Reprints available directly from the publisher Published by license under the OCP Science i
先进材料AM投稿指南_guidelines
Guide for AuthorsAdvanced Materials (www.advmat.de) is an international peer-reviewed journal that covers all aspects of materials science. Categories of contribution for the journal are Communications, Review Articles, Progress Reports, Research News, Essays, Correspondence, and Book Reviews. Communications should represent novel research and significant advances in the field of materials science.Only manuscripts in English are accepted. Contributors should bear in mind the interdisciplinary nature of the readership, always emphasizing the importance of the topic to workers in other fields.No page charge is levied. The extra costs associated with color figure reproduction are expected to be met in part by the author. The author will be advised of their expected color cost contribution upon acceptance of their manuscript for publication. (The author’s contribution can be waived if the author is unable to contribute their share of the costs and if the editor agrees color reproduction is scientifically necessary.) Similarly, suggestions for cover artwork are welcomed, but part of the production costs must be paid by the author.Reprints, PDF files, and cover posters can be ordered when the proofs of a manuscript are returned to the publisher. Reprint rates are available from the editorial office on request.Manuscript SubmissionThe manuscript should be submitted online via the online submission service manuscriptXpress (). To submit your manuscript, please follow the instructions given on the website. In order to submit a manuscript you will need a single Microsoft Word, RTF, PDF, or PostScript file that contains the text, all figures and tables, and any Supporting Information associated with the manuscript. MSword templates (Win/Mac compatible) for Reviews, Progress Reports, Research News, and Communications are available on the homepage in the section "For Authors". Please use these templates for submission of your contribution.Advanced Materials does not publish manuscripts that have already appeared in print or electronically (including those deposited in preprint archives).The author must inform the editor of manuscripts submitted, soon to be submitted, or in press at other journals that have a bearing on the manuscript being submitted to Advanced Materials. The "The Ethical Guidelines for Publication in Journals and Reviews" issued by the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences are followed and applied by the editors of Advanced Materials. In particular, authors should reveal all sources of funding for the work presented in the manuscript and should declare any conflict of interest.Confirmation of Receipt/AssessmentAuthors of all articles will receive acknowledgement of receipt of their manuscript. Allcontributions are subject to assessment by the editors and/or refereeing.Contributions to all sections except Communications are usually written on invitation; however, authors are welcome to submit unsolicited articles.Personal HomepagesAll authors who submit manuscript to the journal will have a Wiley-VCH personal homepage at . The author’s page can be accessed using an individual login name and password. Authors can use their page to track their manuscripts once submitted, and to upload revised manuscripts and production data.Electronic Data for ProductionOnly after notification of acceptance for publication will you be asked to provide separate electronic files of the text and figures for high-quality production. The version you send must be the FINAL version. Costs for any additions or further changes made during correction of the page proofs may be charged to the author. The text including references should be saved as one Microsoft Word .doc file using the templates provided. Tables should be included in the text files and follow the example laid out in the template. Vector graphic images such as plots, graphs, and line diagrams (including chemical structures) should either be imported into a Word file or saved as EPS or WMF files. The name and version of the program used to create the file should be provided. Original files of graphical items prepared using ChemDraw or Photoshop may also be included. Bitmap graphic images such as photographs and electron microscopy images should be saved as TIFF files; each figure part must have a resolution of at least 300 dpi (1000 pixels wide when the image is printed at a single column width). More details can be found on the journal homepage in the Production Data Checklist and Graphics FAQ subsections of the “For Authors” page.Supporting Information documents must be prepared as a single PDF file, with all figures incorporated into the text (see below for more details on Supporting Information).To submit multimedia files, please consult the Editorial office for recommended formats and file transfer information.There are two ways to submit your production data files:a) Use the upload function on your personal homepage (Role = “Author”, “Manuscripts for Production”. All data files must be combined into a SINGLE archive file. Additional comments should be sent by e-mail directly to the journal’s editorial office.b) Send all data files in an archive attached to an e-mail message to the journal’s editorial office. The “Subject” line should include the words “Production data” and the manuscript identifier, e.g., adma.200801234.Categories of ContributionsCommunications are unsolicited, peer-reviewed short reports of outstanding novelfindings that also have important and general implications for specialists working inother fields. The first paragraph should summarize the reasons for undertaking the work and the main conclusions which can be drawn. The final paragraph should summarize the major conclusions of the paper. The essential findings presented in a Communication, or significant parts, of them may not already have appeared in print or online (for example, in reviews, proceedings, or preprints). Contributions that are judged too specialized for the general readership of Advanced Materials will be returned to the authors without further external review. All other communications are assessed by independent referees. Authors should suggest referees. Manuscripts should be no longer than 3500 words in total and can have up to 3 display items (figures, tables, or schemes). A maximum of five keywords should be supplied.Supporting Information in the form of additional figures, movies, experimental details and so on may accompany a manuscript, and will be published online only. This material will not be edited, so should be error free. The research reported in a Communication must stand on its own in the absence of its Supporting Information (for example, if Internet access is unavailable). Before acceptance, the editor may request transfer of a manuscript to Advanced Functional Materials (www.afm-journal.de), the Full Paper sister journal of Advanced Materials, if part or all of the Supporting Information is judged to be critical to the manuscript.Reviews are peer-reviewed and give a general overview of a particular field, providing the reader with an appreciation of the importance of the work, a summary of recent developments, and a guide to the relevant literature. Manuscripts should be at least 19 000 words in length, divided into appropriate sections, and contain 15-20 display items. A passport-type photo and a short summary of the career to-date of the correspondence author(s) should be included, as well as a short abstract and five keywords.Progress Reports provide a critically selected overview of recent progress in important research fields. It is not intended that the articles be comprehensive, but rather insightful, selective, critical, opinionated, and even visionary. Manuscripts should be at least 10 000 words in length, divided into appropriate sections, and contain 5-10 display items. A passport-type photo and a short summary of the career to-date of the correspondence author(s) should be included as well as a short abstract and five keywords.Research News articles are intended to inform non-specialist readers of recent developments at the forefront of materials science and technology. Manuscripts should be no more than 4500 words in length and can contain up to 3 display items.A short abstract and a maximum of five keywords should be included.Essays are a forum for news and opinion on topics of national and international interest. This can include, for example, news of funding and research organizations, societies, or points of controversy within materials science. Manuscripts should be no more than 5000 words in length plus one display item. A passport-type photo and a short summary of the career to-date of the correspondence author(s) should beincluded.Correspondence commenting on publications in the journals is welcome if it contributes to the scientific discussion.Book Reviews are usually written on request, but suggestions are always welcome. Publishers should send relevant books to the Editorial Office. Unsolicited books not selected for review will not be returned.Manuscript StylingProduction data should be submitted using the MSword template (there is no need to adjust the font size or spacing given in the templates). The academic titles, first names, other initials, and surnames of all authors should be given, along with full postal addresses and the e-mail address of the corresponding author, who should be designated by a star. For online submission figures, tables, and legends should be included in the text. For production, the figures should be saved separately (for further details, please see the Production Data Checklist under “For Authors”). All production data should include a short (~40 word) summary and figure (preferably color) for the table of contents. There is no charge for color reproduction in the table of contents.IUPAC nomenclature should be used when naming compounds. A full guide to nomenclature and terminology can be found at the IUPAC web site ().References should be numbered sequentially as they appear in the text[1] as superscripts in square brackets.[2-5] Only papers that are published or in press should be referenced.Figures with several parts are permitted only if the parts are closely related either experimentally or logically. Do not display graphs as insets.Detailed instructions for preparation of manuscripts for production (e.g., figure formatting, physical data reporting, setting of equations, X-ray data archiving) are given in the For Authors section on the journal homepage. If you have any questions, please contact the Editorial Office directly.Manuscripts containing animal experiments must include a statement in the Experimental Section that permission was obtained from the relevant national or local authorities. The institutional committees that have approved the experiments must be identified and the accreditation number of the laboratory or of the investigator given where applicable. If no such rules or permissions are in place in the country where the experiments were performed, then this must also be clearly stated. Manuscripts with experiments with human subjects or tissue samples from human subjects must contain a disclaimer in the Experimental Section to state that informed signed consent was obtained from either the patient orfrom next of kin.。
英版航海通告英文赏析
Admiralty Notices To Mariners（英版航海通告）I Guidance Notes 须知（指南）Admiralty Notices to Mariners, Weekly Editions, contain information which enables the mariner to keep his charts and books published by the UKHO up-to-date for the latest reports received. In addition to all Admiralty Notices, they include all New Zealand chart updating Notices, and selected Temporary and Preliminary ones. Copies of all New Zealand Notices can also be obtained from New Zealand chart agents.英版航海通告周刊，包括了能使海员根据最新收到的报告保持英国水道测量局出版的海图和书刊是最新的。
除了所有的英版航海通告之外，它还包括了新西兰的海图更新通告，以及选定的临时通告和预告通告。
所有新西兰通告的副本也可以从新西兰海图代理商处获得。
The Notices are published in Weekly Editions, and are issued by the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office on a daily basis to certain Admiralty Chart Agents. Weekly Editions can be obtained, or dispatched regularly by surface or air mail, from Admiralty Chart Agents.通告以周刊的形式出版，由英国水道测量局每天向某些英版海图代理商发行。
advanced materials 投稿细则说明 guide_for_authors_2009
Guide for AuthorsAdvanced Materials(www.advmat.de) is an international peer-reviewed journal that covers all aspects of materials science. Categories of contribution for the journal are Communications, Review Articles, Progress Reports, Research News, Essays, Correspondence, and Book Reviews. Communications should represent novel research and significant advances in the field of materials science.Only manuscripts in English are accepted. Contributors should bear in mind the interdisciplinary nature of the readership, always emphasizing the importance of the topic to workers in other fields.No page charge is levied. The extra costs associated with color figure reproduction are expected to be met in part by the author. The author will be advised of their expected color cost contribution upon acceptance of their manuscript for publication. (The author’s contribution can be waived if the author is unable to contribute their share of the costs and if the editor agrees color reproduction is scientifically necessary.) Similarly, suggestions for cover artwork are welcomed, but part of the production costs must be paid by the author.Reprints, PDF files, and cover posters can be ordered when the proofs of a manuscript are returned to the publisher. Reprint rates are available from the editorial office on request.Manuscript SubmissionThe manuscript should be submitted online via the online submission service manuscriptXpress (). To submit your manuscript, please follow the instructions given on the website. In order to submit a manuscript you will need a single Microsoft Word, RTF, PDF, or PostScript file that contains the text, all figures and tables, and any Supporting Information associated with the manuscript. MSword templates (Win/Mac compatible) for Reviews, Progress Reports, Research News, and Communications are available on the homepage in the section "For Authors". Please use these templates for submission of your contribution.Advanced Materials does not publish manuscripts that have already appeared in print or electronically (including those deposited in preprint archives).The author must inform the editor of manuscripts submitted, soon to be submitted, or in press at other journals that have a bearing on the manuscript being submitted to Advanced Materials. The "The Ethical Guidelines for Publication in Journals and Reviews" issued by the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences are followed and applied by the editors of Advanced Materials. In particular, authors should reveal all sources of funding for the work presented in the manuscript and should declare any conflict of interest.If the manuscript is, in fact, a revised/extended version of a manuscript previously rejected by Advanced Materials, the author must inform the editor about the previous submission in the cover letter and explain in detail which changes have been made.To ensure continuity of contact details, the corresponding author of a manuscript should hold at minimum a postdoctoral research position or be a permanently contracted staff member in industry. Exceptions may be made at the discretion of the editorial office.Confirmation of Receipt/AssessmentAuthors of all articles will receive acknowledgement of receipt of their manuscript. Allcontributions are subject to assessment by the editors and/or refereeing.Contributions to all sections except Communications are usually written on invitation; however, authors are welcome to submit unsolicited articles.Personal HomepagesAll authors who submit manuscript to the journal will have a Wiley-VCH personal homepage at . The author’s page can be accessed using an individual login name and password. Authors can use their page to track their manuscripts once submitted, and to upload revised manuscripts and production data.Electronic Data for ProductionOnly after notification of acceptance for publication will you be asked to provide separate electronic files of the text and figures for high-quality production. The version you send must be the FINAL version. Costs for any additions or further changes made during correction of the page proofs may be charged to the author.The text including references should be saved as one Microsoft Word .doc file using the templates provided. Tables should be included in the text files and follow the example laid out in the template. Vector graphic images such as plots, graphs, and line diagrams (including chemical structures) should either be imported into a Word file or saved as EPS or WMF files. The name and version of the program used to create the file should be provided. Original files of graphical items prepared using ChemDraw or Photoshop may also be included. Bitmap graphic images such as photographs and electron microscopy images should be saved as TIFF files; each figure part must have a resolution of at least 300 dpi (1000 pixels wide when the image is printed at a single column width). More details can be found on the journal homepage in the Production Data Checklist and Graphics FAQ subsections of the “For Authors” page.Supporting Information documents must be prepared as a single PDF file, with all figures incorporated into the text (see below for more details on Supporting Information).To submit multimedia files, please consult the Editorial office for recommended formats and file transfer information.There are two ways to submit your production data files:a) Use the upload function on your personal homepage (Role = “Author”, “Manuscripts for Production”. All data files must be combined into a SINGLE archive file. Additional comments should be sent by e-mail directly to the journal’s editorial office.b) Send all data files in an archive attached to an e-mail message to the journal’s editorial office. The “Subject” line should include the words “Production data” and the manuscript identifier, e.g., adma.200801234.Categories of ContributionsCommunications are unsolicited, peer-reviewed short reports of outstanding novel findings that also have important and general implications for specialists working in other fields. The first paragraph should summarize the reasons for undertaking the work and the main conclusions which can be drawn. The final paragraph should summarize the major conclusions of the paper. The essential findings presented in a Communication, or significant parts, of them may not already have appeared in print or online (for example, in reviews, proceedings, or preprints). Contributions that are judged too specialized for the general readership of Advanced Materials will be returned to the authors without further external review. All other communications are assessed by independent reviewers. Authors should suggest suitable reviewers. Authors should ensure that reviewer suggestions do notinclude any researchers with whom they have recent or on-going collaborations or otherclose ties. The maximum length of a Communication is four journal pages – approximately 3000 words (including main text, experimental section, references, and captions) and three display items (including figures, tables, and schemes). Longer papers will be accepted only in exceptional cases if their quality warrants special consideration.A maximum of five keywords should be supplied. The file comments field should be used to include a statement of the number of words and display items.Supporting Information in the form of additional figures, movies, experimental details and so on may accompany a manuscript, and will be published online only. This material will not be edited, so should be error free. The research reported in a Communication must stand on its own in the absence of its Supporting Information (for example, if Internet access is unavailable). Before acceptance, the editor may request transfer of a manuscript to Advanced Functional Materials (www.afm-journal.de), the Full Paper sister journal of Advanced Materials, if part or all of the Supporting Information is judged to be critical to the manuscript.Reviews are peer-reviewed and give a general overview of a particular field, providing the reader with an appreciation of the importance of the work, a summary of recent developments, and a guide to the relevant literature. Manuscripts should be at least 19 000 words in length, divided into appropriate sections, and contain 15-20 display items. A passport-type photo and a short summary (75 words maximum) of the career to-date of the correspondence author(s) should be included, as well as a short abstract and five keywords.Progress Reports provide a critically selected overview of recent progress in important research fields. It is not intended that the articles be comprehensive, but rather insightful, selective, critical, opinionated, and even visionary. Manuscripts should be at least 10 000 words in length, divided into appropriate sections, and contain 5-10 display items. A passport-type photo and a short summary (75 words maximum) of the career to-date of the correspondence author(s) should be included as well as a short abstract and five keywords.Research News articles are intended to inform non-specialist readers of recent developments at the forefront of materials science and technology, in the form of a short review. Manuscripts should not contain any new data/results, and should contain no more than 4500 words in length and up to 3 display items. A short abstract and a maximum of five keywords should be included.Essays are a forum for news and opinion on topics of national and international interest. This can include, for example, news of funding and research organizations, societies, or points of controversy within materials science. Manuscripts should be no more than 5000 words in length plus one display item. A passport-type photo and a short summary (75 words maximum) of the career to-date of the correspondence author(s) should be included.Correspondence commenting on publications in the journals is welcome if it contributes to the scientific discussion.Book Reviews are usually written on request, but suggestions are always welcome. Publishers should send relevant books to the Editorial Office. Unsolicited books not selected for review will not be returned.Manuscript StylingProduction data should be submitted using the MSword template (there is no need to adjust the font size or spacing given in the templates). The academic titles, first names, other initials, and surnames of all authors should be given, along with full postal addresses and the e-mail address of the corresponding author, who should be designated by a star. For onlinesubmission figures, tables, and legends should be included in the text. For production, thefigures should be saved separately (for further details, please see the Production Data Checklist under “For Authors”). All production data should include a short (~40 word) summary and figure (preferably color) for the table of contents. There is no charge for color reproduction in the table of contents.IUPAC nomenclature should be used when naming compounds. A full guide to nomenclature and terminology can be found at the IUPAC web site ().References should be numbered sequentially as they appear in the text[1] as superscripts in square brackets.[2-5] Only papers that are published or in press should be referenced.Figures with several parts are permitted only if the parts are closely related either experimentally or logically. Do not display graphs as insets.Detailed instructions for preparation of manuscripts for production (e.g., figure formatting, physical data reporting, setting of equations, X-ray data archiving) are given in the For Authors section on the journal homepage. If you have any questions, please contact the Editorial Office directly.Manuscripts containing animal experiments must include a statement in the Experimental Section that permission was obtained from the relevant national or local authorities. The institutional committees that have approved the experiments must be identified and the accreditation number of the laboratory or of the investigator given where applicable. If no such rules or permissions are in place in the country where the experiments were performed, then this must also be clearly stated. Manuscripts with experiments with human subjects or tissue samples from human subjects must contain a disclaimer in the Experimental Section to state that informed signed consent was obtained from either the patient or from next of kin.The structure and compositions of all materials central to the manuscript must be disclosed in the main text or in Supporting Information, including commercial and proprietary products, pure materials, and mixtures. Manuscripts reporting results using undisclosed material compositions may not be considered for publication and may be returned without external review.Image ProcessingWhile a certain degree of image processing is acceptable, and sometimes unavoidable, images submitted for publication should be minimally modified, and any modification to original raw data should be clearly and fully disclosed. Images submitted must accurately represent the original data, and authors must provide, if requested by the editors, unprocessed and raw data to aid in the reviewing process.Image-processing details should be disclosed in full, either in the figure legends, the Experimental section, or in the Supporting Information. This should include the software used and the settings and methods applied in manipulations. Processing should be applied equally to the entire image and also to controls. Processing that obscures data or emphasizes certain regions at the expense of others should not be employed. When used, false-color and nonlinear adjustments, such as gamma correction, deconvolution, filtering, thresholding, and projection, should be clearly indicated in the manuscript.In the case of gels and blots, cropped images may be used when necessary for clarity and conciseness. As previously mentioned, these modifications must be clearly mentioned, and the full gels and blots should be provided as Supporting Information. A clear line should mark the boundary between different gels where these were cropped, and all important bandsshould be maintained in the image.。
先进材料AM投稿指南_guidelines
Guide for AuthorsAdvanced Materials (www.advmat.de) is an international peer-reviewed journal that covers all aspects of materials science. Categories of contribution for the journal are Communications, Review Articles, Progress Reports, Research News, Essays, Correspondence, and Book Reviews. Communications should represent novel research and significant advances in the field of materials science.Only manuscripts in English are accepted. Contributors should bear in mind the interdisciplinary nature of the readership, always emphasizing the importance of the topic to workers in other fields.No page charge is levied. The extra costs associated with color figure reproduction are expected to be met in part by the author. The author will be advised of their expected color cost contribution upon acceptance of their manuscript for publication. (The author’s contribution can be waived if the author is unable to contribute their share of the costs and if the editor agrees color reproduction is scientifically necessary.) Similarly, suggestions for cover artwork are welcomed, but part of the production costs must be paid by the author.Reprints, PDF files, and cover posters can be ordered when the proofs of a manuscript are returned to the publisher. Reprint rates are available from the editorial office on request.Manuscript SubmissionThe manuscript should be submitted online via the online submission service manuscriptXpress (). To submit your manuscript, please follow the instructions given on the website. In order to submit a manuscript you will need a single Microsoft Word, RTF, PDF, or PostScript file that contains the text, all figures and tables, and any Supporting Information associated with the manuscript. MSword templates (Win/Mac compatible) for Reviews, Progress Reports, Research News, and Communications are available on the homepage in the section "For Authors". Please use these templates for submission of your contribution.Advanced Materials does not publish manuscripts that have already appeared in print or electronically (including those deposited in preprint archives).The author must inform the editor of manuscripts submitted, soon to be submitted, or in press at other journals that have a bearing on the manuscript being submitted to Advanced Materials. The "The Ethical Guidelines for Publication in Journals and Reviews" issued by the European Association for Chemical and Molecular Sciences are followed and applied by the editors of Advanced Materials. In particular, authors should reveal all sources of funding for the work presented in the manuscript and should declare any conflict of interest.Confirmation of Receipt/AssessmentAuthors of all articles will receive acknowledgement of receipt of their manuscript. Allcontributions are subject to assessment by the editors and/or refereeing.Contributions to all sections except Communications are usually written on invitation; however, authors are welcome to submit unsolicited articles.Personal HomepagesAll authors who submit manuscript to the journal will have a Wiley-VCH personal homepage at . The author’s page can be accessed using an individual login name and password. Authors can use their page to track their manuscripts once submitted, and to upload revised manuscripts and production data.Electronic Data for ProductionOnly after notification of acceptance for publication will you be asked to provide separate electronic files of the text and figures for high-quality production. The version you send must be the FINAL version. Costs for any additions or further changes made during correction of the page proofs may be charged to the author. The text including references should be saved as one Microsoft Word .doc file using the templates provided. Tables should be included in the text files and follow the example laid out in the template. Vector graphic images such as plots, graphs, and line diagrams (including chemical structures) should either be imported into a Word file or saved as EPS or WMF files. The name and version of the program used to create the file should be provided. Original files of graphical items prepared using ChemDraw or Photoshop may also be included. Bitmap graphic images such as photographs and electron microscopy images should be saved as TIFF files; each figure part must have a resolution of at least 300 dpi (1000 pixels wide when the image is printed at a single column width). More details can be found on the journal homepage in the Production Data Checklist and Graphics FAQ subsections of the “For Authors” page.Supporting Information documents must be prepared as a single PDF file, with all figures incorporated into the text (see below for more details on Supporting Information).To submit multimedia files, please consult the Editorial office for recommended formats and file transfer information.There are two ways to submit your production data files:a) Use the upload function on your personal homepage (Role = “Author”, “Manuscripts for Production”. All data files must be combined into a SINGLE archive file. Additional comments should be sent by e-mail directly to the journal’s editorial office.b) Send all data files in an archive attached to an e-mail message to the journal’s editorial office. The “Subject” line should include the words “Production data” and the manuscript identifier, e.g., adma.200801234.Categories of ContributionsCommunications are unsolicited, peer-reviewed short reports of outstanding novelfindings that also have important and general implications for specialists working inother fields. The first paragraph should summarize the reasons for undertaking the work and the main conclusions which can be drawn. The final paragraph should summarize the major conclusions of the paper. The essential findings presented in a Communication, or significant parts, of them may not already have appeared in print or online (for example, in reviews, proceedings, or preprints). Contributions that are judged too specialized for the general readership of Advanced Materials will be returned to the authors without further external review. All other communications are assessed by independent referees. Authors should suggest referees. Manuscripts should be no longer than 3500 words in total and can have up to 3 display items (figures, tables, or schemes). A maximum of five keywords should be supplied.Supporting Information in the form of additional figures, movies, experimental details and so on may accompany a manuscript, and will be published online only. This material will not be edited, so should be error free. The research reported in a Communication must stand on its own in the absence of its Supporting Information (for example, if Internet access is unavailable). Before acceptance, the editor may request transfer of a manuscript to Advanced Functional Materials (www.afm-journal.de), the Full Paper sister journal of Advanced Materials, if part or all of the Supporting Information is judged to be critical to the manuscript.Reviews are peer-reviewed and give a general overview of a particular field, providing the reader with an appreciation of the importance of the work, a summary of recent developments, and a guide to the relevant literature. Manuscripts should be at least 19 000 words in length, divided into appropriate sections, and contain 15-20 display items. A passport-type photo and a short summary of the career to-date of the correspondence author(s) should be included, as well as a short abstract and five keywords.Progress Reports provide a critically selected overview of recent progress in important research fields. It is not intended that the articles be comprehensive, but rather insightful, selective, critical, opinionated, and even visionary. Manuscripts should be at least 10 000 words in length, divided into appropriate sections, and contain 5-10 display items. A passport-type photo and a short summary of the career to-date of the correspondence author(s) should be included as well as a short abstract and five keywords.Research News articles are intended to inform non-specialist readers of recent developments at the forefront of materials science and technology. Manuscripts should be no more than 4500 words in length and can contain up to 3 display items.A short abstract and a maximum of five keywords should be included.Essays are a forum for news and opinion on topics of national and international interest. This can include, for example, news of funding and research organizations, societies, or points of controversy within materials science. Manuscripts should be no more than 5000 words in length plus one display item. A passport-type photo and a short summary of the career to-date of the correspondence author(s) should beincluded.Correspondence commenting on publications in the journals is welcome if it contributes to the scientific discussion.Book Reviews are usually written on request, but suggestions are always welcome. Publishers should send relevant books to the Editorial Office. Unsolicited books not selected for review will not be returned.Manuscript StylingProduction data should be submitted using the MSword template (there is no need to adjust the font size or spacing given in the templates). The academic titles, first names, other initials, and surnames of all authors should be given, along with full postal addresses and the e-mail address of the corresponding author, who should be designated by a star. For online submission figures, tables, and legends should be included in the text. For production, the figures should be saved separately (for further details, please see the Production Data Checklist under “For Authors”). All production data should include a short (~40 word) summary and figure (preferably color) for the table of contents. There is no charge for color reproduction in the table of contents.IUPAC nomenclature should be used when naming compounds. A full guide to nomenclature and terminology can be found at the IUPAC web site ().References should be numbered sequentially as they appear in the text[1] as superscripts in square brackets.[2-5] Only papers that are published or in press should be referenced.Figures with several parts are permitted only if the parts are closely related either experimentally or logically. Do not display graphs as insets.Detailed instructions for preparation of manuscripts for production (e.g., figure formatting, physical data reporting, setting of equations, X-ray data archiving) are given in the For Authors section on the journal homepage. If you have any questions, please contact the Editorial Office directly.Manuscripts containing animal experiments must include a statement in the Experimental Section that permission was obtained from the relevant national or local authorities. The institutional committees that have approved the experiments must be identified and the accreditation number of the laboratory or of the investigator given where applicable. If no such rules or permissions are in place in the country where the experiments were performed, then this must also be clearly stated. Manuscripts with experiments with human subjects or tissue samples from human subjects must contain a disclaimer in the Experimental Section to state that informed signed consent was obtained from either the patient orfrom next of kin.。
美国FDA的食品添加剂使用卫生标准
[Code of Federal Regulations][Title 21, Volume 3][Revised as of April 1, 2006][CITE: 21CFR171]TITLE 21--FOOD AND DRUGSCHAPTER I--FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATIONDEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESSUBCHAPTER B--FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) PART 171 FOOD ADDITIVE PETITIONSSubpart A--General ProvisionsSec. 171.1 Petitions.(a) Petitions to be filed with the Commissioner under the provisions of section 409(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act) shall be submitted in triplicate (quadruplicate, if intended uses include use in meat, meat food product, or poultry product). If any part of the material submitted is in a foreign language, it shall be accompanied by an accurate and complete English translation. The petition shall state petitioner's post office address to which published notices or orders issued or objections filed pursuant to section 409 of the Act may be sent.(b) Pertinent information may be incorporated in, and will be considered as part of, a petition on the basis of specific reference to such information submitted to and retained in the files of the Food and Drug Administration. However, any reference to unpublished information furnished by a person other than the applicant will not be considered unless use of such information is authorized in a written statement signed by the person who submitted it. Any reference to published information offered in support of a food additive petition should be accompanied by reprints or photostatic copies of such references.(c) Petitions shall include the following data and be submitted in the following form:(Date)Name of petitionerPost-office addressDateName of food additive and proposed use______________________________________________________________Petitions Control BranchFood and Drug AdministrationDepartment of Health and Human ServicesWashington, DC 20204.Dear Sirs:The undersigned, _____ submits this petition pursuant to section 409(b)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to _____(Name of the food additive and proposed use)Attached hereto, in triplicate (quadruplicate, if intended uses include use in meat, meat food product, or poultry product), and constituting a part of this petition are the following: A. The name and all pertinent information concerning the food additive, including chemical identity and composition of the food additive, its physical, chemical, and biological properties, and specifications prescribing the minimum content of the desired component(s) and identifying and limiting the reaction byproducts and other impurities. Where such information is not available, a statement as to the reasons why it is not should be submitted.When the chemical identity and composition of the food additive is not known, the petition shall contain information in sufficient detail to permit evaluation regarding the method of manufacture and the analytical controls used during the various stages of manufacturing, processing, or packing of the food additive which are relied upon to establish that it is a substance of reproducible composition. Alternative methods and controls and variations in methods and controls within reasonable limits that do not affect the characteristics of the substance or the reliability of the controls may be specified.If the food additive is a mixture of chemicals, the petition shall supply a list of all substances used in the synthesis, extraction, or other method of preparation, regardless of whether they undergo chemical change in the process. Each substance should be identified by its common English name and complete chemical name, using structural formulas when necessary for specific identification. If any proprietary preparation is used as a component, the proprietary name should be followed by a complete quantitative statement of composition. Reasonable alternatives for any listed substance may be specified.If the petitioner does not himself perform all the manufacturing, processing, and packing operations for a food additive, the petition shall identify each person who will perform a part of such operations and designate the part.The petition shall include stability data, and, if the data indicate that it is needed to insure the identity, strength, quality, or purity of the additive, the expiration date that will be employed.B. The amount of the food additive proposed for use and the purposes for which it is proposed, together with all directions, recommendations, and suggestions regarding the proposed use, as well as specimens of the labeling proposed for the food additive and any labeling that will be required by applicable provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act on the finished food by reason of the use of the food additive. If the additive results or may reasonably be expected to result from the use of packaging material, the petitioner shall show how this may occur and what residues may reasonably be anticipated.(Typewritten or other draft-labeling copy will be accepted for consideration of the petition, provided a statement is made that final printed labeling identical in content to the draft copy will be submitted as soon as available and prior to the marketing of the food additive.)(If the food additive is one for which a tolerance limitation is required to assure its safety, the level of use proposed should be no higher than the amount reasonably required to accomplish the intended physical or other technical effect, even though the safety data may support a higher tolerance.)C. Data establishing that the food additive will have the intended physical or other technical effect or that it may reasonably be expected to become a component, or to affect the characteristics, directly or indirectly, of food and the amount necessary to accomplish this. These data should include information in sufficient detail to permit evaluation with control data.D. A description of practicable methods to determine the amount of the food additive in the raw, processed, and/or finished food and of any substance formed in or on such food because of its use. The test proposed shall be one that can be used for food-control purposes and that can be applied with consistent results by any properly equipped and trained laboratory personnel.E. Full reports of investigations made with respect to the safety of the food additive.(A petition may be regarded as incomplete unless it includes full reports of adequate tests reasonably applicable to show whether or not the food additive will be safe for its intended use. The reports ordinarily should include detailed data derived from appropriate animal and other biological experiments in which the methods used and the resultsobtained are clearly set forth. The petition shall not omit without explanation any reports of investigations that would bias an evaluation of the safety of the food additive.)F. Proposed tolerances for the food additive, if tolerances are required in order to insure its safety. A petitioner may include a proposed regulation.G. If submitting petition to modify an existing regulation issued pursuant to section409(c)(1)(A) of the Act, full information on each proposed change that is to be made in the original regulation must be submitted. The petition may omit statements made in the original petition concerning which no change is proposed. A supplemental petition must be submitted for any change beyond the variations provided for in the original petition and the regulation issued on the basis of the original petition.H. The petitioner is required to submit either a claim for categorical exclusion under25.30 or 25.32 of this chapter or an environmental assessment under 25.40 of this chapter. Yours very truly,PetitionerBy(Indicate authority)(d) The petitioner will be notified of the date on which his petition is filed; and an incomplete petition, or one that has not been submitted in triplicate, will usually be retained but not filed as a petition under section 409 of the Act. The petitioner will be notified in what respects his petition is incomplete.(e) The petition must be signed by the petitioner or by his attorney or agent, or (if a corporation) by an authorized official.(f) The data specified under the several lettered headings should be submitted on separate sheets or sets of sheets, suitably identified. If such data have already been submitted with an earlier application, the present petition may incorporate it by specific reference to the earlier. If part of the data have been submitted by the manufacturer of the food additive as a master file, the petitioner may refer to the master file if and to the extent he obtains the manufacturer's written permission to do so. The manufacturer may authorize specific reference to the data without disclosure to the petitioner. Nothing herein shall prevent reference to published data.(g) A petition shall be retained but shall not be filed if any of the data prescribed by section 409(b) of the Act are lacking or are not set forth so as to be readily understood. (h)(1) The following data and information in a food additive petition are available for public disclosure, unless extraordinary circumstances are shown, after the notice of filingof the petition is published in the Federal Register or, if the petition is not promptly filed because of deficiencies in it, after the petitioner is informed that it will not be filed because of the deficiencies involved:(i) All safety and functionality data and information submitted with or incorporated by reference in the petition.(ii) A protocol for a test or study, unless it is shown to fall within the exemption established for trade secrets and confidential commercial information in 20.61 of this chapter.(iii) Adverse reaction reports, product experience reports, consumer complaints, and other similar data and information, after deletion of:(a) Names and any information that would identify the person using the product.(b) Names and any information that would identify any third party involved with the report, such as a physician or hospital or other institution.(iv) A list of all ingredients contained in a food additive, whether or not it is in descending order of predominance. A particular ingredient or group of ingredients shall be deleted from any such list prior to public disclosure if it is shown to fall within the exemption established in 20.61 of this chapter, and a notation shall be made that any such ingredient list is incomplete.(v) An assay method or other analytical method, unless it serves no regulatory or compliance purpose and is shown to fall within the exemption established in 20.61 of this chapter.(2) The following data and information in a food additive petition are not available for public disclosure unless they have been previously disclosed to the public as defined in 20.81 of this chapter or they relate to a product or ingredient that has been abandoned and they no longer represent a trade secret or confidential commercial or financial information as defined in 20.61 of this chapter:(i) Manufacturing methods or processes, including quality control procedures.(ii) Production, sales, distribution, and similar data and information, except that any compilation of such data and information aggregated and prepared in a way that does not reveal data or information which is not available for public disclosure under this provision is available for public disclosure.(iii) Quantitative or semiquantitative formulas.(3) All correspondence and written summaries of oral discussions relating to a food additive petition are available for public disclosure in accordance with the provisions ofpart 20 of this chapter when the food additive regulation is published in the Federal Register.(4) For purposes of this regulation, safety and functionality data include all studies and tests of a food additive on animals and humans and all studies and tests on a food additive for identity, stability, purity, potency, performance, and usefulness.(i)(1)(i) Within 15 days after receipt, the Food and Drug Administration will notify the petitioner of the acceptance or nonacceptance of a petition, and if not accepted, the reasons therefor. If accepted, the petitioner will be sent a letter stating this and the date of the letter shall become the date of filing for the purposes of section 409(b)(5) of the act. In cases in which the Food and Drug Administration agrees that a premarket notification for a food contact substance (Food Contact Notification (FCN)) submitted under section 409(h) of the act may be converted to a petition, the withdrawal date for the FCN will be deemed the date of receipt for the petition.(ii) If the petitioner desires, he may supplement a deficient petition after being notified regarding deficiencies. If the supplementary material or explanation of the petition is deemed acceptable, the petitioner shall be notified. The date of such notification becomes the date of filing. If the petitioner does not wish to supplement or explain the petition and requests in writing that it be filed as submitted, the petition shall be filed and the petitioner so notified.(iii) Notwithstanding paragraph (i)(1)(ii) of this section, the petition shall not be filed if the Food and Drug Administration determines that the use identified in the petition should be the subject of an FCN under section 409(h) of the act rather than a petition. (2) The Commissioner will publish in the Federal Register within 30 days from the date of filing of such petition, a notice of the filing, the name of the petitioner, and a brief description of the proposal in general terms. In the case of a food additive which becomes a component of food by migration from packaging material, the notice shall include the name of the migratory substance, and where it is different from that of one of the original components, the name of the parent component, the maximum quantity of the migratory substance that is proposed for use in food, and the physical or other technical effect which the migratory substance or its parent component is intended to have in the packaging material. A copy of the notice will be mailed to the petitioner when the original is forwarded to the Federal Register for publication.(j) The Commissioner may request a full description of the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, the production of the food additive, or a sample of the food additive, articles used as components thereof, or of the food in which the additive is proposed to be used, at any time while a petition is under consideration. The Commissioner shall specify in the request for a sample of the food additive, or articles used as components thereof, or of the food in or on which the additive is proposed to be used, a quantity deemed adequate to permit tests of analytical methods to determine quantities of the food additive present in foods for which it is intended to be used oradequate for any study or investigation reasonably required with respect to the safety of the food additive or the physical or technical effect it produces. The date used for computing the 90-day limit for the purposes of section 409(c)(2) of the Act shall be moved forward 1 day for each day after the mailing date of the request taken by the petitioner to submit the sample. If the information or sample is requested a reasonable time in advance of the 180 days, but is not submitted within such 180 days after filing of the petition, the petition will be considered withdrawn without prejudice.(k) If nonclinical laboratory studies are involved, petitions filed with the Commissioner under section 409(b) of the act shall include, with respect to each nonclinical study contained in the petition, either a statement that the study has been, or will be, conducted in compliance with the good laboratory practice regulations as set forth in part 58 of this chapter, or, if any such study was not conducted in compliance with such regulations, a brief statement of the reason for the noncompliance.(l) [Reserved](m) If clinical investigations involving human subjects are involved, petitions filed with the Commissioner under section 409(b) of the Act shall include statements regarding each such clinical investigation relied upon in the petition that it either was conducted in compliance with the requirements for institutional review set forth in part 56 of this chapter, or was not subject to such requirements in accordance with 56.104 or 56.105, and that it was conducted in compliance with the requirements for informed consent set forth in part 50 of this chapter.(n)(1) If intended uses of the food additive include uses in meat, meat food product, or poultry product subject to regulation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) under the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) (21 U.S.C. 451 et seq.) or the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) (21 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), FDA shall, upon filing of the petition, forward a copy of the petition or relevant portions thereof to the Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, for simultaneous review under the PPIA and FMIA.(2) FDA will ask USDA to advise whether the proposed meat and poultry uses comply with the FMIA and PPIA, or if not, whether use of the substance would be permitted in products under USDA jurisdiction under specified conditions or restrictions.[42 FR 14489, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 42 FR 15674, Mar. 22, 1977; 46 FR 8952, Jan. 27, 1981; 50 FR 7492, Feb. 22, 1985; 50 16668, Apr. 26, 1985; 62 FR 40599, July 29, 1997; 65 FR 51763, Aug. 25, 2000; 67 FR 35731, May 21, 2002]Effective Date Note:At 65 FR 51763, Aug. 25, 2000, 171.1 was amended in paragraph (a) by revising the first sentence, in paragraph (c) in the petition by revising the introductory paragraph preceding paragraph A., and by adding paragraph (n). The revised and added text containsinformation collection and recordkeeping requirements and will not become effective until approval has been given by the Office of Management and Budget.Sec. 171.6 Amendment of petition.After a petition has been filed, the petitioner may submit additional information or data in support thereof. In such cases, if the Commissioner determines that the additional information or data amount to a substantive amendment, the petition as amended will be given a new filing date, and the time limitation will begin to run anew. If nonclinical laboratory studies are involved, additional information and data submitted in support of filed petitions shall include, with respect to each nonclinical study, either a statement that the study was conducted in compliance with the requirements set forth in part 58 of this chapter, or, if the study was not conducted in compliance with such regulations, a brief statement of the reason for the noncompliance.[50 FR 7492, Feb. 22, 1985, as amended at 50 16668, Apr. 26, 1985]Sec. 171.7 Withdrawal of petition without prejudice.(a) In some cases the Commissioner will notify the petitioner that the petition, while technically complete, is inadequate to justify the establishment of a regulation or the regulation requested by petitioner. This may be due to the fact that the data are not sufficiently clear or complete. In such cases, the petitioner may withdraw the petition pending its clarification or the obtaining of additional data. This withdrawal will be without prejudice to a future filing. Upon refiling, the time limitation will begin to run anew from the date of refiling.(b) At any time before the order provided for in 171.100(a) has been forwarded to the Federal Register for publication, the petitioner may withdraw the petition without prejudice to a future filing. Upon refiling the time limitation will begin to run anew. (c) Any petitioner who has a food additive petition pending before the agency and who subsequently submits a premarket notification for a food contact substance (FCN) for a use or uses described in such petition shall be deemed to have withdrawn the petition for such use or uses without prejudice to a future filing on the date the FCN is received by the Food and Drug Administration.[42 FR 14489, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 67 FR 35731, May 21, 2002]Sec. 171.8 Threshold of regulation for substances used in food-contact articles. Substances used in food-contact articles (e.g., food-packaging or food-processing equipment) that migrate or that may be expected to migrate into food at negligible levels may be reviewed under 170.39 of this chapter. The Food and Drug Administration will exempt substances whose uses it determines meet the criteria in 170.39 of this chapter from regulation as food additives and, therefore, a food additive petition will not be required for the exempted use.[60 FR 36596, July 17, 1995]Subpart B--Administrative Actions on ApplicationsSec. 171.100 Regulation based on petition.(a) The Commissioner will forward for publication in the Federal Register, within 90 days after filing of the petition (or within 180 days if the time is extended as provided for in section 409(c)(2) of the Act), a regulation prescribing the conditions under which the food additive may be safely used (including, but not limited to, specifications as to the particular food or classes of food in or on which such additive may be used, the maximum quantity that may be used or permitted to remain in or on such food, the manner in which such additive may be added to or used in or on such food, and any directions or other labeling or packaging requirements for such additive deemed necessary by him to assure the safety of such use), and prior to the forwarding of the order to the Federal Register for publication shall notify the petitioner of such order and the reasons for such action; or by order deny the petition, and shall notify the petitioner of such order and of the reasons for such action.(b) The regulation shall describe the conditions under which the substance may be safely used in any meat product, meat food product, or poultry product subject to the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) (21 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) or the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) (21 U.S.C. 451 et seq.).(c) If the Commissioner determines that additional time is needed to study and investigate the petition, he shall by written notice to the petitioner extend the 90-day period for not more than 180 days after the filing of the petition.[42 FR 14489, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 65 FR 51763, Aug. 25, 2000]Sec. 171.102 Effective date of regulation.A regulation published in accordance with 171.100(a) shall become effective upon publication in the Federal Register.Sec. 171.110 Procedure for objections and hearings.Objections and hearings relating to food additive regulations under section 409 (c), (d), or(h) of the Act shall be governed by part 12 of this chapter.[42 FR 14491, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 42 FR 15674, Mar. 22, 1977]Sec. 171.130 Procedure for amending and repealing tolerances or exemptions from tolerances.(a) The Commissioner, on his own initiative or on the petition of any interested person, pursuant to part 10 of this chapter, may propose the issuance of a regulation amending or repealing a regulation pertaining to a food additive or granting or repealing an exception for such additive.(b) Any such petition shall include an assertion of facts, supported by data, showing that new information exists with respect to the food additive or that new uses have been developed or old uses abandoned, that new data are available as to toxicity of the chemical, or that experience with the existing regulation or exemption may justify its amendment or repeal. New data shall be furnished in the form specified in 171.1 and 171.100 for submitting petitions.[42 FR 14491, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 42 FR 15674, Mar. 22, 1977] Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321, 342, 348, 371.Source: 42 FR 14489, Mar. 15, 1977, unless otherwise noted.。
Fujitsu fi Series扫描仪 PaperStream IP TWAIN和ISIS软件说明
PaperStream IP TWAIN and ISISPaperStream IP TWAIN and ISIS , available with any Fujitsu fi Series scanner, is an industry recognized and unique image enhancement software that delivers powerful image correction allowing documents to be quickly converted into exceptionally high-quality images. PaperStream IP TWAIN and ISIS alleviates the need to re-scan, therefore reducing time and resources, and prepares data for optimized capture results.Fujitsu Computer Products of America, Inc. (FCPA), is pleased to provide capture software that helps organizations leverage and optimize what is most important when processing documents - the data. FCPA’s software portfolio helps businesses increase efficiencies, reduce costs, and minimize resources. With these products, organizations can integrate a solution that best meets their business needs, so they can begin leveraging data immediately. Scalable, high-quality, and comprehensive, this software portfolio helps organizations meet their overall capture goals.Solutions Overview© Fujitsu. All rights reservedSoftware SolutionsCapture. Optimize. Access.Business Value and Benefits•Optimize data for business value with high-quality document processing and imaging •Increase productivity with scalable solutions serving any size company with any volume of paper•Reduce costs by leveraging a flexible pricing model with no hidden charges or volume packs •Increase operational efficiency with access to the Fujitsu comprehensive industry leading support teamPaperStream CapturePaperStream Capture is a simple front-end software that enhances the power and features of Fujitsu fi Series document scanners. PaperStream Capture is easy to use, needs minimal operator training time, and immediately increases productivity. Click on the profile icon for batch and ad hoc scanning, profile cloning or modifying, new profile and single button scanning creation using a clear, step-by-step interface and release options. PaperStream Capture is fully integrated with Fujitsu Scanner Central Admin (SCA) enabling seamless deployment updates and profiles to the entire scanner fleet at no additional charge.PaperStream Capture ProPaperStream Capture Pro is a high-quality, front-end document capture software that en-hances Fujitsu fi series superior scanning abilities with features that save time and money. PaperStream Capture Pro’s intuitive interface provides easy navigation from capture to release, with automatic image enhancements and assisted scan correction. Cost effective with no cost per click, the software is scalable and architected for distributed scanning. PaperStream Capture Pro is a simple solution that best fits organizations or departments that require an efficient, yet easy, way to convert paper documents into a digital file for high level data indexing and extraction.© Fujitsu. All rights reservedScanner Central Admin (SCA)Scanner Central Admin is a flexible and free software tool, integrated with Fujitsu fi Series scanners, that reduces administration time and increases efficiency by enabling the monitoring and maintenance of a large scanner fleet from one central module. Administrators can monitor scanner status, perform driver and software updates simultaneously, as well as manage multiple user accounts easily.For more information on FCPA’s capture software portfolio, please or attend one of our complimentary webinars offered bi-weekly.Learn More: /fcpasolutionsConnect with us!Technical Highlights• No click charges or volume packs • Captures documents from scanner or digital inputs • Distributed scanning models • Advanced document separation, classification, and indexing • Data extraction methods such as OCR, ICR, and OMR available • 100% web based offering • Integrates to repository of choice based on business needs • Releases into TIFF or PDF format • Frequent software updates •Customizable user profilesCommon Business Use Cases• AP invoice automationand processing • HR onboarding • Legal forms processing • Loan processing automation • Claims processing• Patient records management • Compliance inspection and audit reports •Mailroom automationAvailable with an Advanced Capture license is Mobile Capture , which enables usersto capture and send documents, images, and data anytime directly from an iOS or Android mobile device. Mobile Capture is the answer for organizations that have employees in the field and need an on-the-go, automated document solution. Simply capture documents and photos from a mobile or tablet camera and tag the content with searchable meta data.Advanced Capture Process FlowAdvanced CaptureAdvanced Capture Powered by Ephesoft* is an intuitive and powerful solution that helps organizations seamlessly automate document cap-ture and optimize data. The software reduces manual and time consuming tasks related to the important steps of document separation, classification, extraction, and data release. For organizations that process large amounts of documents on a regular and frequent basis, or need to efficiently leverage data post capture for additional business processes, Advanced Capture eliminates all capture complexi-ties. Advanced Capture is 100% web based, offers a flexible pricing model with no hidden charges or volume packs, and is also available for distributed capture for added scalability.Copyright 2015 Fujitsu Computer Products of America, Inc. All rights reserved. Fujitsu and the Fujitsu logo are registered trademarks. Statements herein are based on normaloperating conditions and are not intended to create any implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Fujitsu Computer Products of America, Inc. reserves the right to modify, at any time without notice these statements, our services, pricing, products, and their warranty and performance specifications.*Ephesoft is a third-party technology and platform partner。
IBM TRIRIGA 产品文档说明书
Sign in | Register IBMSearchIBM Profiles Communities Apps1-3 of 3Previous Next Show 102550 items per page Previous Next TRIRIGA Wiki HomeFacilities Management …Facilities MaintenanceEnvironmental & Energ …Real Estate ManagementCapital Project Manage …CAD Integrator-Publish …IBM TRIRIGA Connector …IBM TRIRIGA AnywhereIBM TRIRIGA Applicatio …Release NotesMedia LibraryBest PracticesUpgradingWhen upgrading, plea …Release Versions Sum …Importing Patch Helpe …Upgrade from TRIRIG …Upgrade to TRIRIGA P …Upgrade to TRIRIGA A …Republishing Busines …Update DateTime syst …Upgrade Forms to Us …Upgrade from TRIRIG …Upgrade from TRIRIG …Applying an IBM TRIRI …▪Migrating from JBoss …Reducing process tim …Upgrading existing Ap …Importing the optional …Upgrading WAS LibertyTroubleshootingUX FrameworkContact Privacy Terms of use Accessibility Report abuse Cookie Preferences You are in: IBM TRIRIGA > Upgrading > Migrating from JBoss Application Server (community edition) to WebSphere Application Server Feed for this page |Feed for these commentsSubmit WikisSearch This Wiki IBM TRIRIGA Log in to participate IndexMembersTrash TagsFind a Taganalysis applicationavailability_section best_practicescad change_managementchanges comparecompare_revisionscustomizations customizedatabase db2 exchangefind_available_times gantt_chartgantt_scheduler groupmemory_footprint modificationsmodify object_labelobject_revisionoperating_system oracle performance platformproblem_determination reportsreserve reserve_performancerevision revisioningsingle_sign-on snapshot spacesql_server sso support system system_performancetags: track_customizations tririga troubleshoot tuningupgrade ux version versioningCloud ListMembersMigrating from JBoss Application Server (community edition) to WebSphere Application Server |Updated December 14, 2015 by clange |Tags: None Page Actions 1Beginning with version 3.4, IBM TRIRIGA Application Platform no longer supports deployment on JBoss Application Server (community edition) for production environments.As an alternative, you can migrate your existing IBM TRIRIGA Application Platform deployment on JBoss Application Server to IBM WebSphere Application Server during the IBM TRIRIGA Application Platform version 3.5 upgrade process. As part of your purchase of IBM TRIRIGA Application Platform version 3.5, you are entitled to a licensed copy of IBM WebSphere Application Server.Refer to WebSphere Application Server: Overview and quick start to gain a high level understanding of how IBM WebSphere Application Server fits in your environment.For information about deploying in your environment, refer to Installing and configuring your application serving environment .Important note: If you have Custom Task code that calls the Kettle runtime directly, and you do not use the TRIRIGA RunETL Java class, when you migrate to WebSphere Application Server, or if you upgrade to WebSphere Application Server v8 or newer, you may run into classloading issues with the jars required for ETL, To get your Custom Task logic to work on WebSphere Application Server, you may need to create custom classloader logic to handle the .jar files in the tririga_home /lib/etl folder, and use this custom classloader logic as a wrapper your ETL calls.1.Ensure that the IBM TRIRIGA database and application server are running.2.Log on to the JBoss Application Server host as an administrator.3.Download IBM TRIRIGA version 10.5 and IBM TRIRIGA Application Platform version 3.5 from the IBM Passport Advantage website. Download instructions are provided in the IBM TRIRIGA 10.5 and IBM TRIRIGA Application Platform 3.5 Download Instructions document . Ensure that you also download the optional packages listed for IBM WebSphere Application Server, including the Quick Start guide. Select the IBM Installation Manager package appropriate for the operating system of your application server. IBM Installation Manager is used to install IBM WebSphere Application Server images that you download.4.Install IBM WebSphere Application Server. Refer to the Quick Start for IBM WebSphere Application Server V8.5.5 for Multiplatform Multilingual guide you downloaded from IBM Passport Advantage for instructions.5.Run the IBM TRIRIGA Application Platform installer file. Follow the installation instructions.a.For the installation set, select IBM TRIRIGA Application Platform .b.For the installation type, select Platform Upgrade .6.When prompted, provide the installation location for the current JBoss Application Server deployment.7.When prompted to choose the application server, select WebSphere. Specify the WebSphere Application Server information in the next set of screens.a.Specify the information for the WebSphere Application Server configuration, such as the cell, node, server, profile, and home. Log on to the WebSphere Application Server and run the manageprofiles.[bat|sh]–listProfiles command to identify the cell, node, server, profile, and home values. WebSphere Application Server home is defined as C:\Program Files\IBM\WebSphere\AppServer , for example.b.Specify the WebSphere Application Server administrator user name and password. The server must be running after this step to verify that the configuration was specified correctly and needed for the deployment.c.Optional : Define an alternative application context path that accesses the IBM TRIRIGA application. This path must begin with a slash (/).d.Specify the minimum and maximum Java memory setting values in megabytes.e.Specify the server host name.f.Optional : Select production mode. This selection sets the value of the ProductionMode property in the TRIRIGAWEB.properties file.8.Select your database type. Consult with your database administrator specify the database information in the next set of plete and review the installation information in the final set of screens.a.Specify the names of the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) mail server and web server.b.Optional : Install IBM Tivoli® Directory Integrator and specify port numbers for IBM Tivoli Directory Integrator to use.c.Review the URL that the installer is using to test the data schema connection.d.Review the results of the test. If the test fails, verify that the database is running.e.Review the pre-installation summary and click Install .10.Click Next .If you want to monitor the progress in the directory where IBM TRIRIGA is installed, you can open the ant.log file in a log monitoring utility. In Windows, you can run the WinTail utility. In UNIX, you can run the tail –f ant.log command.11.When the installation is complete, click Done .12.Verify that your license files are in the tririga_root \config\licenses directory.13.Optional : If you made customizations that were saved in the userfiles directory, copy those files into the upgrade installation.14.Restart IBM TRIRIGA by locating the WebSphere Application Server directory with the appropriate method.On Windows servers, start the WebSphere Application Server service IBM WebSphere Application Server V8.5 - NODENAME from Control Panel > Administrative Tools > Services .On UNIX servers, run the stopServer and startServer commands and specify the server name:WEBSPHERE_HOME /profiles/AppSrv01/bin/stopServer.sh SERVER_NAMEWEBSPHERE_HOME /profiles/AppSrv01/ bin/startServer.sh SERVER_NAMEAlternatively, you can start the application through the WebSphere Application Server admin console. Log into the WebSphere Application Server admin console, go to Applications > All Applications , select the IBM TRIRIGA application and click Stop and then Start .AnthLC commented on June 15, 2014 Permalink What is the process if client decides to migrate to Oracle Weblogic?clange commented on June 16, 2014 Permalink The instructions for WebLogic should be similar. I don't believe WebLogic was officially tested, however.PaulLacey commented on June 18, 2014 PermalinkJust to clarify - although WebLogic may not have been tested against these migration instructions, IBM TRIRIGA does maintain compatibility with WebLogic per the IBM TRIRIGA Compatibility matrix at https:///developerworks/community/wikis/home?lang=en#/wiki/IBM%20TRIRIGA1/page/Complete%20IBM%20TRIRIGA%20Support%20and%20Compatibility%20Matrix. Instructions for installing TRIRIGA on WebLogic are at /support/knowledgecenter/SSHEB3_3.4.0/com.ibm.tap.doc_3.4.0/product_ments (3)Versions (3)Attachments (0)About。
SCI 投稿知识大集锦
经验 稿子在写的时候应该有个大概投哪个杂志的意向 如决定投哪个 SCI 杂志,那么文章的格式首先要符合该杂志的要求 其次在 refrence 中要尽量引用该杂志的文章 这样才能提高命中的几率. 被一个杂志拒后一般会有个意见,应据此作出修改后再改投. 我的第一篇 SCI 比较顺利,revision 了一次就 accept 了
投稿经历 道听途说的某人投稿经历，作为经验介绍给大家。 1）稿子开始投到了一个影响因子 10 的期刊。没经过评阅人评阅，编辑部直接拒绝掉了； 2）稿件未做修改，转投影响因子 6 的期刊。第一次两个审稿人指出工作没有理论基础。作者虽然承认， 但对拒稿不能理解，一气之下，要求编辑部重新选择审稿人再审。第二次的审稿人评审结果更差，彻底拒 稿。 3）稿件再投到某影响因子 3 的期刊。3 个审稿人，2 个接受，1 个不接受。不接受的原因是 introduction 涉嫌 copy 他人文字。不说不知道，一说吓一跳，相似度 80%。修改了那一段，再审，被拒！ 4）转投某新办期刊。第一次审稿，4 个审稿人意见悬殊，2 个接受，2 个不接受。不接受的两个，一个要 求增加工作，另一个要求改变结论，要作者承认以前的一个理论比作者的好，如果承认就接受。修改后返 回，一个审稿人说未能领会其意图，拒稿；另一个要求修改结论的审稿人又提出新的意见，拒稿。作者不 死心，继续修改，返回编辑部近两个月，还没消息。 从第一次投稿到现在，大约 2 年时间。您看过之后有什么感受？
英版航海通告英文赏析
Admiralty Notices To Mariners（英版航海通告）I Guidance Notes 须知（指南）Admiralty Notices to Mariners, Weekly Editions, contain information which enables the mariner to keep his charts and books published by the UKHO up-to-date for the latest reports received. In addition to all Admiralty Notices, they include all New Zealand chart updating Notices, and selected Temporary and Preliminary ones. Copies of all New Zealand Notices can also be obtained from New Zealand chart agents.英版航海通告周刊，包括了能使海员根据最新收到的报告保持英国水道测量局出版的海图和书刊是最新的。
除了所有的英版航海通告之外，它还包括了新西兰的海图更新通告，以及选定的临时通告和预告通告。
所有新西兰通告的副本也可以从新西兰海图代理商处获得。
The Notices are published in Weekly Editions, and are issued by the United Kingdom Hydrographic Office on a daily basis to certain Admiralty Chart Agents. Weekly Editions can be obtained, or dispatched regularly by surface or air mail, from Admiralty Chart Agents.通告以周刊的形式出版，由英国水道测量局每天向某些英版海图代理商发行。
投稿过程中的英文理解问题汇总
投稿过程中的英文理解问题汇总decision pending是具体负责稿件的编辑已做出决定，发给主编确认阶段。
即从责任编辑转到主编手里，由主编决定。
说明：（1）将内容大体分几类，请大家按类查找。
（2）基本贴出了一些原文。
使用者可以使用搜索功能寻找自己的INTERSTING。
方法为使用网页工具栏中的：编辑——查找当前页。
（3）希望大家以后还有类似问题，在该贴后跟贴。
（4）不全之处，请其他战友补充。
1、1）Supply illustrations at the size they are to be printed, usually 76 mm wide (single column of text) or for especially large figures 161 mm (two columns of text). The intermediate width of 100 mm is also available should neither of these suffice.2）Do not put a box around graphs, diagrams or other artwork.3）Ensure that lettering is appropriately sized – should correspond to 8 or 9 pt when... amp;tpg=2&age=02、Conflicts of interestWe ask authors to state all possible conflicts of interest, including financial and other relationships. If you are sure that there is no conflict of interest, please state this. You might like to look at an editorial in the British Medical Journal on Beyond conflict of interest (cgi/content/short/317/7154/291). Remember that sources of funding should be acknowledged in your paper.... amp;tpg=2&age=03、Submission items include a cover letter (Authors are highly encouraged to include a list of 5-6 potential reviewers for their manuscript, with complete contact information), the manuscript (including title page, abstract, manuscript text, references, and table/figure legends), tables, and figures.The manuscript must be accompanied by a covering letter detailing what you are submitting (type of contribution, title, authors' names and affiliation, etc.).... amp;tpg=3&age=04、1）.Authors can submit their articles electronically via the “Author Gateway” page of this journal ( system automatically converts sourcefiles to a single Adobe Acrobat PDF version of the article, which is used in the peer-review process. Please note that even though manuscript source files are converted to PDF at submission for the review process, these source files are needed for further processing after acceptance.2）.Alternatively authors can submit by sending three hard copies of the manuscript and matching disk or e-mail directly to an editor who is an expert in the field of work being submitted.3）.The Publisher welcomes the receipt of an electronic version of your accepted manuscript (preferably encoded in LATEX). If there is not already a copy of this (on diskette) with the journal Editor at the time the manuscript is being refereed, you will be asked to send a file with the text of the accepted manuscript directly to the Publisher by e-mail or on diskette to the address given the electronic file is suitable for processing by the Publisher, the article will be published without rekeying the full text. The article should be encoded in LATEX, preferably using the Elsevier document class ‘elsart’, or alternatively the standar d document class ‘article’ or the document style ‘re-vtex’. ... amp;tpg=3&age=05、1）Manuscripts should be written in clear, concise form and sent to the Director，Three copies of the manuscripts must be written in English and double-spaced throughout.2） Each table should be titled, appropriately numbered and typed on a separate sheet.Units of measurement should be indicated and all abbreviations defined. 3） All the illustrations (graphs, drawings and photographs) should be referred to in the text as Figures. These should be good quality glossy photographs (or original India-ink drawings).4） Since graphs are generally reduced in size to cm, numbers, letters and symbols are to be originally large enough so that, when reduced, they will remain at least 2 mm high to maintain legibility. To avoid reduction, photographs' width should generally not exceed cm. When necessary, photographs can be arranged to form a plate of the maximum size of 17 cm (width) x 18 cm (height). Legends to figures should be typed on a separate sheet.5） Reprints should be ordered when returning the revised proofs and will be charged to the Authors.... amp;tpg=3&age=06、The Title page should include (1) a short and informative full article title (series titles are not accepted); (2) names of all authors (with one forename in full for each author), followed by their affiliations(department, institution, city with postcode, country); (3) the mailing address, fax and phone number and e-mail address of the corresponding author; (4) a running title of 50 characters or less.... amp;tpg=4&age=07、Entering a Comment is Required for Submission.You must include below an ethical statement that the manuscript has not and will not be submitted for publication elsewhere, while it is in review for MRB.Please suggest 3 suitable reviewers for your manuscript. Please provide the full name and e-mail address, and if possible, telephone number and postal address of each suggested reviewer.Please enter any additional comments that you would like to send to the editorial office. These comments do not appear in your manuscript. ... amp;tpg=4&age=08、running title，teaching cases... amp;tpg=5&age=09、Two complete sets of ullitrations must be submitted with legends typed on the same sheet... amp;tpg=6&age=010、All illustrations should accompany the typescript, but not be inserted in the textphotographs....should have the author's name, bthe figure number and an indication as to which is the top of the picture.Script should be typed doulbe-spaced on one side of the paper only", "doulbe-spaced“... amp;tpg=6&age=011、“The name of the author and the number of the figure (in Arabic numbers) should be written in the margin in blue pencil.”The legends of the figures should be typed on a separate sheet headed "Figure legends".）（figure legend）... amp;tpg=7&age=012、Submit the text (including any Tables) as a single file, in a standard disk inch, not high density; 100 and 250 MB Zip disk and CD are also accepted), together with two hard copies of the manuscript and two sets of figures (not photocopies). Not photocopies... amp;tpg=7&age=013、reviewer suggestions... amp;tpg=8&age=014、The manuscript must be accompanied by copies of all relevant papers published elsewhere by the authors and by copies of relevant manuscripts that are in press or under editorial consideration. If any tables or illustrations have been published elsewhere the editorial office must be informed so that permission to reproduce can be obtained from the original publishers.Papers must be arranged in the following order of presentation: title of paper; names of the authors; address of the place at which the work was carried out; a self-contained synopsis of the paper (100-200 words in length); tables; an abbreviated title for use as a running headline; captions to figures (on a separate page). Submissions not conforming to these guidelines may be returned to the authors.a self-contained synopsis of the paper (100-200 words in length); tables; an abbreviated title for use as a running headline; captions to figures (on a separate page)Figure captions should be submitted on a separate sheet of manuscript paper, clearly labeled. A total of 25 reprints of each paper will be provided free of charge to the author... amp;tpg=1&age=015、cover letter和reviewer suggestions... mp;tpg=17&age=016、In my experience, most overseas English journals with IF 1-5 don't require any review fees and publication fees. Moreover, you may receive up to 50 reprints for free when the paper is published.However, some (not all) journals with higher IF, you may need such fees. You have to check if before or when you submit (normally online) your paper.... mp;tpg=19&age=017、The authors should submit all the following files:official letter (paper with the heading of the institute, laboratory or company submitting the manuscript) signed by one of the authors, scanned as an image or pdf file.... mp;tpg=21&age=018、cover letter 和comment... mp;tpg=25&age=019、Running Title... mp;tpg=30&age=0【投稿状态】1、awaiting AE assignment... amp;tpg=3&age=02、with mini-hanging committee... amp;tpg=4&age=03、Current Status：Required Reviews Completed... amp;tpg=4&age=04、Awaiting Chief Editor Decision... amp;tpg=4&age=05、with referees Awaiting ED Recommendation... amp;tpg=5&age=0... amp;tpg=6&age=06、under review... amp;tpg=5&age=07、Required reviews completed... amp;tpg=5&age=08、with editor... amp;tpg=6&age=09、status date... amp;tpg=6&age=0awaiting reviwer assignment... amp;tpg=7&age=010、in press ；Corrected Proof；Available online 16 September 2005 ... amp;tpg=8&age=011、awaiting scores awaiting AE decision AE... mp;tpg=13&age=012、in review... mp;tpg=17&age=013、with editor for decision... mp;tpg=23&age=0【图表要求】1、Submit original figures with the final manuscript. Figures are normally glossy prints of photographs or crisp black and white reproductions (photostats) of line drawings. To submit figures as computer files follow the instructions below. Image resolution must be 300 ppi at final printed image size. If the final printed image size is unknown, size the image at a larger than final print size, maintaining at least 300 ppi resolution, and we will downsample the image to fit the final print dimensions (we cannot enlarge a digitized image). Image sizes as follows: 2175 pixels wide for a 2-column image; 975 pixels wide for a 1-column image.... amp;tpg=1&age=02、line artwork, halftone artwork, combination artwork(line/tone) ... amp;tpg=1&age=0... mp;tpg=13&age=03、“ Authors should NOT in addition then post a hard copy submission to the editorial office, unless you are supplying artwork, letters or files that cannot be submitted electronically, or have been instructed to do so by the editorial office.”“References to figures and tables should be made in order of appearance in the text and should be in Arabic numerals in parentheses, . (Fig. 2). Most file formats are accepted, but TIFF and EPS files, with fonts embedded, are preferred. If scanned, line art should be at a resolution of 800 dpi, and halftones and colour at 300 dpi. All colour values should be CMYK. ”... amp;tpg=2&age=04、Figures (photographs, diagrams and graphs)All illustrations should be provided in camera-ready form, suitable for reproduction (which may include reduction) without retouching. In addition, illustrations should be sent in electronic form wherever possible, with each illustration included as an individual TIFF or EPS file.Figures should be numbered consecutively in the order which they are referred to. They should not be included in the manuscript pages. The following standard symbols should be used as they are readily available to the typesetter: [] ע. Figure captions should be typed on a single sheet and placed at the end of the manuscript. The amount of lettering on a drawing should be reduced as far as possible by transferring it to the legend.... amp;tpg=3&age=05、Tables should be typed on separate pages and be numbered consecutively using Arabic numerals.... amp;tpg=4&age=06、For each item you wish to submit, scroll down and:Select the appropriate Item from the drop-down list. Mandatory Items are marked with an asterisk *.Enter a Description in the text box. Click Browse. In the open a window, select the file on your computer (original source file, not a PDF) and click Open. 'File Name' is filled now. Click Attach This File.Repeat steps 1-5 to attach the next submission Item When all Items have been attached, click Next at the bottom of the page.Note 1: Figures, graphics, photos should not be embedded in the manuscript text file. Please upload separate figure files, preferred formats are EPS, TIFF, JPEG.Note 2: If a Figure or Table is uploaded as a separate file, then please exclude this from the manuscript textfile, otherwise it will be shown in the PDF twice.... mp;tpg=15&age=07、Line graphs and bar charts should be sent in bitmap TIFF files witha minimum resolution of 1200 dpi, or as EPS files, with a preferred line width of 1 pt (minimum line width of pt). Bitmap images should be sent as TIFF files and not placed within EPS files .... mp;tpg=23&age=0。
EVS_EN_16454_2015_en_preview
© 2015 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved worldwide for CEN national Members.
Ref. No. EN 16454:2015 E
EENVS1-6E4N5146:240541:520(1E5)
This document is a preview generated by EVS
EUROPEAN STANDARD NORME EUROPÉEN240.60
EN 16454
September 2015
Supersedes CEN/TS 16454:2013
Euroopa standardi EN 16454:2015 ingliskeelset consists of the English text of the European
teksti.
standard EN 16454:2015.
Standard on jõustunud sellekohase teate This standard has been endorsed with a
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
This document is a preview generated by EVS
Contents
Page
BarTender 标签打印软件版本预览文档说明书
BarTender® Preview FAQGeneral information.What is BarTender® Preview ?BarTender Preview is the latest release of BarTender. BarTender Preview includedexpanded availability of Print Portal, a re-designed Print Station companion application and support for direct access to SAP HANA® databases. BarTender Preview adds a new BarTender REST API andadditional enhancements and bug fixes..How is a preview release different than a regular release?BarTender is being developed following a software preview process, pre-releasing new features to users, and gathering earlier customer feedback to provide increased software quality at release and later releases..Can I use Preview in production?Yes. Preview releases are fully supported in all types of environments, including trial, sandbox andproduction. Most features are useable in production (see Digimarc information below). As a bestpractice, we recommend that customers validate BarTender in a trial/sandbox setting and follow an update plan when ready to move BarTender into production..Can I run multiple version releases of BarTender in my environment?Yes. You can run multiple version releases of BarTender on the same network. However, BarTendercontains an updated BarTender Licensing Service (BLS), that is different from the BLS versionrunning in earlier versions of BarTender. Unless you plan to install BarTender Preview on thesame system you currently run BarTender on — and overwrite your current BarTender installation —BarTender Preview must be installed on a different PC or virtual machine instance..Who can use the Preview release?BarTender Preview releases are available to customers with active Maintenance and Supportagreements..I am using BarTender Preview with a -day Trial license. Can I buy BarTender Preview ?Yes. Contact your reseller and purchase BarTender along with Maintenance and Support. You can then install and use BarTender Preview with your BarTender license.Downloading and activation.How do I download BarTender Preview ?You can find BarTender Preview here..I am an existing customer using BarTender ( / / ). How do I activate BarTender Preview ?We recommend installing BarTender Preview on a separate system and using BarTender’sprovisional activation mechanism for a temporary period ( days for Professional and Automationeditions, days for Enterprise edition). You can learn more about provisional activation at ourBarTender Support Center here.If you install BarTender Preview on your current system — and overwrite your current BarTender release — you will use your same license. In this case, we recommend you note your product key code (PKC) before installing BarTender Preview ..I’m not a current BarTender customer. How do I try BarTender Preview ?You can access BarTender Preview for a limited time using our -Day Trial program here.Obtain a -day Trial license code to activate BarTender Preview ..I am running an older version of BarTender (before BarTender ). How do I activate BarTender Preview ?You can access BarTender Preview for a limited time using our -Day Trial program here.Obtain a -day Trial license code to activate BarTender Preview ..I do not have an active Maintenance and Support agreement, but I want to try out BarTender Preview . How do I activate BarTender Preview ?You can contact your reseller to renew your Maintenance and Support Agreement or access BarTender Preview for a limited time using our -Day Trial program here.Technical support.What technical support is available for Preview ?BarTender Preview is fully supported. For customers with an active Maintenance and Supportagreement, guaranteed first response time targets and support channels will match your current support plan. Visit our BarTender Preview community support forum to get started.Print Portal.What is Print Portal?BarTender Print Portal is a web-based service providing device- and location-independent access to label printing, revision control and workflow state management. Using any modern web browser, youcan access BarTender documents from any computer connected to the internet. You can learn moreabout installing, configuring, securing and using Print Portal by reading the updated BarTender PrintPortal Technical Document here..What’s new for Print Portal in BarTender Preview and Preview ?With BarTender , Print Portal is available in three BarTender editions (Professional, AutomationEditions and Enterprise). Some Print Portal features (REST API, Librarian and workflow integration)require the Enterprise Edition.BarTender Print Portal enhancements include:•New security properties provide added control over user access•New folder color and image customizations to improve the user experience•Reorganized property pages to simplify the administration experienceTo learn more about the improvements to Print Portal in BarTender , check out the updatedBarTender Print Portal Technical Document here.Print Station.What is Print Station?BarTender Print Station is the Windows-based BarTender companion application providing users direct access to label printing. For BarTender Preview and Preview , Print Station has been improved, matching the intuitive and modern interface introduced with Print Portal in BarTender. Enhancements to Print Station include:•Streamlined modern UI with improved performance•Point-and-click printing•Familiar grouping options like author, categories, tags and products to organize labels and documents, making it easier and faster to find and print labels•Sorting options like names and dates to speed up document selection•Document- and form-level action support to enable or limit user behaviors•BarTender Librarian integration including revision control workflows (Enterprise Edition only)•Folder customization using colors and images, making document collections stand out•Customizable corporate branding with your logo and color scheme•Security options to grant/limit user access for folders•Improved standalone kiosk mode (using Microsoft Windows kiosk mode) To learn more about the improvements to Print Station in BarTender , check out the updatedBarTender Print Station Technical Document here.SAP HANA.What is SAP HANA?SAP HANA is a relational database platform from SAP. SAP HANA is currently the only supporteddatabase for SAP’s S/ HANA business suite and a choice for SAP Business One. Previous SAP ERPreleases could use rd party databases from Oracle and others..What support for SAP HANA is included in BarTender ?In Preview , we added support for the SAP HANA database to BarTender. Using the SAP HANAdatabase connector, businesses can now access and use data stored in SAP HANA tables. BarTendersupports SAP HANA . SPS and later versions, and BarTender can access on-premises and cloudinstances of SAP HANA..Can I access SAP S/ HANA or SAP Business One, HANA edition with the BarTender SAP HANA database connector?Not directly. S/ HANA and Business One HANA editions are the ERP and business applications SAP provide that use SAP HANA databases for the underlying database infrastructure. The SAP HANAdatabase connector in BarTender connects to the underlying SAP HANA database, not the ERP business environment. To integrate with SAP ERP systems, you can use Integration Builder – seequestion # ..Can I integrate BarTender to S/ HANA or SAP Business One HANA?Yes. BarTender Automation and Enterprise Editions include Integration Builder, software developer kits (SDKs) and Web Service APIs for direct integration with SAP ERP and business applications,independent of the underlying SQL database.BarTender REST API.What is a REST API?A Representational State Transfer (REST) Application Programming Interface (API) is designed with theweb and web services in mind. RESTful APIs are widely used across the web today, providing a simple, uniform architectural approach for integration between client applications and web services..What is the BarTender REST API?The BarTender REST API introduces a new option for users and integrators looking to automate label printing and associated tasks. With the BarTender REST API, customers can connect client applications to BarTender, using common web service mechanisms, and automate their label printing using anextensive set of automation actions. Client applications can be written in any programming language, including JavaScript, Ruby, Java, C#, Perl and Python.What’s new in BarTender Preview :•RESTful web service endpoints that can receive automation script action requests•An extensive set of automation actions (nearly ) that BarTender can perform, including: o Print actions for labels and documentso Transform actions for data sent to BarTendero Input actions directing BarTender to process data from files, network sockets andserial portso Output actions directing BarTender to output data to specified destinationso Execute actions controlling the execution flow of an integrationo File actions directing BarTender to manage files and folders•Integrate BarTender and enterprise applications with scripting formats such as YAML and JSON, in addition to BarTender BTXML• A YAML Actions Reference guide detailing BarTender automation script actions using the YAML file format•OpenAPI documentation detailing the BarTender REST APIDigimarcNote: BarTender includes a demonstration of future support for Digimarc watermarks..What can I do with the Digimarc support in BarTender Preview and Preview ?BarTender increases BarTender’s support of barcode and marking symbologies with the addition of Digimarc watermarks. With BarTender , label designers can create prototype label designs thatincorporate Digimarc watermarks to experience how the design and print process in BarTender works.The BarTender support for Digimarc demonstrates the process label designers and print users will follow when full Digimarc support is released. In BarTender , label designers can:•Create label templates that contain Digimarc watermarks•Use the GS Data Source Wizard to associate GS GTIN information with the Digimarc watermark•Print a sample label containing the Digimarc watermark. However, as this is a demonstration, the final printed label will carry predefined sample data•Test printed labels enhanced with Digimarc watermark in their scanning environment In BarTender Preview , while any format of a Digimarc watermark can be created and applied to a label template, BarTender will replace entered data with predefined sample data in the printed label..What is a digital watermark?A digital watermark is designed to blend into a label design. The Digimarc watermark is a proprietarytechnology that appears as a pattern of tiny dots distributed across the entire label when applied tolabels — a process called enhancement. The pattern is detected by Digimarc-enabled handheld barcode scanners, in-counter scanners, industrial vision systems and mobile devices. A list of supported hardware is available at https:///enabled-hardware.Unlike traditional D barcodes, Digimarc watermarks are repeated across the label design, allowing aDigimarc-enabled scanner to read the data anywhere, from any angle, resulting in more reliable scanning and greater resilience to damage..Who should use BarTender for Digimarc watermarks?Digimarc watermarks are used in various industries and use cases, including retail, consumer brand packaging, intellectual property and digital asset protection, supply chain and logistics, recycling and more. Any commercial organization using or considering using Digimarc watermarking technology is a potential user of BarTender , particularly if they are interested in variable-data printing (VDP)..When will full Digimarc support be available?Expect more information once our full Digimarc support is completed.26.If I want to use a Digimarc watermark, what do I do?Digimarc watermarks are available for individual license or as part of an enterprise agreement. Contact Digimarc directly at https:///contact/sales for more information. To make sure the Digimarc team can help you effectively, prepare to discuss your application and be sure to mention BarTender.。
INSPIRE
The Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Exacerbations by Salmeterol/Fluticasone Propionate or Tiotropium BromideJadwiga A.Wedzicha1,Peter M.A.Calverley2,Terence A.Seemungal3,Gerry Hagan4,Zainab Ansari4,andRobert A.Stockley5,for the INSPIRE Investigators1Academic Unit of Respiratory Medicine,Royal Free and University College Medical School,University College London,London,United Kingdom; 2Department of Medicine,University Hospital Aintree,Liverpool,United Kingdom;3Department of Clinical Medical Sciences,The University of the West Indies,Mt.Hope,Trinidad and Tobago;4Respiratory Medicines Centre,GlaxoSmithKline,Greenford,Middlesex,United Kingdom;and5Department of Medicine,University Hospital Birmingham,NHS Foundation Trust,Birmingham,United KingdomRationale:Exacerbations are key drivers of morbidity and mortalityin chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD).Objectives:We compared the relative efficacy of the long-actinginhaled bronchodilator/antiinflammatory combination(salmeterol/fluticasone propionate)50/500m g twice daily and the long-actingbronchodilator(tiotropium)18m g once daily in preventing exacer-bations and related outcomes in severe and very severe COPD.Methods:A total of1,323patients(mean age,64yr,post-broncho-dilator FEV1,39%predicted)were randomized in this2-year,double-blind,double-dummy parallel study.Measurements and Main Results:Primary endpoint was health careutilization exacerbation rate.Other endpoints included health statusmeasured by St.George’s Respiratory Questionnaire(SGRQ),mor-tality,adverse events,and study withdrawal.Probability of with-drawing from the study was29%greater with tiotropium thansalmeterol/fluticasone propionate(P50.005).The modeled annualexacerbation rate was1.28in the salmeterol/fluticasone propionategroup and1.32in the tiotropium group(rate ratio,0.967;95%confidence interval[CI],0.836–1.119];P50.656).The SGRQ totalscore was statistically significantly lower at2years on salmeterol/fluticasone propionate versus tiotropium(difference2.1units;95% CI,0.1–4.0;P50.038).Mortality was significantly lower in the salmeterol/fluticasone propionate group;21(3%)of patients in this group died compared with38(6%)in the tiotropium group(P5 0.032).More pneumonias were reported in the salmeterol/flutica-sone propionate group relative to tiotropium(P50.008). Conclusions:We found no difference in exacerbation rate between salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and tiotropium.More patients failed to complete the study while receiving tiotropium.A small statistically significant beneficial effect was found on health status, with an unexpectedfinding of lower deaths in salmeterol/flutica-sone propionate–treated patients.Clinical trial registered with (NCT00361959). Keywords:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;exacerbations; mortality;health statusChronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD)is a major cause of poor health and death worldwide(1)and contributes significantly to health care costs and comorbidity(2,3).Many patients with COPD experience periodic worsening of their symptoms,reflecting an acute deterioration in lung mechanics (4)and airway inflammation secondary to viral and/or bacterial infection(5,6).These exacerbations contribute to impaired health status(7,8)and increased hospitalization costs(9),and predict mortality(10).A variety of COPD treatments have been shown to prevent exacerbations(11).These include long-acting inhaled broncho-dilators,such as salmeterol(12)and tiotropium(13),as well as inhaled corticosteroids(ICS)alone(14)or when combined with long-acting b-agonists(LABAs)(15,16).The efficacy of an ICS/LABA combination or of a long-acting anticholinergic in preventing exacerbations has not been directly compared nor has the effect of these treatments on lung function or health status been tested over an extended period.The aim of the INSPIRE(Investigating New Standards for Prophylaxis in Reducing Exacerbations)study,therefore,was to compare the effect of the antiinflammatory/bronchodilator combination of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate(SFC)with the bronchodilator tiotropium bromide on the rate of moderate and/or severe exacerbations during a2-year treatment period, and secondarily on outcomes that might relate to exacerbations. In this article,exacerbation rates were defined by health care resource utilization.METHODSPatients were recruited between June2003and February2004in179 centers from20countries.Full details of the study methodology are given in Reference17and a list of participating investigators is provided in Table E1of the online supplement.We recruited patients aged40to80years,with a smoking history of10or more pack-years, a clinical history of COPD exacerbations,a post-bronchodilator FEV1 AT A GLANCE COMMENTARYScientific Knowledge on the SubjectA variety of treatments,including salmeterol,tiotropium, and inhaled corticosteroids have been shown to prevent COPD exacerbations.However,the efficacy of a combination of inhaled corticosteroids with salmeterol versus tiotropium has not been tested.What This Study Adds to the FieldThe study shows no difference in reduction of exacerbations between salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and tiotropium, although patients receiving the salmeterol/fluticasone com-bination were less likely to withdraw,had better health status,and had better survival.(Received in original form July2,2007;accepted infinal form October2,2007) Supported by GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Ltd. Correspondence and requests for reprints should be addressed to Jadwiga A. Wedzicha,M.D.,Royal Free&University College Medical School,Rowland Hill Street,Hampstead,London,UK.E-mail:j.a.wedzicha@This article has an online supplement,which is accessible from this issue’s table of contents at Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol177.pp19–26,2008Originally Published in Press as DOI:10.1164/rccm.200707-973OC on October4,2007 Internet address:of less than50%predicted,reversibility to400m g salbutamol10%or less of predicted FEV1,and a score of2or more on the Modified Medical Research Council dyspnea scale.We excluded patients with any respiratory disorder other than COPD or who required daily long-term oxygen therapy(>12h/d).All patients gave written,informed consent,and the protocol was approved by the appropriate institutional review boards and conducted in accordance with good clinical practice guidelines and the1996version of the Declaration of Helsinki. Study DesignINSPIRE was a2-year multicenter,randomized,double-blind,double-dummy controlled trial.Patients entered a2-week run-in period during which they discontinued all existing COPD maintenance medications and received oral prednisolone30mg/day and inhaled salmeterol50m g twice daily to standardize their clinical condition before randomization, an approach described previously in COPD studies(18).Patients were then randomized to inhaled salmeterol50m g plusfluticasone pro-pionate500m g combination(SFC)twice daily by Diskus/Accuhaler (GlaxoSmithKline,Ware,UK)or tiotropium bromide18m g once daily by Handihaler(Boehringer Ingelheim,Ingelheim,Germany).Subjects randomized to SFC received a once daily placebo inhalation by Handihaler and subjects randomized to tiotropium received a twice-daily placebo inhalation by Diskus/Accuhaler.Treatment compliance was assessed at each study visit by recording the number of doses remaining in each returned inhaler.After randomization,in addition to study medication,patients were allowed short-acting inhaled b-agonists for relief therapy and stan-dardized short courses of oral systemic corticosteroids and/or anti-biotics where indicated for treatment of COPD exacerbations.Patients were randomized using a predefined,computer-generated, central randomization list and a telephone-based interactive voice re-sponse system.Treatment allocation was stratified by center and smok-ing status on a1:1basis,in line with current guidelines(19).The block size used was four.Postrandomization,patients were reviewed at Weeks2and8,and every12weeks thereafter to record details of any COPD exacerba-tions,unscheduled health care visits and adverse events.Postdose FEV1and other respiratory parameters were measured at Weeks2and 8,and every24weeks thereafter with St.George’s Respiratory Questionnaire(SGRQ)measurement at Weeks32,56,80,and104. Outcome MeasurementsThe primary efficacy endpoint was the rate of health care utilization (HCU)exacerbations,defined as those that required treatment with oral corticosteroids and/or antibiotics or required hospitalization. Predefined secondary endpoints included health status measured by the SGRQ,postdose FEV1(measured2h after inhalation of study medication),and study withdrawal rate.All-cause mortality was an efficacy and safety endpoint.Safety was assessed by documenting all adverse events together with an oropharyngeal examination for evidence of candidiasis and inspection of the volar aspect of the forearm for spontaneous bruises. Electrocardiograms were performed at Weeks0,56,and104. Statistical AnalysisOn the basis of previous studies of long-acting bronchodilators(20,21), we expected an exacerbation rate of1.7per patient per year in the tiotropium group and a20%study withdrawal rate.We estimated that 635patients per treatment group would detect a reduction in exacer-bations of at least15%(equal to1.445exacerbations per subject per year)in the SFC group at a two-sided significance level of a50.05with 90%power.An independent data safety monitoring committee monitored all deaths and reviewed the unblinded data after thefirst 15deaths and from then at6-month intervals to ensure the safety of study participants.No interim efficacy analyses were conducted.All reported data analyses were prespecified except for further post hoc safety analyses identified below and were conducted by the sponsor under the direction of the steering committee.Exacerbation rates were analyzed using a generalized linear model(assuming the negative binomial distribution)(22)with number of exacerbations as the out-come and the log of time on treatment as an offset variable,with covariates of baseline smoking status,disease severity(%predicted FEV1at baseline),body mass index(BMI),number of exacerbations reported in the12months before screening,age,gender,and country. Adjusted mean rates per year and pairwise treatment ratios with P values and confidence intervals(CIs)were calculated.The incidence of exacerbations requiring hospitalization was compared between treat-ments using Fisher’s exact test.Postdose FEV1was compared between treatments at each visit during treatment using a mixed model repeated measures analysis with covariates of baseline value,baseline smoking status,disease severity,age,gender,and country.SGRQ score was compared between treatments at Weeks32,56,80,and104in the same manner.Time to withdrawal from start of treatment was analyzed using the Cox proportional hazards model with covariates of baseline smoking status,disease severity(%predicted FEV1at baseline),age, gender,and country.The a priori comparison of total number of reported deaths in each treatment group was done with the Fisher’s exact test.Additional post hoc analyses were performed for time to death on treatment(including deaths up to2wk post–treatment cessation) and time tofirst pneumonia using the Cox proportional hazards model with covariates for time to withdrawal.To investigate the clinical relevance of health status effects,SGRQ changes at each visit were classified as‘‘improvement’’(change of24 points or less from baseline),‘‘no change’’(change of more than24 and less than4),or‘‘deterioration’’(change of4or more).For visits in which a change in SGRQ total score could not be calculated(with-drawal or other nonresponse),the classification from the previous visit was retained unless any of the following criteria were met,in which case change in health status was classed as deterioration:death, withdrawal due to respiratory adverse event or lack of efficacy,health care utilization exacerbation that started in the previous28days,or initiation of long-term oxygen therapy.Treatments were compared using a proportional odds model,with covariates as for time to withdrawal.All efficacy and safety analyses used the intent-to-treat population, defined as all randomized patients who received at least one dose of study medication.The study was designed to show superiority of either treatment group and used a two-sided test at the5%level of significance. RESULTSOf1,499patients screened,1,323were randomized and com-prised the intent-to-treat population.Details of patient dispo-sition and reasons for patient discontinuation are shown in Figure1,and patients’baseline characteristics are shown in Table1.Baseline characteristics of patients who completed or who withdrew from the study are shown in Table2.Details of patients’concurrent disorders and medication taken for COPD at study entry are found in Tables E2and E3.Median adherence to treatment was more than99%in both groups. Patients randomized to tiotropium were significantly more likely to withdraw from the study than those randomized to SFC(the Kaplan-Meier estimated probability of withdrawing before Week104was34.5%in the SFC group and41.7%in the tiotropium group;hazard ratio for tiotropium vs.SFC was1.29; 95%CI,1.08–1.54;P50.005)(Figure2).This withdrawal differential was evident by Week13,increased to Week52,and was maintained thereafter.Withdrawing from the study after receiving tiotropium was unrelated to the subjects’prior use of ICS(used by25%of those withdrawing and26%of those completing).As a result of this study dropout,the mean patient days of study drug exposure was561days with the SFC group and519days with the tiotropium group.The main reasons for withdrawal are shown in Figure1.ExacerbationsOver2years,62%of the SFC group and59%of the tiotropium group had at least one exacerbation requiring therapeutic intervention.The estimated overall rates of exacerbations were 1.28per year for SFC and1.32per year for tiotropium,with20AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE VOL1772008a ratio of rates of 0.967(95%CI,0.836–1.119)indicating no difference between rates (P 50.656).Exacerbations requiring antibiotics occurred more frequently in patients treated with SFC (SFC,0.97/yr;tiotropium,0.82/yr)(P 50.028)but those requiring systemic corticosteroids were less frequent than in the tiotropium-treated patients (SFC,0.69/yr;tiotropium,0.85/yr)(P 50.039)(Table 3).The incidence of exacerbations requir-ing hospitalizations was 16%for SFC and 13%for tiotropium (P 50.085).Additional OutcomesMean SGRQ total score values at screening were 50.3units for the SFC and 52.3for the tiotropium treatment groups and improved after run-in treatment with systemic steroids and salmeterol to 48.0and 48.2units at baseline,respectively.The total SGRQ was significantly lower in the SFC group compared with the tiotropium group at Weeks 32,56,80,and 104(Figure 3A),although this difference did not reach the minimum clinically important difference.At Week 104,the adjusted mean treatment difference for SFC versus tiotropium was –2.1units (95%CI,–4.0to –0.1units;P 50.038).The improvement in total score was reflected by improvements in the impacts domain with an adjusted mean treatment difference for SFC versus tiotro-pium of –3.2units (95%CI,–5.4to –0.1units;P 50.004)and to a lesser extent in the symptoms domain (Table 3).Figure 3B shows the mean SGRQ according to when the patient withdrew from treatment.Patients whose last SGRQ measurement was at 32weeks or 56weeks had deteriorated by more than 4units from baseline before withdrawal.The proportion of patients achieving a clinically significant improvement in SGRQ at 2years was greater in the SFC (32%)group than in the tiotropium group (27%).The odds ratio for a patient in the SFCgroupFigure 1.Patient disposition and reasons for discontinuation for the salmeterol 50m g 1fluticasone propionate 500m g (SFC)and tio-tropium (18m g)treatment groups.COPD 5chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease.Figure 2.Time to withdrawal on treatment in the salmeterol 1fluticasone propionate (SFC)and tiotropium treatment groups.TABLE 1.PATIENT CHARACTERISTICSParameterSFC (n 5658)Tiotropium (n 5665)Age,yr,mean 6465Males,%8184Post-bronchodilator FEV 1,L,mean 1.11 1.13Post-bronchodilator FEV 1,%predicted,mean39.139.4Reversibility,%predicted,mean 2.34 2.63>1Exacerbation in the 12mobefore study start,%8588Prebronchodilator FEV 1,L,mean All patients 1.051.06GOLD stage III(>30to ,50%predicted) 1.09(n 5540) 1.11(n 5537)GOLD stage IV (,30%predicted)0.73(n 5100)0.71(n 5101)Current smokers,%3838Smoking history,pack-years,mean 41.339.5SGRQ score at baseline,*mean48.649.1Patients discontinuing ICS at entry,n (%)319(48)340(51)Definition of abbreviations :GOLD 5Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease;ICS 5inhaled corticosteroids;SFC 5salmeterol 1fluticasone propionate;SGRQ 5St.George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.*Baseline following treatment intensification period.TABLE PARISON OF CHARACTERISTICS FOR PATIENTS WHO COMPLETED OR WITHDREW FROM THE STUDYSFC (n 5658)Tiotropium (n 5665)Completers,n426386Post-bronchodilator FEV 1,L,mean1.15 1.18Post-bronchodilator FEV 1,%predicted,mean 39.840.5SGRQ score at baseline,*mean48.148.0Patients discontinuing ICS at entry,n (%)193(45)174(45)Withdrawals,n232279Post-bronchodilator FEV 1,L,mean1.05 1.07Post-bronchodilator FEV 1,%predicted,mean 37.837.9SGRQ score at baseline*,mean49.750.5Patients discontinuing ICS at entry,n (%)126(54)166(59)Definition of abbreviations :ICS 5inhaled corticosteroids;SFC 5salmeterol 1fluticasone propionate;SGRQ 5St.George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.*Baseline 5following intensification run-in period.Wedzicha,Calverley,Seemungal,et al .:Treatment of COPD Exacerbations 21being at least one category of change higher than those in the tiotropium group at Week104was1.30for SFC versus tio-tropium(95%CI,1.05–1.61;P50.018;Table3).At the end of the study,both treatments largely maintained the improvement in FEV1achieved during the run-in period. There was no evidence of a difference in adjusted mean FEV1 postdose between the treatments at2years(Table3).There was,however,a small statistically significant difference between tiotropium and SFC between Week44and80(Table E4).SafetyMortality was significantly lower in the SFC treatment group;21 (3%)of SFC patients and38(6%)of those in the tiotropium group died(P50.032)during the study period.In addition, using the Cox proportional hazards model to analyze time to death on treatment(excluding seven deaths that occurred more than2wk after cessation of treatment),the hazard ratio for SFC versus tiotropium was0.48(95%CI,0.27–0.85;P50.012) (Figure4),which represents an estimated52%reduction in theTABLE3.SUMMARY OF EFFICACY RESULTSVariable SFC50/500(n5658)Tiotropium(n5665)Rate Ratio*95%CI P ValueExacerbations(mean no./yr)HCU 1.28 1.320.970.84to1.120.656 Requiring oral corticosteroids0.690.850.810.67to0.990.039 Requiring antibiotics0.970.82 1.19 1.02to1.380.028SGRQ(adjusted mean change at2yr[units])Treatment Difference(units)*Total score21.700.3722.0724.02to–0.120.038 Activity score20.3820.1820.5622.67to1.560.605 Impact score22.650.5623.2025.36to21.050.004 Symptom score22.9420.5722.3725.02to0.280.080SGRQ(no.of patients[%]with a change from baseline>4units)Odds Ratio*Week32211(35%)190(30%) 1.24 1.01to1.540.045 Week56194(32%)180(29%) 1.29 1.04to1.600.021 Week80198(33%)171(27%) 1.34 1.08to1.670.008 Week104193(32%)169(27%) 1.29 1.04to1.600.021Post-bronchodilator FEV1(adjusted mean change over2yr[L])Treatment Difference(L)*Adjusted mean change20.010.0120.0220.06to0.010.218 Definition of abbreviations:CI5confidence interval;HCU5health care utilization;SFC5salmeterol1fluticasone propionate; SGRQ5St.George’s Respiratory Questionnaire.*SFC versustiotropium.risk of on-therapy all-cause mortality at any time during the 2-year period with SFC compared with tiotropium.Cardiac disorders recorded by the investigator were associated with death in 9(1%)SFC-treated and 19(3%)tiotropium-treated patients (Table 4).Among those with concurrent medical dis-orders,there were 15(3%)deaths on treatment among patients randomized to SFC and 27(6%)among patients randomized to tiotropium.In those subjects with baseline cardiovascular dis-ease,there were 9deaths (3%)in SFC patients and 24(8%)for tiotropium patients.No more than 2%of patients in either treatment group had clinically significant ECG abnormalities at any time point in the study.The frequency of adverse events is reported in Table 4,with 66%of patients on SFC and 62%of those receiving tiotropium reporting some adverse event,the most frequent of which was a COPD exacerbation.The diagnosis of pneumonia was based on clinical judgment,with radiologic confirmation not neces-sarily obtained even in episodes reported as lobar or broncho-pneumonia.Pneumonia was reported during treatment in 8and 4%of patients,respectively,and the hazard ratio for time to reported pneumonia was 1.94(95%CI,1.19–3.17;P 50.008)for SFC compared with tiotropium over the 2years.The number of reported pneumonias that overlapped with an exacerbation treated with antibiotics was 55%in the SFC group and 48%in the tiotropium group (i.e.,the other episodes were not given antibiotic treatment despite the report of pneumonia).A total of 14patients were withdrawn from the study due to pneumonia (9SFC,5tiotropium).Serious adverse events were reported during treatment by 30%of SFC-treated and 24%of tiotropium-treated patients.Other adverse events (e.g.,fractures,bruising,candidiasis)were infrequent (Table 4).DISCUSSIONINSPIRE is the first large-scale trial to evaluate the impact of two different treatment approaches—bronchodilatation with a long-acting inhaled anticholinergic agent or the combination of bronchodilatation using an LABA and antiinflammatory therapy with an ICS—on COPD exacerbations over a 2-year period.We found no difference in the overall rate of exacer-bations between treatment groups (suggesting that both treat-ments reduced exacerbations frequency by a similar magnitude).However,SFC treatment was associated with better health status,fewer patient withdrawals,and a lower mortality rate than occurred during tiotropium therapy.Conversely,there was a small but significant increase in reported pneumonia in the SFC-treated group;however,despite this there was still a mor-tality reduction benefit in favor of SFC.The strengths of the INSPIRE trial include its size,long dura-tion,and the inclusion of a large number of patients with severe and very severe COPD,all of which allowed more exacerbation events to be identified.COPD exacerbations in clinical trials are usually defined by the need for additional treatment (23).Exac-erbations are intermittent events,however,and not all patients experience an exacerbation even during a 3-year trial (14).We recruited patients who had a history of exacerbations;we ex-pected these patients to experience an exacerbation during the study due to the severity of their disease and because a previous exacerbation is one of the most important risk factors for con-secutive exacerbations (7).Overall,39%of the patients in INSPIRE did not have an exacerbation.The best way to anal-yze the exacerbation data has been controversial (24),and we have addressed these concerns by using a negative binomial analysis,which accommodates for different individual variation in the event rate.The event rates in our study were comparable to those reported previously in populations with a prior exac-erbation history on therapy (13,15,18).The overall exacerba-tion rate did not differ between treatments.There were fewer episodes requiring oral corticosteroid treatment in the SFC group compared with the tiotropium group but relatively more patients were treated with antibiotics in the SFC group.This provides indirect evidence that these treatments affect appar-ently similar patients in different ways that affect clinical judgment.This difference warrants further study to determine the factors that influence therapeutic choice.The number of patients who had a report of pneumonia that overlapped with an exacerbation treated with antibiotics was nevertheless similar between the treatment groups.More patients failed to complete the study while receiving tiotropium.The differential withdrawal rate was evident from Week 13and persisted to Week 104.This differential with-drawal from the study may have led to a healthy survivor effect as seen in other studies (16),and suggests that the disease severity in the two limbs was not entirely comparable during the trial as patients whose well-being was deteriorating more rapidly withdrew sooner (see Figure 3B).The differential with-drawal rate is in itself an indirect marker of treatment efficacy.A placebo arm was not included in this study as all patients had severe to very severe disease and it was deemed unethical to withhold known effective therapies.Previous data have shown that patients experience an exacerbation within 8weeks after regular ICS treatment has been discontinued (25).The withdrawal rate with tiotropium was similar to that observed in placebo-treated patients in previous studies in which ICS were permitted (20,21),suggesting that the differential withdrawal rate was not due to steroid removal in the tiotropium arm.We used a short treatment intensification regime during the run-in period before randomization as used in previous studies (18).This treatment intensification helps differentiate between the improvement in health status due to the increased medical attention at the start of a clinical study from the improvement derived from the study interventions.The short-term beneficial effects of treatment intensification on health status are not maintained without subsequent maintenance therapy (26).Patients showed an improvement in the SGRQ total score during the 2weeks of treatment intensification.After treatment intensification,patients receiving tiotropium maintained this initial level of improvement,but there was a furtherstatisticallyFigure 4.Time to death on treatment in the salmeterol 1fluticasone propionate (SFC)and tiotropium treatment groups.Wedzicha,Calverley,Seemungal,et al .:Treatment of COPD Exacerbations 23significant2-unit improvement in the SFC arm during treat-ment.However,a4-unit change in the SGRQ has been tradi-tionally used as the minimally clinical important difference(27). We therefore present a responder analysis to clarify the clinical significance of thisfinding,which shows that a significantly greater number of patients receiving SFC had a greater than4 point change from baseline than patients receiving tiotropium.The improvement in the total SGRQ score in the SFC treatment group was largely driven by changes in the impacts and symptom score,which may help to explain the differential withdrawal rate between the groups.Interestingly,the increase after the intensification period in the SFC group was not related to a parallel improvement in lung function and exacerbations, suggesting it relates to as yet undetermined benefits.COPD is a condition partly defined by an abnormal inflam-matory response to noxious fumes(28).Inflammation in COPD predates the appearance of symptoms and is elevated during exacerbations(29).The differences in outcomes we observed could be due to antiinflammatory properties in SFC.Tiotropium has been shown to reduce exacerbations in the absence of any antiinflammatory activity(30),whereas it has previously been demonstrated that SFC has airway antiinflammatory effects(31, 32),which may contribute to its beneficial effect on health status and exacerbations in COPD.The difference in lung function between treatments was modestly in favor of tiotropium-treated patients between Weeks 44and80.This transient difference was small and likely due to the differential withdrawal rate and to an unequal FEV1at random-ization.Despite similar exacerbation rates between treatment groups, and although the trial was not powered to detect a difference in mortality as it was not the primary outcome,a statistically significant difference was seen in favor of SFC.The difference was present when all known deaths were considered or if mortality was restricted to death on treatment(including2-wk post-treatment cessation).Mortality data was not collected after patients withdrew from therapy as in the TORCH(Toward a Revolution in COPD Health)study(16).Because there were no differences in comorbid illnesses at baseline,the difference in the all-cause mortality cannot be the result of such an imbalance.The difference between groups in the reporting of fatal events was largest in those associated with cardiovascular causes.There are several possible explanations for this differ-ence.It could be that tiotropium increases mortality,although this cannot be determined from our data in the absence of a placebo arm.A recent meta-analysis involving8,002patients reported that tiotropium was shown to have no influence on all-cause mortality when compared with placebo(33).Therefore, there is no evidence to support an increase in mortality with tiotropium.Alternatively,it could be that SFC improves survival.This has recently been suggested by the TORCH study in which a17.5%reduction in all-cause mortality(although not statistically significant;P50.052)was observed in patients treated with SFC(16).The presumed reduction in mortalityTABLE4.SUMMARY OF SAFETY RESULTSVariable SFC50/500(n5658)Tiotropium(n5665)All-cause mortalityDeaths,n(%)21(3)38(6)During treatment18(3)34(5)Events(grouped by body system)associated with death*,n(%)Cardiac disorders9(1)19(3)Respiratory,thoracic and mediastinal disorders5(,1)6(,1)Neoplasms benign,malignant and unspecified2(,1)7(1)General disorders and administration site conditions5(,1)2(,1)Infections and infestations4(,1)0Nervous system disorders1(,1)2(,1)Vascular disorders2(,1)0Gastrointestinal disorders01(,1)Hepatobiliary disorders1(,1)0Top5most commonly reported AEs that began during treatment,n(%)All events435(66)414(62)COPD122(19)104(16)Nasopharyngitis115(17)98(15)Pneumonia†50(8)24(4)Headache48(7)60(9)Pharyngolaryngeal pain34(5)26(4)Other AEs of interest,n(%)Bone disorders17(3)12(2)Eye disorders2(,1)3(,1)Candidiasis‡40(6)20(3)Contusions8(1)2(,1)Top5most commonly reported SAEs(grouped by body system)that beganduring treatment,n(%)All events199(30)162(24)Respiratory,thoracic and mediastinal disorders111(17)87(13)Infections and infestations63(10)28(4)Cardiac disorders23(3)34(5)Neoplasms benign,malignant,and unspecified18(3)15(2)Gastrointestinal disorders10(2)14(2)Definition of abbreviations:AE5adverse event;COPD5chronic obstructive pulmonary disease;SAE5serious adverse event;SFC5salmeterol/fluticasone propionate combination.*Deaths can be associated with more than one adverse event.†Includes events of pneumonia,lobar pneumonia,and bronchopneumonia.‡Includes events of candidiasis,oral candidiasis,and oropharyngeal candidiasis.24AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE VOL1772008。
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w e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s sTable of Contents1 Product Details .....................................................................................................................................................................................2 1.1 Application ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2 1.2 Recommended Installation .................................................................................................................................................................... 2 2 Function ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 2 2.1 Features ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 23 Technical Data ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Ordering Information ........................................................................................................................................................................... 3 4.1 Type Code ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3 4.2Versions currently available (3)5 Description of Characterisics in Accordance with Type Code ........................................................................................................ 4 5.1 Characteristic 1: Variant DSU ................................................................................................................................................................ 4 5.2 Characteristic 2: Port / Case: Variant CA - Cartridge ............................................................................................................................. 4 5.3 Characteristic 3: input flow rate .............................................................................................................................................................. 4 5.4 Characteristic 4: Max.permissible pressure ........................................................................................................................................... 4 5.5 Characteristic 5: Activation / Setting ...................................................................................................................................................... 4 5.6 Characteristic 6: Stepped cavity 8.00239 (corresponds to Bucher UVP- 4) ......................................................................................... 4 Das vorgesteuerte Druckbegrenzungsventil ist ein Cartridgebauteil und wird in eine Stufenbohrung entsprechend nebenstehender Zeichnung eingeschraubt. ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 5.7 Characteristic 7: Seal ............................................................................................................................................................................. 4 6 Installation ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 6.1 General information ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 6.2 Connection Recommendations .............................................................................................................................................................. 5 6.3 Installation - installation space ............................................................................................................................................................... 5 7 Notes, Standards and Safety Instructions ......................................................................................................................................... 5 7.1 General Instructions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 5 7.2 Standards ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 58 Zubehör .................................................................................................................................................................................................5w e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s s1The pressure valve is designed as cartridge valve. It is a direct operated valve for flow rates up to 10 l / min, which can be adjusted manually. The adjustment can be protected by a cap. The components are designed robust. The valve can be charged up to 500 bar and is delivered at a certain pressure.1.1 ApplicationThe pressure valve is used to protect high volume lift cylinders in truck cranes. It should avoid excessive pressure increase in unmoving cylin-ders due to warming (“sushine valve”).1.2 Recommended Installation2 FunctionThe pressure valve operates as a direct acting seat valve. The pressure can be set using an adjusting screw. The screw is locked after adjustment with a backup sealing nut and can be protected by a cap.2.1 Features▪ Cartridge type▪ Small installation space ▪ Robust construction▪Stepped cavity (corresponds to Bucher UVP-4) ▪Seat valve, leakage freeP – protected port T - tankw e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s s3 Technical Data4 4.1 Type CodeXXX – fest vorgegebene Merkmale XXX – vom Kunden wählbare Merkmale4.2 Versions currently availableThe versions listed below are available as standard. Further versions as part of the options given on the type code can be configured upon request.designationtype codepart nr.PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN230BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN230 –239 -N 412.072.451.9 PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN235BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN235 –239 -N 412.072.430.9 PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN290BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN290 –239 -N 412.072.433.9 PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN340BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN340 –239 -N 412.072.431.9 PRV –DSU –CA -10LPM -500BAR –MAN420BAR –239 -NBR PRV –DSU –CA -10 -500 –MAN420 –239 -N 412.072.432.9CriteriaUnit Value Installation position any Weightkg 0,1Surface protectiveZinc coated Maximum input pressure (P) bar 550Adjustable pressurebar 100 - 500 Maximum Tankpressure (T) bar 8 Maximum input flow rate (P) l/min 10Hydraulic fluidMineral oil (HL, HLP) conforming with DIN 51524, other fluids upon re-Hydraulic fluid pressure range °C -25 bis +80 Ambient temperature °C < +50 Viscosity rangemm2/s 2,8 - 500Contamination gradeFiltering conforming with NAS 1638, class 9, with minimum retentionPRVDSUCA10500239N000102030405060700 Product group Pressure relief valves PRV 01 Variant manual adjustable DSU 02 Port / Case Cartridgeventil CA 03 Input flow rate Qmax.10 l/min 1004 Max.permissible pressure Pmax.. 500bar50005 Activation Man ually adjustable 100-500barMAN100 06 Stepped cavity WESSEL-Patrone 8.00239 (stepped cavity) 239 07 Seal NBR, temperatur range -25°C bis +80°CNw e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s s5 5.1 Characteristic 1: Variant DSUAdjustable pressure relief valve5.2 Characteristic 2: Port / Case: Variant CA - CartridgeAs variant CA, the valve is delivered as a cartridge valve. The Cavity has to be designed according to characteristic 6 (stepped cavity)5.3 Characteristic 3: input flow rateRecommended maximum flow rate of 10 l/min.5.4 Characteristic 4: Max.permissible pressureMaximum permissible pressure is 500bar (adjustable range100 - 500bar)5.5 Characteristic 5: Activation / SettingThe valve can be adjusted with a set screw. For this purpose, the protective cap must be removed and the counter nut undone.5.6 Characteristic 6: Stepped cavity 8.00239 (corresponds to Bucher UVP- 4)Das vorgesteuerte Druckbegrenzungsventil ist ein Cartridgebauteilund wird in eine Stufenbohrung entsprechend nebenstehender Zeichnung eingeschraubt.5.7 Characteristic 7: SealNBR, temperature range -25°C bis +80°Cw e e n g i n e e r y o u r p r o g r e s s6 Installation6.1 General information▪ Observe all installation and safety information of the construction machine / attachment tools manufacturer. ▪ Only technically permitted changes are to be made on the construction machine. ▪ The user has to ensure that the device is suitable for the respective application. ▪ Application exclusively for the range of application specified by the manufacturer. ▪ Before installation or de-installation, the hydraulic system is to be depressurized. ▪ Settings are to be made by qualified personnel only.▪ Opening is only to be performed with the approval of the manufacturer, otherwise the warranty is invalidated.6.2 Connection RecommendationsNOTE : Enclosed proposed resolution is not always guaranteed. The functionality and the technical details of the construction ma-chine must be checked.5.3 Montage – BauraumObserve connection names.Do not damage seals and flange surface. Its hydraulic system must be ventedEnsure sufficient free space for setting and installation work6.3 Installation - installation space▪ Observe connection names.▪ Do not damage seals and flange surface. ▪ Its hydraulic system must be vented▪ Ensure sufficient free space for setting and installation workCAUTION: Hydraulic hoses must not touch the pressure relief valve, otherwise they are subject to thermal damaging. Tightening torques must be observed. Torque wrench needed.77.1 General Instructions▪The views in drawings are shown in accordance with the European normal projection variant▪ A comma ( , ) is used as a decimal point in drawings ▪All dimensions are given in mm7.2 StandardsThe following standards must be observed when installing and operating the valve:▪ DIN EN ISO 13732-1:2008-12, Temperatures on accessible surfaces8 ZubehörSafety cap: 275.066.000.6。
conceptual metaphor
METAPHOR AND SYMBOL,18(4),231–238Copyright © 2003, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.Applied Linguistics Perspectives onCross-Cultural Variation in ConceptualMetaphorFrank BoersApplied Linguistics DepartmentErasmus College of BrusselsSince the publication of Lakoff and Johnson’s Metaphors We Live By in1980,and subsequent books outlining Conceptual Metaphor Theory(e.g.,Johnson,1987; Lakoff,1987),a growing number of applied linguists also have begun to highlight the importance of metaphor and metaphor awareness in the field of foreign lan-guage learning (for an overview, see Cameron & Low, 1999).On the one hand,applied linguists have tried to identify the metaphoric models of language learning that lie behind different language teaching practices and lan-guage education policies(e.g.,Block,1992;Cortazzi&Jin,1999;Thornbury, 1991).On the other hand,researchers have explored the pedagogical use of meta-phor awareness to facilitate foreign language acquisition itself,and more specifi-cally to help learners acquire L2figurative expressions(e.g.,Deignan,Gabrys,& Solska,1997;Lazar,1996).The general advantage of applying the notion of con-ceptual metaphor in the latter context is that it offers motivation and coherence to whole clusters of figurative idioms that may—at first sight—appear to be arbitrary and unrelated.We acknowledge that Conceptual Metaphor Theory is still contending with other metaphor theories(see,e.g.,Katz,1998;McGlone,1996;Vervaeke&Green, 1997,for some of the ongoing debates),but experimental research has at least shown that the notion of conceptual metaphor can successfully be adapted for ped-agogical purposes(Boers,2000,2001).If teachers cannot find motivation and co-herence in sets of figurative idioms,then attention to them in the language class-room will mostly be confined to pointing out cross-linguistic differences at the Requests for reprints should be sent to Frank Boers,Applied Linguistics Department,Erasmus Col-lege of Brussels, Trierstraat 84, 1040Brussels, Belgium. E-mail: frank.boers@docent.ehb.be232BOERSlevel of individual expressions,and thus to alerting learners to the pitfalls of L1in-terference and word-for-word translations (e.g., Cornell, 1999; Swan, 1997).In this special issue,however,four leading experts in the field look beyond those cross-linguistic differences at the level of individual figurative idioms into more general cross-cultural variations in metaphor usage that may underlie them. We can envisage roughly three types of cross-cultural variation in metaphor usage, and examples of each type will be examined by the contributors to this special is-sue:(a)differences with regard to the particular source-target mappings that have become conventional in the given cultures;(b)differences with regard to value-judgments associated with the source or target domains of shared mappings; and(c)differences with regard to the degree of pervasiveness of metaphor as such, as compared with other (rhetorical) figures.To compare conceptual metaphors across cultures one obviously needs to es-tablish what those conceptual metaphors are in the first place.Conceptual meta-phors are evidenced by systematic and recurring source-target mappings in natural language.However,the notion of conceptual metaphor carries such explanatory power(e.g.,motivating segments of natural language that used to be viewed as purely arbitrary),that it has sometimes tempted(applied)linguists to relegate any attested figurative expressions to underlying conceptual metaphors almost in an ad hoc fashion.Without consistency in identifying or proposing conceptual meta-phors,investigations into potential cross-cultural differences in the use of concep-tual metaphors can hardly be fruitful.A solid ground for the comparison of con-ceptual metaphor can be established only if the researchers’proposed generalizations behind linguistic data are validated as being conceptual metaphors in the first place.This crucial methodological issue of validation is addressed in this volume by Graham Low.In his contribution,Low(this issue)takes a critical look at a number of meta-phoric models about the nature of language teaching and language learning that have been put forward(perhaps too offhandedly)in the field of applied linguistics in recent years.He emphasizes the need for strong(linguistic)evidence before ac-cepting the validity of any proposed metaphoric models.Only then can a compari-son of those metaphoric models give reliable insight into cross-cultural differ-ences.Low concludes his article with a number of positive guidelines for the design, analysis and reporting of metaphoric models in future.The other contributions to this volume focus more directly on the issue of actual cross-cultural differences in metaphor usage and their implications for language learning.As previously mentioned,one type of cross-cultural variation occurs when languages differ with respect to the particular source that is conventionally mapped onto a common target domain.In other words,a given conceptual meta-phor may be common in one culture but uncommon in another.Not all conceptual metaphors seem susceptible to this type of variation,though.Following Grady (1997,1999),we suggest dividing the set of conceptual metaphors that have so farINTRODUCTION233 been identified by cognitive semanticists into two broad categories:primary and complex metaphors.Many primary metaphors map image-schemas onto abstract experience(e.g.,Lakoff,1990).Examples of image-schemas are UP-DOWN, IN-OUT,and so on.These“bare”image-schemas are used to lend structure to ab-stract domains through general conceptual metaphors like the following:“MORE IS UP;LESS IS DOWN”(e.g.,“An IQ of over150,”“An income below the aver-age”),and“THE BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR THE EMOTIONS”(e.g.,“She was filled with hatred,”“Don’t keep all that anger inside you”).These metaphors are motivated by correlations in the domain of general physical experience.For ex-ample,if you add objects to a pile,the pile will grow(hence“MORE IS UP”).Be-cause this kind of general physical experience is universal,we would expect to find similar image-schema-based conceptual metaphors in communities around the world.Other primary metaphors,whose experiential grounding also seems univer-sal,include cases like“STRONG DESIRE IS HUNGER”(e.g.,“We are hungry for a victory;”Grady, 1999, p. 85).The second category of metaphors,however,is more likely to be susceptible to culture-specific influences.These are more complex conceptual metaphors that combine(or compound)different primary metaphors.For example,“THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS”(e.g.,“Without a solid foundation,your theory will soon col-lapse”)combines the primary metaphors“ORGANIZATION IS PHYSICAL STRUCTURE”and“PERSISTING IS REMAINING ERECT”(Grady,1997). Complex metaphors result in“richer”imagery.For example,although“LIFE IS A JOURNEY”(e.g.,“We’ll have to get round many obstacles to get married,”“The quest for love and happiness”)is clearly based on the MOTION image schema,it can be“enriched”by specifying the kind of vehicles involved,such as trains(e.g.,“It’s about time you got back onto the right track”),ships(e.g.,“She’s been drift-ing without a real purpose in life”),cars(e.g.,“He’s in the fast lane to success”), and so on.“ABSTRACT COMPETITION IS RACING”(e.g.,“Running for presi-dent,”“Staying ahead of our economic competitors”)also belongs here,because the metaphor imposes a richer scenario on the“bare”MOTION schema.Other ex-amples of complex metaphors are those that map our knowledge of man-made things onto abstract domains:“THE MIND IS A COMPUTER”(e.g.,“This amne-sic patient processes input,but cannot retrieve the data afterwards”),“ECONOMIC COMPETITION IS WARFARE”(e.g.,“To conquer market share”), and so on.Unlike the general physical experience that underlies primary metaphors,com-plex experiential domains are more likely to be culture-dependent and thus to vary from place to place.As a result,such a particular domain may not be(equally) available for metaphorical mapping in all cultures.It follows that cross-cultural variation is more likely to occur when metaphors of the second category(i.e.,com-plex metaphors)are involved.For example,one would not expect an isolated com-munity in the Andes to generate an abundance of sailing metaphors like English234BOERS(e.g.,“She sailed through her exams,”“The government is being blown off course”).Metaphors in this category are also subject to change over time,as new man-made things appear or go out of fashion(e.g.,Leary,1990;Miller,1995).“THE MIND IS A COMPUTER,”for instance,is obviously a comparatively young metaphor.The hypothesis that complex metaphors are more likely to be culture-dependent than primary ones has already been corroborated by case studies.For example,al-though the image-schema-based metaphor“THE BODY IS A CONTAINER FOR THE EMOTIONS”(e.g.,“Rage was building up inside her”)appears to be univer-sal,important differences do arise by virtue of the culture-specific imagery that is often added to the general image-schema.Some cultures show a preference for “locating”particular emotions in specific parts of the container-like body.In Hun-garian,for example,the emotion of anger is commonly“located”in the head, whereas in Japanese,anger can rise from the stomach via the chest to the head (Kövecses,1995).Western cultures seem to take it for granted that most so-called higher emotions are a matter of the heart(e.g.,“I’ve got a heavy heart,”“She’s broken my heart”),but in Malay these associations are commonly made with the liver (Charteris-Black, 2002).The culture-specific nature of certain figurative expressions may(initially)be a stumbling block for foreign language learners.Still,learners may be helped by the observation that those figurative expressions belong to a larger set that can be moti-vated by a single conceptual metaphor(albeit a“foreign”one).For example,al-though some learners may initially be puzzled by the Malay use of“liver”in a fig-urative idiom,they subsequently may be helped by the recognition of the general “LIVER”metaphor that is instantiated in a wide range of Malay idioms.A variant of the first type of cross-cultural variation in conceptual metaphors occurs when two languages display the same source-target mapping,but with markedly different degrees of productivity or conventionality(e.g.,Emanatian, 1995).For example,although sport metaphors abound,cultures differ with respect to the kinds of sport that are especially popular.Baseball,for instance,is evidently more popular in the United States than in Europe,and consequently American English is likely to produce more baseball-based figurative expressions(e.g.,“I had a date with Helen last night,but I couldn’t even get to first base with her,”“Three strikes and you’re out”).One of the ways in which this type of variation can be detected is through comparative corpus-based quantitative research,that is, through counting the frequency of occurrence of a metaphor and the diversity of its figurative expressions (e.g., Boers & Demecheleer, 1997; Deignan, 1999).Such subtle variations in the productivity of shared metaphors may seem trivial at first,but there is some evidence to suggest that they do have an impact on learn-ers’comprehension of L2figurative idioms.For example,French-speaking learn-ers of English seem to find it harder to“guess”the meaning of English idioms de-rived from the domain of sailing than of those derived from the domain of eatingINTRODUCTION235 (Boers&Demecheleer,2001).In addition,the high frequency and diversity of a particular metaphor can sometimes be taken as a reflection of a country’s history (e.g.,the comparatively high number of sailing metaphors in British English)or even its national stereotypes(e.g.,the relatively high number of gardening meta-phors in British English;Boers,1999).In such cases,awareness of metaphor might even serve as a window onto a community’s “culture.”Although the connection between metaphor and culture is an intricate one(e.g., Kövecses,1999;Palmer,1996),variation in metaphor usage could also be studied with a view to finding(indirect)evidence of linguistic relativity(e.g.,Niemeier& Dirven,2000),in the sense that a community’s figurative language could be con-sidered as a reflection of that community’s conventional patterns of thought or world views(e.g.,Lakoff,1987,p.295;Palmer,1996,p.222–245).A warning note about this approach is sounded in this issue by Deignan who cautions us to in-terpret metaphor in language mostly as a diachronic reflection of culture rather than a synchronic one.In her article,Deignan(this issue)uses corpus linguistics to compare the rela-tive degrees of productivity of a number of source domains of metaphor across var-ious languages.Although her corpus evidence suggests that there is variation in metaphor usage across the different languages,she also cautions that this should not automatically be taken as evidence of present cultural differences.A lot of fig-urative expressions may“merely”be reliquaries of a community’s past culture. Nevertheless,she supports the view that historical perspectives on figurative ex-pressions as well as other systematic analyses of figurative language are beneficial to the foreign language learner.Even a partial and indirect culture-metaphor con-nection would support arguments to include“cultural awareness”objectives in the foreign language curriculum(e.g.,Byram,1997;Byram,Nichols,&Stevens, 2001; Kramsch, 1993).Let us now turn to the second type of cross-cultural variation in metaphor usage. This type occurs due to differences in the value-judgments that are associated with the source domain,the target domain,or the appropriateness of the metaphor as such.Cross-cultural differences of this kind carry the risk of learners’missing cul-ture-specific“connotations”of certain figurative expressions,which can in turn lead to communication failure.For example,not all communities tend to be equally appreciative of the institution of government.If an American chooses to liken his federal government to a machine,the underlying message may be that he feels this institution to be too impersonal and inflexible.Citizens of countries where governments are held in high esteem,on the other hand,might use a ma-chine metaphor to imply that this institution is actually effective and smooth-run-ning.People’s appreciation of particular metaphors also depends on the ruling “rhetorical etiquette”,which can vary across discourse communities,too(e.g., Eubanks,2000).Jeannette Littlemore’s article(this issue)investigates cross-cul-236BOERStural variation of this type by examining the effect of cross-cultural variation at the level of value-judgments associated with the use of certain metaphors.More specifically,Littlemore’s(this issue)study takes a closer look at the prob-lems experienced by overseas students studying at British universities when they need to interpret metaphors used by their British lecturers.Many of the problems appear related to cross-cultural differences in value systems,as detected by means of questionnaires borrowed from Hofstede(1980).Littlemore concludes that it is important for lecturers as well as students to reexamine their own sets of values and to be aware of possible areas of misunderstanding when using metaphors in ways that carry value-judgments.The third type of cross-cultural variation in metaphor usage to be addressed in this special issue concerns potential differences in the degree of pervasiveness of metaphor as such.Charteris-Black’s(this issue)comparative study of Malay and English therefore widens the scope of the discussion to include another figure of speech(or thought),namely metonymy.Special attention is given to what Goossens(1990)called“metaphtonymy,”that is,expressions that combine the processes of metaphor and metonymy.Apart from providing evidence of cross-cultural differences with regard to the evaluative use of particular figurative expressions(and their relevance for language learning),Charteris-Black demon-strates how a culture’s rhetorical etiquette can be reflected in its general preference for either metaphoric or metonymic phraseology.It could be argued of course that,as a result of ongoing economic and cultural globalisation,the cross-cultural differences in metaphor usage that are explored in this special issue will eventually be eroded.Alternatively,one may argue that globalisation involves increased cross-cultural contact,and thus increased oppor-tunities for cross-cultural communication.In the latter view,the need to master for-eign languages is obviously enhanced.If language is an integral part of culture,and if culture is expressed(albeit indirectly)through metaphor,then it follows that cross-cultural communication would benefit substantially from a heightened met-aphor awareness on the part of educators and language learners.REFERENCESBlock, D. (1992). Metaphors we teach and learn by.Prospect, 7(3), 42–55.Boers,F.(1999).When a bodily source domain becomes prominent:The joy of counting metaphor in the socio-economic domain.In R.W.Gibbs&G.J.Steen(Eds.),Metaphor in cognitive linguistics (pp. 47–56). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Boers, F. (2000). Metaphor awareness and vocabulary retention.Applied Linguistics,21, 553–571. Boers,F.(2001).Remembering figurative idioms by hypothesising about their origins.Prospect,16(3), 35–43.Boers,F.,&Demecheleer,M.(1997).A few metaphorical models in(western)economic discourse.In W.A.Liebert,G.Redeker,&L.Waugh(Eds.),Discourse and perspective in cognitive linguistics (pp. 115–129). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.INTRODUCTION237 Boers,F.,&Demecheleer,M.(2001).Measuring the impact of cross-cultural differences on learners’comprehension of imageable idioms.ELT Journal,55, 255–262.Byram,M.(1997).Teaching and assessing intercultural communicative competence.Clevedon,Avon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Byram,M.,Nichols,A.,&Stevens,D.(Eds.).(2001).Developing intercultural competence in practice. Clevedon, Avon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Cameron, L., & Low, G. (1999a). Metaphor: State of the art nguage Teaching, 32, 77–96. 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Cambridge, England: CUP.Deignan,A.(2003).Metaphoric expressions and culture:An indirect link.Metaphor and Symbol,18, 255–271.Deignan,A.,Gabrys,D.,&Solska,A.(1997).Teaching English metaphors using cross-linguistic awareness-raising activities.ELT Journal, 51, 352–360.Emanatian,M.(1995).Metaphor and the expression of emotion:The value of cross-cultural perspec-tives.Metaphor and Symbolic Activity, 10, 163–182.Eubanks,p.(2000).A war of words in the discourse of trade:The rhetorical constitution of metaphor. Carbondale, IL: Southern Illinois University Press.Goossens,L.(1990).Metaphtonymy:The interaction of metaphor and metonymy in expressions for linguistic action.Cognitive Linguistics, 1, 323–340.Grady, J. E. (1997). THEORIES ARE BUILDINGS revisited.Cognitive Linguistics, 8, 267–290. Grady,J.E.(1999).A typology of motivation for conceptual metaphor:Correlation vs.resemblance.In R.W.Gibbs&G.J.Steen(Eds.),Metaphor in cognitive linguistics(pp.79–100).Amsterdam:John Benjamins.Hofstede,G.(1980).Culture’s consequences:International differences in work-related values.Lon-don: Sage Publications.Johnson,M.(1987).The body in the mind:The bodily basis of meaning,imagination and reason.Chi-cago: University of Chicago Press.Katz,A.N.(1998).Figurative language and figurative thought:A review.In A.N.Katz,C.Cacciari,R. W.Gibbs,&M.Turner(Eds.),Figurative language and thought(pp.3–43).New York:Oxford Uni-versity Press.Kövecses,Z.(1995).The“container”metaphor of anger in English,Chinese,Japanese and Hungarian. In R.Zdravko(Ed.),From a metaphorical point of view:A multidisciplinary approach to the cogni-tive content of metaphor(pp. 117–147). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Kövecses,Z.(1999).Metaphor:Does it constitute or reflect cultural models?In R.W.Gibbs&G.J. 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Littlemore,J.(2003).The effect of cultural background on metaphor interpretation.Metaphor and Symbol, 18, 273–288.Low,G.(2003).Validating metaphoric models in applied linguistics.Metaphor and Symbol,18, 239–254.McGlone,M.(1996).Conceptual metaphors and figurative language interpretation:Food for thought? Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 544–565.Miller,A.I.(1995).Imagery and metaphor:The cognitive science connection.In R.Zdravko(Ed.), From a metaphorical point of view:A multidisciplinary approach to the cognitive content of meta-phor(pp. 199–224). Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Niemeier,S.,&Dirven,R.(Eds.).(2000).Evidence for linguistic relativity.Amsterdam:John Benjamins.Palmer, G. B. (1996).Toward a theory of cultural linguistics. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. Swan,M.(1997).The influence of the mother tongue on second language vocabulary acquisition and use.In N.Schmitt&M.McCarthy(Eds.),Vocabulary:Description,acquisition and pedagogy(pp. 156–180). 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黄酮类化合物作用机制外文文献
Flavonoids: a review of probable mechanisms of action and potential applications 1–3Robert J Nijveldt,Els van Nood,Danny EC van Hoorn,Petra G Boelens,Klaske van Norren,and Paul AM van Leeuwenby guest on April 16, 2014 Downloaded fromREVIEW OF FLAVONOIDS419by guest on April 16, 2014 Downloaded fromLeukocyte immobilizationThe immobilization and firm adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelial wall is another major mechanism responsible for the formation of oxygen-derived free radicals,but also for the release of cytotoxic oxidants and inflammatory mediators and furtheractivation of the complement system. Under normal conditions,leukocytes move freely along the endothelial wall. However,dur-ing ischemia and inflammation,various mainly endothelium-derived mediators and complement factors may cause adhesion of the leukocytes to the endothelial wall,thereby immobilizing them and stimulating degranulation of the neutrophil. As a result,oxi-dants and inflammatory mediators are released,resulting in injury to tissues. Oral administration of a purified micronized flavonoid fraction was reported to decrease the number of immobilized leukocytes during reperfusion (23). The decrease in the number of immobilized leukocytes by flavonoids may be related to the decrease in total serum complement and is a protective mecha-nism against inflammation-like conditions associated with,for example,reperfusion injury (23,24). Some flavonoids can inhibit degranulation of neutrophils without affecting superoxide pro-duction (25). The inhibitory effect of some flavonoids on mast cell degranulation was shown to be due to modulation of the receptor-directed Ca 2+channels in the plasma membrane (26).Interaction with other enzyme systemsCompared with research on the antioxidant capacities of flavonoids,there has been relatively little research on other ben-eficial effects of flavonoids. The major effects of flavonoids (eg,antiallergic effects) may be the result of radical scavenging.Another possible mechanism by which flavonoids act is through interaction with various enzyme systems. Furthermore,someeffects may be a result of a combination of radical scavenging and an interaction with enzyme functions.When reactive oxygen species are in the presence of iron,lipid peroxidation results (27). Specific flavonoids are known to chelate iron (28),thereby removing a causal factor for the devel-opment of free radicals. Quercetin in particular is known for its iron-chelating and iron-stabilizing properties. Direct inhibition of lipid peroxidation is another protective measure (29).Selected flavonoids can reduce complement activation,thereby decreasing the adhesion of inflammatory cells to the endothe-lium (24) and in general resulting in a diminished inflammatory response. Another feature of flavonoids is a reduction in the release of peroxidase. This reduction inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species by neutrophils by interfering with ␣1-antitrypsin activation. A progressive inactivation of proteolytic enzymes was described in neutrophils (30).Another interesting effect of flavonoids on enzyme systems is the inhibition of the metabolism of arachidonic acid (31). This feature gives flavonoids antiinflammatory and antithrombogenic properties. The release of arachidonic acid is a starting point for a general inflammatory response. Neutrophils containing lipoxy-genase create chemotactic compounds from arachidonic acid.They also provoke the release of cytokines.INTAKE,ABSORPTION,CONJUGATION,AND TOXICITY OF FLA VONOIDS IntakeThe average daily flavonoid intake in the Netherlands is esti-mated to be 23 mg/d (32). Intakes of flavonoids exceed those of420NIJVELDT ET ALFIGURE 1.The molecular structure of each group of flavonoids.by guest on April 16, 2014 Downloaded fromvitamin E and -carotene,whereas the average intake of vita-min C is 3 times higher than the intake of flavonoids. Flavonoid intakes seem to vary greatly between countries; the lowest intakes (Ϸ2.6 mg/d) are in Finland and the highest intakes (68.2 mg/d) are in Japan (4,24,33). Quercetin is the most important contributor to the estimated intake of flavonoids,mainly from the consumption of apples and onions (34). A major problem in cohort studies of flavonoid intakes is that only a lim-ited number of flavonoids can be measured in biological sam-ples,and more importantly,only a relatively small number of fruit and vegetables are used to make an accurate estimation.AbsorptionData on the absorption,metabolism,and excretion of flavonoids in humans are contradictory and scarce (35–40). Some studies showed that the most intensely studied dietary flavonoid,quercetin,is absorbed in significant amounts (35,41). Naturally occurring flavones exist predominantly in a glycosylated form rather than in their aglycone form. The form of the flavonoid seems to influence the rate of absorption. Hollman and Katan (39) suggested that the glycosylated forms of quercetin are absorbed more readily than are the aglycone forms; however,this has been questioned by other researchers (40). The role of flavonoid glycosylation in facil-itating absorption is questioned by the fact that catechin,which is not glycosylated in nature,is absorbed relatively efficiently (42).ConjugationIt is generally accepted that the conjugation pathway for flavonoids (catechins) begins with the conjugation of a glu-curonide moiety in intestinal cells. The flavonoid is then bound to albumin and transported to the liver (43,44). The liver can extend the conjugation of the flavonoid by adding a sulfate group,a methyl group,or both. The addition of these groups increases the circulatory elimination time and probably also decreases toxicity.There are several possible locations for the conjugates on the flavonoid skeleton. The type of conjugate and its location on the flavonoid skeleton probably determine the enzyme-inhibiting capacity,the antioxidant activity,or both of the flavonoid. Recentdata suggest that the regular intake of flavonoids results in a more predominant formation of several conjugates,which prob-ably results in greater activity. A detailed example is given in the study by Manach et al (43),in which a high dose of quercetin was administered to a group of rats adjusted to flavonoid intake and to a nonadjusted group. Results of this study indicated that the conjugated compound isorhamnetin was formed in higher quantities in the adjusted group,which is important because it is known to be even more active than is the aglycone form of quercetin on xanthine oxidase inhibition (45).Concentrations of individual flavonoids and their biologically active conjugates may not be high enough after occasional intake to explain the low mortality rates from cardiovascular disease in Mediterranean countries. However,because the half-lives of con-jugated flavonoids are rather long (23–28 h) (41),accumulation may occur with regular intakes,which may in turn result in suf-ficiently active flavonoid concentrations.ToxicityThere is much controversy regarding the purported toxic or even mutagenic properties of quercetin. Formica and Regelson (3) gave an interesting overview of the in vitro and vivo studies on quercetin. The early data on toxic side effects are mainly derived from in vitro studies. At a conference of the Federation of Ameri-can Societies for Experimental Biology in 1984 on mutagenic food flavonoids,carcinogenicity was reported in just 1 of 17 feeding studies conducted in laboratory animals (46,47). Dunnick and Hai-ley (48) reported that high doses of quercetin over several years might result in the formation of tumors in mice. However,in other long-term studies,no carcinogenicity was found (49). In contrast with the potential mutagenic effects of flavonoids in earlier studies,several more recent reports indicate that flavonoids,including quercetin,seem to be antimutagenic in vivo (3,50,51). A large clinical study by Knekt et al (34),in which 9959 men and women were followed for 24 y,showed an inverse relation between the intake of flavonoids (eg,quercetin) and lung cancer. One possible explanation for these conflicting data is that flavonoids are toxic to cancer cells or to immortalized cells,but are not toxic or are lessREVIEW OF FLAVONOIDS 421FIGURE 2. Hypothesis of the links between the working mechanisms of flavonoids and their effects on disease. NO,nitrous oxide.by guest on April 16, 2014 Downloaded fromtoxic to normal cells. If this is true,flavonoids might play a role in the prevention of cancer that is worthy of further investigation.CLINICAL EFFECTSAn overview of the hypothetical links between the working mechanisms and clinical effects of flavonoids is given in Figure 2.The different clinical effects of flavonoids are discussed in greater detail below.Antiatherosclerotic effectsBecause of their antioxidative properties,flavonoids are likely to have a major influence on the vascular system. Oxygen radicals can oxidize LDL,which injures the endothelial wall and thereby promotes atherosclerotic changes. A few clinical studies have pointed out that flavonoid intakes protect against coronary heart disease (4,52). Hertog et al (4) stated that the flavonoids in reg-ularly consumed foods might reduce the risk of death from coro-nary heart disease in elderly men. Furthermore,a Japanese study reported an inverse correlation between flavonoid intake and total plasma cholesterol concentrations (53). Oxidative stress and vas-cular damage are postulated to play a key role in dementia,and the intake of red wine is reported to prevent the development of dementia (54). The intake of flavonoids was reported to be inversely related to the risk of incident dementia (55).Antiinflammatory effectsCyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase play an important role as inflammatory mediators. They are involved in the release of arachidonic acid,which is a starting point for a general inflamma-tory response. Neutrophils containing lipoxygenase create chemo-tactic compounds from arachidonic acid. They also provoke the release of cytokines. Selected phenolic compounds were shown to inhibit both the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways (31,56,57). This inhibition reduces the release of arachidonic acid (58). The exact mechanism by which flavonoids inhibit these enzymes is not clear. Quercetin,in particular,inhibits both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase activities,thus diminishing the formation of these inflammatory metabolites (6,59).Another antiinflammatory feature is the ability of flavonoids to inhibit eicosanoid biosynthesis (3,60). Eicosanoids,such as prostaglandins,are involved in various immunologic responses (61) and are the end products of the cyclooxygenase and lipoxy-genase pathways. Flavonoids also inhibit both cytosolic and membranal tyrosine kinase (3). Integral membrane proteins,such as tyrosine 3-monooxygenase kinase,are involved in a vari-ety of functions,such as enzyme catalysis,transport across membranes,transduction of signals that function as receptors of hormones and growth factors,and energy transfer in ATP syn-thesis. Inhibition of these proteins results in inhibition of uncon-trolled cell growth and proliferation. Tyrosine kinase substrates seem to play key roles in the signal transduction pathway that regulates cell proliferation. Another antiinflammatory property of flavonoids is their suggested ability to inhibit neutrophil degranulation. This is a direct way to diminish the release of arachidonic acid by neutrophils and other immune cells (62,63).Antitumor effectsThe antitumor activity of flavonoids is still a point of discus-sion. Antioxidant systems are frequently inadequate,and damagefrom reactive oxygen species is proposed to be involved in car-cinogenesis (64,65). Reactive oxygen species can damage DNA,and division of cells with unrepaired or misrepaired damage leads to mutations. If these changes appear in critical genes,such as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes,initiation or progres-sion may result. Reactive oxygen species can interfere directly with cell signaling and growth. The cellular damage caused by reactive oxygen species can induce mitosis,increasing the risk that damaged DNA will lead to mutations,and can increase the exposure of DNA to mutagens.It has been stated that flavonoids,as antioxidants,can inhibit carcinogenesis (66). Some flavonoids—such as fisetin,apigenin,and luteolin—are stated to be potent inhibitors of cell prolifera-tion (67). A large clinical study suggested the presence of an inverse association between flavonoid intake and the subsequent incidence of lung cancer (34). This effect was mainly ascribed to quercetin,which provided >95% of the total flavonoid intake in that particular study. Quercetin and apigenin inhibited melanoma growth and influenced the invasive and metastatic potential in mice (68). This finding may offer new insights about possible therapies for metastatic disease. Furthermore,it has been specu-lated that flavonoids can inhibit angiogenesis (67). Angiogenesis is normally a strictly controlled process in the human body. The process of angiogenesis is regulated by a variety of endogenous angiogenic and angiostatic factors. It is switched on,for exam-ple,during wound healing. Pathologic,unregulated angiogenesis occurs in cancer (69). Angiogenesis inhibitors can interfere with various steps in angiogenesis,such as the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells and lumen formation. Among the known angiogenesis inhibitors,flavonoids seem to play an important role (67,70). H owever,the mechanism behind the antiangiogenetic effect of flavonoids is unclear. A possible mechanism could be inhibition of protein kinases (71). These enzymes are implicated to play an important role in signal trans-duction and are known for their effects on angiogenesis.Antithrombogenic effectsPlatelet aggregation contributes to both the development of atherosclerosis and acute platelet thrombus formation,followed by embolization of stenosed arteries. Activated platelets adhering to vascular endothelium generate lipid peroxides and oxygen free radicals,which inhibit the endothelial formation of prostacyclin and nitrous oxide. It was shown in the 1960s that tea pigment can reduce blood coagulability,increase fibrinolysis,and prevent platelet adhesion and aggregation (72). Selected flavonoids,such as quercetin,kaempferol,and myricetin were shown to be effec-tive inhibitors of platelet aggregation in dogs and monkeys (73).Flavonols are particularly antithrombotic because they directly scavenge free radicals,thereby maintaining proper concentrations of endothelial prostacyclin and nitric oxide (74). One study showed that flavonoids are powerful antithrombotic agents in vitro and in vivo because of their inhibition of the activity of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways (75). It is well known that arachidonic acid,which is released in inflammatory conditions,is metabolized by platelets to form prostaglandin,endoperoxides,and thromboxane A 2,leading to platelet activa-tion and aggregation (76). The main antiaggregatory effect of flavonoids is thought to be by inhibition of thromboxane A 2formation. Flavonoids affect arachidonic acid metabolism in dif-ferent ways. Some flavonoids specifically block cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase,whereas others block both enzymes (77). In422NIJVELDT ET ALby guest on April 16, 2014Downloaded fromvitro studies showed that flavonoids bind to platelet membranes and may therefore have an accumulative effect over time (78).Antiosteoporotic effectsIn an English study,bone mineral density was compared between older women who consumed tea and those who did not.Women in the study who drank tea had higher bone mineral den-sity measurements than did those who did not drink tea. The flavonoids in tea might be responsible for the prevention of osteoporosis (79).Antiviral effectsThe antiviral activity of flavonoids was shown in a study by Wang et al (80). Some of the viruses reported to be affected by flavonoids are herpes simplex virus,respiratory syncytial virus,parainfluenza virus,and adenovirus. Quercetin was reported to exhibit both antiinfective and antireplicative abilities. The inter-action of flavonoids with the different stages in the replication cycle of viruses was previously described (81). For example,some flavonoids work on the intracellular replication of viruses,whereas others inhibit the infectious properties of the viruses. By far,most studies of the effects on viruses were performed in vitro and little is known about the antiviral effect of flavonoids in vivo. There is some evidence that flavonoids in their glycone form seem to be more inhibitory on rotavirus infectivity than are flavonoids in their aglycone form (82).Because of the worldwide spread of H IV since the 1980s,investigations of the antiviral activity of flavonoids have mainly focused on HIV. Many natural products can inhibit various stages of the replication cycle of the virus. The discovery and develop-ment of flavonoids as anti-HIV agents has expanded in the past 2decades. Most of these studies focused on the inhibitory activ-ity of reverse transcriptase,or RNA-directed DNA polymerase (83),but antiintegrase and antiprotease activities were also described (1). Again,flavonoids have mainly been studied in in vitro experiments; therefore,no clear contribution of flavonoids to the treatment of HIV-infected patients has yet been shown (84).FUTURE IMPLICATIONSSome epidemiologic studies suggest a cardioprotective role of flavonoids against coronary heart disease. One large clinical study indicated that flavonoids may reduce mortality from coro-nary heart disease (52). Various cohort studies indicated an inverse association between flavonoid intakes and coronary heart disease mortality (4,5,85).These studies are promising and indicate that flavonoids may be useful food compounds.Flavonoids have received much attention in the literature over the past 10 y and a variety of potential beneficial effects have been elucidated. However,most of the research involved in vitro studies; therefore,it is difficult to draw definite conclusions about the usefulness of flavonoids in the diet.The study of flavonoids is complex because of the hetero-geneity of the different molecular structures and the scarcity of data on bioavailability. Furthermore,insufficient methods are available to measure oxidative damage in vivo and the measure-ment of objective endpoints remains difficult. There is a need to improve analytic techniques to allow collection of more data on absorption and excretion. Data on the long-term consequences of chronic flavonoid ingestion are especially scarce. In conclusion,the in vivo studies that have been performed do give a hopefulpicture for the future. Currently,the intake of fruit,vegetables,and beverages (eg,tea and moderate amounts of red wine) con-taining flavonoids is recommended,although it is too early to make recommendations on daily flavonoid intakes.REFERENCES1.Middleton EJ. 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Checklist for authorsthey submit a page-numbered manuscript where all sections of the manuscript are typewritten, double-spaced on standard-size paper with 2.5 cm (1 inch) margins, and any other supplementary material (e.g., crystallographic CIF data);the title page includes the title, authors' names, and the names and addresses of the institutions where the work was done;the corresponding author is indicated along with his or her e-mail address and telephone and fax numbers;page 2 contains the abstract and key words;the format and style conform to that of current articles in the Journal;Authors should not include graphics of the chemical structures in the tables that describe the details of the chemical syntheses; instead please gather all chemical structures in one CHART labeled with structure NUMBERS and refer to the structures using those numbers in the table;a graphical abstract is provided on a separate page;they submit an acknowledgement section that fully discloses the funding sources for the research; andthey submit a signed copyright license form.b. CJC Best Paper Award (for Canadian scientists only)The Canadian Journal of Chemistry (CJC) Best Paper Award recognizes the “best paper”published in the volume year of the CJC by a scientist residing in Canada.Canadian scientists: when submitting a manuscript to CJC at /cjc-pubs, please indicate whether you wish the manuscript to be considered for the award nomination. Nominees must hold a professional appointment as an independent researcher in academia, government, or industry in Canada at the time of nomination, and must be the sole corresponding author or one of the corresponding authors of the manuscript.Please click here to read the full Terms of Reference for the CJC Best Paper Award.c. Revised manuscriptsA revised manuscript should be returned within 14 days for minor changes and 30 days for major revisions. If the manuscript is not returned within this time frame, it will be considered withdrawn by the author; any revised version submitted subsequently will be considered a new contribution.5. Peer review and evaluationAlthough the Editors generally seek the advice of scientific peers, they may decline without review those manuscripts judged inappropriate for the Journal. If the manuscript is accepted for review, the Editor will seek advice from a minimum of two reviewers selected for their knowledge of, and their experience in, the subject treated in the manuscript. Reviewers are invited, in confidence, to recommend on the suitability of the submission and provide comments for the authors and the Editor. The Editor retains full responsibility, however, for all decisions regarding the manuscript. Authors are invited to suggest reviewers who are competent to examine their manuscript, but the Editor is not limited to such suggestions. Reviewers are informed that they have received privileged documents for assessment of scientific merit and are expected to provide reasonable arguments to support their evaluations. Identities of reviewers will not be released to authors without the written consent of the reviewer.6. Publication processa. GeneralThe Editorial Office checks all accepted manuscripts for conformation to the Instructions to Authors and to ensure that all necessary paperwork, including a signed licence to publish form (see section Copyright license), is present. Any areas that are identified as problematic will be addressed by the Editorial Office in consultation with the corresponding author. Once the Editorial Office has resolved any problems, the manuscript is forwarded to NRC Research Press in Ottawa for publication. The papers are prepared for publication by a professional copy editor responsible for ensuring that the final published work is consistent in form and style. Authors who so choose can have a pdf of the accepted version of their manuscript (prior to copy editing and page composition) loaded to the Journal’s Web site while their paper is undergoing the regular production process. To learn more about this, see our FAQ page on “Just-IN”manuscripts. Once the paper has been accepted, all future correspondence should be with NRC Research Press, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6, Canada (fax: 613-656-9838; e-mail: pubs@; URL: /cjc). NRC Research Press may make editorial changes as required, but will not make substantive changes in the content of a paper without consultation with the author and the Editors.b. Galley proofsA galley proof, the copy-edited manuscript, and a reprint order form are sent to the corresponding author. Galley proofs must be checked very carefully, as they will not be proofread by NRC Research Press, and must be returned within 48 hours of receipt. The proof stage is not the time to make extensive corrections, additions, or deletions, and the cost of changes introduced at the proof stage and deemed to be excessive will be charged to the author. Questions concerning galley proofs should be addressed to Peter Burke (613-656-9846 ext. 246; fax: 613-656-9838; e-mail: Peter.Burke@).c. Reprints and e-printsIf reprints are desired, the author must follow instructions for ordering from Rightslink, which are forwarded with the galley proofs. Other customers can order reprints directly from the “Reprints and permissions”link for the published article on the Web site. The Journal does not provide free offprints or reprints, and these are not mailed until an order is placed through Rightslink. PDFs can be ordered directly from NRC Research Press for a fee.d. Permission to reproduce copyright materialWhenever a manuscript contains material (tables, figures, charts, etc.) that has been previously published and, hence, is protected by copyright, it is the obligation of the author to secure written permission from the holder of the copyright to reproduce the material for both the print and electronic formats. These letters must accompany the submitted manuscript.e. Copyright licenseAll authors are required to complete a copyright license form licensing rights to Canadian Science Publishing (CSP). Most authors will sign the License to Publish form, which grants certain rightsto Canadian Science Publishing. Employees of the government in Commonwealth countries (covered by Crown copyright) will sign a publishing agreement, and employees of the US government will sign a form licensing rights to Canadian Science Publishing. Copyright license forms are available from the Editor and through the online submission and peer review (ScholarOne) system.f. Permission to reprint material published in NRC Research Press journalsPermission to reproduce or republish the paper, in whole or in part, should be requested via Rightslink, by using the “Reprints and permissions”link for the published article on the Web site.8. The manuscripta. Format and organizationAll sections of the manuscript, including tables, figure captions, and references, should be double-spaced with 2.5 cm (1 inch) margins. The first page should contain only the title; the authors’names; the names and addresses of the institutions at which the work was done; the name and e-mail address, along with the telephone and fax numbers, of the corresponding author; and any relevant footnotes. The manuscript will include the abstract(s) (p. 2) and the main body of the text, followed by, in order, acknowledgements, references, any appendices, tables, and figure captions. Figure captions should be on a separate page in numerical order. Each page of the manuscript should be numbered, beginning with the title page. Writing should be as concise as is commensurate with adequate clarity.All tables and equations are required to be in a workable format that can be physically manipulated. Equations should be represented in true editable format, preferably using a math editor (MathType); however, authors should insert simple inline equations in text without using MathType. When inserting symbols from Word's "Symbol" palette, authors should use the “normal text”or "symbol" fonts. Symbols should be inserted using MathType ONL Y if they cannot be found in the "Symbol" palette under one of those two fonts. Tables and equations must not be submitted in .gif, .jpg, or other picture formats (neither within the manuscript nor as separate files). Tables must be in a workable table format (preferred), an Excel spreadsheet format, or typed into the text.An electronic copy of the original manuscript and supplementary material including crystallographic information files is required. The electronic copy of the supplementary material will be posted in its native format free of charge on the Journal Web site.b. Presenting a manuscript to maximize its online discoverabilityBoth titles and abstracts provide information for contemporary alerting and information retrieval services, and should therefore be informative but brief. In compliance with a request from the Chemical Abstracts Service, the Editors urge all authors to use full forenames rather than initials and (or) one forename. Authors are encouraged to include uniform resource locators (URLs) and digital object identifiers (DOIs) to enable readers to find material on the Web. URLs and DOIs forreferences cited should be placed after the reference in the reference list; other URLs and DOIs should be placed in context in the text.Authors can set up their manuscript to maximize its online discoverability by following a few simple guidelines. Because the Title and Abstract are free to all readers and because most search engines give extra weight to keyword phrases inheadings and to repeated phrases, wording of the Title and Abstract isespecially important to increase the chance your paper will be found. Follow the instructions below when writing your Title and Abstract; include keyphrases you feel a reader would use when conducting a literature search in the area of your paper.c. TitleTitles not only provide information for alertingand information retrieval services, they are also the most heavily weighted element of a paper for online search engines. Therefore, titles should contain important descriptive phrases that relate to the topic and key result. Titles should be brief and clear.d. AbstractEach manuscript must be accompanied by an abstract. Authors must provide three to five key words directly below the abstract for use by the indexing services. The abstract should be preceded by the title and authors' names so that one copy, on a separate page, can be sent to the translator. The abstract should not exceed one page for articles and should not include abbreviations or references. Authors who can submit abstracts in both English and French are encouraged to do so.An abstract is required for every contribution. Its content is particularly important for alerting services, search engines, and for readers, who scan the abstract to decide whether to download and read the rest of the paper. The abstract should be well-written and contain three or four descriptive keyword phrases that will draw the reader to the content. Because search engines look for duplication of terms, repeating keyword phrases in the title and abstract increases the chance that a paper will be found during an online search; care should be taken, however, because excessive repetition of a term can cause a search engine to reject a web page. The abstract should state the academic rationale (purpose) of the work, the design and methods used in thestudy, key results and trends, and lastly implications and conclusions of your work.e. ExperimentalThe experimental, or computational, material must be sufficiently detailed to permit reproduction of the work, but must be concise and avoid lengthy descriptions of known procedures; the latter should be specified by appropriate references. A reader's attention should be drawn to any new or unusual hazards encountered in the experimental work.f. Analyses and spectraIt is the responsibility of authors to provide fully convincing evidence for the homogeneity and identity of all compounds they claim as new. Evidence of both purity and identity normally includes good elemental analytical data. If a given new compound reported is a solid or a crystalline material, the mp of the recrystallized material must be given, together with the recrystallization solvent(s) and combustion analysis data (C, H, N, and other elements as appropriate). Only if there is difficulty in obtaining combustion analysis data (e.g., the compound is unstable, difficult to handle, analysis is irreproducible) will HRMS data and 13C NMR spectroscopic data be accepted in lieu of analytical data. An accurate mass measurement of a molecular ion is acceptable as evidence for chemical composition provided that independent evidence for sample purity is given. Where such data are not available, the 13C NMR and (or) 1H NMR spectra of certain compounds, or other evidence, may be acceptable provided that these alternatives are convincing both to an expert in the area and to the Editors.g. Rate and equilibrium constantsPrimary experimental results should be available to readers in the form of tables, which may be included with the published manuscript or may be treated as supplementary material. In general, examples of the primary experimental data should be included, especially if an innovative or nonstandard data treatment is employed. In papers reporting kinetics experiments, the primary rate constants must be presented, while in papers describing the determination of acidity functions, tables of log I (I = intensity) as a function of acid concentration should be given. The only acceptable unit of time for a rate constant is the second.h. FootnotesFootnotes to material in the text should not be used at all, but their use is encouraged in tables. Where used in the text, footnotes should be cited as references in the manuscript by superscript Arabic numbers (except in the tables, see below) and should be included in the references list and numbered serially according to the citation in the manuscript.i. Equations and list of symbolsEquations should be clearly typed; triple-spacing should be used if superscripts and (or) subscripts are involved. Superscripts and subscripts should be legible and carefully placed. Distinguish between lowercase l and the numeral one, and between capital O and the numeral zero. A letter or symbol should represent only one entity and be used consistently throughout the paper. Each variable must be defined in the text or in a List of symbols to appear after the reference list. Variables representing vectors, matrices, vector matrices, and tensors must be clearly identified. Numbers identifying equations must be in parentheses and placed flush with the left margin. In numbering, no distinction is made between mathematical and chemical equations.j. ReferencesReferences should be verified by checking the original publications. In the reference list, which follows the acknowledgements, references are numbered and listed in the order in which they are first cited in the text. Each reference must be cited in the text and designated therein by its unique key number typed superscripted following the punctuation. In a reference to the periodical literature, initials follow the surnames of the authors. Authors’names are separated bysemicolons and are followed by the name of the periodical (abbreviated in the form used in CASSI, Chemical Abstracts Service, P.O. Box 3012, Columbus, OH 43210, USA), the year, the volume number, and the initial page number. References to books, conference proceedings, theses, etc., should include the name(s) and initials of the author(s), the title of the publication, the name(s) and initials of the editor(s), if any, the name of the publisher, the city and year of publication, and the page or chapter cited. For examples of the appropriate format see a recent issue of the Journal.Uniform reference locators (URLs) or digital object identifiers (DOIs) are useful in locating references on the Web, and authors are encouraged to include these; they should be added to the end of the reference.When citing material that has appeared in a format not readily available in a scientific library, the author must provide the Editors with two copies of the document; for a manuscript “in press”, one copy is sufficient.k. TablesTables should be numbered in Arabic numerals in the order cited in the text and each should have a brief title. All information in the tables should be double-spaced, except for mathematical or chemical equations, chemical structures, or complicated entries, which should be triple-spaced. Type each table on a separate sheet. Abbreviations may be used in the brief column headings with explanatory footnotes where necessary. Tables should not contain vertical rules or superfluous horizontal rules. Footnotes are indicated by lowercase italic superscript letters. Other descriptive notes may be placed below the table, designated by Note.l. AppendicesFigures and tables used in an appendix should be numbered sequentially but separately from those used in the main body of the paper, for example, Fig. A1, Table A1, etc.m. Supplementary materialSupplementary material (or data) consists of extra tables, figures (maps), detailed calculations, and data sets produced by the authors as part of their research, but not essential for understanding or evaluating the paper, and not published with the article in the print edition of the journal. This material is never edited, converted, or scanned, and therefore will appear exactly as submitted. This is to prevent any errors from being inadvertently introduced during file manipulation or printing. Tables and figures should be numbered in sequence separate from those published with the paper (e.g., Fig. S1, Table S1) and all supplementary material should be referred to in the manuscript as a separate section. Supplementary material must be submitted with the article in electronic format. During submission (ScholarOne), relevant files should be attached under “Supplementary data”.The supplementary material will be made available in its native file format on the journal Web site (at no cost to readers).To minimize any potential problems associated with submitted crystallographic information files,we now require that the corresponding author include in the cover letter the contact information of the crystallographer who recorded the data and may have refined the structure if that crystallographer is not a co-author on the paper.9. Style guidelinesa. SpellingSpelling should follow that of Webster's Third New International Dictionary or the Oxford English Dictionary. Authors are responsible for consistency in spelling.b. Units of measurementSymbols, units, and nomenclature should conform to international recommendations such as those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and the International Union of Pure and Applied Physics. SI units (Système international d'unités) should be used or SI equivalents should be given. This system is explained and other useful information is given in the Canadian Metric Practice Guide (2000), CAN/CSA-Z234.1-00, published by the Canadian Standards Association (5060 Spectrum Way, Missassauga, ON M9W 1R3, Canada). For practical reasons, some exceptions to SI units are allowed. Units such as molarity, kilocalorie, reciprocal centimetre (wave number), and atmosphere may be used for the foreseeable future. An interim list of acceptable non-SI units is reported in Anal. Chem. 1982, 54, 155. If a formula or name of a chemical compound is referred to by a number, a boldface Arabic number should be used.c. Abbreviations and symbolsAbbreviations for names of substances, procedures, organizations, etc., must be defined the first time they are used. Symbols and Greek letters or little-used characters should be clearly identified; superscripts and subscripts should be legible and correctly placed.d. NomenclatureThe following references are pertinent in nomenclature: Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry, Sections A, B, C, D, E, F, and H, Pergamon Press, London, 1979; Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry, Butterworth, London, 1971; Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry, Blackwell, London, 1987. Tentative recommendations exist for organometallic nomenclature, IUPAC Information Bulletin No. 31, 1973; for stereochemical designations, J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 2849; and for steroids, J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 1517. Although tentative IUPAC rules have been published for carbohydrate nomenclature (Biochemistry, 1971, 10, 3983), the Editors recommend the use of the British–American nomenclature (J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 281), until the IUPAC rules become definitive. For nomenclature not covered by international convention, the usage of the American Chemical Society should be followed, e.g., The Naming and Indexing of Chemical Compounds (Introduction to Chemical Abstracts Subject Index 56, 1962). Rigid adherence to nomenclature rules is not expected each time a compound is mentioned in a manuscript, but the approved names should be given at least once, preferably in an early part of the manuscript.10. Illustrationsa. GeneralEach figure or group of figures should be planned to fit, after appropriate reduction, into the area of either one or two columns of text. The maximum finished size of a one-column illustration is8.6 ×23.7 cm (3.4 ×9.3 in.) and that of a two-column illustration is 18.2 ×23.7 cm (7.2 ×9.3 in.). The figures (including halftones) must be numbered consecutively in Arabic numerals, and each one must be referred to in the text and must be self-explanatory. All terms, abbreviations, and symbols must correspond with those in the text. Only essential labelling should be used, with detailed information given in the caption.b. Line drawingsAll lines must be sufficiently thick (0.5 points minimum) to reproduce well, and all symbols, superscripts, subscripts, and decimal points must be in good proportion to the rest of the drawing and large enough to allow for any necessary reduction without loss of detail. Avoid small open symbols; these tend to fill in upon reproduction. Lettering produced by dot matrix printers or typewriters, or by hand, is not acceptable. The same font style and lettering sizes should be used for all figures of similar size in any one paper. Original recorder tracings of NMR, IR, ESR spectra, etc., are not acceptable for reproduction; they must be redrawn.c. Structural drawingsStructures and schemes should be placed on separate pages (not within the text). Use of a computer drawing program such as ChemDraw or ChemWindows is highly recommended. Single-width bold and broken lines are preferred to wedges for stereochemical notation; 12-pt Helvetica font should be used for atom labels.d. Graphical abstractsGraphical abstracts are published as part of the Table of Contents. The graphical abstract may consist of a small structural diagram, equation, or other informative drawing that serves to illustrate the subject of the article. Authors should note that the maximum allowable size of the final reproduction is 40 mm high by 85 mm wide without text (except necessary labels) and should plan accordingly. The graphical abstract must be submitted in an electronic format.e. PhotographsPhotographs should be continuous tone, of high quality, and with strong contrast. Only essential features should be shown. A photograph, or group of them, should be planned to fit into the area of either one or two columns of text with no further reduction.f. Colour illustrationsWhen colour is necessary to understand the scientific content of an illustration, the figure may be published in the print Journal free of charge. The decision to print in colour will made at the discretion of the Editor. Other graphics will be printed in black and white. All colour graphics supplied will be published in colour on the Journal Web site free of charge.g. Preparation of electronic graphic filesNRC Research Press requests the submission of electronic illustration files for accepted manuscripts.Electronic graphics can be accepted on CD-ROM. If sending a CD-ROM, clearly identify (i) the software application and version and (ii) file name(s), size, and extension. If you have compressed your files, indicate what compression format was used. PC or Macintosh versions of True Type or Type 1 fonts should be used. Do not use bitmap or nonstandard fonts.See the electronic graphics list at /page/authors/information/graphics for accepted file formats. All figures should be submitted at the desired published size. For figures with several parts (e.g., a, b, c, d, etc.) created using the same software application, assemble them into one file rather than sending several files.Remember that the more complex your artwork becomes, the greater the possibility for problems at output time. Avoid complicated textures and shadings, especially in vector illustration programs; this increases the chance for a poor-quality final product.All colour files submitted must be as CMYK (cyan, magenta, yellow, and black). These colours are used in full-colour commercial printing. RGB graphics (red, green, and blue; colours specifically used to produce an image on a monitor) will not print correctly.Vector files are image files produced using elements such as lines and shapes. Typically these files are used for line drawings.Multimedia filesThe Journal allows authors to incorporate audio and video clips into their paper; these are published in the online version of the Journal, adding a dimension to the paper that cannot be achieved in the printed version. For submission guidelines and accepted formats, see the List of Accepted Graphic Files at /page/authors/information/graphics.12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK (Fax: 44-1223-336033 or e-mail: deposit@)).”The deposited data will not be archived to the Cambridge Structural Database until the paper has been published. If, after 15–18 months, the paper has not been published, the CCDC will contact the depositor to determine what should be done with the data.b. Notes for authorsA checklist of data items for deposition can be obtained from the CCDC Home Page on the Web (/) or by e-mail (fileserv@ with the one-line message sendme checklist). This list is NOT sufficient to complete a CIF for a checkcif program.To run a checkcif program, most of the fields on the CIF must be filled. The response will tell you about any fields that require completion. Please submit a complete CIF to the CCDC and not one containing only the parameters listed as required by the CCDC. This CIF will be appended to the electronic version of any paper published by the Canadian Journal of Chemistry.。
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Optical: Up to 4800 dpi; Enhanced Scanning Resolution: Up to 19,200 dpi BIT DEPTH/GRAY SCALE 48-bit, 65536 Gray scale levels FAX SPEED 3 sec per pageFAX RESOLUTION Black (best): Up to 300 x 300 dpi; Color (fine): Up to 200 x 200 dpiFAX FEATURESFax Memory: Up to 90 pages; Fax Polling: Yes; Auto Fax Reduction Supported: Yes; Fax Auto-Redialing: Yes; Fax Broadcasting, Max Locations: 20; Fax DelayedSending: Yes; Fax Forwarding Supported: Yes; Fax Speed Dialing, Max Numbers: Up to 90 numbers; Fax Telephone Mode Supported: No; Fax Phone TAM Interface Supported: Yes; Junk Barrier Supported: Yes, requires Caller ID; PC Interface Supported: Yes; Remote Retrieval Capability Supported: YesFAX PHONE FEATURES Resolution Lighter/Darker, 2-Sided Fax Send, Scan and Fax, Broadcast Fax, Send Fax Later, Poll to Receive, Set New Defaults CAMERA PHONE SUPPORTED YesCAMERA PHONE DESCRIPTION Direct photo printing from camera phones with memory cardsCOPIER SETTINGS Stand-alone copying: Actual size, Fit to page, Full page, Custom %, Legal to Letter, 2 on 1 and cropping COPIER REDUCE 25 to 400%COPY RESOLUTION Black Text and Graphics: Up to 1200 optimized dpi (from 600 input dpi); Color Text and Graphics: Up to 1200 optimized dpi (from 600 input dpi)COPY SPEED 3Black (normal): Up to 6 cpm; Color (normal): Up to 6 cpm COPIER SMARTSOFTWARE FEATURES 2-sided copy from ADF, Crop, Photo Enhancements MAXIMUM NUMBER OF COPIESUp to 50 copies MAXIMUM/STANDARD MEMORY64 MBCUSTOM MEDIA SIZES Photo Tray : 3.5 x 5 to 5 x 7 in; Main Tray : 3 x 5 to 8.5 x 14 inMEDIA TYPES SUPPORTED Paper (plain, inkjet, photo), transparencies, envelopes, labels, CDs, DVDs, cards (index, greeting)MEDIA WEIGHTS SUPPORTEDMain Tray: 16 to 75 lb Bond; Photo Tray: 53 to 75 lb BondMEDIA SIZES SUPPORTED Main Tray: letter, legal, executive, 3 x 5 in, 4 x 6 in, 5 x 7 in, 8 x 10 in, No. 10 envelopes; Photo Tray: 3.5 x 5 in, 4 x 6 in, 5 x 7 in RECOMMENDED MEDIA WEIGHT16 to 24 lbPRINT COLORS MAXIMUM 5PAPER HANDLING STANDARD/INPUT125-sheet input tray, 20-sheet photo tray;Input Capacities: Up to 125 sheets legal, Up to 60 sheets photo paper, Up to 60 sheets 4 x 6 photos, Up to 40 sheet transparencies, Up to 40 cards, Up to 15 envelopes;Output Capacities: Up to 10 sheets letter/legal, Up to 25 sheets labels, Up to 25 sheets transparencies, Up to 25 sheets photo paper, Up to 25 cards, Up to 15 envelopesVERTICAL ALIGNMENT ACCURACY +/- 0.006 inDISPLAY2.4" LCD (color graphics)NUMBER OF PRINT CARTRIDGES5 (1 each black, photo black, cyan, magenta, yellow)COMPATIBLE OPERATING SYSTEMS Microsoft ® Windows ® 7, Windows Vista ®, Windows ® XP (SP2)* or higher (32-bit only), Mac OS X v 10.5 or v 10.6MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTSPC: Microsoft ® Windows ® 7: 1 GHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor, 1 GB (32-bit) or 2 GB (64-bit) RAM, 1.3 GB hard disk space, Internet Explorer,CD-ROM/DVD drive or Internet connection, USB port, Windows Vista ®: 800 MHz 32-bit (x86) or 64-bit (x64) processor, 512 MB RAM, 1.3 GB hard disk space,Internet Explorer, CD-ROM/DVD drive or Internet connection, USB port, Windows ® XP (SP2)* or higher (32-bit only), any Intel Pentium II, Celeron or compatible processor, 233 MHz or higher; 128 MB RAM, 600 MB hard disk space, Internet Explorer 6 or higher, CD-ROM/DVD drive or Internet connection, USB port. *Supports 32-bit only; Mac: Mac OS X v 10.5 or v 10.6, PowerPC G4, G5 or Intel Core processor, 256 MB RAM, 300 MB available hard disk space, CD-ROM/DVD drive or internet connection, USB portOPERATING ENVIRONMENTRecommended Operating Temperature Range: 59 to 95º F (15 to 35º C); Storage Temperature Range: -40 to 140º F (-40 to 60º C); Operating Temperature Range: 41 to 104º F (5 to 40º C); Operating Humidity Range: 15 to 85% RH (non-condensing);Recommended Operating Humidity Range: 25 to 75% RH, 28º C maximum dewpoint (non-condensing);Non-Operating Humidity: 10 to 90% RH (non-condensing)ACOUSTICSAcoustic Power Emissions: 6.7 B(A) (printing at 16ppm); Acoustic Power Emissions (active, copy or scan): 6.2 B(A) (copying through ADF at 5 ppm); Acoustic Pressure Emissions: 54 dB(A) (printing at 16 ppm)POWERPower Supply Type: External AC adapter; Power Requirements: Input voltage: 100 to 240 V (+/- 10%), 50 to 60 Hz (+/- 3 Hz), 1.3 A; Power Consumption: 34 watts active, 4.4 watts sleep, 6 watts standby, 0.4 watts manual-offPRODUCT DIMENSIONS 18.43 x 17.8 x 11.14 in with duplexer (468 x 453 x 283 mm with duplexer) Maximum: 18.43 x 22.75 x 19.48 in with duplexer PRODUCT WEIGHT 22.92 lb (10.4 kg)WHAT’S IN THE BOXHP Photosmart Premium Fax e-All-in-One Printer (C410a), Basics Guide, HP 564 Black Ink Cartridge (~ 250 pages), HP 564 Photo Black Ink Cartridge (~ 130 4 x 6-in photos), HP 564 Cyan Ink Cartridge (~ 300 pages), HP 564 Magenta Ink Cartridge (~ 300 pages), HP 564 Yellow Ink Cartridge (~ 300 pages), Software CD, power cord, power supply, phone cord, reusable tote, accessory bag, USBWARRANTYWith services, software, solutions and support from HP Total Care, you can use, protect and enjoy your HP technology. One-year technical phone support, One-year limited hardware warranty, Access to 24/7 award-winning support services through /support, To improve your product usage experience, please take time to register at REPLACEMENT INK CARTRIDGES 4HP 564 Black Ink Cartridge (~ 250 pages);HP 564 Photo Black Ink Cartridge (~ 130 4 x 6-in pages); HP 564 Cyan Ink Cartridge (~ 300 pages); HP 564 Magenta Ink Cartridge (~ 300 pages); HP 564 Yellow Ink Cartridge (~ 300 pages); HP 564XL Black Ink Cartridge (~ 800 pages);HP 564XL Photo Black Ink Cartridge (~ 290 4 x 6-in pages); HP 564XL Cyan Ink Cartridge (~ 750 pages); HP 564XL Magenta Ink Cartridge (~ 750 pages); HP 564XL Yellow Ink Cartridge (~750 pages)ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONCOUNTRY OF ORIGIN Product of China BUSINESS UNIT IJ PrintersPALLETDimensions: 48 x 40 x 90.18 in Weight: 724 lb Layers: 6。
美国FDA的食品添加剂使用卫生标准
[Code of Federal Regulations] [Title 21, Volume 3] [Revised as of April 1, 2006] [CITE:21CFR171]TITLE 21--FOOD AND DRUGSCHAPTER I--FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATIONDEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICESSUBCHAPTER B--FOOD FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION (CONTINUED) PART 171 FOOD ADDITIVE PETITIONSSubpart A--General ProvisionsSec. 171.1 Petitions.(a) Petitions to be filed with the Commissioner under the provisions of section 409(b) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the act) shall be submitted in triplicate (quadruplicate, if intended uses include use in meat, meat food product, or poultry product). If any part of the material submitted is in a foreign language, it shall be accompanied by an accurate and complete English translation. The petition shall state petitioner's post office address to which published notices or orders issued or objections filed pursuant to section 409 of the Act may be sent.(b) Pertinent information may be incorporated in, and will be considered as part of, a petition on the basis of specific reference to such information submitted to and retained in the files of the Food and Drug Administration. However, any reference to unpublished information furnished by a person other than the applicant will not be considered unless use of such information is authorized in a written statement signed by the person who submitted it. Any reference to published information offered in support of a food additive petition should be accompanied by reprints or photostatic copies of such references.(c) Petitions shall include the following data and be submitted in the following form: (Date)Name of petitionerPost-office addressDateName of food additive and proposed usePetitions Control BranchFood and Drug AdministrationDepartment of Health and Human ServicesWashington, DC 20204.Dear Sirs:The undersigned, ____ submits this petition pursuant to section 409(b)(1) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act with respect to ____(Name of the food additive and proposed use)Attached hereto, in triplicate (quadruplicate, if intended uses include use in meat, meat food product, or poultry product), and constituting a part of this petition are the following:A. The name and all pertinent information concerning the food additive, including chemical identity and composition of the food additive, its physical, chemical, and biological properties, and specifications prescribing the minimum content of the desired component(s) and identifying and limiting the reaction byproducts and other impurities. Where such information is not available, a statement as to the reasons why it is not should be submitted.When the chemical identity and composition of the food additive is not known, the petition shall contain information in sufficient detail to permit evaluation regarding the method of manufacture and the analytical controls used during the various stages of manufacturing, processing, or packing of the food additive which are relied upon to establish that it is a substance of reproducible composition. Alternative methods and controls and variations in methods and controls within reasonable limits that do not affect the characteristics of the substance or the reliability of the controls may be specified.If the food additive is a mixture of chemicals, the petition shall supply a list of all substances used in the synthesis, extraction, or other method of preparation, regardless of whether they undergo chemical change in the process. Each substance should be identified by its common English name and complete chemical name, using structural formulas when necessary for specific identification. If any proprietary preparation is used as a component, the proprietary name should be followed by a complete quantitative statement of composition. Reasonable alternatives for any listed substance may be specified.If the petitioner does not himself perform all the manufacturing, processing, and packing operations for a food additive, the petition shall identify each person who will perform a part of such operations and designate the part.The petition shall include stability data, and, if the data indicate that it is needed to insure the identity, strength, quality, or purity of the additive, the expiration date that will beemployed.B. The amount of the food additive proposed for use and the purposes for which it is proposed, together with all directions, recommendations, and suggestions regarding the proposed use, as well as specimens of the labeling proposed for the food additive and any labeling that will be required by applicable provisions of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act on the finished food by reason of the use of the food additive. If the additive results or may reasonably be expected to result from the use of packaging material, the petitioner shall show how this may occur and what residues may reasonably be anticipated.(Typewritten or other draft-labeling copy will be accepted for consideration of the petition, provided a statement is made that final printed labeling identical in content to the draft copy will be submitted as soon as available and prior to the marketing of the food additive.)(If the food additive is one for which a tolerance limitation is required to assure its safety, the level of use proposed should be no higher than the amount reasonably required to accomplish the intended physical or other technical effect, even though the safety data may support a higher tolerance.)C. Data establishing that the food additive will have the intended physical or other technical effect or that it may reasonably be expected to become a component, or to affect the characteristics, directly or indirectly, of food and the amount necessary to accomplish this. These data should include information in sufficient detail to permit evaluation with control data.D. A description of practicable methods to determine the amount of the food additive in the raw, processed, and/or finished food and of any substance formed in or on such food because of its use. The test proposed shall be one that can be used for food-control purposes and that can be applied with consistent results by any properly equipped and trained laboratory personnel.E. Full reports of investigations made with respect to the safety of the food additive.(A petition may be regarded as incomplete unless it includes full reports of adequate tests reasonably applicable to show whether or not the food additive will be safe for its intended use. The reports ordinarily should include detailed data derived from appropriate animal and other biological experiments in which the methods used and the results obtained are clearly set forth. The petition shall not omit without explanation any reports of investigations that would bias an evaluation of the safety of the food additive.)F. Proposed tolerances for the food additive, if tolerances are required in order to insure its safety. A petitioner may include a proposed regulation.G. If submitting petition to modify an existing regulation issued pursuant to section409(c)(1)(A) of the Act, full information on each proposed change that is to be made in the original regulation must be submitted. The petition may omit statements made in the original petition concerning which no change is proposed. A supplemental petition must besubmitted for any change beyond the variations provided for in the original petition and the regulation issued on the basis of the original petition.H. The petitioner is required to submit either a claim for categorical exclusion under25.30 or 25.32 of this chapter or an environmental assessment under 25.40 of this chapter. Yours very truly,PetitionerBy(Indicate authority)(d) The petitioner will be notified of the date on which his petition is filed; and an incomplete petition, or one that has not been submitted in triplicate, will usually be retained but not filed as a petition under section 409 of the Act. The petitioner will be notified in what respects his petition is incomplete.(e) The petition must be signed by the petitioner or by his attorney or agent, or (if a corporation) by an authorized official.(f) The data specified under the several lettered headings should be submitted on separate sheets or sets of sheets, suitably identified. If such data have already been submitted with an earlier application, the present petition may incorporate it by specific reference to the earlier. If part of the data have been submitted by the manufacturer of the food additive as a master file, the petitioner may refer to the master file if and to the extent he obtains the manufacturer's written permission to do so. The manufacturer may authorize specific reference to the data without disclosure to the petitioner. Nothing herein shall prevent reference to published data.(g) A petition shall be retained but shall not be filed if any of the data prescribed by section 409(b) of the Act are lacking or are not set forth so as to be readily understood.(h) (1) The following data and information in a food additive petition are available for public disclosure, unless extraordinary circumstances are shown, after the notice of filing of the petition is published in the Federal Register or, if the petition is not promptly filed because of deficiencies in it, after the petitioner is informed that it will not be filed because of the deficiencies involved:(i) All safety and functionality data and information submitted with or incorporated by reference in the petition.(ii) A protocol for a test or study, unless it is shown to fall within the exemption established for trade secrets and confidential commercial information in 20.61 of this chapter.(iii) Adverse reaction reports, product experience reports, consumer complaints, and other similar data and information, after deletion of:(a) Names and any information that would identify the person using the product.(b) Names and any information that would identify any third party involved with the report, such as a physician or hospital or other institution.(iv) A list of all ingredients contained in a food additive, whether or not it is in descending order of predominance. A particular ingredient or group of ingredients shall be deleted from any such list prior to public disclosure if it is shown to fall within the exemption established in 20.61 of this chapter, and a notation shall be made that any such ingredient list is incomplete.(v) An assay method or other analytical method, unless it serves no regulatory or compliance purpose and is shown to fall within the exemption established in 20.61 of this chapter.(2) The following data and information in a food additive petition are not available for public disclosure unless they have been previously disclosed to the public as defined in 20.81 of this chapter or they relate to a product or ingredient that has been abandoned and they no longer represent a trade secret or confidential commercial or financial information as defined in 20.61 of this chapter:(i) Manufacturing methods or processes, including quality control procedures.(ii) Production, sales, distribution, and similar data and information, except that any compilation of such data and information aggregated and prepared in a way that does not reveal data or information which is not available for public disclosure under this provision is available for public disclosure.(iii) Quantitative or semiquantitative formulas.(3) All correspondence and written summaries of oral discussions relating to a food additive petition are available for public disclosure in accordance with the provisions of part 20 of this chapter when the food additive regulation is published in the Federal Register.(4) For purposes of this regulation, safety and functionality data include all studies and tests of a food additive on animals and humans and all studies and tests on a food additive for identity, stability, purity, potency, performance, and usefulness.(i) (1)(i) Within 15 days after receipt, the Food and Drug Administration will notify the petitioner of the acceptance or nonacceptance of a petition, and if not accepted, the reasons therefor. If accepted, the petitioner will be sent a letter stating this and the date of the letter shall become the date of filing for the purposes of section 409(b)(5) of the act. In cases in which the Food and Drug Administration agrees that a premarket notification for a food contact substance (Food Contact Notification (FCN)) submitted under section 409(h) of the act may be converted to a petition, the withdrawal date for the FCN will be deemed the date of receipt for the petition.(ii) If the petitioner desires, he may supplement a deficient petition after being notified regarding deficiencies. If the supplementary material or explanation of the petition is deemed acceptable, the petitioner shall be notified. The date of such notification becomes the date of filing. If the petitioner does not wish to supplement or explain the petition and requests in writing that it be filed as submitted, the petition shall be filed and the petitioner so notified.(iii) Notwithstanding paragraph (i)(1)(ii) of this section, the petition shall not be filed if the Food and Drug Administration determines that the use identified in the petition should be the subject of an FCN under section 409(h) of the act rather than a petition.(2) The Commissioner will publish in the Federal Register within 30 days from the date of filing of such petition, a notice of the filing, the name of the petitioner, and a brief description of the proposal in general terms. In the case of a food additive which becomes a component of food by migration from packaging material, the notice shall include the name of the migratory substance, and where it is different from that of one of the original components, the name of the parent component, the maximum quantity of the migratory substance that is proposed for use in food, and the physical or other technical effect which the migratory substance or its parent component is intended to have in the packaging material. A copy of the notice will be mailed to the petitioner when the original is forwarded to the Federal Register for publication.(j) The Commissioner may request a full description of the methods used in, and the facilities and controls used for, the production of the food additive, or a sample of the food additive, articles used as components thereof, or of the food in which the additive is proposed to be used, at any time while a petition is under consideration. The Commissioner shall specify in the request for a sample of the food additive, or articles used as components thereof, or of the food in or on which the additive is proposed to be used, a quantity deemed adequate to permit tests of analytical methods to determine quantities of the food additive present in foods for which it is intended to be used or adequate for any study or investigation reasonably required with respect to the safety of the food additive or the physical or technical effect it produces. The date used for computing the 90-day limit for the purposes of section 409(c)(2) of the Act shall be moved forward 1 day for each day after the mailing date of the request taken by the petitioner to submit the sample. If the information or sample is requested a reasonable time in advance of the 180 days, but is not submitted within such 180 days after filing of the petition, the petition will be considered withdrawn without prejudice.(k) If nonclinical laboratory studies are involved, petitions filed with the Commissioner under section 409(b) of the act shall include, with respect to each nonclinical study contained in the petition, either a statement that the study has been, or will be, conducted in compliance with the good laboratory practice regulations as set forth in part 58 of this chapter, or, if any such study was not conducted in compliance with such regulations, a brief statement of the reason for the noncompliance.(l) [Reserved](m) If clinical investigations involving human subjects are involved, petitions filed with the Commissioner under section 409(b) of the Act shall include statements regarding each such clinical investigation relied upon in the petition that it either was conducted in compliance with the requirements for institutional review set forth in part 56 of this chapter, or was not subject to such requirements in accordance with 56.104 or 56.105, and that it was conducted in compliance with the requirements for informed consent set forth in part 50 of this chapter.(n) (1) If intended uses of the food additive include uses in meat, meat food product, or poultry product subject to regulation by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) under the Poultry Products Inspection Act (PPIA) (21 U.S.C. 451 et seq.) or the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) (21 U.S.C. 601 et seq.), FDA shall, upon filing of the petition, forward a copy of the petition or relevant portions thereof to the Food Safety and Inspection Service, USDA, for simultaneous review under the PPIA and FMIA.(2) FDA will ask USDA to advise whether the proposed meat and poultry uses comply with the FMIA and PPIA, or if not, whether use of the substance would be permitted in products under USDA jurisdiction under specified conditions or restrictions.[42 FR 14489, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 42 FR 15674, Mar. 22, 1977; 46 FR 8952, Jan. 27, 1981; 50 FR 7492, Feb. 22, 1985; 50 16668, Apr. 26, 1985; 62 FR 40599, July 29, 1997; 65 FR 51763, Aug. 25, 2000; 67 FR 35731, May 21, 2002]Effective Date Note:At 65 FR 51763, Aug. 25, 2000, 171.1 was amended in paragraph (a) by revising the first sentence, in paragraph (c) in the petition by revising the introductory paragraph preceding paragraph A., and by adding paragraph (n). The revised and added text contains information collection and recordkeeping requirements and will not become effective until approval has been given by the Office of Management and Budget.Sec. 171.6 Amendment of petition.After a petition has been filed, the petitioner may submit additional information or data in support thereof. In such cases, if the Commissioner determines that the additional information or data amount to a substantive amendment, the petition as amended will be given a new filing date, and the time limitation will begin to run anew. If nonclinical laboratory studies are involved, additional information and data submitted in support of filed petitions shall include, with respect to each nonclinical study, either a statement that the study was conducted in compliance with the requirements set forth in part 58 of this chapter, or, if the study was not conducted in compliance with such regulations, a brief statement of the reason for the noncompliance.[50 FR 7492, Feb. 22, 1985, as amended at 50 16668, Apr. 26, 1985]Sec. 171.7 Withdrawal of petition without prejudice.(a) In some cases the Commissioner will notify the petitioner that the petition, whiletechnically complete, is inadequate to justify the establishment of a regulation or the regulation requested by petitioner. This may be due to the fact that the data are not sufficiently clear or complete. In such cases, the petitioner may withdraw the petition pending its clarification or the obtaining of additional data. This withdrawal will be without prejudice to a future filing. Upon refiling, the time limitation will begin to run anew from the date of refiling.(b) At any time before the order provided for in 171.100(a) has been forwarded to the Federal Register for publication, the petitioner may withdraw the petition without prejudice to a future filing. Upon refiling the time limitation will begin to run anew.(c) Any petitioner who has a food additive petition pending before the agency and who subsequently submits a premarket notification for a food contact substance (FCN) for a use or uses described in such petition shall be deemed to have withdrawn the petition for such use or uses without prejudice to a future filing on the date the FCN is received by the Food and Drug Administration.[42 FR 14489, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 67 FR 35731, May 21, 2002]Sec. 171.8 Threshold of regulation for substances used in food-contact articles. Substances used in food-contact articles (e.g., food-packaging or food-processing equipment) that migrate or that may be expected to migrate into food at negligible levels may be reviewed under 170.39 of this chapter. The Food and Drug Administration will exempt substances whose uses it determines meet the criteria in 170.39 of this chapter from regulation as food additives and, therefore, a food additive petition will not be required for the exempted use.[60 FR 36596, July 17, 1995]Subpart B--Administrative Actions on ApplicationsSec. 171.100 Regulation based on petition.(a) The Commissioner will forward for publication in the Federal Register, within 90 days after filing of the petition (or within 180 days if the time is extended as provided for in section 409(c)(2) of the Act), a regulation prescribing the conditions under which the food additive may be safely used (including, but not limited to, specifications as to the particular food or classes of food in or on which such additive may be used, the maximum quantity that may be used or permitted to remain in or on such food, the manner in which such additive may be added to or used in or on such food, and any directions or other labeling or packaging requirements for such additive deemed necessary by him to assure the safety of such use), and prior to the forwarding of the order to the Federal Register for publication shall notify the petitioner of such order and the reasons for such action; or by order deny the petition, and shall notify the petitioner of such order and of the reasons for such action.(b) The regulation shall describe the conditions under which the substance may be safely used in any meat product, meat food product, or poultry product subject to the Federal Meat Inspection Act (FMIA) (21 U.S.C. 601 et seq.) or the Poultry Products Inspection Act(PPIA) (21 U.S.C. 451 et seq.).(c) If the Commissioner determines that additional time is needed to study and investigate the petition, he shall by written notice to the petitioner extend the 90-day period for not more than 180 days after the filing of the petition.[42 FR 14489, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 65 FR 51763, Aug. 25, 2000]Sec. 171.102 Effective date of regulation.A regulation published in accordance with 171.100(a) shall become effective upon publication in the Federal Register.Sec. 171.110 Procedure for objections and hearings.Objections and hearings relating to food additive regulations under section 409 (c), (d), or(h) of the Act shall be governed by part 12 of this chapter.[42 FR 14491, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 42 FR 15674, Mar. 22, 1977]Sec. 171.130 Procedure for amending and repealing tolerances or exemptions from tolerances.(a) The Commissioner, on his own initiative or on the petition of any interested person, pursuant to part 10 of this chapter, may propose the issuance of a regulation amending or repealing a regulation pertaining to a food additive or granting or repealing an exception for such additive.(b) Any such petition shall include an assertion of facts, supported by data, showing that new information exists with respect to the food additive or that new uses have been developed or old uses abandoned, that new data are available as to toxicity of the chemical, or that experience with the existing regulation or exemption may justify its amendment or repeal. New data shall be furnished in the form specified in 171.1 and 171.100 for submitting petitions.[42 FR 14491, Mar. 15, 1977, as amended at 42 FR 15674, Mar. 22, 1977]Authority: 21 U.S.C. 321, 342, 348, 371.Source: 42 FR 14489, Mar. 15, 1977, unless otherwise noted.。
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1. INTRODUCTIONCurrent-mode circuits are receiving significant attention owing to their larger dynamic range, higher band width, greater linearity, simpler circuitry 163J. of Active and Passive Electronic Devices , V ol. 1, pp. 163-169©2005 Old City Publishing, Inc.Reprints available directly from the publisherPublished by license under the OCP Science imprint,Photocopying permitted by license only a member of the Old City Publishing GroupElectronically Tunable High OutputImpedance Current-Mode Universal FilterN.A. S HAH , M.F. R ATHER *AND S.Z. I QBALDepartment of Electronics & Instrumentation TechnologyUniversity of Kashmir, Srinagar-190 006 (India)A novel current-mode universal filter using two second genera-tion current controlled conveyors (CCCIIs), one current follower (CF) and two capacitors is presented. The circuit is fully pro-grammable and implements all the five generic filtering func-tions. The LP, BP, and HP functions can be realized simultane-ously while notch and AP responses can be implemented simply by connecting the appropriate node currents. The availability of currents at high impedances, facilitate cascadibility feature. The filter performance factors ω0 and ω0/Q are electronically tunable through separate bias currents of the CCCIIs. The PSPICE simu-lation results are included to confirm the workability of the pro-posed circuit.Keywords:Current controlled current conveyors, Current follower, Current-mode active filters.and low power consumption vis-a-vis their voltage-mode counterparts [1-4 ].Universal active filters based on operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs)have several advantages such as integrability, programmability and simplicity in design implementation. However, these circuits suffer from poor current drive capability and limited dynamic range. CCCII based circuits offer a wide range of electronic tunability of the circuit parameters and a wider frequency range of operation [5-6]. The drawback of these reported circuits is the availability of currents through passive grounded components, entailing the use of active device to obtain the function explicitly. To overcome this limitation Shah and Iqbal [7]introduced a current-mode filter employing three dual output second generation current controlled conveyors (DO-CCCIIs) and two operational amplifiers (OAs).The circuit facilitates integrability and programmability as well as ease of implementation. However, the circuit has a large component count. Here we are proposing a current-mode universal filter which employs only two CCCIIs, one CF, and two capacitors. The proposed filter implements LP , BP , and HP functions from the same configuration. Notch and AP responses can be realized simply by connecting the appropriate node currents. The implementation of these two functions require neither change to be induced in the circuit topology nor additional components nor rotation of components nor imposition of constraints on the parameters of the active and passive elements, as has been the problem with Minaei et al [8, 9]. The circuit permits cascadibility for obtaining higher order filter functions as all the output currents are available at high impedances. The filter performance factors ω0 and ω0 /Q are electronically tunable through the bias currents of the CCCIIs over a wide range of frequencies, a desirable in IC design.2. CIRCUIT DESCRIPTIONUsing the standard notation, the CCCII is characterized by the port relationsIy = o, Vx = Vy + R x I x and Iz = ±IxWhere the ±sign depicts the polarity of the CCCII. The parasitic resistance R x at the x-input terminal of the CCCII, controllable through bias current Io is given byR x = V Ti / 2Ioi ( i = 1,2 )and the CF is characterized by the following port relations:164S HAH , et al.Vx = 0, Vy = 0 and Iz = ±IxAfter routine analysis, the circuit yields the following current transfer functions:I HP /I IN = s 2C 1C 2/ D(s)(1)I LP /I IN = (1 / Rx 1Rx 2C 1C 2) / D(s)(2)I BP /I IN = (-s / Rx 1C 1) / D(s)(3)Where D(s) = (s 2+ s / Rx 1C 1+1 / Rx 1Rx 2C 1C 2 )The notch filtering signal can be implemented by connecting I HP and I LP and is given byI N / I IN = ( I HP + I LP )/ I IN = (s 2+ 1 / Rx 1Rx 2C 1C 2 )/D(s)(4)Similarly by connecting together I HP , I BP , and I LP , an AP response is obtainedI AP / I IN = ( I HP + I BP + I LP )/ I IN = (s 2- s / Rx 1C 1+1 / Rx 1Rx 2C 1C 2) / D(s)(5)The natural frequency ω0, the bandwidth ω0 / Q and the quality factor Q respectivelyω0 = (1 / Rx 1Rx 2C 1C 2)1/2 = 2 / V T ( Io 1Io 2/ C 1C 2)1/2(6)ω0 / Q = 2 Io 1/ V T C 1(7)Q = (Rx 1C 1/ Rx 2C 2)1/2 = ( Io 2C 1/ Io 1C 2 )1/2(8)Equations (6) and (7) reveal that ω0/Q and ω0 can be orthogonally adjusted by bias currents Io 1and I 02in that order. The active and passive sensitivities are small and are given asS ω0/R x1R x2C 1C 2 = -1/2S ω0/Q /R x1C 1= -1S ω0 /R x1C 1= -S ω0/R x2C 2= 1/2E LECTRONICALLY T UNABLE H IGH O UTPUT I MPEDANCE 1653. SIMULATION RESULTS:To verify the validity of theoretical results of the filter in Fig.1, PSPICE simulation was carried out. The CCCII sub-circuit by Fabre et al [ 10 ] was used. The CF was implemented by using AD844 with its y-terminal grounded. The following setting was used to obtain LP, BP, HP, notch and AP functions with a natural frequency f o = 159kHz and Q = 1: Io 1 = Io 2 =166S HAH , et al.FIGURE 1Proposed current-mode universal filter.FIGURE 2Magnitude responses of LP,BP & HP functions.130µA and C 1= C 2= 10nF. Figs. 2 & 3 respectively depict the magnitude responses of LP, BP, and HP functions and Notch function while Fig. 4shows the phase response of AP function. The variation of f 0 with bias current Io 2is shown in Fig. 5.E LECTRONICALLY T UNABLE H IGH O UTPUT I MPEDANCE 167FIGURE 3Magnitude responses of Notch function.FIGURE 4Phase response of AP function.4. CONCLUSION:A new current-mode universal filter with a single input and three outputs,implementing all the five generic filtering responses is presented. The circuit enjoys the features of: simultaneous realization of LP, HP, and BP responses, cascadability for higher order filters, no matching constraints are required, filtering characteristics are electronically tunable in an orthogonal manner. The active and passive sensitivity figures are low.REFERENCES[1]C. Toumazou, F. J. Lidgey, andD. Haigh,. : Analog IC design : “The current-mode approach”. [2]B. Wilson, “Recent developments in current conveyor and current mode circuits”.Proceedings of [3]G. W. Roberts and A. S. Sedra, “All current-mode frequency selective circuits ”.Electronics Letters ,V ol. 25, pp. 759-761, 1989.[4]G. W. Roberts, A. S. Sedra, “A general class of current amplifier-based biquadratic filter circuits ”. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems-I, vol. 39, pp. 257-263, 1992.[5]M. T. Abuelmaatti and N. A. Tasadduq, “New current-mode current controlled filters using the current controlled conveyors ”. Int. J. Electronics, vol. 85, pp. 483-488, 1998.[6]I. A. Khan and M. H. Zaidi, “Multifunction translinear-C current-mode filter ”. Int. J.Electronics ., vol. 87, pp.1047-1051, 2000.168S HAH , et al.FIGURE 5Variation of f 0with bias current I 02.E LECTRONICALLY T UNABLE H IGH O UTPUT I MPEDANCE169[7]N. A. Shah, and S. Z. Iqbal, “Current-mode active-only universal filter”Int. J.Electronics, vol.90, pp. 407-411, 2003.[8]S. Minaei and S. Turkoz, “New current-mode controlled universal filter with single inputand three[9]S. Minaei, O. Cicekoglu, H. Kuntman and S. Turkoz,. “High output impedance current-mode lowpass, bandpass, highpass filters using current controlled conveyors” . Int. J.Electronics, vol. 88, pp. 915-922, 2001.[10] A. Fabre, O. Saaid, F. Wiest, and C. Boucheron, “High Frequency Applications Based ona New Current controlled conveyor””. IEEE Trans. on Circuits and Systems-I, vol. 43,pp. 82-91, 1996.。