复，且不会增加术后并发症发生率，安全可靠。
【关键词】 单孔胸腔镜 两孔胸腔镜 早期肺癌 肿瘤标志物 The Effect of Single Hole Thoracoscopy Pneumonectomy in the Treatment of Early Stage Lung Cancer and Its Influence on the Levels of Tumor Markers/YIN Demeng, QIAO Yu, ZOU Song, DENG Nan. //Medical Innovation of China, 2024, 21(05): 036-040 [Abstract] Objective: To explore of the effect of single hole thoracoscopy pneumonectomy in the treatment of early stage lung cancer and its influence on the levels of tumor markers. Method: A total of 116 early stage lung cancer patients admitted to Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine from July 2020 to December 2022 were selected, they were divided into a single hole group and a two holes group based on the surgical method, with 58 cases in each group. The single hole group underwent single hole thoracoscopic pneumonectomy, while the two holes group underwent two holes thoracoscopic pneumonectomy. The surgical effects, pain scores, tumor marker levels, and incidence of complications were compared between the two groups. Result: There were no statistically significant differences in surgical time and the number of lymph node dissection between the two groups (P>0.05). The intraoperative bleeding volume in the single hole group was less than that in the two holes group, and the postoperative drainage time and hospitalization time were shorter than those in the two holes group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). At 24 hours, 3 days, and upon discharge, the pain scores in the single hole group were lower than those in the two holes group, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). At 24 h after operation, the soluble cell keratin 19 fragment (Cyfra21-1), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the single hole group were lower than those in the two holes groups, the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05) .There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion: Compared with two holes thoracoscopic pneumonectomy for the treatment of early stage lung cancer, single hole thoracoscopic pneumonectomy has a better surgical effect, can reduce surgical trauma, alleviate postoperative pain, lower tumor marker levels, promote postoperative recovery, and do not increase the incidence of postoperative complications, it is safe and reliable. [Key words] Single hole thoracoscopy Two holes thoracoscopy Early stage lung cancer Tumor markers First-author's address: Department of Thoracic Surgery, Suzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Suzhou 215000, China doi：10.3969/j.issn.1674-4985.2024.05.009①苏州市中医医院胸外科 江苏 苏州 215000通信作者：邓楠- 36 - 肺癌是一种恶性肿瘤，发生在支气管黏膜上皮，并逐渐生长至支气管和肺组织的管腔中，该病主要通过淋巴结、支气管和血液转移。
边缘视角·一体思维·多元格局——刘义棠《中国边疆民族史》的基本内容与学术贡献
文山学院学报Vol. 33 No. 4Aug. 202019第 33 卷第 4 期2020年 8 月JOURNAL OF WENSHAN UNIVERSITY收稿日期：2020 - 03 - 28作者简介：杨泽宇，男，安徽阜阳人，云南大学历史与档案学院硕士研究生，主要从事中国民族史研究。
刘义棠（1926—1998），字海如，号棣斋，早年入台湾国立政治大学边政系学习，毕业即任教于此，后担任该校边政研究所所长，专研中国边疆民族历史与文化，是台湾著名的中国边疆学、民族史学者。
他于20世纪60年代出版的《中国边疆民族史》在继承以林惠祥、吕思勉为代表“中国早期民族史学科体系”①的基础上，结合边疆学的学术训练和民族史的研究经验，将中国边疆与边疆民族作为研究对象，开辟出中国民族史研究中将历史学与边疆学相互结合的新范式，成为当时台湾学界边疆与民族研究的经典之一。
近年来，大陆学者对铸牢中华民族共同体的认同使上世纪诸多民族史著述重归大众视野，相关论著亦丰，但值得思考的是，作为中国民族史重要研究成果的《中国边疆民族史》却并未受到与之贡献相匹配的关注。
笔者浅见，当前以促进多民族共同发展为目标的族史溯源，其理论依据源自近代国族建构视野中国民民族意识的转变，而观察这种从粗拙渐向成熟的思维过程并在其中解密中国古代各民族发展、混化和融合的历史规律，不能局域于大陆范畴而忽视台湾学界的学术成就。
本文遂从“边缘”“一体”和“多源”三种视角出发，回顾与反思刘义棠的《中国边疆民族史》及其民族史研究的理论和方法，力图阐明台湾学者为探索中国古代边疆民族发展史所作之努力，以期引起足够重视。
不当之处，敬请方家批评、指正。
边缘视角·一体思维·多元格局——刘义棠《中国边疆民族史》的基本内容与学术贡献杨泽宇（云南大学 历史与档案学院，云南 昆明 650000）摘要：台湾民族史学者刘义棠在《中国边疆民族史》一书中，以游离于汉家王朝之外的边境民族为视角，阐释了中国民族“中央到边疆”的地缘政治、“历史与现实”的时间衔接和“多源至一体”的空间格局，以此形成的学术思维并代入于中国古代边疆民族的具体研究中，对中国民族史和边疆史地研究进行了有益的理论尝试与方法探索，亦襄助于边疆社会以及族群文化的学术拓展。
经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术对肾及上段输尿管结石患者排石效果及肾功能的影响
74·罕少疾病杂志 2024年2月 第31卷 第 2 期 总第175期【第一作者】阳王磊，男，副主任医师，主要研究方向：泌尿系结石、肿瘤及前列腺增生。
E-mail：***************【通讯作者】阳王磊·论著·经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术对肾及上段输尿管结石患者排石效果及肾功能的影响阳王磊1,* 孔令韬1 李 珍21.南京市高淳中医院泌尿外科 (江苏 南京 211300)2.南京市高淳中医院超声科 (江苏 南京 211300)【摘要】目的 探究经尿道输尿管软镜钬激光碎石术(FURS)对肾及上段输尿管结石患者排石效果及肾功能的影响。
方法 研究数据源于2021年9月-2023年10月内本院收治的84例肾及上段输尿管结石患者病历资料。
所有患者进行经尿道FURS治疗。
观察治疗后的排石效果、术中及术后情况、肾功能损害相关指标及并发症。
结果 术后半月结石清除例数为62例，清除率为(62/84)73.81%；术后1月结石清除例数为71例，清除率为(71/84)84.52%。
所有患者手术时间为40min~100min，平均手术时间(76.85±10.85)min。
全部病例软镜鞘的置鞘成功率为(84/84)100%。
本组84例患者中仅2例为铸型结石，实施二次碎石后取净，其他患者均一次碎石成功。
84例患者中33例输尿管上段结石均一次取净结石。
患者住院时间为4~6d，平均住院时间(4.24±0.55)d。
与治疗前相比，经尿道FURS治疗12h后患者的肌酐、尿素氮、Cys-C水平均升高，差异显著(P <0.05)，与治疗后12h相比，治疗后72h各指标水平均降低，差异显著(P <0.05)。
经尿道FURS治疗后，术后2例患者发热，经过对症处理后均明显好转，并发症总发生率为2.38%，无其他并发症。
结论 经尿道FURS对肾及上段输尿管结石患者有良好的排石效果，对患者肾功能损伤较小，并发症少，安全有效。
McKenzie技术麦肯基技术
McKenzie技术又称麦肯基技术，是由澳大利亚Robin McKenzie先生独创的一种专门治疗颈肩腰腿痛的技术。
该技术是目前治疗颈肩腰腿痛的最新非手术疗法。
具有平安、见效快、疗程短、容易预防复发的特点。
受到全世界的物理治疗师和医师的认可。
Robin McKenzie先生也因为对腰椎研究所作的奉献，于1983年被国际腰椎研究会承受为会员，并在1982年成立了McKenzie国际学院，用以研究McKenzie技术和向全世界推广该技术。
McKenzie先生认为坐姿不良和反复低头弯腰是造成颈肩腰腿痛的重要因素，因此，正确姿势的维持和有针对性的运动会消除患者颈肩腰腿痛的病症。
McKenzie先生为此设计了一套完好的评估表，通过详细的体检和运动试验，确定合适患者的姿势、运动或手法并施以治疗，患者的疼痛、麻木、发胀等病症会在数天之内缓解甚至消失，而不需任何药物或是手术。
McKenzie技术还有一个特点就是在患者掌握了合适自己的运动方式后，即使以后因为劳累而导致颈腰痛，也不必马上来医院找医生，自己在家做特定的运动就可以缓解病症。
〔假设在特殊情况下做运动时病症加重，必须停顿并来医院找医生重新检查和评估。
〕第一节概述一、起源麦肯基力学诊断治疗方法的创始人是新西兰的物理治疗师麦肯基先生〔Robin McKenzie〕。
整个诊断治疗系统的创立与开展源自于一个偶尔的病例。
1956年，麦肯基先生在新西兰惠灵顿的私人诊所行医。
史密斯先生是他的一个患者。
史密斯先生右侧腰痛，右侧臀部、大腿和膝部疼痛，弯腰不受限，腰向后伸展受限。
麦肯基先生为史密斯进展了3周的治疗，但史密斯病症没有改善。
有一天，当史密斯来到诊所时，他被告知进入治疗室上床等待。
但工作人员并没有注意到治疗床的一端已经被抬起。
史密斯脸朝下趴在床上使得腰处于过度伸展位。
在那个年代，腰伸展位被认为是对腰痛患者非常有害的体位。
大约过了10分钟，麦肯基先生进治疗室时才发现这个“错误〞，但让人不可思议的是，史密斯竟然认为他得到了3周以来最好的治疗。
蛋白质结构的研究带来治癌药物的希望
蛋白质结构的研究带来治癌药物的希望
杨其伟
【期刊名称】《大自然探索》
【年(卷),期】1989(000)001
【摘要】美国和日本的科学家首次测定了一个致癌基因蛋白质的三维结构.分子生物学家或许可根据这一信息设计使这种蛋白质失活并阻止癌细胞分裂的药物。
同样,这一工作也将有助于科学家了解正常细胞的分子怎样相互发生分裂起始的信号。
研究人员观察了最通常的原癌基因之一的称为ras的基因。
人们已在膀胱癌、乳房癌、肺癌以及40％的人类结肠癌中发现了这种原癌基因.ras一词是鼠肉瘤的缩写,它是在恶性细胞型中首次发现的原癌基因.
【总页数】1页(P112-112)
【作者】杨其伟
【作者单位】
【正文语种】中文
【中图分类】N49
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Preamble (1)This is my once-in-a-lifetime chance to write a paper and its corresponding talk without being subject to the whims of the reviewers….Preamble (2): Relational DBMS Context 1970: E. F. Codd writes pioneering CACM paper-All data should be in stored relations (tables –the simplest possible data structure)-And accessed in a high level language (now SQL) 1970’s: System R (IBM) and Ingres (Berkeley) are full function Data Base Management System (DBMS) prototypes embodying Codd’s ideaThe Land Sharks are onthe Squawk Box(Why Riding a Bicycle Across America and Building Postgres Have a Lot inCommon)Kennebago, ME: Summer 1993•tPart 1: Off to a Great StartAnacortes, WA: Day 1 -June 4, 1988Berkeley, CA: 1984•Commercial Ingres is 4 years old—And much better code than academic Ingres •Makes no sense to continue prototyping on our code line•We push the code off a cliff, and start something new•So what is Postgres to be?Berkeley, CA: 1984•Abstract Data Types (ADTs)—Ingres, System R were focused on business data processing (competing against IMS and Codasyl)—Motivated by a large collection of papers of the form:•“we tried RDBMS on X; it didn’t work,so we added Y to the relational model”In GeneralUser-defined data types (Rectangle)User-defined operators (Overlaps)User-defined functions (MakeBox)Requires adding functions to DBMS engine and calling them at appropriate times during query execution…The Devil is in the Details •Using new types in indexes (B-trees, hashing)•New indexes (e.g. R-trees)•Teaching the query optimizer about new types•Specifying commutativity rules•Optimization of “not”•And othersWinthrop, WA: Day 3Rainy Pass, WA: Day 3Washington Pass, WA: Day 3Berkeley, CA: 1985-86•Chris Date wrote a pioneering paper on referential integrity•Basically what to do with foreign-key-primary-key constraintsDate’s Solution •Cascade the delete•Replace dept by “null”•Refuse the delete•Plus three corresponding actions on insertsMy Idea: A Single Mechanism •Referential integrity•Triggers (make sure a salary update to Sam gets cascaded to Bill)•Integrity constraints (salaries must be non-negative)My Solution•Update ALWAYS command•Make sure Bill has the same salary as Sam—Update ALWAYS (set salary = E.salary)where = “Sam” andname = “Bill”—Semantics: the command appears to beperpetually running•Somewhat cleaner than an if-then rules system….Marias Pass, MT: Day 15Traditional DBMS Crash RecoveryDBMSData LogTwo data stores with different access engines, which must be carefully synchronized!!Log code is complicated and ugly!Postgres Picture: No OverwriteDBMSData +LogGets rid of crash recovery code! Provides “time travel” in additionThe Devil is in the Details•Log is “write optimized”•Data is “read optimized”•No overwrite must be competitive –tricky placement problemPostgres Game Plan •ADTs•Rules using an “always” command •No overwrite storage•There was other (less important) stuff…—Complex objects—InheritancePart 2: Things Aren’t Going WellDrake, ND: Day 26Reality Sets In•Lisp is a disaster—Lots of code over the cliff•ADT system works well—Multiple semantics for time•Time travel has promise, but is a tricky to tune•“Always” doesn’t work—Lots of code over the cliff—And we go back to a exploring aconventional rule systemReality Sets In•The “Wine Connoisseur” and I spend a lot of time on:—How complex can complex objects be—What to do about time travel, rules, …•Next 3 years was a lot of “repair”—Think of this as a “slog through theswamp”Part 3: Another High PointCarrington, ND: The Next AfternoonSerendipityBerkeley, CA: 1991-92Commercial Postgres•In the DBMS field, the ultimate arbiter of good ideas is the commercial marketplace•In my opinion, technology transfer is best done through a startup—Large companies have their own agenda—Read “The Innovators Dilemma” by ClaytonChristensen•Recruited “Mom” and her husband “Short One”•“EMP1” and “Quiet One” came over from the academic team, joined shortly thereafter by “Triple Rock”•With the “Tall Shark” as interim CEO and lead investor•We were off and running –converting the query language from QUEL to SQL, hardening the code and improving performanceBerkeley, CA: 1991-92Commercial PostgresLuddington, MI: Day 38Berkeley, CA: 1993-94•After a couple of miscues, we are named Illustra•Got the first few customers•Raised more money (see slide 1)•Hired “Voice of Experience”, “Uptone” and “Smooth” --a real management team•The future is looking up….Part 4: Another LowEllicottville, NY: Day 49Berkeley, CA: 1994 -1995Reality Sets In•Catch-22 between customers and ADT providers —Customers wanted ADTs from the large app vendors —App vendors wanted a distribution channel•The dreaded “down round”—“a fate worse than death”Part 5: Looking GoodTroy, NY: Day 56 The Last HillBerkeley, CA: 1995Serendipity•The internet is taking off •“Uptone” turns the company on a dime and we become “the database for cyberspace”•Get a lot of buzz•Maybe we have turned the cornerPart 6: More ChallengesBerkeley, CA: 1995Reality Sets In (Again)•The internet bake off•On business data processing data!!!!—Transaction processing is not in our“wheelhouse”Part 7: The EndingWollaston Beach, MA: Day 59Berkeley, CA: February 1996Serendipity•Illustra is purchased by one of the elephants—Solves the Catch-22 on ADTs—Solves the transaction processing problem •We set about putting Illustra features into their systemWhy Tell a Bicycle Story?Algorithm for a cross-country bike trip:Until (ocean) {get up in the morning;ride east;persevere and overcome any obstaclesthat arise;}A Bit of Abstraction…Until (GOAL) {get up in the morning;ACTION;persevere and overcome any obstaclesthat arise;}And a Macro Make It HappenWhy Would Anybody Want to Ride Across America?•Long and hard•Periods of depression and elation •Lots of monotony (slogging through the swamp)。