Long Term Storage Trends and You
消费者的正确行为英语作文
消费者的正确行为英语作文The Responsible Consumer: A Guide to Sustainable Shopping.In today's fast-paced consumer culture, it's easy to get caught up in the thrill of acquiring new things. However, with the rise of environmental concerns and social awareness, it's becoming increasingly important for consumers to make informed and responsible choices. This article aims to guide you towards sustainable shopping practices that benefit both you and society.1. Be Mindful of Your Choices.The first step towards responsible consumerism is being aware of the impact of your purchases. Consider the environmental footprint of the products you buy, from their production to disposal. Look for items that are made from sustainable or recycled materials, and avoid those that come with excessive packaging or have a high carbonfootprint.2. Support Sustainable Brands.Support companies that prioritize sustainability in their business practices. Look for brands that are transparent about their supply chain, that source their materials ethically, and that strive to reduce their environmental impact. Buying from these brands not only reduces your personal carbon footprint but also encourages other companies to adopt sustainable practices.3. Shop Locally.Shopping locally supports small businesses and reduces the environmental cost of transportation. Buying from local merchants ensures that your money stays within the community, supporting local economies and creating jobs. Furthermore, local produce often has a smaller carbon footprint as it doesn't need to be transported over long distances.4. Be Mindful of Seasonality.Shopping for food and produce in season is not only healthier but also more environmentally friendly. Out-of-season fruits and vegetables often require extensive transportation and storage, which increases their carbon footprint. By shopping for locally grown, seasonal produce, you can reduce your environmental impact and enjoy the freshest, most flavorful food.5. Rethink Ownership.Consider alternative ownership models such as renting, borrowing, or sharing items instead of buying them outright. This reduces the demand for new products, saves resources, and reduces waste. Services like car-sharing, toollibraries, and clothing swaps are becoming increasingly popular and provide convenient alternatives to traditional ownership.6. Repair and Reuse.Before throwing away broken or unwanted items, consider repairing or finding new uses for them. Repairing electronics, fixing clothing, or upcycling furniture not only saves money but also reduces waste. There are plenty of resources online that can help you learn new skills and find creative ways to reuse items.7. Be Mindful of Packaging.Packaging is a significant contributor to waste and pollution. Look for products that come with minimal packaging or are packaged in recyclable materials. Whenever possible, choose bulk items or buy in refillable containers to reduce waste. Additionally, consider using reusable shopping bags, water bottles, and containers to further reduce your environmental impact.8. Educate Yourself.Becoming a responsible consumer requires ongoing education and awareness. Stay up-to-date on the latest sustainability trends and practices by reading books,articles, and blogs dedicated to the topic. Join online communities or attend workshops and events that provide education and inspiration for sustainable living.In conclusion, responsible consumerism is about making choices that benefit not only yourself but also the environment and society at large. By being mindful of your choices, supporting sustainable brands, shopping locally, and prioritizing repair and reuse, you can make a positive impact on the world. Remember, every small step counts towards a more sustainable future.。
云计算技术英语
云计算技术英语Title: Understanding Cloud Computing TechnologiesCloud computing has revolutionized the way businesses and individuals interact with technology. At its core, cloud computing is the delivery of computing resources and data storage over the internet. These resources are provided on-demand and can be scaled up or down as needed. Thisflexibility allows users to pay only for the services they use, rather than investing in expensive hardware and software that may not always be fully utilized.The foundation of cloud computing is built upon a myriadof technologies that work in harmony to provide seamless services. These technologies include virtualization, utility computing, service-oriented architecture, autonomic computing, and network-based computing, among others. Let's delve deeper into each of these key technologies.Virtualization is a cornerstone of cloud computing. It enables the creation of virtual machines (VMs) which are software-based emulations of physical servers. These VMs can run multiple operating systems and applications on a single physical server, maximizing resource utilization and reducing costs. Virtualization also allows for the rapid deployment and decommissioning of environments, providing agility and scalability to cloud services.Utility computing extends the concept of virtualization by treating computing resources like a metered service, similar to how utilities like electricity are billed based on consumption. This model allows cloud providers to offer flexible pricing plans that charge for the exact resources used, without requiring long-term contracts or minimum usage commitments.Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) is a design pattern that structures an application as a set of interoperableservices. Each service performs a unique task and can be accessed independently through well-defined interfaces and protocols. In the cloud, SOA enables the creation of modular, scalable, and reusable services that can be quickly assembled into complex applications.Autonomic computing is a self-managing system that can automatically optimize its performance without human intervention. It uses advanced algorithms and feedback mechanisms to monitor and adjust resources in real-time. This technology is essential in the cloud where the demand for resources can fluctuate rapidly, and immediate responses are necessary to maintain optimal performance.Network-based computing focuses on the connectivity between devices and the efficiency of data transmission. Cloud providers invest heavily in high-speed networks to ensure low latency and high bandwidth for their services. The reliability and security of these networks are paramount toensure uninterrupted access to cloud resources and to protect sensitive data from breaches.In addition to these foundational technologies, cloud computing also relies on advanced security measures, such as encryption and multi-factor authentication, to safeguard data and applications. Disaster recovery strategies, includingdata backups and replication across multiple geographic locations, are also critical to ensure business continuity in the event of a failure or disaster.Cloud computing models are typically categorized intothree types: Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform asa Service (PaaS), and Software as a Service (SaaS). IaaS provides virtualized infrastructure resources such as servers, storage, and networking. PaaS offers a platform fordevelopers to build, test, and deploy applications, while abstracting the underlying infrastructure layers. SaaSdelivers complete software applications to end-users via theinternet, eliminating the need for local installations and maintenance.Choosing the right cloud service provider is crucial for businesses looking to leverage cloud computing. Providerslike Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) offer a range of services tailored to different needs and budgets. These platforms are designed to be highly scalable, reliable, and secure, with features such as automated scaling, load balancing, and comprehensive monitoring tools.Furthermore, cloud providers often offer specialized services for specific industries or use cases. For example, AWS offers Amazon S3 for object storage, Amazon EC2 for virtual servers, and Amazon RDS for managed databases. Microsoft Azure provides Azure Active Directory for identity management and Azure Machine Learning for building predictivemodels. GCP offers BigQuery for big data analytics and App Engine for scalable web application hosting.As cloud computing continues to evolve, new trends and innovations emerge. Edge computing, for instance, aims to bring computation closer to data sources by processing data at the edge of the network, reducing latency and bandwidth usage. Serverless computing, another rising trend, allows developers to focus solely on writing code without worrying about the underlying infrastructure, as the cloud provider dynamically manages the execution environment.In conclusion, cloud computing technologies have enabled a paradigm shift in how we approach IT resource management and consumption. By understanding the various technologies and models at play, businesses can make informed decisions about adopting cloud solutions that align with their strategic goals. As the landscape of cloud computing continues to mature, it will undoubtedly present newopportunities and challenges that must be navigated with a keen eye on technological advancements and market dynamics.。
图表英文作文格式
图表英文作文格式Title: A Guide to Writing English Essays on Graphs and Charts。
Introduction:Writing essays based on graphs and charts is a common task in academic and professional settings. It requires a specific format to effectively convey information and analysis. This guide outlines the essential components of writing English essays on graphs and charts.1. Introduction:Begin your essay by introducing the graph or chart you will analyze. Provide essential information such as the title, data source, and time period covered by the graph. State the purpose of the graph and any key trends or patterns it illustrates.Example:The graph titled "Global Renewable Energy Consumption Trends from 2010 to 2020" depicts the consumption of renewable energy sources worldwide over the past decade. The data was sourced from the International Energy Agency and covers the period from 2010 to 2020. This essay aims to analyze the shift in renewable energy consumption and its implications for global energy sustainability.2. Description of the Graph:Provide a detailed description of the graph or chart, highlighting its key features and trends. Include relevant statistics and figures to support your analysis. Use clear and concise language to ensure the reader understands the information presented in the graph.Example:The graph shows a significant increase in renewable energy consumption over the past decade, with aparticularly steep rise observed after 2015. In 2010, renewable energy accounted for 15% of total global energy consumption, which increased to 25% by 2020. This upward trend indicates a growing shift towards renewable sources such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric power.3. Analysis of Trends:Examine the trends depicted in the graph and provide insightful analysis. Identify any factors influencing the observed patterns and discuss their implications. Consider both short-term fluctuations and long-term trajectories to offer a comprehensive understanding of the data.Example:The sharp increase in renewable energy consumptionpost-2015 can be attributed to several factors, including technological advancements, government policies promoting clean energy, and heightened awareness of climate change. This shift towards renewables signifies a global commitment to reducing carbon emissions and transitioning tosustainable energy sources. However, challenges such as intermittency and storage remain, underscoring the need for further innovation and investment in renewable energy infrastructure.4. Comparison and Contrast:Compare the data presented in the graph with relevant information from other sources or time periods. Highlight similarities, differences, and any notable deviations. This comparative analysis adds depth to your essay andfacilitates a more nuanced understanding of the topic.Example:When comparing global renewable energy consumption trends to fossil fuel usage, it becomes evident that while renewables have experienced rapid growth, fossil fuelsstill dominate the energy mix. In 2020, renewables accounted for 25% of total energy consumption, whereas fossil fuels constituted the remaining 75%. This disparity underscores the ongoing dependence on non-renewableresources and the challenges associated with transitioning to a fully sustainable energy system.5. Conclusion:Summarize the main findings of your analysis and draw conclusions based on the data presented in the graph. Reflect on the broader implications of the trends observed and suggest potential areas for future research or action.Example:In conclusion, the graph illustrates a significant increase in global renewable energy consumption over the past decade, driven by technological advancements and growing environmental concerns. While this shift towards renewables is promising, it is essential to recognize the continued dominance of fossil fuels and the need for concerted efforts to accelerate the transition to a sustainable energy future. By investing in renewable energy infrastructure and adopting supportive policies, the world can mitigate climate change and secure a more resilient andequitable energy system for future generations.6. References:Include a list of references citing the sources of data and any additional literature consulted in your essay. This ensures transparency and allows readers to verify the information presented.Example:International Energy Agency. (2021). World Energy Outlook 2021. Paris: IEA Publications.By following this format, you can effectively write English essays on graphs and charts, providing insightful analysis and contributing to the understanding of complex issues in various fields.。
2024年自考-自考专业(国贸)-外刊经贸知识选读考试历年真题常考点试题3带答案
2024年自考-自考专业(国贸)-外刊经贸知识选读考试历年真题常考点试题带答案（图片大小可任意调节）第1卷一.单选题(共20题)1.Will you _________ playing basketball?A.join us inB. join toC. join us toD. to join us2.Our teachers made us ________a lot of homework after school.A.to doB.doingC.doD.to have done until seven o clock.3.The cost of the various repairs amounts __________ total to just over a hundred pounds.A. toB.inC.byD.for4.His whole school education ________ only 2 years because of his illness.A.added upB.added up inC. added up toD.was added up5.I don't know_________.B.how I could finish my homework on timeC.I can how finish my homework on the timeD.how I can finish my homework on time6.________, the first settlers found in New Zealand many strange birds and animals that exist nowhere else in the world.A.As in AustraliaB.As AustraliaC.Like in AustraliaD.Like Australia7.The storm died away at last with the golden waves __________ the shore in peace.A.beatB.to beatC.beatingD. beaten8.I don ’ t want to buy the sweater because I don ’ t like the color. __________, it is too expensive.A.ExceptB.Except forC.HoweverD.Besides9.You should try to write __________ eve n when you ’ re busy. As you know, pract ice makes perfect.A.now and thenB.more or lessC.sooner or laterD.here and there10.We are living a_____A.stillB.quietC.calmD.silent11.When Bob woke up he found himself in hospital, but he didn t __________.A.came aboutB. came outC. came along12.The world ’ s smallest baby, a __________ girl weighed just 24 grams when she was born .A.three monthsB.three-month-oldC.three months oldD.three-months-old13.One way to understand thousands of new words is to gain __________ good knowledge of basic word formation.A./B.theC.aD.one14.John said he would pay __________ second visit to China __________ next month.A.the; /B. the; theC.a; theD.a; /15.I __________ the movie, but now I hardly remember it. Can you remind me of its name?A.may seeB. can seeC. may have seenD. can ’ t have seen16.Are you _________ your classmates well?A.getting alongB.get long withC.getting long withD.getting along with life in the country.17.--- Have you moved into the new house? --- Not yet. The rooms __________.A.are paintingB.are being paintedC.are paintedD.have painted18.—You look very pale. You __________ very tired. —I didn ’ t sleep at all last night.A.must beB. must have been19.I want your_________, sir. I don t know what to do.A.advicesB.piece of advicesC.adviceD.advise20.For some reason, it __________ all day over the two weeks.A.rainedB.rainsC.was rainingD.has been raining第2卷一.单选题(共20题)1.You look not a bit older than you did 5 years ago. How do you __________so young?A.changeB.growC.becomeD.stay2.At this moment the bell rang, ________ the end of class.A.announcedB.. having announcedC.announcingD.to announce3.Mr. Smith is in good health now for it is quite a long time since he __________.A.not smokedB.smokedC. has smokedD.began to smoke4.I _________when I was a young girl.C.made diariesD.kept diaries5.It's seven thirty. I_________ go to school.A.have gotB.have got toC.got toD.had got to6.Where was __________ you met with the famous scientist?A.it thatB.itC.the placeD.there7.No one _________of it.A.dared to speakingB.dared speakC. can dared speakD.dare speaking8.This is the first time that I_________ at the meeting.A. had spokenB. have spokenC.amD. was9.An A4 sized panel ( 太阳能板 ) put onto the back of a jacket costs __________ US$15. It could __________ a cellphone during a summer walk.A.at most; workB.at least; controlC.at least; fuelD.at most; charge10.Our teacher __________ us to practise our spoken English as often as possible.A.hopesB.suggestsC.advisesD.lets11.Wood is often _________ paper.ed to be madeed making12.—It ’ s a warm day, isn —’ Yes, t it? it ’ s __________ cold. I just wear a jacket.A.not a bitB.a bitC.a littleD. not a little13.The speech is strongly impressed ________ my memory.A.toB.overC.byD.on14.You __________ put your computer in your bedroom.A.don ’ t needB.had not betterC.had better notD.ought not15.He came into the classroom_________.A.very upsetB.being upsetC.to upsetD.to be upset16.The number of tall buildings __________ greatly in Tianjin in the last few years.A.is increasingB.has increasedC.are increasedD. have increased17.The boy bought a new dictionary__________ he turned for help.A.from whichB. into whichC. whichD. to which18.__________ twenty-fifth of December is __________Christmas Day.C.The; aD.A; the19.— How are you today? —Oh, I __________ as ill as I do now for a long time.A.didn ’ t feelB.didn ’ t feelC. wasn’ t feelingD.don ’ t feel20.The two main popular__________ of Easter are the Easter bunny and the Easter egg.A.signsB. symbolsC. marksD.signals第1卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： A2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： B4.参考答案： C5.参考答案： D7.参考答案： C8.参考答案： D9.参考答案： A10.参考答案： B11.参考答案： A12.参考答案： B13.参考答案： C14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： C16.参考答案： D17.参考答案： B18.参考答案： A20.参考答案： D第2卷参考答案一.单选题1.参考答案： D2.参考答案： C3.参考答案： B4.参考答案： A5.参考答案： B6.参考答案： A7.参考答案： B8.参考答案： B10.参考答案： C11.参考答案： B12.参考答案： A13.参考答案： D14.参考答案： C15.参考答案： A16.参考答案： B17.参考答案： D18.参考答案： A19.参考答案： B20.参考答案： B。
石雷鹏 30个功能句搞定考研英语作文
石雷鹏30个功能句搞定考研英语作文Studying for the English portion of the graduate entrance exam can be a daunting task for many students. However, with the help of 30 versatile sentence structures coined by renowned linguist Stone Leipeng, you can easily ace your English essay writing section. These 30 functional sentences cover a wide range of topics and themes, providing you with the necessary tools to effectively communicate your ideas and arguments in a clear and concise manner.1. Introduction: To begin with, it is important to establish the central theme of your essay in a clear and engaging manner. For example, "In today's modern society, the issue of climate change has become a pressing concern for governments and individuals alike."2. Thesis statement: Following the introduction, you should state your main argument or opinion on the topic. For instance, "It is my belief that immediate action must be taken to mitigate the effects of climate change and protect the environment for future generations."3. Background information: Provide relevant background information on the topic to help your reader understand thecontext of your argument. For example, "According to recent scientific studies, global temperatures have risen by an average of 1.5 degrees Celsius over the past century."4. Definition: Define key terms or concepts in your essay to ensure clarity and precision in your arguments. For instance, "Climate change can be defined as the long-term alteration of temperature and weather patterns on a global scale."5. Comparison and contrast: Use comparison and contrast to highlight similarities and differences between different ideas or perspectives. For example, "While some experts argue that renewable energy sources are the key to combating climate change, others believe that stricter regulations on carbon emissions are necessary."6. Cause and effect: Discuss the causes and effects of a particular phenomenon to provide a comprehensive understanding of the issue. For instance, "The burning of fossil fuels is a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which in turn leads to rising global temperatures and extreme weather events."7. Problem and solution: Identify problems or challenges related to the topic and propose viable solutions to address them. For example, "One of the key challenges in combattingclimate change is the reluctance of governments and industries to transition to sustainable energy sources. To address this issue, subsidies and incentives for renewable energy production could be implemented."8. Argument and counterargument: Present your main argument and then address potential counterarguments to strengthen your position. For instance, "While some may argue that the economic costs of transitioning to renewable energy sources are prohibitive, the long-term benefits to the environment and public health far outweigh the initial investment."9. Exemplification: Provide examples or case studies to illustrate your arguments and make them more persuasive. For example, "In countries such as Denmark and Germany, the investment in renewable energy technologies has led to significant reductions in carbon emissions and a more sustainable energy grid."10. Description: Use vivid and descriptive language to createa clear picture of the topic you are discussing. For instance, "The vast swathes of deforested land in the Amazon rainforest are a stark reminder of the impact of human activities on the environment."11. Narration: Tell a story or recount a personal experience related to the topic to engage your reader and add depth to your argument. For example, "During a trip to Antarctica, I witnessed firsthand the melting ice caps and receding glaciers, underscoring the urgency of addressing climate change."12. Process analysis: Break down complex processes or procedures related to the topic to help your reader understand the steps involved. For example, "The process of carbon capture and storage involves capturing carbon dioxide emissions from industrial sources and injecting them underground for long-term storage."13. Classification: Group related ideas or concepts into categories to organize your argument more effectively. For example, "There are three main types of renewable energy sources: solar, wind, and hydroelectric power."14. Generalization: Make broad statements or draw overarching conclusions based on the evidence presented in your essay. For example, "It is evident that a shift towards renewable energy sources is essential to combatting climate change and ensuring a sustainable future for the planet."15. Evaluation: Assess the strengths and weaknesses of different arguments or perspectives on the topic to demonstratecritical thinking. For example, "While nuclear energy has the potential to generate large amounts of electricity with low carbon emissions, the risks of nuclear accidents and the disposal of radioactive waste must also be taken into account."16. Interpretation: Offer your interpretation of data or evidence to provide insight into the broader implications of the topic. For example, "The recent rise in global temperatures is not only threatening ecosystems and biodiversity but also exacerbating extreme weather events such as hurricanes and droughts."17. Conclusion: Summarize your main points and restate your thesis in a concise and compelling manner. For example, "In conclusion, urgent action must be taken to address the causes of climate change and transition to sustainable energy sources to protect the environment and future generations."18. Opinion: Express your personal opinion or perspective on the topic to add depth and authenticity to your argument. For example, "As an advocate for environmental conservation, I believe that every individual has a responsibility to reduce their carbon footprint and support policies that promote sustainable living."19. Prediction: Make predictions or speculate on future trends related to the topic based on current evidence and research. For example, "If current trends in carbon emissions continue unchecked, scientists predict that global temperatures could rise by up to 2 degrees Celsius by the end of the century."20. Hypothetical: Present hypothetical scenarios or questions to stimulate critical thinking and explore alternative perspectives. For example, "What if governments around the world could agree on a comprehensive climate change treaty that sets binding targets for reducing carbon emissions? How would this impact the future of our planet?"21. Rebuttal: Address potential objections or criticisms of your arguments to strengthen your position. For example, "While some may argue that the costs of transitioning to renewable energy sources are prohibitive, the long-term economic and environmental benefits far outweigh the initial investment."22. Emphasis: Highlight key points or arguments in your essay to draw attention to their importance. For example, "It is crucial that we prioritize sustainable energy solutions and reduce our reliance on fossil fuels to mitigate the effects of climate change on a global scale."23. Clarification: Clarify any ambiguities or uncertainties in your arguments to ensure that your points are clearly understood. For example, "It is important to note that while individual actions can make a difference in reducing carbon emissions, systemic change at the policy level is also necessary to address the root causes of climate change."24. Agreement and disagreement: Acknowledge areas of agreement with other perspectives or arguments while also highlighting areas of disagreement. For example, "While some may argue that technological innovations such as carbon capture and storage are the key to combating climate change, others believe that a shift towards renewable energy sources is a more sustainable solution in the long term."25. Deduction: Draw conclusions based on the evidence or data presented in your essay to reinforce your main arguments. For example, "Based on the overwhelming consensus of the scientific community, it is clear that human activities are the primary driver of climate change and that immediate action is needed to mitigate its effects."26. Analogy: Use analogies or comparisons to help your reader understand complex concepts or ideas. For example, "The Earth's climate can be likened to a delicate ecosystem that iseasily disrupted by human activities, much like a finely tuned orchestra that can be thrown off balance by one discordant note."27. Iteration: Repeat key points or arguments throughout your essay to reinforce their importance. For example, "The transition to renewable energy sources is not only an economic imperative but also a moral imperative to protect the environment for future generations."28. Focus: Maintain a clear focus on the central theme of your essay to avoid straying off topic. For example, "While there are many factors that contribute to climate change, such as deforestation, industrial emissions, and agricultural practices, it is essential to prioritize solutions that address the root causes of the issue."29. Transition: Use transitional phrases or words to guide the reader from one point to the next seamlessly. For example, "Furthermore, it is important to consider the social and economic impacts of climate change on vulnerable populations, such as low-income communities and indigenous peoples."30. Synthesis: Bring together disparate ideas or arguments in your essay to create a cohesive and compelling narrative. For example, "By combining the latest scientific research with thevoices of activists and policymakers, we can forge a path towards a more sustainable and equitable future for all."In conclusion, the 30 functional sentences developed by Stone Leipeng provide a versatile toolkit for students preparing for the English essay writing section of the graduate entrance exam. By mastering these sentence structures and incorporating them into your writing, you can effectively convey your ideas and arguments with clarity, coherence, and persuasiveness. Good luck with your exam preparation!。
QUASAR Penta-Guide QA软件用户手册说明书
Accuracy. Confidence.QA S OFTWARESpecifications subject to change without notice. Modus Medical Devices Inc is not responsible for errors or omissions. ©2013 Modus Medical Devices Inc. PDS100-3060, 06/13KEY FEATURES± Compatible with LINACS from multiple vendors ± Automated image analysis, trending and reporting of 3D CBCT and kV-MV projection images ± Analysis runs unattended in the background ± Configure baseline values and set thresholds ± Specify the tolerance level for each test ± Review and approve test results± Save reports in PDF format or export results to Excel ± Control multiple user access and security levels± Email test results to a pre-determined list of recipients ±Unlimited QUASAR™ Penta-Guide Client installationsThe QUASAR™ Penta-Guide QA Software is a time-saving applicationdesigned to simplify, enhance and automate the image analysis, trending and reporting of 3D CBCT and kV-MV projection images.The software is available in two versions, QUASAR™ Penta-Guide Enterprise and QUASAR™ Penta-Guide Lite. The Enterprise edition utilizes a central SQL database to enable administrators to manage LINAC configurations, define user-roles, security access levels and adjust outgoing mail server settings to automatically send test results to physicist to view, approve, analyze and monitor trends. The central server runs unattended in the background andautomatically analyzes QUASAR™ Penta-Guide Phantom images based on the DICOM tag configuration. Test results are retained in the central SQL database for long-term storage and trend analysis.The QUASAR™ Penta-Guide Lite edition is a free feature-limited version of the original application (SQL database is not available for storage and retrieval of data). Modus is pleased to include QUASAR™ Penta-Guide Lite as a FREE Download with all QUASAR™ Penta-Guide Phantom orders.Above : Screen shot, Daily kV-MV Isocenter QA trending chartDaily kV-MV ProjectedImage Analysis QA SoftwarePenta-GuideAbove : The QUASAR™ Penta-Guide Phantom, used for commissioning and regularly scheduled QA. The Phantom requires little or no extra time to complete daily testing of IGRT systems during equipment warm-up procedures.Accuracy. Confidence.Modus Medical Devices Inc. 1570 North Routledge Park, | London, Ontario | Canada N6H 5L6IGRT testing can be completed during equipment warm-upQA P HANTOMSORDERING INFORMATION100-3060 QUASAR ™ Penta-Guide Enterprise: ± 1-Network License for 1 LINAC ± 1-Year of Annual (Software) Updates ± 4 hours of (Software) Installation Support 500-5009 Additional QUASAR ™ Penta-Guide Enterprise ± 1-Network License for 1 LINAC500-5012 QUASAR ™ Penta-Guide Enterprise Support ± Annual Service AgreementsOPTIONAL ACCESSORIES100-1009 QUASAR ™ Penta-Guide Phantom CONTACT INFORMATIONToll Free: (866) 862-9682 (North America)Phone: +1 (519) 438-2409Fax: +1 (519) 643-0127***************** QUASAR ™ in Radiation TherapyThe Quality Assurance System for Advanced Radiotherapy (QUASAR ™) supports the testing of a wide variety of dosimetric and nondosimetric functions of planning systems, CT simulators and delivery systems.QUASAR ™ is a valuable part of any quality assurance program. From respiratory motion and MLC beam geometry to daily on-board imaging QA, QUASAR ™ phantoms and software are ready to be incorporated into your QA protocols for regularly scheduled testing. They are also effective for commissioning new systems and upgrades, and testing repairs.Designed by and for medical physicists, QUASAR ™ quality assurance tools provide you with confidence that every patient is getting the best possible treatment.MINIMUM TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS± Standard desktop or laptop PC with Windows 7, Vista, or XP ± 1 GB RAM± .NET framework 4.0 for client and server ± SQL Server (version 2008) for dataIMAGE ANALYSISThe QUASAR™ Penta-Guide Enterprise edition offers enhanced trending and reporting features based on the following parameters:± Central Sphere Location ± MV Isocenter Location ± Isocenter and Scale Error ± Phantom Rotation ± Contrast to Noise Ratio ± Pitch, Roll and Yaw±CT# for Air and Acrylic。
2017年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案第1套选词填空
2017年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案第1套选词填空2017年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案第1套选词填空After becoming president of Purdue University in2013, Mitch Daniels asked the faculty to prove that their students have actually achieved one of higher education’s most important goals: critical thinking skills. Two years before, a nationwide study of college graduates had shown that more than a third had made no 26 gains in such mental abilities during their school years. Mr. Daniels needed to__27__ the high cost of attending Purdue to its students and their families. After all, the percentage of Americans who say a college degree is "very important" has fallen 28 in the last 5-6 years.Purdue now has a pilot test to assess students' critical thinking skills. Yet like many college" such as a graduate's ability to investigate and reason. However, the professors need not worry so much. The results of a recent experiment showed that professors can use __31__ metrics to measure how well students do in three key areas: critical thinking, written communication, and quantitative literacy.Despite the success of the experiment, the actual results are worrisome, and mostly __32__ earlier studies. The organizers of the experiment concluded that far fewer students were achieving high levels on critical thinking than they were doing for written communication or quantitative literacy. And that conclusion is based only on students nearing graduation.American universities, despite their global 33__ for excellence in teaching, have only begun to demonstrate what they can produce in real-world learning. Knowledge-based degrees arestill important, but employers are still important, but employers are __34__ advanced thinking skills from college graduates. If the intellectual worth of a college degree can be __35__ measured, more people will seek higher education—and come out better thinkers.A. accuratelyB. confirmC. demandingD. doubtfulE. drasticallyF. justifyG. monopolizedH. outcomeI. predominanceJ. presumingK. reputationL. significantM. signifyN. simultaneouslyO. standardized答案：(26)L. significant(27)F. justify(28)E. drastically(29)D. doubtful(30)H. outcome(31)O. standardized(32)B. confirm(33)K. reputation(34)C. demanding(35)A. accurately2017年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案第1套仔细阅读2篇Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadlyagree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequencesat the GenBank repository (库) , and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some500 million objects—but these remain the excepti on, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standardsfor formatting data; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide areencouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said inits report that scientists need to "shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as aprivate preserve". Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be publicinformation, and the scientific community is recognizing that data can now be shared digitallyin ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing upto make it easier to publish research products online andenable other researchers to discover and cite them.Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic (利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citatio ns. The most successful sharers—those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often---get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets onmultidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has beendownloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how muc h carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. "I'd much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions," she says. "It's important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible."Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize andlabel files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.46. What do many researchers generally accept?A. It is imperative to protect scientists' patents.B. Repositories are essential to scientific research.C. Open data sharing is most important to medical science.D. Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.47. What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?A. Opposed.B. Ambiguous.C. Liberal.D. Neutral.48. According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing?A. The fear of massive copying.B. The lack of a research culture.C. The belief that research data is private intellectual property.D. The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.49. What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing?A. The ever-growing demand for big data.B. The advancement of digital technology.C. The changing attitude of journals and funders.D. The trend of social and economic development.50. Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ________.A. is becoming increasingly popularB. benefits sharers and users alikeC. makes researchers successfulD. saves both money and laborPassage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Macy's reported its sales plunged 5.2% in November and December at stores open more than a year, a disappointing holiday season performance that capped a difficult year for a department store chain facing wide-ranging challenges. Itsflagship stores in major U.S. cities depend heavily on international tourist spending, which shrank at many retailers due to a strong dollar. Meanwhile, Macy's has simply struggled to lure consumers who are more interested in spending on travel or dining out than on new clothes or accessories.The company blamed much of the poor performance in November and December on unseasonably warm weather. "About 80% of our company's year-over-year declines in comparable sales can be attributed to shortfalls (短缺) in cold-weather goods," said chief executive Teny Lundgren in a press release. This prompted the company to cut its forecasts for the full fourth quarter.However, it's clear that Macy's believes its troubles run deeper than a temporary aberration (偏离) off the thermometer. The retail giant said the poor financial performance this year has pushed it to begin implementing $400 million in cost-cutting measures. The company pledged to cut 600 back-office positions, though some 150 workers in those roles would be reassigned to other jobs. It also plans to offer "voluntary separation" packages to 165 senior executives. It will slash staffing at its fleet of 770 stores, a move affecting some 3,000 employees.The retailer also announced the locations of 36 stores it will close in early 2016. The company had previously announced the planned closures, but had not said which locations would be affected. None of the chain's stores in the Washington metropolitan area are to be closed.Macy's has been moving aggressively to try to remake itself for a new era of shopping. It has plans to open more locations of Macy's Backstage, a newly-developed off-price concept which might help it better compete with ambitious T. J. Maxx. It's alsopushing ahead in 2016 with an expansion of Bluemercury, the beauty chain it bought last year. At a time when young beauty shoppers are often turning to Sephora or Ulta instead of department store beauty counters, Macy's hopes Bluemercury will help strengthen its position in the category.One relative bright spot for Macy's during the holiday season was the online channel, where it rang up "double-digit" increases in sales and a 25% increase in the number of orders it filled. That relative strength would be consistent with what was seen in the wilder retail industry during the early part of the holiday season. While Thanksgiving, Black Friday and Cyber Monday all saw record spending online, in-store sales plunged over the holiday weekend.51. What does the author say about the shrinking spending of international tourists in the U.S.?A. It is attributable to the rising value of the U.S. dollar.B. It is a direct result of the global economic recession.C. It reflects a shift of their interest in consumer goods.D. It poses a potential threat to the retail business in the U.S.52. What does Macy's believe about its problems?A. They can be solved with better management.B. They cannot be attributed to weather only.C. They are not as serious in its online stores.D. They call for increased investments.53. In order to cut costs, Macy's decided to ________.A. cut the salary of senior executivesB. relocate some of its chain storesC. adjust its promotion strategiesD. reduce the size of its staff54. Why does Macy's plan to expand Bluemercury in 2016?A. To experiment on its new business concept.B. To focus more on beauty products than clothing.C. To promote sales of its products by lowering prices.D. To be more competitive in sales of beauty products.55. What can we learn about Macy's during the holiday season?A. Sales dropped sharply in its physical stores.B. Its retail sales exceeded those of T. J. Maxx.C. It helped Bluemercury establish its position worldwide.D. It filled its stores with abundant supply of merchandise.Passage one46.D47.A48.C49.C50.BPassage two51.A52.B53.D54.D55.A2017年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案第2套选词填空Half of your brain stays alert and prepared for danger when you sleep in a new place, a study has revealed. This phenomenon is often __26__ to as the "first-night-effect". Researchers from Brown University found that a network in the left hemisphere of the brain "remained more active" than the network in the right side of the brain. Playing sounds into the right ears (stimulating the left hemisphere) of __27__ was more likely to wake them upthan if the noises were played into their left ear.It was __28__ observed that the left side of the brain was more active during deep sleep. When the researchers repeated the laboratory experiment on the second and third nights they found the left hemisphere could not be stimulated in the same way during deep sleep. The researchers explained that the study demonstrated when we are in a __29__ environment the brain partly remains alert so that humans can defend themselves against any __30__ danger.The researchers believe this is the first time that the "first-night-effect" of different brain states has been __31__ in humans. It isn't, however, the first time it has ever been seen. Some animal __32__ also display this phenomenon. For example, dolphins, as well as other __33__ animals, shut down one hemisphere of the brain when they go to sleep. A previous study noted that dolphins always __34__ control their breathing. Without keeping the brain active while sleeping, they would probably drown. But, as the human study suggest, another reason fordolphins keeping their eyes open during sleep is that they can look out for __35__ while asleep. It also keeps their physiological processes working.A.ClassifiedB. consciouslyC. dramaticallyD. exoticE. identifiedF. inherentG. marineH. novelI. potential J. predators K. referred L. species M. specifically N.varieties O. volunteers答案(26)K. referred(27)O. volunteers(28)M. specifically(29)H. novel(30)I. potential(31)E. identified(32)L. species(33)G. marine(34)B. consciously(35)J. predators2017年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案第2套仔细阅读2篇Passage One Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.We live today indebted to McCardell, Cashin, Hawes, Wilkins, and Maxwell, and other women who liberated American fashion from the confines of Parisian design. Independence came in tying, wrapping, storing, harmonizing, and rationalizing that wardrobe. These designers established the modem dress code, letting playsuits and other active wear outfits suffice for casual clothing, allowing pants to enter the wardrobe, and prizing rationalism and versatility in dress, in contradiction to dressing for an occasion or allotment of the day. Fashion in America was logical and answerable to the will of the women who wore it. Implicitly or explicitly, American fashion addressed a democracy, whereas traditional Paris-based fashion was prescriptive and imposed on women, willing or not.In an earlier time, American fashion had also followed the dictates of Paris, or even copied and pirated specific French designs. Designer sportswear was not modeled on that of Europe,as "modem art" would later be; it was genuinely invented and developed in America. Its designers were not high-end with supplementary lines. The design objective and the business commitment were to sportswear, and the distinctive traits were problem-solving ingenuity and realistic lifestyle applications. Ease of care was most important: summer dresses and outfits, in particular, were chiefly cotton, readily capable of being washed and pressed at home. Closings were simple, practical, and accessible, as the modem woman depended on no personal maid to dress her. American designers prized resourcefulness and the freedom of women who wore the clothing.Many have argued that the women designers of this time were able to project their own clothing values into a new style. Of course, much of this argument in the 1930s-40s was advanced because there was little or no experience in justifying apparel (服装) on the basis of utility. If Paris was cast aside, the tradition of beauty was also to some degree slighted. Designer sportswear would have to be verified by a standard other than that of pure beauty; the emulation of a designer's life in designer sportswear was a crude version of this relationship. The consumer was ultimately to be mentioned as well, especially by the likes of Dorothy Shaver, who could point to the sales figures at Lord & Taylor.Could utility alone justify the new ideas of the American designers? Fashion is often regarded as a pursuit of beauty, and some cherished fashion's trivial relationship to the fine arts. What the designers of the American sportswear proved was that fashion is a genuine design art,answering to the demanding needs of service. Of course these practical, insightful designers have determined the courseof late twentieth-century fashion. They were the pioneers of gender equity, in their useful, adaptable clothing, which was both made for the masses and capable of self-expression.46. What contribution did the women designers make to American fashion?A. They made some improvements on the traditional Parisian design.B. They formulated a dress code with distinctive American features.C. They came up with a brand new set of design procedures.D. They made originality a top priority in their fashion design.47. What do we learn about American designer sportswear?A. It imitated the European model.B. It laid emphasis on women's beauty.C. It represented genuine American art.D. It was a completely new invention.48. What characterized American designer sportswear?A. Pursuit of beauty.B. Decorative closings.C. Ease of care.D. Fabric quality.49. What occurred in the design of women's apparel in America during the 1930s-40s?A. A shift of emphasis from beauty to utility.B. The emulation of traditional Parisian design.C. A search for balance between tradition and novelty.D. The involvement of more women in fashion design.50. What do we learn about designers of American sportswear?A. They catered to the taste of the younger generation.B. They radically changed people's concept of beauty.C. They advocated equity between men and women.D. They became rivals of their Parisian counterparts.Passage Two Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Massive rubbish dumps and sprawling landfills constitute one of the more uncomfortable impacts that humans have on wildlife. They have led some birds to give up on migration. Instead offlying thousands of miles in search of food, they make the waste sites their winter feeding grounds.Researchers in Germany used miniature GPS tags to track the migrations of 70 white storks(鹳) from different sites across Europe and Asi a during the first five months of their lives. While many birds travelled along well-known routes to warmer climates, others stopped short and spent the winter on landfills, feeding on food waste, and the multitudes of insects that thrive on the dumps.In the short-term, the birds seem to benefit from overwintering (过冬) on rubbish dumps. Andrea Flack of the Max Planck Institute found that birds following traditional migration routes were more likely to die than German storks that flew only as far as northern Morocco, and spent the winter there on rubbish dumps. "For the birds it's a very convenient way to get food. There are huge clusters of organic waste they can feed on," said Flack. The meals are not particularly appetising, or even safe. Much of the waste is discarded rotten meat, mixed in with other human debris such as plastic bags and old toys."It's very risky. The birds can easily eat pieces of plastic or rubber bands and they can die," said Flack."And we don't know about the long-term consequences. They might eat something toxic and damage their health. We cannot estimate that yet."The scientists tracked white storks from different colonies in Europe and Africa. The Russian, Greek and Polish storks flew as far as South Africa, while those from Spain, Tunisia and Germany flew only as far as the Sahel.Landfill sites on the Iberian peninsula have long attracted local white storks, but all of theSpanish birds tagged in the study flew across the Sahara desert to the western Sahel. Writing inthe journal, the scientists describe how the storks from Germany were clearly affected by thepresence of waste sites, with four out of six birds that survived for at least five months over wintering on rubbish dumps in northern Morocco, instead of migrating to the Sahel.Flack said it was too early to know whether the benefits of plentiful food outweighed the risksof feeding on landfills. But that's not the only uncertainty. Migrating birds affect eco systems both at home and at their winter destinations, and disrupting the traditional routes could haveunexpected side effects. White storks feed on locusts (蝗虫) and other insects that can become pests if their numbers get out of hand. "They provide a useful service," said Flack.51. What is the impact of rubbish dumps on wildlife?A. They have forced white storks to search for safer winter shelters.B. They have seriously polluted the places where birds spend winter.C. They have accelerated the reproduction of some harmful insects.D. They have changed the previous migration habits of certain birds.52. What do we learn about birds following the traditional migration routes?A. They can multiply at an accelerating rate.B. They can better pull through the winter.C. They help humans kill harmful insects.D. They are more likely to be at risk of dying.53. What does Andrea Flack say about the birds overwintering on rubbish dumps?A. They may end up staying there permanently.B. They may eat something harmful.C. They may evolve new feeding habits.D. They may have trouble getting adequate food.54. What can be inferred about the Spanish birds tagged in the study?A. They gradually lose the habit of migrating in winter.B. They prefer rubbish dumps far away to those at home.C. They are not attracted to the rubbish dumps on their migration routes.D. They join the storks from Germany on rubbish dumps in Morocco.55. What is scientists' other concern about white storks feeding on landfills?A. The potential harm to the ecosystem.B. The genetic change in the stork species.C. The spread of epidemics to their homeland.D. The damaging effect on bio-diversity.Passage one46.B47.D48.C49.A50.CPassage two51.D52.D53.B54.C55.A2017年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案第3套选词填空Let's all stop judging people who talk to themselves. New research says that those who can't seem to keep their inner monologues (独白) in are actually more likely to stay on task, remain __26__ better and show improved perception capabilities. Not bad, really, for some extra muttering.According to a series of experiments published in theQuarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology by professors Gary Lupyan and Daniel Swignley, the act of using verbal clues to __27__ mental pictures helps people function quicker.In one experiment, they showed pictures of various objects to twenty __28__ and asked themto find just one of those, a banana. Half were __29__ to repeat out loud what they were lookingfor and the other half kept their lips __30__. Those who talked to themselves found the banana slightly faster than those who didn't, the researchers say. In other experiments, Lupyan andSwignley found that __31__ the name of a common product when on the hunt for it helpedquicken someone's pace, but talking about uncommon items showed no advantage and slowed you down.Common research has long held that talking themselves through a task helps children learn, although doing so when you've __32__ matured is not a great sign of __33__. The two professors hope to refute that idea, __34__ that just as when kids walk themselves through a process, adults can benefit from using language not just to communicate, but also to help"augment thinking".Of course, you are still encouraged to keep the talking at library tones and, whatever you do, keep the information you share simple, like a g rocery list. At any __35__, there's still such a thing as too much information.A. apparentlyB. arroganceC. brillianceD. claimingE. dedicatedF. focusedG. incurH. instructedI. obscurely J. sealed K. spectators L. trigger M. uttering N. volume O. volunteers(26)F. focused(27)L. trigger(28)O. volunteers(29)H. instructed(30)J. sealed(31)M. uttering(32)A. apparently(33)C. brilliance(34)D. claiming(35)N. volume2017年6月英语六级阅读真题及答案第3套仔细阅读2篇Passage One Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Tennessee's technical and community colleges will not outsource (外包) management of their facilities to a private company, a decision one leader said was bolstered by an analysis of spending at each campus.In an email sent Monday to college presidents in the Tennessee Board of Regents system, outgoing Chancellor John Morgan said an internal analysis showed that each campus' spending on facilities management fell well below the industry standards identified by the state. Morgan said those findings—which included data from the system's 13 community colleges, 27 technical colleges and six universities—werepart of the decision not to move forward with Governor Bill Haslam's proposal to privatize management of state buildings in an effort to save money."While these numbers are still being validated by the state, we feel any adjustments they might suggest will be immaterial," Morgan wrote to the presidents. "System institutions are operating very efficiently based on this analysis, raising the question of the value of pursuing a broad scale outsourcing initiative."Worker's advocates have criticized Haslam's plan, saying it would mean some campus workers would lose their jobs orbenefits. Haslam has said colleges would be free to opt in or out of the out souring plan, which has not been finalized.Morgan notified the Haslam administration of his decision to opt out in a letter sent last week. That letter, which includes several concerns Morgan has with the plan, was originally obtained by The Commercial Appeal in Memphis.In an email statement from the state's Office of Customer Focused Government, which is examining the possibility of outsourcing, spokeswoman Michelle R. Martin said officials were still working to analyze the data from the Board of Regents. Data on management expenses at the college system and in other state departments will be part of a "business justification" the state will use as officials deliberate the specifics of an outsourcing plan."The state's facilities management project team is still in the process of developing its business justification and expects to have that completed and available to the public at the end of February," Martin said. "At this time there is nothing to take action on since the analysis has yet to be completed."Morgan's comments on outsourcing mark the second time this month that he has come out against one of Haslam's plans for higher education in Tennessee. Morgan said last week that he would retire at the end of January because of the governor's proposal to split off six universities of the Board of Regents system and create separate governing boards for each of them. In his resignation letter, Morgan called the reorganization "unworkable".46. What do we learn about the decision of technical and community colleges in Tennessee?A. It is backed by a campus spending analysis.B. It has been flatly rejected by the governor.C. It has neglected their faculty's demands.D. It will improve their financial situation.47. What does the campus spending analysis reveal?A. Private companies play a big role in campus management.B. Facilities management by colleges is more cost-effective.C. Facilities management has greatly improved in recent years.D. Colleges exercise foil control over their own financial affairs.48. Workers' supporters argue that Bill Haslam's proposal would _________.A. deprive colleges of the right to manage their facilitiesB. make workers less motivated in performing dutiesC. render a number of campus workers joblessD. lead to the privatization of campus facilities49. What do we learn from the state spokeswoman's response to John Morgan's decision?A. The outsourcing plan is not yet finalized.B. The outsourcing plan will be implemented.C. The state officials are confident about the outsourcing plan.D. The college spending analysis justifies the outsourcing plan.50. Why did John Morgan decide to resign?A. He had lost confidence in the Tennessee state government.B. He disagreed with the governor on higher education policies.C. He thought the state's outsourcing proposal was simply unworkable.。
2023-2024学年上海市建平中学高一下学期期末教学质量检测英语试题
2023-2024学年上海市建平中学高一下学期期末教学质量检测英语试题1.A．For 20 minutes. B．For 25 minutes. C．For 45 minutes. D．For 65 minutes.2.A．In a bank. B．In a supermarket. C．At a touristD．At a laundry.agency.3.A．An office secretary. B．A head nurse.C．A real estate agent. D．A hotel receptionist.4.A．It’s sunny and warm.B．It’s rainy and cold.C．It’s sunny but cold.D．It’s rainy but warm.5.A．They are twins. B．They are classmates.C．They are friends. D．They are colleagues.6.A．Reasonable. B．Bright. C．Serious. D．Ridiculous. 7.D．Visit a lawyer.A．Send leaflets. B．Go sightseeing. C．Do somegardening.8.A．The library is closed on weekends. B．He had no idea where the book was.C．He didn’t get the book he needed.D．He didn’t have time to go to the library.9.A．The apartment was provided with some old furniture.B．The furnished apartment was not expensive.C．The furniture in the market was on sale every Sunday.D．The furniture he bought was rather cheap.10.A．Internet surfing. B．Stock exchangingC．Mountain climbing. D．Job hunting.听下面一段独白，回答以下小题。
2017年6月英语六级第二套及答案解析
2017年6月大学英语六级考试真题及答案解析（第二套完整版）Part I Writing (30 minutes)Directions: Suppose you are asked to give advice on whether to major in science or humanities at college, write an essay to state your opinion. You are required to write at least 150 words but no more than 200 words.Part II Listening Comprehension (30 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear two long conversations. At the end of each conversation, you mil hear four questions. Both the conversation and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 1 to 4 are based on the conversation you have just heard.1. A) Doing enjoyable work. B) Having friendly colleagues.C)Earning a competitive salary. D) Working for supportive bosses.2. A) 31%. B) 20%. C)25%. D) 73%.3. A) Those of a small size. B) Those run by women.C)Those that are well managed. D) Those full of skilled workers.4. A) They can hop from job to job easily.B) They can win recognition of their work.C)They can better balance work and life.D) They can take on more than one job.Questions 5 to 8 are based on the conversation you have just heard.5. A) It is a book of European history. B) It is an introduction to music.C)It is about the city of Bruges. D) It is a collection of photos.6. A) When painting the concert hall of Bruges.B) When vacationing in an Italian coastal city.C) When taking pictures for a concert catalogue.D) When writing about Belgium’s coastal regions.7. A) The entire European coastline will be submerged.B)The rich heritage of Europe will be lost completely.C)The seawater of Europe will be seriously polluted.D)The major European scenic spots will disappear.8. A) Its waterways are being increasingly polluted.B)People cannot get around without using boats.C)It attracts large numbers of tourists from home and abroad.D)Tourists use wooden paths to reach their hotels in the morning.Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear two passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear three or four questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 9 to 12 are based on the passage you have just heard.9. A) They make careful preparation beforehand.B) They take too many irrelevant factors into account.C) They spend too much time anticipating their defeat.D) They try hard to avoid getting off on the wrong foot.10. A) A person’s nervous system is more complicated than imagined.B)Golfers usually have positive mental images of themselves.C)Mental images often interfere with athletes’ performance.D)Thinking has the same effect on the nervous system as doing.11. A) Anticipate possible problems.B) Make a list of do’s and don’ts.C) Picture themselves succeeding.D) Try to appear more professional.12. A) She wore a designer dress. B) She won her first jury trial.C)She did not speak loud enough. D) She presented moving pictures.Questions 13 to 15 are based on the passage you have just heard.13. A) Its long-term effects are yet to be proved.B)Its health benefits have been overestimated.C)It helps people to avoid developing breast cancer.D)It enables patients with diabetes to recover sooner.14. A) It focused on their ways of life during young adulthood.B)It tracked their change in food preferences for 20 years.C)It focused on their difference from men in fiber intake.D)It tracked their eating habits since their adolescence.15. A) Fiber may help to reduce hormones in the body.B)Fiber may bring more benefits to women than men.C)Fiber may improve the function of heart muscles.D)Fiber may make blood circulation more smooth.Section CDirections: In this section, you will hear three recordings of lectures or talks followed by three or four questions. The recordings will be played only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Then mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 1 with a single line through the centre.Questions 16 to 18 are based on the recording you have just heard.16. A) Observing the changes in marketing.B) Conducting research on consumer behavior.C)Studying the hazards of young people drinking.D) Investigating the impact of media on government.17. A) It is the cause of many street riots.B) It is getting worse year by year.C)It is a chief concern of parents.D) It is an act of socialising.18. A) They spent a week studying their own purchasing behavior.B)They researched the impact of mobile phones on young people.C)They analysed their family budgets over the years.D)They conducted a thorough research on advertising.Questions 19 to 22 are based on the recording you have just heard.19. A) It is helping its banks to improve efficiency.B)It is trying hard to do away with dirty money.C)It is the first country to use credit cards in the world.D)It is likely to give up paper money in the near future.20. A) Whether it is possible to travel without carrying any physical currency.B)Whether it is possible to predict how much money one is going to spend.C)Whether the absence of physical currency causes a person to spend more.D)Whether the absence of physical currency is going to affect everyday life.21. A) There was no food service on the train.B) The service on the train was not good.C)The restaurant car accepted cash only.D) The cash in her handbag was missing.22. A) By putting money into envelopes.B)By drawing money week by week.C)By limiting their day-to-day spending.D)By refusing to buy anything on credit.Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.23. A) Population explosion.B)Chronic hunger.C)Extinction of rare species.D)Environmental deterioration.24. A) They contribute to overpopulation.B)About half of them are unintended.C)They have been brought under control.D)The majority of them tend to end halfway.25. A) It is essential to the wellbeing of all species on earth.B)It is becoming a subject of interdisciplinary research.C)It is neglected in many of the developing countries.D)It is beginning to attract postgraduates’ attention.Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)Section ADirections: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.After becoming president of Purdue University in 2013, Mitch Daniels asked the faculty to prove that their students have actually achieved one of higher education’s most important goals: critical thinking skills. Two years before, a nationwide study of college graduates had shown that more than a third had made no __26__ gains in suchmental abilities during their school years. Mr. Daniels needed to __27__ the high cost of attending Purdue to its students and their families. After all, the percentage of Americans who say a college degree is “very important” has fallen __28__ in the last 5-6 years.Purdue now has a pilot test to assess students’ critical thinking skills. Yet like many college teachers around the U.S., the faculty remain __29__ that their work as educators can be measured by a “learning __30__” such as a graduate’s ability to investigate and reason. However, the professors need not worry so much. The results of a recent experiment showed that professors can use __31__ metrics to measure how well students do in three key areas: critical thinking, written communication, and quantitative literacy.Despite the success of the experiment, the actual results are worrisome, and mostly __32__ earlier studies. The organizers of the experiment concluded that far fewer students were achieving at high levels on critical thinking than they were doing for written communication or quantitative literacy. And that conclusion is based only on students nearing graduation.American universities, despite their global __33__ for excellence in teaching, have only begun to demonstrate what they can produce in real-world learning. Knowledge-based degrees are still important, but employers are __34__ advanced thinking skills from college graduates. If the intellectual worth of a college degree can be __35__ measured, more people will seek higher education---and come out better thinkers.A) accurately B) confirm C) demanding D) doubtful E) drasticallyF) justify G) monopolized H) outcome I) predominance J) presumingK) reputation L) significant M) signify N) simultaneously O) standardizedSection BDirections: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer sheet 2.The Price of Oil and the Price of Carbon[A] Fossil fuel prices are likely to stay “low for long”. Notwithstanding important recent progress in developing renewable fuel sources, low fossil fuel prices could discourage further innovation in, and adoption of, cleaner energy technologies. The result would be higher emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.[B] Policymakers should not allow low energy prices to derail the clean energy transition. Action to restore appropriate price incentives, notably through corrective carbon pricing, is urgently needed to lower the risk of irreversible and potentially devastating effects of climate change. That approach also offers fiscal benefits.[C] Oil prices have dropped by over 60% since June 2014. A commonly held view in the oil industry is that “the best cure for low oil prices is low oil prices”. The reasoning behind this saying is that low oil prices discourage investment in newproduction capacity, eventually shifting the oil supply curve backward and bringing prices back up as existing oil fields---which can be tapped at relatively low marginal cost----are depleted. In fact, in line with past experience, capital expenditure in the oil sector has dropped sharply in many producing countries, including the United States. The dynamic adjustment to low oil prices may, however, be different this time around.[D] Oil prices are expected to remain lower for longer. The advent of new technologies has added about 4.2 million barrels per day to the crude oil market, contributing to a global over-supply. In addition, other factors are putting downward pressure on oil prices: change in the strategic behavior of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the projected increase in Iranian exports, the scaling-down of global demand (especially from emerging markets), the long-term drop in petroleum consumption in the United States, and some displacement of oil by substitutes. These likely persistent forces, like the growth of shale(页岩) oil, point to a “low for long” scenario. Futures markets, which show only a modest recovery of prices to around $60 a barrel by 2019, support this view.[E] Natural gas and coal—also fossil fuels—have similarly seen price declines that look to be long-lived. Coal and natural gas are mainly used for electricity generation, whereas oil is used mostly to power transportation, yet the prices of all these energy sources are linked. The North American shale gas boom has resulted in record low prices there. The recent discovery of the giant Zohr gas field off the Egyptian coast will eventually have impact on pricing in the Mediterranean region and Europe, and there is significant development potential in many other places, notably Argentina. Coal prices also are low, owing to over- supply and the scaling-down of demand, especially from China, which bums half of the world’s coal.[F] Technological innovations have unleashed the power of renewables such as wind, hydro, solar, and geothermal(地热). Even Africa and the Middle East, home to economies that are heavily dependent on fossil fuel exports, have enormous potential to develop renewables. For example, the United Arab Emirates has endorsed an ambitious target to draw 24% of its primary energy consumption from renewable sources by 2021.[G] Progress in the development of renewables could be fragile, however, if fossil fuel prices remain low for long. Renewables account for only a small share of global primary energy consumption, which is still dominated by fossil fuels—30% each for coal and oil, 25% for natural gas. But renewable energy will have to displace fossil fuels to a much greater extent in the future to avoid unacceptable climate risks.[H] Unfortunately, the current low prices for oil, gas, and coal may provide little incentive for research to find even cheaper substitutes for those fuels. There is strong evidence that both innovation and adoption of cleaner technology are strongly encouraged by higher fossil fuel prices. The same is true for new technologies for alleviating fossil fuel emissions.[I] The current low fossil fuel price environment will thus certainly delay the energy transition from fossil fuel to clean energy sources. Unless renewables become cheap enough that substantial carbon deposits are left underground for a very longtime, if not forever, the planet will likely be exposed to potentially catastrophic climate risks.[J] Some climate impacts may already be discernible. For example, the United Nations Children’s Fund estimates that some 11 million children in Africa face hunger, disease, and water shortages as a result of the strongest El Nino(厄尔尼诺) weather phenomenon in decades. Many scientists believe that El Nino events, caused by warming in the Pacific, are becoming more intense as a result of climate change.[K] Nations from around the world have gathered in Paris for the United Nations Climate Change Conference, COP 21, with the goal of a universal and potentially legally-binding agreement on reducing greenhouse gas emissions. We need very broad participation to fully address the global tragedy that results when countries fail to take into account the negative impact of their carbon emissions on the rest of the world. Moreover, non-participation by nations, if sufficiently widespread, can undermine the political will of participating countries to act.[L] The nations participating at COP 21 are focusing on quantitative emissions-reduction commitments. Economic reasoning shows that the least expensive way for each country is to put a price on carbon emissions. The reason is that when carbon is priced, those emissions reductions that are least costly to implement will happen first. The International Monetary Fund calculates that countries can generate substantial fiscal revenues by eliminating fossil fuel subsidies and levying carbon charges that capture the domestic damage caused by emissions. A tax on upstream carbon sources is one easy way to put a price on carbon emissions, although some countries may wish to use other methods, such as emissions trading schemes. In order to maximize global welfare, every country’s carbon pricing should reflect not only the purely domestic damage from emissions, but also the damage to foreign countries.[M] Setting the right carbon price will therefore efficiently align the costs paid by carbon users with the true social opportunity cost of using carbon. By raising relative demand for clean energy sources, a carbon price would also help align the market return to clean-energy innovation with its social return, spurring the refinement of existing technologies and the development of new ones. And it would raise the demand for technologies such as carbon capture and storage, spurring their further development. If not corrected by the appropriate carbon price, low fossil fuel prices are not accurately signaling to markets the true social profitability of clean energy. While alternative estimates of the damage from carbon emissions differ, and it’s especially hard to reckon the likely costs of possible catastrophic climate events, most estimates suggest substantial negative effects.[N] Direct subsidies to research and development have been adopted by some governments but are a poor substitute for a carbon price: they do only part of the job, leaving in place market incentives to over-use fossil fuels and thereby add to the stock of atmospheric greenhouse gases without regard to the collateral(附带的) costs.[O] The hope is that the success of COP 21 opens the door to future international agreement on carbon prices. Agreement on an international carbon-price floor would be a good starting point in that process. Failure to address comprehensively theproblem of greenhouse gas emissions, however, exposes all generations, present and future, to incalculable risks.36. A number of factors are driving down the global oil prices not just for now but in the foreseeable future.37. Pricing carbon proves the most economical way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.38. It is estimated that extreme weather conditions have endangered the lives of millions of African children.39. The prices of coal are low as a result of over-supply and decreasing demand.40. Higher fossil fuel prices prove to be conducive to innovation and application of cleaner technology.41. If fossil fuel prices remain low for a long time, it may lead to higher emissions of greenhouse gases.42. Fossil fuels remain the major source of primary energy consumption in today’s world.43. Even major fossil exporting countries have great potential to develop renewable energies.44. Greenhouse gas emissions, if not properly dealt with, will pose endless risks for mankind.45. It is urgent for governments to increase the cost of using fossil fuels to an appropriate level to lessen the catastrophic effects of climate change.Section CDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.Open data sharers are still in the minority in many fields. Although many researchers broadly agree that public access to raw data would accelerate science, most are reluctant to post the results of their own labors online.Some communities have agreed to share online—geneticists, for example, post DNA sequences at the GenBank repository(库), and astronomers are accustomed to accessing images of galaxies and stars from, say, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, a telescope that has observed some 500 million objects---but these remain the exception, not the rule. Historically, scientists have objected to sharing for many reasons: it is a lot of work; until recently, good databases did not exist; grant funders were not pushing for sharing; it has been difficult to agree on standards for formatting data; and there is no agreed way to assign credit for data.But the barriers are disappearing, in part because journals and funding agencies worldwide are encouraging scientists to make their data public. Last year, the Royal Society in London said in its report that scientists need to “shift away from a research culture where data is viewed as a private preserve”. Funding agencies note that data paid for with public money should be public information, and the scientificcommunity is recognizing that data can now be shared digitally in ways that were not possible before. To match the growing demand, services are springing up to make it easier to publish research products online and enable other researchers to discover and cite them.Although calls to share data often concentrate on the moral advantages of sharing, the practice is not purely altruistic(利他的). Researchers who share get plenty of personal benefits, including more connections with colleagues, improved visibility and increased citations. The most successful sharers一those whose data are downloaded and cited the most often---get noticed, and their work gets used. For example, one of the most popular data sets on multidisciplinary repository Dryad is about wood density around the world; it has been downloaded 5,700 times. Co-author Amy Zanne thinks that users probably range from climate-change researchers wanting to estimate how much carbon is stored in biomass, to foresters looking for information on different grades of timber. “I’d much prefer to have my data used by the maximum number of people to ask their own questions,” she says. “It’s important to allow readers and reviewers to see exactly how you arrive at your results. Publishing data and code allows your science to be reproducible.”Even people whose data are less popular can benefit. By making the effort to organize and label files so others can understand them, scientists become more organized and better disciplined themselves, thus avoiding confusion later on.46. What do many researchers generally accept?A) It is imperative to protect scientists’ patents.B)Repositories are essential to scientific research.C)Open data sharing is most important to medical science.D)Open data sharing is conducive to scientific advancement.47. What is the attitude of most researchers towards making their own data public?A) Opposed. B) Ambiguous. C) Liberal. D) Neutral.48. According to the passage, what might hinder open data sharing?A) The fear of massive copying.B)The lack of a research culture.C)The belief that research data is private intellectual property.D)The concern that certain agencies may make a profit out of it.49. What helps lift some of the barriers to open data sharing?A)The ever-growing demand for big data.B) The advancement of digital technology.C)The changing attitude of journals and funders.D) The trend of social and economic development.50. Dryad serves as an example to show how open data sharing ________.A)is becoming increasingly popularB) benefits sharers and users alikeC)makes researchers successfulD)saves both money and laborPassage TwoQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Macy’s reported its sales plunged 5.2% in November and December at stores open more than a year, a disappointing holiday season performance that capped a difficult year for a department store chain facing wide-ranging challenges. Its flagship stores in major U.S. cities depend heavily on international tourist spending, which shrank at many retailers due to a strong dollar. Meanwhile, Macy’s has simply struggled to lure consumers who are more interested in spending on travel or dining out than on new clothes or accessories.The company blamed much of the poor performance in November and December on unseasonably warm weather. “About 80% of our company’s year-over-year declines in comparable sales can be attributed to shortfalls(短缺) in cold-weather goods,” said chief executive Teny Lundgren in a press release. This prompted the company to cut its forecasts for the full fourth quarter.However, it’s clear that Macy’s believes its troubles run deeper than a temporary aberration (偏离) off the thermometer. The retail giant said the poor financial performance this year has pushed it to begin implementing $400 million in cost-cutting measures. The company pledged to cut 600 back-office positions, though some 150 workers in those roles would be reassigned to other jobs. It also plans to offer “voluntary separation” packages to 165 senior executives. It will slash staffing at its fleet of 770 stores, a move affecting some 3,000 employees.The retailer also announced the locations of 36 stores it will close in early 2016. The company had previously announced the planned closures, but had not said which locations would be affected. None of the chain’s stores in the Washington metropolitan area are to be closed.Macy’s has been moving aggressively to try to remake itself for a new era of shopping. It has plans to open more locations of Macy’s Backstage, a newly-developed off-price concept which might help it better compete with ambitious T. J. Maxx. It’s also pushing ahead in 2016 with an expansion of Bluemercury, the beauty chain it bought last year. At a time when young beauty shoppers are often turning to Sephora or Ulta instead of department store beauty counters, Macy’s hopes Bluemercury will help strengthen its position in the category.One relative bright spot for Macy’s during the holiday season was the online channel, where it rang up “double-digit” increases in sales and a 25% increase in the number of orders it filled. That relative strength would be consistent with what was seen in the wilder retail industry during the early part of the holiday season. While Thanksgiving, Black Friday and Cyber Monday all saw record spending online, in-store sales plunged over the holiday weekend.51. What does the author say about the shrinking spending of international tourists in the U.S.?A)It is attributable to the rising value of the U.S. dollar.B)It is a direct result of the global economic recession.C)It reflects a shift of their interest in consumer goods.D)It poses a potential threat to the retail business in the U.S.52. What does Macy’s believe about its problems?A) They can be solved with better management.B) They cannot be attributed to weather only.C) They are not as serious in its online stores.D) They call for increased investments.53. In order to cut costs, Macy’s decided to ________.A) cut the salary of senior executivesB) relocate some of its chain storesC) adjust its promotion strategiesD) reduce the size of its staff54. Why does Macy’s plan to expand Bluemercury in 2016?A) To experiment on its new business concept. B) To focus more on beauty products than clothing.C) To promote sales of its products by lowering prices. D) To be more competitive in sales of beauty products.55. What can we learn about Macy’s during the holiday season?A) Sales dropped sharply in its physical stores.B)Its retail sales exceeded those of T. J. Maxx.C)It helped Bluemercury establish its position worldwide.D)It filled its stores with abundant supply of merchandise.Part IV Translation (30 minutes)Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to translate a passage from Chinese into English. You should write your answer on Answer Sheet 2.宋朝始于960年，一直延续到1279年。
英语六级历年阅读题及答案
2010年6月阅读Section BDirections: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet2 with a single line through the centre.Passage OneQuestions 51 to 56 are based on the following passage.Only two countries in the advanced world provide no guarantee for paid leave from work to care for a newborn child. Last spring one of the two, Australia, gave up the dubious distinction by establishing paid family leave starting in 2011. I wasn't surprised when this didn't make the news here in the United States—we're now the only wealthy country without such a policy.The United States does have one explicit family policy, the Family and Medical Leave Act, passed in 1993. It entitles workers to as much as 12 weeks' unpaid leave for care of a newborn or dealing with a family medical problem. Despite the modesty of the benefit, the Chamber of Commerce and other business groups fought it bitterly, describing it as "government-run personnel management" and a "dangerous precedent". In fact, every step of the way, as (usually) Democratic leaders have triedto introduce work-family balance measures into the law, business groups have been strongly opposed.As Yale law professor Anne Alstott argues, justifying parental support depends on defining the family as a social good that, in some sense, society must pay for. In her book No Exit: What Parents Owe Their Children and What Society Owes Parents, she argues that parents are burdened in many ways in their lives: there is "no exit" when it comes to children. "Society expects—and needs—parents to provide their children with continuity of care, meaning the intensive, intimate care that human beings need to develop their intellectual, emotional and moral capabilities. And society expects—and needs—parents to persist in their roles for 18 years, or longer if needed."While most parents do this out of love, there are public penalties for not providing care. What parents do, in other words, is of deep concern to the state, for the obvious reason that caring for children is not only morally urgent but essential for the future of society. The state recognizes this in the large body of family laws that govern children' welfare, yet parents receive little help in meeting the life-changing obligations society imposes. To classify parenting as a personal choice for which there is no collective responsibility is not merely to ignore the social benefits of good parenting; really, it is to steal those benefits because they accrue (不断积累) to the whole of society as today's children become tomorrow'sproductive citizenry (公民). In fact, by some estimates, the value of parental investments in children, investments of time and money (including lost wages), is equal to 20-30% of gross domestic product. If these investments generate huge social benefits—as they clearly do—the benefits of providing more social support for the family should be that much clearer.注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2上作答。
深圳工务署入库流程
深圳工务署入库流程1.请将入库物品清单发送至工务署管理部门。
Please send the inventory list of the items to the management department of the Works Bureau.2.工务署管理部门将审核入库物品清单。
The management department of Works Bureau will review the inventory list of the items.3.审核无误后，入库物品将被分配具体入库位置。
Upon verification, the items for storage will be allocated specific storage locations.4.入库人员将按照入库清单，将物品搬运至指定位置。
The storage personnel will move the items to the designated locations according to the inventory list.5.入库人员将对物品进行清点并登记入库记录。
The storage personnel will count the items and registerthe storage records.6.入库记录包括物品名称、数量、规格、存放位置等信息。
The storage records include information such as item name, quantity, specifications, and storage location.7.入库人员将确认无误后，将入库记录上报给管理部门。
After confirming the accuracy, the storage personnel will report the storage records to the management department.8.管理部门将核准入库记录，并将其归档备查。
ECOVAIDS独有文件-持续供应指南英文版
ECOVAIDS独有文件-持续供应指南英文版ECOVAIDS Exclusive Document - Continuous Supply GuideWelcome to the ECOVAIDS Continuous Supply Guide, a comprehensive resource for ensuring a seamless and uninterrupted supply chain for your business. This guide is designed to provide you with practical strategies and tips to optimize your supply chain management and maintain a steady flow of essential resources.Understanding Your Supply ChainTo start, it is crucial to have a clear understanding of your supply chain, including all the key players, processes, and dependencies involved. Identify your suppliers, distributors, and any other stakeholders that play a role in the procurement and delivery of your products or services.Establishing Strong RelationshipsBuilding strong and reliable relationships with your suppliers is essential for a continuous supply. Communication is key - regular updates, feedback, and collaboration can help prevent delays and disruptions in the supply chain. Consider establishing long-term partnerships with trusted suppliers to ensure stability.Forecasting and PlanningAccurate forecasting and meticulous planning are vital components of maintaining a continuous supply chain. Anticipate demand fluctuations, market trends, and external factors that may impact your supply chain. Develop contingency plans and alternative sourcing options to mitigate risks.Inventory ManagementEffective inventory management is essential for a smooth supply chain operation. Keep track of your stock levels, monitor productturnover rates, and implement efficient storage and distribution practices. Utilize technology and software solutions to optimize inventory control.Streamlining ProcessesStreamlining your supply chain processes can help improve efficiency and reduce lead times. Identify bottlenecks, redundancies, and inefficiencies in your operations and implement measures to streamline workflows. Automation and digitization can also enhance process efficiency.Monitoring and EvaluationRegular monitoring and evaluation of your supply chain performance are critical for identifying areas of improvement and making informed decisions. Utilize key performance indicators (KPIs) to measure the effectiveness of your supply chain and make data-driven adjustments as needed.Continuous ImprovementContinuous improvement is a central principle of supply chain management. Stay proactive and agile in adapting to changing market conditions, customer demands, and industry trends. Embrace innovation and seek opportunities for optimization and growth.ConclusionIn conclusion, the ECOVAIDS Continuous Supply Guide offers valuable insights and best practices for maintaining a robust and sustainable supply chain. By following the strategies outlined in this guide, you can enhance the resilience of your supply chain and ensure a continuous flow of resources for your business success.Remember, a well-managed supply chain is the cornerstone of business resilience and competitiveness. Take proactive steps to optimize your supply chain operations and secure a reliable source of supply for your organization.Thank you for choosing ECOVAIDS as your partner in supply chain excellence.。
关于长期主义的作文英语
Title: Embracing Long-Term Thinking: The Key to Sustainable SuccessIn a world driven by instant gratification and short-term gains, the concept of long-term thinking is more important than ever. Long-term thinking involves planning, strategizing, and making decisions with a focus on sustainable outcomes and future impact, rather than immediate results or quick fixes. Embracing long-term thinking can lead to greater success, resilience, and fulfillment in both personal and professional endeavors.One of the key benefits of long-term thinking is the ability to set meaningful goals and work towards achieving them over time. By envisioning a clear vision of your desired future, breaking down goals into manageable steps, and staying committed to the process, you can make steady progress towards long-term success and fulfillment. Long-term thinking encourages patience, perseverance, and strategic planning, allowing you to navigate challenges, setbacks, and uncertainties with resilience and determination.Furthermore, long-term thinking promotes sustainability and responsible decision-making by considering the broader impact of actions on the environment, society, and future generations. By prioritizing ethical practices, environmental stewardship, and social responsibility in your choices and behaviors, you can contribute to a more sustainable and equitable world that benefits both present and future generations. Long-term thinking encourages a holistic perspective, empathy, and consideration for the long-term consequences of individual and collective actions.In addition, long-term thinking fosters innovation, creativity, and adaptability by encouraging a forward-thinking mindset and a willingness to embrace change and uncertainty. By anticipating future trends, identifying emerging opportunities, and adapting to evolving circumstances, you can position yourself for long-term success and growth in a rapidly changing world. Long-term thinking encourages flexibility, agility, and a willingness to learn and evolve in response to new challenges and opportunities.Moreover, long-term thinking cultivates a sense of purpose, meaning, and fulfillment by aligning your actions and decisions with your values, aspirations, and long-term goals. By living intentionally, mindfully, and with a sense of purpose, you can create a life that is meaningful, fulfilling, and aligned with your vision for the future. Long-term thinking encourages self-reflection, introspection, and a commitment to personal growth and development, leading to a more purposeful and fulfilling life journey.In conclusion, embracing long-term thinking is essential for achieving sustainable success, resilience, and fulfillment in all aspects of life. By prioritizing strategic planning, sustainability, innovation, and purposeful living, you can create a future that is aligned with your values, aspirations, and long-term goals. Embrace long-term thinking as a guiding principle in your personal and professional endeavors, and you will unlock a world of possibilities, opportunities, and lasting impact that transcend short-term gains and lead to a more meaningful and fulfilling life journey.。
电商代运营操作流程
电商代运营操作流程As an e-commerce operator, the operational process is crucial to the success of the business. 作为一名电商运营人员，操作流程对于企业的成功至关重要。
It involves managing various aspects such as product sourcing, logistics, customer service, marketing, and sales. 它涉及到产品采购、物流、客户服务、市场营销和销售等方方面面。
One of the first steps in the operational process is to select the right products to sell. 操作流程的第一步之一是选择合适的产品进行销售。
This involves conducting market research to understand consumer demand and trends. 这需要进行市场调研，了解消费者需求和趋势。
Once the products are selected, the next step is to source them from suppliers or manufacturers. 当产品被选择出来之后，下一步就是从供应商或制造商那里采购。
This requires negotiating prices, quality control, and ensuring timely delivery. 这需要谈判价格、质量控制，确保及时交付。
Managing logistics is another critical part of the operational process. 管理物流是操作流程中另一个至关重要的部分。
中国汽车工业优秀青年科技人才 英语
中国汽车工业优秀青年科技人才英语China's automotive industry has experienced remarkable growth and transformation over the past few decades. At the forefront of this progress are the outstanding young technological talents who have played a pivotal role in driving innovation and propelling the industry forward. These young professionals possess a unique blend of technical expertise, creative problem-solving skills, and a deep commitment to the advancement of the industry.One such exemplary individual is Li Wen, a 32-year-old engineer who has been instrumental in the development of electric vehicles (EVs) at one of China's leading automotive manufacturers. Li Wen's passion for sustainable mobility was ignited during his undergraduate studies, where he delved into the challenges and opportunities presented by electric propulsion systems. After completing his degree, he joined the R&D team of a prominent Chinese EV startup, where he quickly distinguished himself with his innovative approaches and ability to overcome technical hurdles.Li Wen's contributions to the company's flagship model wereinstrumental in its successful launch and widespread acclaim. He spearheaded the development of a highly efficient battery management system that optimized energy usage, maximizing the vehicle's range and performance. Additionally, he played a crucial role in the design of the car's aerodynamic body, which not only enhanced its aesthetics but also improved its overall efficiency.Li Wen's dedication and technical prowess have not gone unnoticed. He has been recognized by industry peers and awarded prestigious accolades, including the "Young Innovator of the Year" award from a leading automotive technology magazine. His success has inspired a new generation of engineers to pursue careers in the automotive industry, and he has become a role model for young professionals aspiring to make a meaningful impact on the future of transportation.Another outstanding young talent in China's automotive industry is Zhang Mei, a 28-year-old software engineer who has revolutionized the way in-vehicle infotainment systems are designed and implemented. Zhang Mei's expertise in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning has enabled her to develop cutting-edge user interfaces that seamlessly integrate with the vehicle's various systems, providing drivers and passengers with a truly immersive and personalized experience.Zhang Mei's work has been instrumental in the development ofvoice-controlled features, intelligent navigation systems, and predictive maintenance algorithms. Her innovative approach to software development has not only enhanced the overall user experience but also contributed to improved safety and efficiency on the road. Her contributions have been recognized by her employer, a leading Chinese automotive technology company, which has entrusted her with the leadership of a team dedicated to the advancement of in-vehicle infotainment systems.Beyond their technical prowess, these young talents have also demonstrated a deep understanding of the industry's evolving landscape and a keen awareness of the challenges it faces. They have actively engaged in industry forums, sharing their insights and advocating for the adoption of cutting-edge technologies that can drive the industry forward.For instance, Li Wen has been a vocal proponent of the need for greater investment in battery research and development, emphasizing the crucial role of energy storage solutions in the widespread adoption of EVs. He has collaborated with academic institutions and research centers to explore new battery chemistries and manufacturing processes that can improve energy density, charging times, and overall reliability.Similarly, Zhang Mei has been a champion of the importance ofcybersecurity in the automotive industry, highlighting the need for robust security measures to protect against the growing threat of cyber attacks. She has worked closely with policymakers and industry stakeholders to develop comprehensive guidelines and standards that can ensure the safety and integrity of in-vehicle systems.The impact of these young technological talents extends beyond the boundaries of their respective organizations. They have actively participated in mentorship programs, sharing their knowledge and experiences with aspiring engineers and students. By inspiring the next generation of innovators, they are contributing to the long-term sustainability and competitiveness of China's automotive industry.As the industry continues to evolve, driven by the rapid advancements in technology and the growing demand for sustainable mobility solutions, the role of these outstanding young talents becomes increasingly crucial. Their ability to combine technical expertise with a deep understanding of industry trends and a commitment to innovation positions them as the driving force behind the transformation of China's automotive landscape.In conclusion, the young technological talents in China's automotive industry are shaping the future of transportation. Through their unwavering dedication, innovative mindset, and collaborative approach, they are paving the way for a more sustainable, efficient,and technologically advanced automotive ecosystem. As the industry continues to grow and evolve, these young professionals will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in ensuring China's automotive industry remains at the forefront of global innovation.。
智慧交通监管系统英文建设方案
汇报人：XX
2024-01-31
目录
Introduction to Smart Traffic Supervision SystemTechnical Architecture and Key ComponentsSystem Deployment and Implementation Plan
Traffic Flow Analysis
01
Study the traffic patterns and volumes to determine the optimal locations for smart traffic supervision equipment
Infrastructure Assessment
03
Identify any safety hazards or concerns that need to be addressed during the deployment of the system
03
Data Storage and Processing Units
Procedure powerful data storage and processing units to handle the large volume of data generated by the system
02
Evaluate the existing infrastructure, including roads, traffic lights, and signage to identify any potential issues or improvements needed
Safety Considerations
面试中译英面试题目(3篇)
第1篇---IntroductionIn today's globalized world, the ability to communicate effectively across languages is a crucial skill for professionals in multinational corporations. This interview question aims to assess the candidate's proficiency in English to Chinese translation, a skill that is essential for roles that involve cross-cultural communication, marketing, and documentation. The question provided below is designed to gauge the candidate's understanding of the source text, their ability to convey the intended meaning accurately, and their attention to detail and cultural appropriateness.---Interview Question:As a marketing manager for a global technology company, you have been tasked with translating a press release about a new software productthat is set to revolutionize the way businesses manage their data. The press release is written in English and contains technical jargon, industry-specific terminology, and references to cultural nuances that are unique to the English-speaking market. Below is the English text of the press release. Your task is to translate it into Chinese, ensuring that the translation is accurate, culturally appropriate, and maintains the original tone and intent.---English Text:---FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASEGlobalTech Announces the Launch of DataXpress, the Ultimate Solution for Data Management[City, Country] – GlobalTech, a leading provider of innovative data management solutions, is proud to announce the launch of DataXpress, the latest addition to its suite of cutting-edge products. DataXpress is designed to transform the way businesses store, analyze, and securetheir data, offering a comprehensive solution that addresses the evolving challenges of the digital age.A Game-Changer for Data ManagementDataXpress is a revolutionary software platform that leverages advanced machine learning algorithms to optimize data storage and retrieval processes. With its intuitive user interface and robust security features, DataXpress empowers businesses to manage their data more efficiently and securely than ever before.“DataXpress is a game-changer for data management,” says John Smith, Chief Technology Officer at GlobalTech. “Our team has poured years of research and development into creating a product that not only meets the demands of today’s data-intensive businesses but also prepares them for the challenges of tomorrow.”Key Features of DataXpress:- Intelligent Data Storage: Utilizes machine learning to analyze and categorize data, ensuring optimal storage solutions.- Advanced Analytics: Offers powerful tools for data analysis, allowing businesses to gain actionable insights from their data.- Enhanced Security: Implements cutting-edge encryption techniques to protect sensitive data from unauthorized access.- Scalable Architecture: Designed to handle large volumes of data and scale with the growth of the business.- Comprehensive Support: Provides 24/7 customer support to ensure smooth implementation and ongoing assistance.GlobalTech’s Commitment to InnovationGlobalTech has a long-standing reputation for innovation and excellence in data management. With DataXpress, the company continues its commitment to providing cutting-edge solutions that empower businesses to thrive in the digital era.“DataXpress is the result of our dedica tion to driving technological advancements in data management,” says Sarah Johnson, President of GlobalTech. “We are confident that this product will become anessential tool for businesses worldwide.”Availability and PricingDataXpress is now available f or purchase through GlobalTech’s official website. Pricing starts at $99 per month for a basic subscription, with discounts available for annual commitments.About GlobalTechGlobalTech is a global leader in data management solutions, offering a wide range of products and services designed to help businesses manage their data effectively. With a focus on innovation and customer satisfaction, GlobalTech has become a trusted partner for businesses around the world.---Instructions for the Candidate:1. Read the entire press release carefully to ensure you understand the context and the intended message.2. Pay close attention to technical jargon, industry-specific terminology, and cultural nuances.3. Translate the press release into Chinese, ensuring that the translation is accurate and maintains the original tone and intent.4. Your translation should be clear, concise, and culturally appropriate.5. Pay attention to grammar, punctuation, and formatting.6. Submit your translation in a separate document.---Evaluation Criteria:- Accuracy: The translation should accurately reflect the original text, including technical terms and industry-specific jargon.- Cultural Appropriateness: The translation should be culturally appropriate, taking into account the target audience and cultural nuances.- Tone and Intent: The translation should maintain the original tone and intent of the press release.- Clarity and Conciseness: The translation should be clear and concise, avoiding unnecessary wordiness or ambiguity.- Grammar and Punctuation: The translation should be grammatically correct and punctuated accurately.---This interview question is designed to test the candidate's proficiency in English to Chinese translation, their attention to detail, and their ability to adapt to the specific requirements of the target language and culture.第2篇IntroductionThe role of a translator is pivotal in the globalized world, where communication across languages is essential for business, culture, and education. This document outlines a comprehensive set of interview questions designed to assess the skills, knowledge, and personality of candidates applying for a translator position. The questions are categorized into different sections to provide a structured approach to evaluating the candidate's suitability for the role.Section 1: Language Proficiency and Translation Skills1. Tell us about your language background. What languages do youfluently speak and write?2. Can you describe a challenging translation project you have worked on and how you overcame the difficulties?3. How do you ensure the accuracy and consistency of your translations?4. What tools and software do you use for translation work? Explain how you utilize them effectively.5. Discuss the importance of context in translation. Give an example of how you handled a contextually challenging translation.6. How do you maintain the tone and style of the original text in your translations?7. Describe a time when you had to translate a technical term or concept. How did you approach it?8. What is your approach to translating idiomatic expressions?9. How do you handle cultural differences in your translations?10. Can you explain the difference between literal translation and free translation? Give an example of each.Section 2: Specialization and Industry Knowledge11. What is your area of specialization in translation (e.g., legal, medical, technical, literary)?12. Can you provide examples of specialized terminology in your fieldand how you handle them?13. How do you stay updated with the latest developments in your specialized field?14. What experience do you have in translating documents related to [specific industry or field]?15. How do you ensure the cultural relevance of your translations withina specific industry?16. Can you describe a situation where you had to adapt your translation style to suit a specific audience within an industry?17. What are the key challenges you face when translating documents from [specific source language] to [specific target language]?18. How do you ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information in your translations?19. What are the legal and ethical considerations you take into account when translating documents?Section 3: Project Management and Work Style20. How do you prioritize and manage multiple translation projects simultaneously?21. Can you describe your workflow for a typical translation project?22. What is your approach to meeting tight deadlines?23. How do you ensure quality control in your translations?24. What feedback mechanisms do you use to improve your translation work?25. How do you handle client queries and revisions?26. What experience do you have with project management tools and software?27. How do you ensure effective communication with clients and colleagues?28. What is your approach to working in a team on translation projects?29. How do you handle pressure and stress in your work environment?30. What are your long-term career goals in the field of translation?Section 4: Professional Development and Learning31. How do you stay motivated in your translation work?32. What professional development opportunities have you pursued in the past year?33. How do you stay current with industry trends and advancements in translation technology?34. What are your preferred methods for learning new languages and terminology?35. How do you keep your language skills sharp and up-to-date?36. What certifications or qualifications do you hold in translation or related fields?37. What professional organizations or networks are you a part of in the translation industry?38. How do you approach continuous learning and improvement in your work?39. What advice would you give to someone starting their career in translation?40. How do you envision your professional growth over the next five years?ConclusionThese interview questions are designed to provide a comprehensive evaluation of a candidate's suitability for a translator position. By asking a wide range of questions, employers can gain insights into the candidate's language proficiency, translation skills, specialization knowledge, project management abilities, work style, and professional development aspirations. It is important to tailor these questions to the specific requirements of the role and the company to ensure the best fit for the position.第3篇Introduction:As a professional Chinese-English interpreter, you are expected to possess not only linguistic proficiency but also cultural understanding, quick thinking, and the ability to adapt to various communication scenarios. This comprehensive set of interview questions is designed to assess your skills, experience, and suitability for a Chinese-English interpreter position.1. Personal Background and Language SkillsQuestion 1: Can you please introduce yourself and tell us about your background in language learning and interpretation?Answer:[Your name] is a dedicated and highly motivated individual with a strong passion for language and cross-cultural communication. I hold a Bachelor’s degree in Translation and Interpretation from [University Name], where I majored in Chinese-English translation and interpretation. Throughout my academic journey, I have consistently achieved top gradesin both language courses and practical interpretation exercises.My interest in languages began at a young age, and I have sincededicated myself to mastering both Chinese and English. I have completed numerous translation and interpretation projects, including conferences, business meetings, and cultural events. My proficiency in both languages is not only linguistic but also cultural, as I have lived and worked in both China and English-speaking countries, providing me with a deep understanding of the nuances of both languages and cultures.Question 2: What are the main differences between Chinese and English in terms of grammar, vocabulary, and usage? How do you handle these differences when interpreting?Answer:The main differences between Chinese and English lie in their grammatical structures, vocabulary, and usage. For example, Chinese has no articles, while English requires articles in certain contexts.Additionally, Chinese tends to use more idiomatic expressions and proverbs, which can be challenging to translate directly into English.To handle these differences, I approach each interpretation task with a keen awareness of the cultural and linguistic nuances involved. I focus on understanding the context of the conversation, identifying the intended meaning behind the words, and then conveying that meaning in a way that is natural and appropriate for the target language. This often involves using synonyms, paraphrasing, or even creating new expressions to ensure the message is accurately and effectively communicated.2. Professional Experience and SkillsQuestion 3: Can you describe your experience in interpreting at conferences and business meetings? What were some of the challenges you faced, and how did you overcome them?Answer:Throughout my career, I have had the opportunity to interpret at numerous conferences and business meetings, including international trade fairs, seminars, and corporate events. One of the challenges I often face is the need to quickly adapt to the specific terminology and industry jargon used by the participants.To overcome this challenge, I spend time researching the relevant subject matter before the event and familiarize myself with the key terms and concepts. I also actively seek feedback from the participants to ensure that my interpretations are accurate and clear. Additionally, I maintain a calm and professional demeanor to manage the pressure and ensure a smooth flow of communication.Question 4: What is your approach to consecutive interpretation? Can you give an example of a situation where you used consecutive interpretation effectively?Answer:Consecutive interpretation requires a high level of concentration, memory, and language skills. My approach to consecutive interpretationinvolves listening carefully to the speaker, mentally processing the information, and then conveying the message in the target language in a coherent and concise manner.One example of a situation where I used consecutive interpretation effectively was during a business negotiation between a Chinese company and an international client. The negotiation involved complex technical terms and required a deep understanding of both the business context and the cultural nuances of the conversation. By maintaining a calm demeanor and focusing on the key points, I was able to convey the message accurately and facilitate a successful negotiation.Question 5: How do you prepare for a major interpreting assignment? What are some of the resources you use?Answer:Preparing for a major interpreting assignment involves several steps. First, I research the topic and the participants to understand the context and the key issues at stake. I then familiarize myself with the relevant terminology and industry jargon, using dictionaries, glossaries, and online resources.I also prepare by practicing the interpretation of sample text and role-playing scenarios to improve my timing and delivery. Additionally, I ensure that I am well-rested and hydrated on the day of the event to maintain peak performance.3. Adaptability and Problem-SolvingQuestion 6: Describe a time when you had to interpret in a challengingor unfamiliar environment. How did you handle the situation?Answer:During a recent conference, I was asked to interpret in a venue that was extremely noisy due to construction work. This made it difficult to hear the speakers clearly and to convey the message accurately to the participants.To handle the situation, I asked the organizers to move the interpreter booth closer to the speakers and to provide noise-cancelling headphones.I also increased my focus and concentration, and made a conscious effort to repeat key points and ask for clarifications when necessary. Despite the challenging environment, I was able to maintain the quality of my interpretation and ensure that the event ran smoothly.Question 7: How do you handle situations where there is a cultural misunderstanding or miscommunication during an interpretation?Answer:Cultural misunderstandings can occur at any time during an interpretation, and it is important to address them promptly and effectively. When I encounter a cultural misunderstanding, I take a few moments to pause and reflect on the context and the likely source of the misunderstanding.I then clarify the point with the speaker, ensuring that I have a clear understanding of their intentions. If necessary, I seek additional information from the participants to facilitate a more accurate interpretation. By maintaining open communication and showing empathy, I can often resolve cultural misunderstandings and ensure a successful interpretation.4. Ethics and ProfessionalismQuestion 8: What are your ethical considerations when working as an interpreter? Can you give an example of a situation where you had to adhere to an ethical guideline?Answer:As an interpreter, I am bound by a set of ethical guidelines that emphasize confidentiality, neutrality, and professionalism. These guidelines ensure that I maintain the integrity of the communication process and protect the interests of all parties involved.One example of a situation where I had to adhere to an ethical guideline was during a legal deposition. I was required to remain neutral andimpartial, ensuring that the interpretation accurately reflected the statements of both the plaintiff and the defendant. By adhering to these ethical principles, I was able to maintain the integrity of the legal process and provide a fair and accurate account of the proceedings.Question 9: How do you ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information during an interpretation?Answer:Confidentiality is a crucial aspect of interpretation, and I take it very seriously. To ensure the confidentiality of sensitive information, I follow these steps:1. Understand the context: Before beginning the interpretation, Iclarify the nature of the information being shared and anyconfidentiality requirements.2. Establish trust: I build a strong rapport with the participants, ensuring that they trust me to handle sensitive information with care.3. Maintain confidentiality: I do not discuss the interpretation with anyone outside of the assignment and take steps to secure any physical or digital materials related to the interpretation.4. Legal compliance: I am aware of the legal requirements for confidentiality in my jurisdiction and ensure that I comply with all relevant laws and regulations.5. ConclusionAs a professional Chinese-English interpreter, I am committed to providing high-quality, accurate, and culturally sensitiveinterpretation services. I am confident that my language skills, professional experience, and ethical standards make me a suitable candidate for this position. I am eager to contribute to your team and help facilitate effective communication between Chinese and English-speaking parties. Thank you for considering my application.。
卖微卡的英语作文
卖微卡的英语作文Title: Selling Micro Cards An Entrepreneurial Endeavor。
In today's digital age, the demand for convenient storage solutions for electronic devices is ever-growing. Micro cards have emerged as a popular choice due to their compact size and high storage capacity. As an entrepreneur, venturing into the business of selling micro cards presents a lucrative opportunity to meet this demand while also contributing to the technological ecosystem. In this essay, I will explore the various aspects of selling micro cards and the strategies involved in establishing a successful venture in this niche market.To begin with, understanding the product is crucial. Micro cards, also known as microSD cards, are tiny storage devices used primarily in smartphones, tablets, cameras,and other electronic devices to store data such as photos, videos, music, and documents. They come in differentstorage capacities ranging from a few gigabytes to severalterabytes, catering to diverse consumer needs.The first step in setting up a business selling micro cards is market research. This involves identifying the target audience, assessing their needs and preferences, and analyzing the competition. By understanding market trends and consumer behavior, one can develop a competitivepricing strategy and tailor marketing efforts to reach the right audience.Next, sourcing reliable suppliers is essential. Partnering with reputable manufacturers or distributors ensures the quality and authenticity of the products being sold. Establishing strong relationships with suppliers can also lead to favorable pricing terms and timely delivery, which are crucial for maintaining customer satisfaction and loyalty.In addition to quality products, providing excellent customer service is key to building a successful micro card business. This includes offering prompt assistance, addressing customer inquiries and concerns, and ensuring asmooth purchasing experience. Building a strong online presence through a user-friendly website and active engagement on social media platforms can also help attract and retain customers.Moreover, diversifying product offerings can enhance the competitiveness of the business. In addition to micro cards, accessories such as card readers, adapters, and protective cases can be offered to provide customers with a comprehensive solution for their storage needs. Bundling products or offering special promotions can alsoincentivize purchases and drive sales.Furthermore, staying updated with technological advancements and industry trends is crucial for long-term success in the micro card business. With the rapid evolution of devices and storage technologies, keeping abreast of new developments allows entrepreneurs to adapt their offerings and stay ahead of the competition.In conclusion, selling micro cards presents a promising business opportunity in today's digital landscape. Byunderstanding the market, sourcing quality products, providing excellent customer service, diversifying offerings, and staying informed about industry trends, entrepreneurs can establish a successful venture in this niche market. With the right strategies and dedication, selling micro cards can be a rewarding entrepreneurial endeavor.。
不同贮酒器盛酒瓶及贮存年代的汾酒中金属元素含量变化
不同贮酒器盛酒瓶及贮存年代的汾酒中金属元素含量变化井维鑫;李晓敏;贺叶琴;王茜;王兰;韩建书;杜小威;雷振河;李晓燕;傅雪冬【摘要】The 24 kinds of metal contents and varying trends were analyzed in Fen liquor from three kinds of as- pects which contained one-year original Fen Liquor in three different containers （red pottery, black pottery and stainless steel containers）. Specifically, one-year commodity Fen Liquor in two kinds of bottles （porcelain bottles and vitreous bottles） , old liquor from one year to thirty years in red pottery containers. Meanwhile, the metal＇ s effect on liq- uor quality was discussed intensively. The results indicated that, among the three kinds of containers, contents of use- ful elements for liquor quality were the highest in the red pottery, lower in the black ones, and the lowest the stainless steel cylinder. Red pottery was the best for the liquors＇ aging and ripe effects; black pottery was the most useful for long-term storage; stainless steel cylinder was suitable for being a turnover and blending container. The two kinds of bottles had specific effects on the contents of metal elements in one-year commodity Fen Liquor. Vitreous bottles were more favorable to speed liquor＇ s aging and especially suitable for new liquor storage ; potteries were more suitable for old liquor storage. In addition, it was proved that the variation of the metal-element contents in old liquor was in con- nection with storage periods, that is, with the increase in the storage period, the majority contents of the metal ele- ments increased totally. 5 - 10 years is the best time frame for long-term storage, 3 years for short-term storage, and it was applicable to choose different storage containersin different storage stages in order to accelerate the aging process and gain the old liquor effects within short time period.%对3种贮酒器（黑陶缸、红陶缸和不锈钢缸）所贮1年原度汾酒，2种不同盛酒瓶（瓷瓶和玻璃瓶）所盛1年商品汾酒和红陶缸所贮1、2、3、5、10、20和30年汾酒中24种金属元素的含量、变化趋势及作用进行了分析。
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Why 4 copies
• • • • • • duplex storage masks MOST failures But,.. when one is broken you are worried So, triplex it (a la GFS, Cosmos, Blue)… And… you need geo-plex anyway So, why not 2+2 rather than 3+3? Symmetric and simple == good.
4
To Blob or Not To Blob (½)
• Folklore:
– DB is good for billions of small things – Files are good for thousands of big things
• Put another way:
– DB is bad at big objects – Files Systems have trouble with billions of files.
System TerraServer SAN TerraServer Brick Web Property 1 Web Property 2 Observed failure rates. Type SCSI 10krpm controllers Part Years 858 72 Fails 24 2 Fails /Year 2.8% 2.8%
Long Term Storage Trends and You
Jim Gray Microsoft Research 28 Sept 2006
storage bricks 200x
Illiac Disk: 1968 Minoan Phaistos Disk:1700 BC About 1KB No one can read it
5
To Blob or Not To Blob (2/2)
• Folklore: BLOBS win for things less than 1MB. • Refinement: If fragmentation, BLOBs win below 250KB. • Humor: most files are less than 250KB. (but most bytes are in big files). “To BLOB or Not To BLOB: Large Object Storage in a Database or a Filesystem?” Russell Sears, Catharine Van Ingen, Jim Gray, MSR-TR-2006-45, April 2006
It Works 60%
• Will UERs be worse than the specs? We need to worry about ctlr, pci, ram, software,… 8
How Reliable are Cheap Disks? (3/5)
• For the record:
san switch
SATA 7krpm SCSI pm
9
138 15,805
1
10 972
11.1%
7.2% 6.0%
controllers
PATA 7krpm motherboard
900
22,400 3,769
139
740 66
15.4%
3.3% 1.7%
9
“Empirical Measurements of Disk Failure Rates and Error Rates,” Jim Gray, Catharine van Ingen, MSR-TR-2005-166, December 2005
• FLASH is coming
– low end storage (GBs now 100 GBs soon) – low latency storage (fraction of ms) – high $/byte but good $/access
• Smart Disks still seem far of, but...
• Things break:
– – – – – – disks break controllers break systems break software breaks data centers break networks break
• Design for independent failure modes
– use other copy until failure repaired, – refresh lost copy from safe copy.
• Can organize the two copies differently (e.g.: one by time, one by space)
– Cost of people – Speed of light –…
• And some things are changing a LOT
15
The Perfect Memory (ratio problems)
• Store name-value pairs • Read value given name (or predicate?) instantly! • Capacity has grown ~2x/year (or 2x/2y) • But ratios are changing:
6
How Reliable are Cheap Disks? (1/5)
• Prices, Specs, and Gurus suggest SCSI good SATA bad.
– 3x cheaper but… – 10x shorter MTTF – 10x shorter warranty – 100x higher Uncorrectable Error on Read (UER)
– guard against operations errors – guard against “sympathetic failures” – guard against viruses – Simple recovery is testable
“The cost of reliability is simplicity. Few are willing to pay that price” T. Hoare 11
How Reliable are Cheap Disks? (4/5)
• The experiment: • Do 180,000 times (== 1.8PB ~ 1E16 bits)
– Create and write 10GB disk file – Read it to check the checksum
13
Meta-Message: Technology Ratios Matter
• Price and Performance change. • If everything changes in the same way, then nothing really changes. • If some things get much cheaper/faster than others, then that is real change. • Some things are not changing much:
On various “office” systems for 4 months • Expected 114 UER events, Observed 3 or 4 UER events
– – – – –
•
(~8 drive years)
Two events corrected by OS on retry -- 1 “real” one no disk failures a file-system corruption (due to controller we guess) Many reboots due to security patches ~4 system hangs (bad controllers / drivers).
10
• UER better than advertised (checked end-to-end)
“Empirical Measurements of Disk Failure Rates and Error Rates,” MSR-TR-2005-166
Moral: Design For Failure (5/5)
• Spec Sheet says 1 UER every 10 Terabytes! • So, we measured and here is what we saw…
7
How Reliable are Cheap Disks? (2/5)
• Things fail much more often than predicted • Vendors say 0.5% /year • Customers see ~ 10x that rate • Vendors say:
It’s Hard to Archive a Petabyte It takes a LONG time to restore it.
• At 1GBps it takes 12 days!
• Store it in two (or more) places online.
A geo-plex
• Scrub it continuously (look for errors) • On failure,