Steering training

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TPM方法

TPM方法
TPM
GLOBAL INDICATOR: THE TRS
TRS =
Quality production
time Opening
time
TRS
=
Number of good parts produced x Cycle time
Opening time
Cycle time = Initial reference + improvements Initial ref. = Minimum technical time
TPM : Breakdowns
Pareto analysis of breakdowns
breakdow breakdow breakdow
n1
breank3dow breaknd5ow breakdow
n2
n4
n6
– Pareto of unsolved breakdowns of the last 12 months
Steering : Supervisor
4
From the noted effect,
Execution: Maintenance Expert Method: Formalise and train the operator in diagnosis
define the diagnosis
method of causes
–PARTICIPANTS: supervisor and maintenance technician
–GOAL: ensure that the definitive measures have been implemented to avoid any recurrence of breakdowns

10大纠偏法则

11
如果使用纠偏来精确的纠正卷材位置，卷材必须禁止在纠偏辊上出现滑动。随着卷材速度的增加，纠偏辊对卷材的牵引力将降低。
卷材速度
纠偏法则 5
张力 (后置力)是一个必要条件：没有张力，将不可能获得精确的卷材纠偏
卷材方向
12
纠偏法则 6
收卷纠偏不是卷材的横向控制，而是收卷机去追踪卷材
卷材方向
也可以表示为 -
• 卷材总是会正常进入它所接近的辊
5
纠偏法则 2
卷材移动方向
进入的卷材垂直于辊的旋转轴
进入的卷材将移动，以使自身与辊的旋转轴垂直
偏离角度
注意: 卷材的横向移动速度是由卷材的偏离角度和纵向的卷材速度共同决定的。
6
纠偏法则 3
Offset Pivot Guide
感应器必须放置于靠近纠偏辊出口端处，或至少位于靠近纠偏辊的出口跨距1/3处
Fife Training 纠偏
纲要
• • • • • • 理论（10 大法则）概述（收卷机，过程纠偏，收卷机）产品专用产品复查（收卷机，过程纠偏，收卷机）应用
2
卷材纠偏法则
卷材纠偏10大法则
3
纠偏法则 1
世界上没有完美的卷材和设备
4
纠偏法则 2
• 卷材总是会尝试与它接近的辊保持垂直
13
纠偏法则 7
L
Offset Pivot Guide
D1
入口跨距出口跨距纠偏跨距
D2
D1 = D2 = L=
对于位移式纠偏，入口(D1)和出口(D2) 跨距最小值为卷材宽度的1/2，最大值为卷材宽度的3-7倍
14
纠偏法则 8
L

叉车培训(Tianjin Forklift Training)

You Must Inspect the Forklift Prior to Use
Document the inspections using inspection sheets. This needs to be done at the beginning of each shift that the forklift is operated. The Safety Department will need to keep these inspection sheets to prove to OSHA that we are in compliance.
Overhead Hazards
There are a lot of overhead hazards in this picture. Take your time!!!
Battery Charging
Inspect the battery for damage.
Look for damaged insulation.
When disconnecting the battery, do not pull by the cable. Connect this end to the charger.
What must you do with your Forklift Operators License?
Forklift Operators MUST Drive Safely!!!
100 deaths in the U.S. each year. 95,000 forklift injuries each year.
How High Can You Safely Stack Materials???

大学英语单词表大全2182个带音标

337 purple ['pə:pl] adj & n 紫色(的)338 brown [braun] adj&n棕色(的),褐色(的) 340 grey [grei] adj & n 灰色(的),灰白(的) 398 doll [dɔl] n 玩具娃娃444 juice [dʒu:s] n (水果;蔬菜;肉等的)汁;水汁450 wardrobe ['wɔ:drəub] n 衣柜473 robot ['rəubɔt] n 机器人543 ski [ski:] v 滑雪546 roller-skating ['rəuləskeitiŋ] n 滑旱冰547 chess [tʃes] n 国际象棋924 harvest ['hɑ:vist] n 收获)更好的929 pumpkin ['pʌmpkin] n 南瓜931 turkey ['tə:ki] n 火鸡932 celebrate ['selibreit] v 庆祝947 corn [kɔ:n] n (美)玉米,谷类庄稼965 dolphin ['dɔlfin] n 海豚973 lion ['laiən] n 狮子977 deer [diə] (pl.deer) n 鹿979 rabbit ['ræbit] n 兔子984 cage [keidʒ] n 笼(子),鸟笼1000 theatre(theater['θiətə])['θiətə]n剧场,戏院典人的1103 rock [rɔk] n 摇动,摇滚乐1104 band [bænd] n 乐队1105 concert ['kɔnsət] n 音乐会,演奏会1176 melon ['melən] n 瓜1202 candle ['kændl] n 蜡烛1233 kitchen ['kitʃin] n 厨房1239 pepper ['pepə] n 胡椒1243 fork [fɔ:k] n 叉,餐叉1244 spoon [spu:n] n 匙,调羹1245 chopsticks ['tʃɔpstiks] n (常用复数)筷子1247 pea [pi:] n 豌豆1248 butter ['bʌtə] n 黄油1249 cheese [tʃi:z] n 乳酪1381 storm [stɔ:m] n 暴风雨1421 solve [sɔlv] v 解决,解答1433 cousin ['kʌzn] n 堂(表)兄弟,堂(表)姐妹1434 engineer [,endʒi'niə] n 工程师1468 dim [dim] adj 微暗的,昏暗的1471 blind [blaind] adj 瞎的,盲的1588 scissors ['sizəz] n (复数)剪刀1589 racket ['rækit] n (网球,羽毛球等的)球拍1591 review [ri'vju:] v 复习(功课等)1593 novel ['nɔvəl] n (长篇)小说1594 wallet ['wɔlit] n 钱夹,皮夹1600 mention ['menʃən] v 提到,说起1601 crow [krəu] v 拥挤1602 imagine [i'mædʒin] v 设想,想像1605 steer [stiə] n & v 驾驶,掌舵1606 steering wheel n 驾驶盘1607 dive [daiv] v 潜入(水中),跳水1608 diver ['daivə] n 潜入水中的人,潜水员1611 breathe [bri:ð] v 呼吸1613 rob [rɔb] v 抢劫1614 hard-working adj 辛勤工作的,用功的1615 art [ɑ:t] n 艺术,艺术品1616 at the moment phr. 此刻1617 Titanic [tai'tænik] n 泰坦尼克(船名)1618 set [set] v 使开始,安置1619 set off ['set ɔf] phr. 出发,动身,起初1620 pleasant ['pleznt] adj 愉快的,快乐的1621 iceberg ['aisbə:g] n 冰山1637 penguin['peŋgwin] n 企鹅1638 pink [piŋk] adj 粉红色的,桃红色的1639 shellfish ['ʃelfiʃ] n 贝类,甲壳虫1640 lay [lei] v 下蛋,产蛋1641 pretty ['priti] adj 漂亮的,美丽的1642 toe [təu] n 脚趾1643 rub [rʌb] v 磨,擦1644 human ['hju:mən] n & adj 人(的),人类(的) 1648 already [ɔ:l'redi] adv 已经1649 used to phr. 过去常常1652 yard [jɑ:d] n 院子1662 mark [mɑ:k] n 记号；标记；痕迹1663 bookmark ['buk,mɑ:k] n 书签1665 encourage [in'kʌridʒ] v 鼓励1672 screen [skri:n] n 屏幕1673 spoil [spɔil](spoil t[spɔilt],spoil的过去式与过去分词) v 糟蹋1674 surf [sə:f] v 冲浪1675 surfing ['sə:fiŋ] n 冲浪运动1676 surfer ['sə:fə] n 冲浪者1677 wave [weiv] n 浪；波浪1678 beach [bi:tʃ] n 海（河、湖）滩1682 water-ski ['wɔ:təski:] v 做滑水运动1683 canoe [kə'nu:] v 乘独木舟1687 attract [ə'trækt] v 吸引1689 no matter phr. 不论1696 part-time['pɑ:t'taim]adj&n非全日工作的;业余时间1699 prize [praiz] n 奖品；奖赏1700 competition [,kɔmpi'tiʃən] n 比赛；竞争1701 event [i'vent] n 大事；事件1712 mainland ['meinlənd] n 大陆；本土1717 proud [praud] adj 自豪的；骄傲的1718 be proud of phr. 以……自豪（兴奋）1719 speak highly of phr. 称赞1721 pride [praid] n 自豪；骄傲1722 unless [ən'les] conj 除非；如果不1723 shot [ʃɔt] n 尝试；努力；射击1725 pour [pɔ:] v 倒；灌；倾泻1731 environment [in'vaiərənmənt] n 环境1732 harm [hɑ:m] v 损害；伤害1734 collect [kə'lekt] v 收集；搜集1739 litter ['litə] n & v 垃圾，废物；乱丢杂物1742 spit(spat[spæt]，spit的过去式和过去分词)[spit] v吐痰；吐唾沫1745 tidy ['taidi] adj 整洁的；整齐的1746 dustbin ['dʌstbin] n 垃圾箱1747 recycle [ri:'saikl] v 再循环；回收再用1748 contribution [,kɔntri'bju:ʃən] n 贡献1749 make a contribution to phr. 贡献给；捐赠1750 suppose [sə'pəuz] v 猜想1751 riddle ['ridl] n 谜语1754 headmaster['hed'mɑ:stə] n （英)中小学校长1757 except [ik'sept] prep 除…之外1758 province ['prɔvins] n 省1760 rush [rʌʃ] v 冲；奔跑1761 rail [reil] n 轨道；铁路1762 railway ['reilwei] n （英）铁路1763 lively ['laivli] adj 热闹的；有生气的1765 comfortable ['kʌmfətəbl] adj 舒适的；舒服的1767 scenery ['si:nəri] n 风景；景色1768 offer ['ɔ:fə] v & n 拿出；提供1773 pity ['piti] n 遗憾的事，可惜的事1774 score [skɔ:] n & v （比赛）得分1778 scuba ['skju:bə] n 水肺（潜水者用的水下呼吸器）1782 icon ['aikɔn] n 图象符号，图标1784 press [pres] v 按，压1786 button ['bʌtn] n 按钮，纽扣1789 ridge [ridʒ] n 山脉1790 tomb [tu:m] n 坟墓1792 edge [edʒ] n 边，边缘1793 rim [rim] n 边，缘1800 instruction [in'strʌkʃən] n 说明，须知1806 coral ['kɔrəl] n 珊瑚1807 reef [ri:f] n 岩礁1808 coral reef n 珊瑚礁1810 brochure [brəu'ʃjuə] n 小册子1811 pool [pu:l] n 水池，水坑1819 amaze [ə'meiz] v 使…大为惊讶，使惊1820 be amazed at phr. 对…感到惊讶1824 society [sə'saiəti] n 社会1830 pollute [pə'lu:t] v 污染，弄脏1844 appear [ə'piə] v 出现，露面1849 spirit ['spirit] n 精神1850 inventor [in'ventə] n 发明者，创造者1852 pupil ['pju:pl] n 小学生，学生1855 print [print] v 印刷，印制1856 track [træk] n (火车等的)轨道，跑道1857 frighten ['fraitən] v 惊恐，吓唬1858 frightened ['fraitnd] adj 受惊的，害怕的1859 rush out ['rʌʃ aut] phr. 冲出去1861 telegraph ['teligrɑf] n 电报1865 graduate ['grædjueit] v 毕业1869 frustrate [frʌs'treit] v 使沮丧，使失败1870 frustrated [frʌs'treitid]adj 感到灰心丧气的1873 confidence ['kɔnfidəns] n 信心，自信1875 decorate ['dekəreit] v 装饰，修饰1880 stocking ['stɔkiŋ] n 长统袜1884 chimney ['tʃimni] n 烟囱，烟筒1892 fireplace ['faiəpleis] n 壁炉1896 generosity [,dʒenə'rɔsiti] n 慷慨，豁达1898 relative ['relətiv] n 亲属，亲人1902 traditional [trə'diʃənəl] adj 传统的，惯例的1907 barn [bɑ:n] n 谷仓，堆物房；马房，牛舍1909 shepherd ['ʃepəd] n 牧羊人1912 brush [brʌʃ] n 刷子，毛笔，画笔1914 bamboo [bæm'bu:] n 竹子1919 stamp [stæmp] n 邮票1923 store [stɔ:] v 储藏，存储1924 widely ['waidli] adv 广泛地，广阔地1934 digital ['didʒitəl] adj 数字似的1935 ordinary ['ɔ:dnri] adj 普通的，通常的1936 aeroplane ['ɛərəplein] n 飞机1937 satellite ['sætəlait] n 卫星1940 dinosaur ['dainəsɔ:] n 恐龙1941 display [di'splei] n 陈列1942 on display [ɔn dis'plei] phr. 陈列，展览1944 guide [gaid] n & v 向导，导游者；指导，引导1945 underground ['ʌndəgraund] adj 地下的1946 fossil ['fɔsl] n 化石1947 desert ['dezət] n 沙漠1948 Gobi Desert n 戈壁沙漠1949 human being n 人1950 disappear [,disə'piə] v 消失1951 disappearance [,disə'piərəns] n 消失1952 discover [dis'kʌvə] v 发现，发觉1953 feather ['feðə] n 羽毛1954 found [faund] v 成立，建立1955 entrance ['entrəns] n 入口，进口，入场1956 exit ['eksit] n 出口1957 fragile ['frædʒil] adj 易碎的1958 park [pɑ:k] v （将车）停放1959 parking ['pɑ:kiŋ] n 停车（处）1960 danger ['deindʒə] n 危险1961 pause [pɔ:z] v & n 中止，暂停1962 teapot ['ti:pɔt] n 茶壶1963 bowl [bəul] n 碗1964 serve [sə:v] v 上（酒、菜等），开（饭）；服务1968 dig [dig] v 挖，掘1972 run away ['rʌn ə,wei] phr.流失,逃跑，逃走1973 drought [draut] n 旱灾，干旱1974 drop [drɔp] n 滴，水滴1975 soil [sɔil] n 土壤，土地1976 directly [di'rektli] adv 直接地1977 leaf [li:f] n 叶子，树木、草的叶子1978 in this way phr. 用这种方法1979 flood [flʌd] n & v 洪水，水灾；淹没，泛滥1980 prevent [pri'vent] v 防止，阻止1981 northern ['nɔ:ðən] adj 北部的，北方的1982 wide [waid] adj 宽的1983 blow(blew[blu:],blow的过去式;blown[bləun],blow的过去分词) [bləu] v 吹1984 sand [sænd] n 沙，沙子1985 towards [tə'wɔ:dz] prep 向，朝1998 audience ['ɔ:diəns] n 听众1999 slipper ['slipə] n (常用复数)拖鞋,便鞋2000 height [hait] n 高度2001 beeper ['bi:pə]n 袖珍无线电传呼机,电话呼叫机2003 printer ['printə] n 打印机2004 print [print] v 打印2005 document ['dɔkjumənt] n 公文，文件2006 connect [kə'nekt] v 连接，相连，联系2007 modem ['məudem] n 调制解调器2008 provide [prə'vaid] v 提供2009 monitor ['mɔnitə] n 显示器2011 universe ['ju:nivə:s] n 宇宙2012 man-made ['mænmeid] adj 人造的，人工的2013 satellite ['sætəlait] n 卫星2014 space [speis] n 空间，太空2015 spaceship ['speisʃip] n 宇宙飞船2019 shut [ʃʌt] v 关（门等）2020 shut down ['ʃʌt daun] phr. 把…关上2021 woolen ['wulin] adj 羊毛的，毛织的2024 set one's mind to do phr. 一心想做…2026 worm ['put ɔf] n 虫，蠕虫2031 multiply ['mʌltiplai] v （将…）乘…2032 multiply…by… phr. …乘以…2033 challenge ['tʃælindʒ] n 挑战2037 hardly ['hɑ:dli] adv 几乎不2043 beg [beg] v 恳求，乞求2047 diagram ['daiəgræm] n 图表2048 discussion [di'skʌʃən] n 讨论2054 excited [ik'saitid] adj 兴奋的，激动的2055 be excited about phr. 对…感到兴奋2056 leather ['leðə] n 皮革2063 shape [ʃeip] n 形状，外形2064 decision [di'siʒən] n 决定2065 make a decision phr. 作出决定2066 screen [skri:n] n 屏幕2070 successfully[sək'sesfəli]adv 圆满地,顺利地,成功地2084 rewarding [ri'wɔ:diŋ] adj 值得作的2085 grateful ['greitfəl] adj 感激的，感谢的2086 wag [wæg] v 摆动，摇动（尾巴等）2087 tail [teil] n 尾巴，尾部2092 vet [vet] n （口语）兽医2094 heal [hi:l] v 使（伤、病）痊愈2100 regard [ri'gɑ:d] v 看待，当作2101 regard… as phr. 把…当作，当作2102 exactly [ig'zæktli] adv 准确地，严格地2103 keep [ki:p] v 饲养，照顾2104 experience [iks'piəriəns] n 经验，体验2105 injection [in'dʒekʃən] n 注射，打针2106 painful ['peinfəl] adj 疼痛的，痛苦的2107 earthquake ['ə:θkweik] n 地震2108 rock [rɔk] v 震动，摇动2109 as if [əz 'if] conj 好像,似乎2111 story ['stɔ:ri] n （房屋的）层2113 grab [græb] v 抓取…，夺取2114 crash [kræʃ] v 坠落，冲撞2121 goal [gəul] n （足球）球门，得分2122 by the time phr. 到…的时候2123 check-out ['tʃek,aut] n（购货时的）结帐台,收银台2124 realize ['riəlaiz] v 察觉，领悟，了解2125 train [trein] v 训练，培养2126 training ['treiniŋ] n 训练，培养2127 captain ['kæptin] n （足球队等）队长2128 deserve [di'zə:v] v 应得，值得…2129 confident ['kɔnfidənt] adj 有自信的，确信的2130 striker ['straikə] n （足球）前锋2131 midfield ['midfi:ld] n 中场2132 midfield player n 中场球员2133 excellent ['eksələnt] adj 极好的，优秀的2134 shot [ʃɔt] n （球赛中）击，射门，投篮，发射2135 nervous ['nə:vəs] adj 紧张不安的2141 performance [pə'fɔ:məns] n 演出，成果，成绩2143 baseball ['beis,bɔ:l] n 棒球2144 never mind [,nevə 'maind] phr. 没关系2145 boring ['bɔ:riŋ] adj 令人厌烦的2148 rule [ru:l] n 规则，规定2149 against [ə'genst] prep 与…对抗，对着2150 expect [iks'pekt] v 期望，预期2151 rough [rʌf] adj 粗鲁的，激烈的2155 shoot(shot[ʃɔt],shoot的过去式和过去分词)[ʃu:t] v 射击，射死2156 detective [di'tektiv] n 侦探2157 inspector [in'spektə] n 警官，监督员2160 robber ['rɔbə] n 强盗，盗贼2162 escape [i'skeip]n & v 逃亡，逃走，逃避2163 victim ['viktim] n 受害者，受骗者2164 conversation [,kɔnvə'seiʃən] n 会话，谈话2165 robbery ['rɔbəri]n 抢劫案，抢劫2168 steep [sti:p] adj 陡峭的，险峻的2170 misty ['misti] adj 有雾的，雾大的2171 mist [mist]n 雾2174 expert [ek'spə:t] n 专家，内行2175 trap [træp] v 使…陷入困境，设陷阱捕捉2176 tent [tent] n 帐篷2177 freeze [fri:z] (froze [frəuz], frozen ['frəuzn]) v 结冰，凝结2180 progress ['prəuɡres] v 进步，提高，前进2181 self-respect ['selfri'spekt]n 自尊，自重2182 essential [i'senʃəl]adj 本质的，主要的，。

Bomag BW 100 AD AC Service Training说明书

Service TrainingBW 100 AD/AC Series 4BW 120 AD/AC Series 4P/N 008 099 86STATUS: 03/2004Bomag Bw100 120 Service TrainingFull download: /download/bomag-bw100-120-service-training/Service Training Table of contentsForeword A 1List of additional documentation A 2General A 3Maintenance A 4List of components B 1Kubota diesel engine C 1View of engine C 2Pump installation on diesel engine C 3View of diesel engine, flywheel side C 4Tests and adjustments C 5Adjusting the valve clearance C 6Trouble Shooting C 8Travel system D 1Travel pump D 3Travel pump control D 7Charge pressure relief valve D 9High pressure relief valves D 10Drum drive motor D 12Wheel drive motors on AC-machines D 16Trouble shooting travel system D 17Insufficient travel power D 28The machine moves with the travel lever in “Neutral” D 30Vibration E 1Vibration pump E 3Vibration control valve E 4Vibration motor E 5Trouble shooting vibration E 6Steering F 1Steering valve F 3Trouble shooting steering F 5Electric circuit diagrams G 1Table of contents G 1Function groups G 2Reference lines, frames G 3Potential cross references G 4Relay cross references G 5List of components G 5Electric system G 6ForewordIn 2004 the tandem vibratory rollers of product range BW 100 AD/AC4 and BW 120 AD/AC4 were launched in the market for the first time.They are a further development of the old BW 100/120AD/AC of generation 3, which already were a great sales success.The contents of this training shall enable the service engineer to perform adjustments and trouble shooting as well as all necessary repair work in a professional manner. The owner of the machine should recognize that the service engineer is fully familiar with the machine. He should realize that the service engineer applies the correct measures to detect a possible fault on a machine and that all repair measures are performed with skill and knowledge.Persons participating on this training course should be confident when having to work on this machine.DocumentationFor the BOMAG machines described in this training manual the following documentation is additionally available:Attention!The currently valid part numbers for the documents can be taken from the Doclist or the Customer Service page in the BOMAG Intranet or Extranet (BOMAG Secured Area) in accordance with the serial number of the machine.1. Operating and maintenance instructions2. Spare parts catalogue3. Wiring diagram*4. Hydraulic diagram*5. Repair instructions6. Service Information* The document versions valid at the date of printing are part of this training manual.GeneralMachines of product range BW 100/120 AD/AC-4 are tandem vibratory rollers or combination rollers for compaction work in road construction. They are most suitable for the compaction of bituminous materials as well as light compaction tasks in earthwork. Compaction is achieved by the vibration of both drums or the vibration of the drum and the static load of the rubber tires. The power output from the water cooled Kubota diesel engine is transferred to drums or wheels (travel and vibration systems) and to the steering via the hydrostatic drive systems of the machine. This type of power transmission ensures lowest possible efficiency losses.Both drums of the BW 100/120 AD-4 are fitted with both travel motors as well as vibration motors. The motors for the respective drive systems are always arranged on one side of the machine. Since it is beneficial for many applications (e.g. when laying asphalt layers) to work with one vibrating and one static drum, the machine is equipped with a vibration shut-off valve for the rear drum.On machines of type BW 100/120 AC-4 the wheel set is driven by two travel motors. This roller combines the high compaction power of a vibration drum with the excellent surface sealing effect of rubber tires in one machine. This machine obviously achieves considerable savings in costs when compared with a pure vibratory or pneumatic tired roller.The standard equipment of the machine includes a gravity sprinkler system. A pressure sprinkler system is optionally available on request. In connection with the scrapers the water sprinkler system avoids picking up of material by the drums.On the AC-machines a pressure sprinkler system prevents sticking of dirt and bitumen to the rubber tires. For this purpose the tires are sprayed with emulsion.Front and rear frames of the machine are joined by an oscillating articulated joint. The amply dimensioned oscillation angle makes sure that the drums always have ground contact over the entire width.Both travel motors are fitted with integrated brakes working as parking brakes. Depending on the position of the brake solenoid valve these brakes are released by charge pressure when starting the engine and applied when shutting the engine down.MaintenanceThe tandem/combination rollers of series BW 100/120 AD/AC-4 are high performance machines for the extremely difficult use in asphalt compaction and earth work. To be able to meet these demands the machine must always be ready to be loaded up to its limits. Apart from that, all safety installations must always be fully functional when working under the partly very dangerous conditions on a construction site.Thorough maintenance of the machine is therefore mandatory. This not only guarantees a remarkably higher functional safety, but also prolongs the lifetime of the machine and of important components.The time required for thorough maintenance is only minor when being compared with the malfunctions and faults that may occur if these instructions are not observed.The maintenance intervals are given in operating hours. It is quite obvious that with each maintenance interval all the work for shorter preceding intervals must also be performed. During the 2000 hour interval you must also perform the maintenance work for the 500 and 1000 hour intervals.It should also be clear, that with the 2500 hours interval only the work for the 10 and 500 hour intervals must be performed.For maintenance work you must only use the fuels and lubricants mentioned in the table of fuels and lubricants (oils, fuels, grease etc.).List of componentsBW 100/120 AD/AC-4 EngineManufacturer KubotaType D 1703 MDICooling WaterWorking cycles4Number of cylinders3Power DIN 6271 IFN/SAEat 2700 rpm kW25,2Fixed engine speed rpm2250Stage 1Fixed engine speed rpm2700Stage 2Valve clearance I/E mm0,20/0,20Travel pumpManufacturer HydromatikType A10 VG 28System Axial piston Displacement cm³/rev.28High pressure limitation bar380Charge pressure bar24Speed rpm2700Max. flow capacity l/min73BW 100/120 AD/AC-4Travel motor (drums)Manufacturer PoclainType MK 04Number2System Radial piston motor Displacement cm³/rev.408Brake yesBW 100/120 AC-4Travel motor (wheels)Manufacturer PoclainType MSE 02Number2System Radial piston motor Displacement cm³/rev.255Brake yesBW 100/120 AD/AC-4 Vibration pumpManufacturer BoschType HYZ 11System GearDisplacement cm³/rev.11Starting pressure bar210Operating pressure bar100 +/-60 bar (soil dependent)Vibration motorManufacturer Bosch8Type HYZ System GearDisplacement cm³/rev.8Frequency stage 1Hz55Frequency stage 2Hz70Amplitude mm0.5Steering pumpManufacturer Bosch8Type HYZ System GearDisplacement cm³/rev.8max. steering pressure bar140 +/-30 barSteering valveManufacturer DanfossType OSPC 80 ONSystem Rotary valveService Training Kubota diesel engine 1703 MDIThe tandem vibratory rollers of series BW 100/120 AD/AC-4 are powered by a water cooled 3-cylinder Kubota diesel engine type 1703 MDI.The engine is an upright water-cooled four-stroke diesel engine.Cross-section of diesel engineService TrainingView of engine :Pos. 1Engine temperature switch Pos. 2Connection glow plug Pos. 3Oil dipstickPos. 4Injection nozzles1324Bomag Bw100 120 Service TrainingFull download: /download/bomag-bw100-120-service-training/。

Steering Committee Guidelines

» When it is mandatory to use IS-GDP as a steering model
Required commission steering model
Required steering body
Volvo Group Trucks Operations
Logistics Services, Project Management Office, BE 51500 8 of steering bodies depending on the size and complexity of the project. The commission classification tool should be used when defining the project. The tool will help decide on: » How to select a Project Manager with the correct skills for the project » How to select the proper management level of the Steering Committee, in relation to the rating of the project
Volvo Group Trucks Operations
Logistics Services, Project Management Office, BE 51500 9
Steering Committee Responsibilities
The steering committee is responsible for achieving the project goals and the success of the project. The committee must be a quorum and providing the project with resources. The Steering Committee members should be well aware in what goes on in the project, to be able to take decisions in line with the outcome targets.

汽车配件单词

底盘车Chasis Truck引擎零件Engine Parts引擎Engine引擎波司Engine Bush引擎修理包Engine Gasket Kits引擎零件Engine Parts凸轮轴Camshaft凸轮轴链轮Sprocket Camshaft皮带张力器Tensioner曲轴Crankshaft曲轴皮带盘Crankshaft Pulley曲轴轴承片Crankshaft Bearing汽门V alve汽门座V alve Seat汽门摇臂V alve Arm汽门摇臂盖Rocker Cover汽门弹簧V alve Spring汽门导管V alve Guide汽缸头(盖) Cylinder Head汽缸衬套Cylinder Liner汽缸体Cylinder Block波司垫片Washer活塞Piston活塞肖Piston Pin活塞环Piston Ring活塞衬套Piston Liner飞轮Flywheel飞轮环齿轮Ring Gear of Flywheel 时规炼条/皮带Timing Chain/Belt连杆Connecting Rod连杆轴承片Connecting Rod Bearing 摇臂轴Rocker Arm Shaft汽门锁V alve Cotter止推垫片Thrust Washer共鸣箱Resonator喷油嘴Injection Nozzle燃料系统Fueling System油箱Fuel Tank油箱浮筒Gauge Fuel Tank空气滤清器Air Cleaner空气滤清器盖Air Cleaner Cover空气滤清器导管Air Intake Tube空气滤蕊Air Cleaner Element消音器Exhaust Muffler排气歧管Exhaust Manifold排气管Exhaust Pipe进气歧管Intake Manifold节流阀Throttle V alve燃油管Fuel Pipe燃油帮浦Fuel Pump燃油滤清器Fuel Filter触媒转化器Catalytic Converter柴油车黑烟净化器Diesel Particulate Filter 时规炼条/皮带外盖Timing Chain/Belt Cover 燃料系统Fueling System废气回收管EGR Tube冷却系统Cooling System水箱Radiator水管Water Hose水箱水管Radiator Hose水帮浦Water Pump水箱风扇Radiator Fan风扇Fan副水箱Auxiliary Radiator节温器Thermostat调节器Regulator水箱支架Radiator Mounting冷却系统Cooling SystemA/C风扇A/C Fan润滑系统Lubrication System油底壳Oil Pan自排车用滤油器Oil Filter for Automatic Transmission机油尺Oil Level Gauge机油帮浦Oil Pump机油滤清器Oil Filter机油滤网Oil Strainer润滑系统Lubrication System机油尺导管Oil Level Gauge Tube空调系统Air-conditioning System冷气总成A/C Assembly冷气配管A/C Hose冷气导风管A/C Duct冷气压缩机A/C Compressor冷凝器A/C Condenser暖气总成Heater Assembly鼓风机Blower Assembly蒸发器Evaporator冷媒管A/C Pipe储液瓶A/C Receiver空调相关零件A/C Related Components 空气清净机Air Purifier空调滤网A/C Filter空调系统Air-conditioning System提速器Actuator车身钣金件Body & Stamping Parts引擎支撑Engine Mounting引擎盖Engine Hood车身Car Body车门Door Panel车顶板Roof底盘及其另件Chassis and Related Parts 底盘车架Frame门框Sash保险杆Bumper钣金件Stamping Parts叶子板Fender横梁Cross Member行李箱盖Trunk Lid车柱Pillar车身钣金件Body & Stamping Parts支架Bracket补强板Reinforcement Plate底盘系统Chassis System下臂Lower Arm上臂Upper Arm手剎车拉柄Parking Brake Lever支柱总成Strut Assembly方向盘Steering Wheel比例阀Proportional V alve主轴、副轴Mainshaft / Countershaft平衡杆Stabilizer Bar扭力杆Torsion Bar剎车分泵Brake Cylinder剎车来令片Brake Lining Shoe剎车油管(软) Brake Hose剎车油管(硬) Brake Tube剎车真空倍力器Brake V acuum Booster 剎车总泵Brake Master Cylinder后轴总成Rear Axle Assembly动力方向系统Power Steering System 动力转向油管Power Steering Hose动力转向帮浦Power Steering Pump控制拉线Control Cable排档杆Shift Lever排档头Knob球形接头Ball Joint等速接头 C.V. Joint传动轴Propeller Shaft叶片弹簧Leaf Spring鼓、碟式剎车器Drum / Disc Brake ssembly鼓式剎车盘Brake Drum碟式剎车盘Brake Disc辅助气囊Air Bag踏板Pedal齿轮Gear横拉杆接头Tie-Rod End螺旋弹簧Coil Spring避震器Shock Absorber转向连杆Steering Linkage转向节臂Knuckle转向齿轮箱Steering Gear Box转向机柱Steering Column转向总成Steering Assembly离合器分泵Clutch Cylinder离合器片Clutch Disc离合器外壳Clutch Case离合器总成Clutch Assembly离合器总泵Clutch Master Cylinder离合器释放轴承Clutch Release Bearing变速箱Transmission Box变速箱外壳Transmission Case曳力杆Trailing Arm避震器前后活塞杆Piston Rod of Front and RearShock Absorber底盘系统Chassis System自排变速箱修理包Automatic Transmission Gasket Kits齿条Gear Rack剎车真空管Brake Boost V acuum Tube车轮系统Wheeling System轮毂Wheel Hub轮胎Tire胎汽门嘴Tire V alve中文产品名称Chinese英文产品名称English轮圈Wheel Disk轮圈盖Wheel Cover内胎(含内衬) Inner Tire (Flap)车轮系统Wheeling System电装品Electrical Parts电瓶Battery中央门控Central Door Lock分电盘Distributor火星塞Spark Plug汽车用电子钟Digital Clock汽车音响Car Audio防盗器Car Burglar Alarm雨刷及雨刷连杆Wiper / Linkage保险丝座Fuse Seat保险丝Fuse洗涤壶Windshield Washer配线Wire Harness马达类Motor高压线组Ignition Cable喇叭Horn发电机(零件) Alternator (Components) 开关类Switch蜂鸣器Buzzer预热塞Glow Plug仪表Combination Meter灯泡Bulb灯类Lamp点火线圈Ignition Coil继电器Relay倒车雷达Reverse Sensor电池充电器Battery Charger闪光器Flasher省电器Energy Saving Unit端子Terminal电动座椅装置Power Seat Unit马达零件Motor Components电装品Electrical Parts汽车用光盘Car CD汽车用液晶显示器Car LCD调整器Regulator整流器Rectifier电子点火器Ignition Module倒车显示器Rear V iew Display定速器Cruise ControllerHID车灯安定器组合HID Ballast Complete Set for HeadlightsLED 灯LED Lamp车灯控制器Lighting Controller点火线圈模块Ignition Coil Module外装品Exterior Parts水箱饰罩Radiator Grille天线Antenna车身护条Side Protector防撞护垫Bumper Pad后视镜Door Mirror装饰贴纸、标志Ornament Mark轮弧Fender Trim挡泥板Mud Guard扰流板Spoiler前防撞杆Guard Assy (Front)防撞杆Grard Assy (Rear)外装品Exterior Parts内装品Interior Parts仪表板Instrument Panel中央置物箱Console孔塞Grommet Plug地毯Floor Mat安全带Seat Belt车门扶手Door Armrest车门把手Door Handle车门锁Door Lock车顶内衬Roof Lining车窗升降摇柄Window Lifter Handle车窗升降机Window Lifter防水衬条Weatherstrip油量表Fuel Gauge门饰板Door Trim室内镜Room Mirror音响喇叭盖Speaker Cover(电动)座椅(Electric) Seat顶蓬Headlining烟灰缸Ashtray各类隔音垫All Kinds of Silencer饰板/饰条Garnish / Trim仪表饰板Instrument Panel Garnish遮阳板Sunvisor压条Moulding点烟器Cigar Lighter备胎板Trim for Spare Tire天窗Sun Roof后置物板Rear Parcel Shelf后舱室饰板Rear Trunk Trim内装品Interior Parts仪表板支架Instrumental Panel Mounting其它Others随车工具Tools千斤顶Jack尼龙绳、特多龙绳Nylon Rope生产、检测及涂装设备Production,Test & ainting Equipment 各类孔盖Cap、Cover扣具Cargo Lash夹片、管束Clamp, Clip油土与基准模型Clay Model and Master Model油封Oil Seal门铰链Door Hinge故障标志Reflector玻璃类Glass修理业Repairing & Maintenance粉末冶金Powder Metallurgy轴承Bearing塑料件Plastic Parts隔热材Heat Insulator电子件Electrical Parts垫片类Seal、Gasket、Washer、Packing碳刷Carbon Brush管类Pipe, Hose, Tube铜套类Bushing弹簧SpringEnglish模、夹、治、检具Die, Fixture, Jig, CheckingGauge橡胶件Rubber Parts帮浦类Pump帽/螺栓/螺丝Nut/Bolt/Screw锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)滤清器类Filter锁Lock镜类Mirror铸造件(加工) Casting Parts (Processing)引擎盖铰链Hinge of Engine Hood行李箱铰链Hinge of Trunk Lid保险杆支撑Mount of BumperCAD/CAM车身设计CAD/CAM Car Body design 汽车清洁保养用品Cosmetics for utomobile涂料Paints合成木材Synthetic Wood电磁阀Solenoid V alve热水阀Heater V alve冷煤电磁阀Refrigerate Solenoid valve玻璃滑槽Glass Run双面胶带Acrylic Foam Tape触媒转换器缓冲绵Catalytic Converter Mate黑烟过滤器Diesel Particle Filter车用灭火器Extinguisher零组件用材料Components Materials汽车用行动电话Car Hand-free Mobile Phone汽车保全系统Car Security System汽车导航系统Car Navigation System人造革Artificial Leather铭板Nameplate汽车用计算机Car Computer无线电胎压侦测仪Wireless Tire Monitor汽车内装用牛皮Leather for Car Interior打蜡机Buffer (Car Polisher)金属表面处理(材料) Metal Surface Treatment (Material)插接件Connector Clip胎压不足警示器Tire Low Pressure Indicator温度感应器Water Temperature Sensor油压感应器Oil Pressure Sensor机油Engine Oil中文产品名称Chinese英文产品名称English自动变速箱油Automatic Transmission Oil油品添加剂Oil Additive热处理Heat Treatment自行车类Bicycle整车Finished Bicycle一般自行车Regular Bicycle三轮车Tricycle协力车Tandem Bicycle城市车A TB孩童车Junveniles Bicycle室内运动车(健身车) Exerciser单轮车Unicycle无链式自行车Chainless Bicycle登山车Mountain Bicycle越野车Trekking Bicycle跑车（自由车）Racing Bicycle电动自行车Electrical Bicycle折叠式自行车Folding Bicycle海滩车Beach Bicycle(电动)滑板车(Electric) Kick Board Scooter其它特种自行车Other Special-purpose Bicycles 避震脚踏车Suspension Bicycle传动件Transmission曲柄组Chainwheel & Crank飞轮Flywheel链条Chain变速杆Shift Lever变速器Derailleur电动自行车马达Electric Bicycle Motor电动自行车控制器Electric Bicycle Driver齿轮箱Gear Box车轮及剎车Wheel and Brake轮胎Tire夹式剎车器Caliper Brake快拆Quick Release花鼓Hub & Free HubEnglish液压式剎车器Hydraulic Brake脚剎车器Coaster Brake碟式剎车器Disk Brake轮圈Rim辐条/辐帽Spoke/Nipple悬臂式剎车器Cantilever Brake控制拉线Control Cable剎车来令片Brake Lining Shoe配件Accessories铃Bell反光片Reflector水壶架Bottle Cage打气筒Floor Pump商标贴纸Sticker货架Luggage Carrier速度表Speed Meter喇叭Horn电灯Dynamo / Lighting Set辅助轮Training Wheel挡泥板Mud Guard / Fender头盔Helmet锁Lock链盖Chain Cover篮Basket后视镜Rear Mirror车体Body车架Frame把手Handle Bar中轴组件（天心）Bottom Bracket Parts 车手带Handle Strap车头组件Headset前叉Front Fork前叉肩Fork Crown后叉端Rear Fork End座杆Seat Post座杆束Seat Post Clamp停车支架Kickstand接头Lug & Shell辅助把手Bar End竖管Stem螺帽/螺栓/螺丝Nut/Bolt/Screw避震前叉Suspension Fork避震器Shock Absorber三通管3-way Pipe五通管5-way Pipe车架材料Frame Materials其它Others座垫Saddles水壶架Bottle Cage夹器固定座Pivot定趾器Toe Clip闪光灯Flasher趾夹带Toe Strap把手套Grip塑料件Plastic Parts脚踏板Pedal碳刷Carbon Brush弹簧Spring轮圈盖Wheel Cover锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)导线Cable模、夹、治、检具Die,Fixture,Jig & CheckingGauge橡胶件Rubber Parts生产、检测及涂装设备Production,Test & Painting Equipment座垫套Saddle Cover涂料Paints充电器Charger温度记录器Temperature Recorder电池容量计Battery Capacity Indicator电动自行车电路设计Electric Bicycle CircuitDesign电动自行车电池组Electric Bicycle Battery Set机车类Motorcycle整车Finished Motorcycle50CC以下机车Less Than 50CC Motorcycle50~150CC机车50~150CC Motorcycle150CC以上机车More Than 150CC Motorcycle残障专用车Motorcycle for Handicap电动机车Electric Motorcycle其它电动辅助车辆Other Electric AuxiliaryV ehicles多功能休闲车A TV引擎零件Engine Parts汽缸Cylinder化油器Carburetor引擎Engine引擎零件Engine Parts引擎盖Engine Cover水箱Radiator火星塞Spark Plug凸轮Cam凸轮轴Camshaft凸轮轴链条Cam Chain凸轮链条张力器Cam Chain Tensioner曲轴Crankshaft曲轴箱Crankcase曲轴箱盖Crankcase Cover汽门V alve汽门座V alve Seat汽门导管V alve Guide汽缸头Cylinder Head汽缸头侧盖Cylinder Head Side Cover油帮浦Oil Pump后轮驱动座Rear Wheel Drive Seat活塞Piston活塞肖Piston Pin活塞环Piston Ring连杆Connecting Rod涡轮增压器Turbo-Supercharger脚踏起动机杆Kick Starter齿轮变速零件Gear Shift Parts机油冷却器Oil Cooler离合器Clutch离合器座Clutch Plate离合器杆Clutch Lever变速箱Transmission Box油管Fuel Pipe汽门锁V alve Cotter火星塞盖Plug Cover齿轮衬套Gear Bushing曲轴肖Crank Shaft Pin炼条调整器Tensioner节流阀Throttle V alve离合器来令片Clutch Lining齿轮轴Gear Axle马达轴Motor Axle传动轴Transmission Axle车体及电装Body and Electrical Parts灯类LampC.D.I.总成C.D.I. Unit Assembly工具Tool中心盖Center Cover反光片Reflector引擎罩盖Air Shroud / Cylinder方向把手Steering Handle主滑动模轮组件Primary Sheave Assembly主脚架Main Stand交流发电机(零件) A.C. Generator (Components) 行李箱Luggage Box冷却风扇Cooling Fan把手盖Handle Cover车架Frame车体盖Body Cover拉杆Handle Lever油杯Fuel Cup Assembly油箱Fuel Tank空气滤清器Air Cleaner剎车来令片Brake Shoe剎车鼓Brake Drum剎车盘Brake Disk剎车踏板Brake Pedal剎车总成Brake Assembly前叉Front Fork前叉顶梁Fork Top Bridge前护盖Front Fender后视镜Back Mirror后悬吊系统Rear Suspension风扇盖Air Shroud飞轮Flywheel座垫Seat侧脚架Side Stand侧盖Side Cover排气消音器Exhaust Muffler后架Carrier喇叭Horn无段自动变速系统 C.V.T.发电机Alternator传动轴总成Secondary Sheave Assembly 摇臂Rocker Arm煞车踏板Brake Pedal节流把手Throttle Grip脚踏板Board / Footrest脚踏杆Kick Crank Assembly电圈Starter电瓶Battery配线Wire Harness碳刷Carbon Brush仪表Meter调整器Regulator轮胎Tire轮圈Wheel Disk轮毂Wheel Hub导线Cable挡泥板Fender机车链轮Chain灯泡Bulb燃油滤清器Fuel Strainer Assembly避震器Shock Absorber点火线圈Ignition Coil转向主干Steering Stem Comp链条盖Chain Case继电器Relay触媒转化器Catalytic Converter排气管Exhaust Pipe吊架Hanger控制拉线Control Cable活性碳罐Canister油箱浮筒Tank Float机油浮筒Oil Float档位调整器Gear Position Indicator端子Terminal电动机车控制器Electric Motorcycle Driver把手座Grip Holder马达类Motor马达零件Motor Components避震器前后活塞杆Piston Rod of Front and RearShock Absorber其它Others油封Oil Seal舌簧阀Reed V alve钣金件Stamping Parts防盗器Burglar Alarm闪光器Flasher贴纸Sticker轴承Bearing开关类Switch塑料件Plastic Parts电子件Electrical Parts垫片Gasket管类Tube or Pipe弹簧Spring模、夹、治、检具Die, Fixture, Jig, Checking Gauge辐条/辐帽Spoke/Nipple齿轮Gear胶件Rubber Parts帮浦类Pump螺帽/螺栓/螺丝Nut/Bolt/Screw锻造件(加工) Forging Parts (Processing)滤清器Filter铸造件(加工) Casting Parts (Processing)锁Lock生产、检测及涂装设备Production,Test & Painting铭板Name Plate油土及基准模型Clay Model and Master Model地毯Carpet涂料Paints握把Grip置物袋Carriage Bag机车座垫用牛皮Leather for Motorcycle Seat铁路车辆类Railroad V ehicle铁路车辆制造及修理Railroad V ehicle Manufacture & Repair 铁路车辆零件Railroad V ehicle Parts。

航海日志-操演记录Drill

航海日誌-操演記錄Drill一、週檢weekly inspectionVisually inspected all lifeboats & liferafts and launching appliances. Started lifeboat engines for 3 min’s and move from their stowed position. Tested all public address systems and general alarm systems checked all breathing apparatus cylinders do not present leakage. Comply with SOLAS Ch.ⅢReg.20 6.1 6.2 6.3 Found all in good condition.二、月檢monthly inspectionInspection all lifeboat s、launching appliances & lifesaving appliances, including EEBD、Immersion suit、lifeboat equipments、visual signals、line-throwing appliances、lifejackets and lifebuoy. Tested EPIRB、SART、TWO-WAY VHF、Fixed fire fighting systems. Found all in good order. Checked all fire fighting equipments, including fireman’s outfits、fire extinguishers、fire hydrous、fire hoses and nozzles with check list.三、應急舵操演Emergency steering gear drillExercised Emergency steering gear drill hand、Auto、NFU、RC Change procedure, Communicate system from bridge to rear rudder room by MASTER order, Found all in good condition, at L xx-xx N,λxxx-xx E.四、棄船操演(放小艇)(1) Assembled all crewmembers on muster station for abandon ship drill lowed down No.1 lifeboat to water and unhooked, According to SOLAS Ch.3 Reg.19 3.3 3.3.1 Found all in good condition.(2) GENOV A港內施放小艇Assembled all crewmembers on muster station for abandon ship drill lowed down No.1 lifeboat to the water and unhooked, Tested engine ahead/astern, According to SOLAS Ch.3 Reg.19 3.3.3 Found all in good condition. Exercised fire fighting and boat station drill Found all in good condition.(3)QINGDAO下錨Assembled all crewmembers on muster station for abandon ship drill,tested lamp and engine and rudder then lowed down No.2 lifeboat into water and unhooked, running engine and manoeuvring lifeboat turning one circle in the water after recover lifeboat , No.1 lifeboat same as .According to SOLAS Ch.3 Reg.19 3.3Found all in good condition.伍、ISM上課及操演I.Assembled all crewmembers on muster station for talk & exercise on Firefighting for engine room & GS pump/emergency fire pump & pipeline leakage & gas detector & garbage disposal and treatment & Cargo hold/Cabin fire fighting & drill signal & EEBD & Flooding. Fire fighting drill & Abandon ship drill.According to SOLAS Ch.ⅢReg.19 3.3 3.3.1 3.4 3.4.2 Found all in good condition.II.And carried out ISPS training & DRILLS on TERPERING with cargo ship. Ship equipment、system、ship stores/Attached whilst at sea./knowledge of current security threats/knowledge of the emergency procedure and continence plan. et.Found all in normal.六、季檢Inspection the international shore connection and all fire fighting equipments in the locker with checklist. The head support of immersion suit are inflated and without leakage. Fire doors and fire dampers tested for local operation. All CO2 bottles connection for cable operation system chip is tight on fixed fire fighting extinguishing installations. Found all in properly condition.七、MONTHLY SMS DRILL1330~1630 Carried out APR monthly SMS training item as fallow,”(1)Fire-fighting drill (2)fire type(3)C/Hold Fire-fighting (4)exercise onGS/Emergency fire fighting pump (5)Abandon ship drill (6)exercise on lifeboat releasing/retrieving (7)exercise on CPR,EMERGENCY FIRST AID (8)GAS detector (9)Alternator/Electric power wiring system (10) Dangerous goods trainingcourse(11)Garbage management (12)Grounding ,found all in good condition.八、LIBERIA WEEKLY SAFETY TRAINING1330~1350 Carried out Liberia weekly safety training “How to fight fires on board this vessel”.九、重要IMPORTAN T：每3個月救生艇下水脫鉤操演，LOG BOOK填寫重點1.測試燈及引擎及舵TESTED LAMP AND ENGINE AND RUDDER2.施放1號(2號)救生艇至水面並且脫鉤LOW DOWN NO.1(NO.2)LIFEBOAT INTO THE WATER AND UNHOOK 3.每月写救生艇杨至登艇甲板LOW DOWN NO.1(NO.2)LIFEBOAT TO LIFEBOAT DECK AND TESTED ENGINE FOUND IN GOOD ORDER4.啟動引擎並且在水面運轉一圈RUN ENGINE AND MANOEUVRING TURNING ONE CIRCLE IN THE WATER4.將小艇復位RECOVER LIFEBOAT。

应对PSC检查的方法

应对PSC检查的方法（连载）各位同行：大家好！很有幸和大家共同探讨应对PSC检查的相关问题。

自 20 世纪80 年代以来，船舶海上交通事故频发，严重危害了人命安全和海洋环境，引起了国际海事组织（IMO）和各港口当局的高度重视。

为此，国际海事组织强调要落实公约标准的三重责任：IMO 负责制定标准，船旗国负责实施标准，港口国负责检查监督，其主旨在于将不符合标准的船舶淘汰出航运市场。

而港口国检查（PSC）被公认为消除低标准船舶、保证海上安全和保护海洋环境的有效手段。

近年来，随着相关国际公约修正案的生效，全球范围内的PSC 检查力度明显加强，得到了更广泛的认同。

2002 年7 月1 日ISM 规则全面生效，PSC 检查程序不再只是针对船舶硬件，也开始对船舶操作和管理进行相应的检查，这表明港口国检查已在更广泛的领域内得到应用。

为更好的应对PSC的检查，我想和大家探讨四个方面的问题。

一通过我的以往迎接PSC检查的经验和大家谈一谈。

作为船长，我把受PSC检查的区域简单分成两大块。

第一块，通过外交手段和其他方法可以顺利通过的国家和港口。

包括东南亚各国和很多不发达的第三世界国家和港口。

在这些地方，只要将PSC检察官约至房间中做讨价还价的游戏，英文叫BURGAINING,就可利用船长出色的外交魅力轻松搞定PSC检查官，拿到清洁报告。

上述方法有人不屑为之，但我认为站在为船东和租家立场来考虑，我们通过PSC检查的目的是减少船舶在港的时间，避免船舶适当和不适当的延误。

为此，采取的手段是次要的。

第二块发达国家。

主要是欧美日本澳大利亚和新西兰。

有经验的船长都知道，跑这一类的国家和港口，船上没有别的办法，只有一个字，“干”。

船上要严格按照体系文件和公约法规的要求，逐条落实，尤其是SOLAS公约和MARPOL公约的要求，船舶保养要跟上，船风船貌要改变，船长英语要过关，各种演习要规范，防污染设备和应急设备一定要处于正常的工作状态，船舶证书管理规范，保持有效。

外文翻译-驾驶者的转向感英文

405 Driver perception of steering feelA C Newberry1,2*,M J Griﬃn1,and M Dowson21Human Factors Research Unit,University of Southampton,Southampton,UK2Jaguar Cars Ltd,UKThe manuscript was received on25July2006and was accepted after revision for publication on4January2007.DOI:10.1243/09544070JAUTO415Abstract:Steering feel is optimized at a late stage of vehicle development,using prototypevehicles and expert opinion.An understanding of human perception may assist the develop-ment of a good‘feel’earlier in the design process.Three psychophysical experiments havebeen conducted to advance understanding of factors contributing to the feel of steering sys-tems.Theﬁrst experiment,which investigated the frames of reference for describing the feel(i.e.haptic properties)of a steering wheel,indicated that subjects focused on the steady stateforce that they applied to the wheel rather than the steady state torque,and on the angle thatthey turned the wheel rather than the displacement of their hands.In a second experiment,thresholds for detecting changes in both steady state steering-wheel force and steady statesteering-wheel angle were determined as about15per cent.The rate of growth in the perceptionof steady state steering-wheel force and steady state steering-wheel angle were determinedusing magnitude estimation and magnitude production.It was found that,according to Stevens’power law,the sensation of steady state steering-wheel force increases with a power of1.39with increased force,whereas the perception of steady state steering-wheel angle increaseswith a power of0.93with increased steering-wheel angle.The implications for steering systemsare discussed.Keywords:steering feel,proprioceptive,haptic feedback1INTRODUCTION wheel(subject to kinematic losses through the steer-ing system,and subject to various assist methods in Driving a car is a complex task and involves manysteering systems,e.g.hydraulic and electric power interactions between the driver and the vehicle assist)where the driver can interact with them and through the various controls.Good performance ofdevelop an internal model of the steering properties the system depends on how well a car is able to and the environment.create the driver’s intentions,and how well diﬀer-The relationship between the steering-wheel ences between those intentions and the vehicle’s torque and the steering-wheel angle has been con-sidered a useful means of describing steering feel[1]. response can be detected by the driver.The steeringsystem is one of the primary controls in a car,Various‘metrics’of the relationship are used to deﬁne allowing the driver to control the direction of thesteering feel[2–5],and experiments have found that vehicle.The steering system not only allows the changing the relation between the steering-wheel driver to control the car but also provides the driverforce and steering-wheel angle can alter the driving with feedback through haptic(i.e.touch)senses,experience[6].Knowledge of the way in which haptic giving cues to the state of the road–tyre interface.stimuli at the steering wheel are perceived by drivers Forces originating at the road–tyre interface(and may therefore assist the development of steering-related to the road wheel angle,vehicle speed,andsystem designs.The perception of stiﬀness[7]and the perception road adhesion),present themselves at the steeringof viscosity[8]seem to come from force,position,and *Corresponding author:Human Factors Research Unit,Univer-velocity cues.Psychophysiological studies indicate sity of Southampton,Tizard Building,Southampton,UK.email:that muscle spindle receptors,cutaneous mechano-receptors,and joint receptors provide the neural acn@406A C Newberry,M J Griﬃn,and M Dowsoninputs used in the perception of the movement andforce applied by a limb[9].Psychophysics provides techniques to describe howsubjects perceive stimuli.Classic measures includethe diﬀerence threshold(the minimum changeneeded to detect a change in a stimulus)and thepsychophysical function(the relationship betweenchanges in stimulus magnitude and the perceptionof those changes).However,theﬁrst step in quanti-fying steering feel using psychophysical methods isto identify what aspects of the haptic feedback at thesteering wheel are used by drivers.Steering torque and steering angle describe thesteady state characteristics of steering systems andtheir relationships have been identiﬁed as inﬂuencingsteering feel[2–5].It seems appropriate to check Fig.1Test apparatuswhether subjects are judging what the experimenteris measuring.It has not been shown whether theby a rapid prototype polymerﬁnished with pro-properties of steering system should be describedduction quality leather glued and stitched on to the in rotational frames of reference(i.e.torque andgrip.angle)or translation frames of reference(i.e.forceSubject posture was constrained by the seat, and displacement).steering wheel,and heel point.The joint angle at the This paper describes three experiments designedelbow was monitored and adjusted to110°for all to study how drivers perceive the steady statesubjects to ensure that they did not sit too close or properties of steering wheels.Theﬁrst experimenttoo far from the steering wheel.investigated whether rotational or translation framesThe steering-column assembly included an optical of reference are more intuitive to subjects.It wasincremental encoder to measure angle(resolution, hypothesized that,if asked to‘match’diﬀerent0.044°),a strain gauge torque transducer to measure steering-wheel sizes,either the rotational or thetorque(0.01N accuracy),bearings to allow the wheel translation frame of reference would be matchedto rotate freely(isotonic control),and a clamp to lock more consistently.The second experiment deter-the column in position(isometric control).mined diﬀerence thresholds for the perception ofsteering-wheel force and angle,with the hypothesisthat Weber’s law would apply for both stimuli.The3EXPERIMENTSthird experiment investigated the psychophysicalscales for the perception of the physical propertiesThree experiments were performed to investigate the at steering wheels by determining relationshipsresponse of the driver to steady state steering-wheel between steering-wheel force and the perception ofproperties and to determine,ﬁrstly,the driver frame steering-wheel force,and between steering-wheelof reference,secondly,the diﬀerence thresholds for angle and the perception of steering-wheel angle.Itthe perception of force and angle,and,thirdly,the was hypothesized that Stevens’power law provides anrate of growth of sensations of force and angle. adequate model for describing the psychophysicalThe experiments were approved by the Human scales.Experimentation,Safety and Ethics Committee ofthe Institute of Sound and Vibration Research at theUniversity of Southampton.2APPARATUS3.1Driver’s frame of referenceA rig was built to simulate the driving position of a2002model year Jaguar S-type saloon car as shown Frames of reference provide means for representing in Fig.1.The framework provided a heel point forthe locations and motions of entities in space.There subjects and supported a car seat and steering are two principal classiﬁcations for reference frames column assembly.The cross-section of a Jaguarin spatial perception:the allocentric(a framework S-type steering wheel was used to create the grips of external to the person),and the egocentric(a frame-the experimental steering wheel,which was formedwork centred on the person).For some tasks,the407Driver perception of steering feelchoice of reference frame may be merely a matter‘match’the sensation experienced with the referencewheel.Subjects were required to achieve the refer-of convenience.In human spatial cognition andence or match within6s,and to hold the force or navigation the reference frame determines humanangle for4s.Subjects were required to move their perception.The haptic perception of steering-wheelhands to the test condition within the6s given to position and motion is inﬂuenced by the spatialachieve the match.The total time for one reference constraint imposed on the wheel,which can onlyand match trial was20s.rotate about a column.Subjects attended two sessions,one with isometric In engineering terms,it is convenient to describesteering wheels and one with isotonic steering the motion of a steering wheel in a rotational framewheels.Four reference conditions were presented in of reference using steering-wheel torque and steering-each session:5N,15N,1.5N m,and3N m with the wheel angle.However,drivers may use a diﬀerentisometric steering wheels,and3°,9°,10mm,and frame of reference when perceiving the feel of a30mm with the isotonic steering wheels.The forces steering system;they may perceive steering-wheeland distances refer to the forces and distances at the force rather than steering-wheel torque,and steering-rim of the steering wheel.wheel displacement rather than steering-wheel angle.For this experiment,12male subjects,aged between Alternatively,drivers may use neither allocentric18and26years,took part using a within-subjects nor egocentric frames of reference and insteadexperimental design where all subjects participated may employ some intermediate reference frame asin all conditions.The order of presentation of the suggested by Kappers[10].reference conditions was balanced across subjects. This experiment aims to test whether driversFor six subjects,theﬁrst session used the isometric sense steering-wheel force or torque,and whethersteering wheels;for the other six subjects,theﬁrst they sense angle or displacement.The relationshipssession used the isotonic steering wheels.between these properties areFor each reference condition,a total of18trials T=rF(1)were undertaken:nine trials to account for eachcombination of three reference wheels and three x=r h(2)diameters of test wheel(small,medium,and large) To investigate which variable is intuitively used by including matching to the same wheel,and a repeat drivers,it is necessary to uncouple the relationship of these nine conditions.between rotational and translation frames of refer-The length of time that subjects were required to ence.This can be achieved by altering the radius of hold a force or torque was minimized to prevent the steering wheel.It was hypothesized that,when fatigue.Typically,subjects took10s to reach the asked to‘match’a reference condition using iso-desired force or angle.The view of their hands was metric steering wheels(i.e.wheels that do not rotate)obscured so that subjects did not receive visual with varying radii,subjects would match either the feedback of their position or movement.force applied by the hand or the torque applied tothe steering wheel.It was similarly hypothesized that, 3.1.2Resultswhen using isotonic steering wheels(i.e.wheels thatThe results for a typical subject in the experiment rotate without resistance to movement)with varyingwith isometric control are shown in terms of force in radii,subjects would match either the displacementFig.2,and in terms of torque in Fig.3.The results of the hand on the steering wheel or the anglefor a typical subject in the experiment with isotonic through which the steering wheel was turned.control are shown in terms of angle in Fig.4and interms of displacement in Fig.5.3.1.1MethodCorrelation coeﬃcients between the physical Using the‘method of adjustment’[11],subjects magnitudes of the reference condition and the test ‘matched’sensations from a‘reference’steering condition are presented for each subject in Table1. wheel to a‘test’steering wheel.When grasping the For isometric control,correlation coeﬃcients were reference wheel,subjects were required to achieve obtained for both torque and force at the steering-a desired stimulus magnitude by acting on the wheel rim.For isotonic control,correlation coeffi-wheel in a clockwise direction using visual feedback cients were obtained for both angle and displace-from aﬁxed11-point indicator scale on a computer ment at the steering-wheel rim.It was assumed that monitor.Instructions on the computer monitor then the variable with the greater correlation(i.e.either instructed the subjects to move their hands to either force or torque,or angle or displacement)is the most the‘small’,‘medium’,or‘large’steering wheel,and toeﬃcient engineering term to represent the data.408A C Newberry,M J Griﬃn,and M DowsonFig.4Relation between steady state reference angle Fig.2Relation between steady state reference torque and test angle for isotonic control(data from and test torque for isometric control(data from one subject)one subject)Fig.5Relation between steady state reference dis-placement and test displacement for isotonic Fig.3Relation between steady state reference forcecontrol(data from one subject) and test force for isometric control(data fromone subject)3.1.3DiscussionOver the12subjects,for isometric control,the Lines of bestﬁt to the data had gradients of less correlation coeﬃcients obtained for force were than unity for11subjects.The single subject that signiﬁcantly higher than those obtained for torque achieved a slope greater than1.0did so only for (p<0.01,Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test).angle data.The eﬀect could have arisen from the For isotonic control,the correlation coeﬃcients reference being presentedﬁrst(i.e.an order eﬀect). obtained for angle were signiﬁcantly higher than Alternatively,it could indicate that the physical those obtained for displacement(p<0.01).variables do not reﬂect the parameters adjusted by409Driver perception of steering feelTable1Spearman’s rho correlations coeﬃcients r is described in terms of a‘Weber fraction’or percent-between reference magnitude and test magni-age.Weber proposed that the absolute diﬀerence tude(all Spearman rho correlation coeﬃcients threshold is a linear function of stimulus intensity in the table are signiﬁcant at p<0.01)and can therefore be described as a constant per-centage,or fraction,of the stimulus intensity.This is Correlation coeﬃcient rexpressed in Weber’s lawIsometric wheel Isotonic wheelSubject Torque Force Angle Displacement D ww=c(3)10.360.730.890.4920.430.820.790.48where c is a constant known as the‘Weber fraction’, 30.560.890.820.55often expressed as a percentage.40.710.820.690.4650.710.810.740.69Diﬀerence thresholds for the perception of force 60.790.760.790.66are available in a variety of forms.Jones[12]reported 70.680.770.750.73the diﬀerence threshold as a Weber fraction of0.07 80.720.760.800.6290.530.840.890.60(7per cent)for forces generated at the elbowﬂexor 100.720.840.780.53muscles.Diﬀerence thresholds for lifted weights 110.530.890.790.69120.620.850.900.60have been reported by Laming[13]based on anexperiment by Fechner[14]using weights from300to3000g,resulting in a Weber fraction of0.059(5.9per cent),and Oberlin[15]measured diﬀerence the subjects.Regardless of the deviations of refer-thresholds for lifted weights from50to550g,giving ences and‘matches’from the45°line,the Spearmana Weber fraction of0.043(4.3per cent). correlations ranked the reference and‘match’dataHaptic discrimination ofﬁnger span with widths according to magnitude without making any assump-varying from17.7to100mm have been reported as tions about the exact values of the reference and0.021(2.1per cent)by Gaydos[16].Discrimination the‘match’.of elbow movement has been reported as8per cent The results suggest that with idealized isometricby Jones et al.[17],while discrimination of sinusoidal and isotonic controls,drivers have a better sense ofmovements of theﬁnger studied by Rinker et al.[18] steering-wheel force than steering-wheel torque andproduced diﬀerence thresholds that ranged from a better sense of steering wheel-angle than steering-10per cent to18per cent.wheel displacement.It seems that subjects used theThe present experiment investigated diﬀerence forces in their muscles and the angles at the jointsthresholds for steady state steering-wheel force of their hands and arms to position the steering(using an isometric steering wheel),and diﬀerence wheels.thresholds for steady state steering-wheel angle To judge torque,subjects would need to combine(using an isotonic steering wheel).estimates of force with knowledge of the distancebetween their hands and the centre of the steer-ing wheel.To judge the displacement of the steering- 3.2.1Methodwheel rim,subjects would need to combineDiﬀerence thresholds were determined with a two-estimates of their joint angles with the length ofalternative forced-choice procedure using an up-their limbs.The estimation of torque and distanceand-down transformed response(UDTR)method requires more information and greater processing[19].Subjects were required to act on the steering than the estimation of force and angle.Consequently,wheel to achieve a reference force or reference it is not surprising that torque and distance result inangle,followed by a test stimulus.The required levels less accurate judgements and are not preferred orfor both actions were presented on a character-‘natural’.less11-point scale on a computer monitor.The refer-ence stimulus and a test stimulus were presented 3.2Diﬀerence thresholdssequentially,and in random order,to subjects whowere required to report which of the two stimuli‘felt A diﬀerence threshold is the smallest change in astimulus required to produce a just noticeable diﬀer-greater’.The UDTR method was used with a three-down one-up rule(i.e.three correct responses in a ence in sensation[11].Diﬀerence thresholds can bedescribed in absolute terms,where the threshold row caused the test stimulus to become closer to thereference stimulus whereas one incorrect response is described in the physical units of the variableunder test,or in relative terms,where the threshold resulted in an increase in the diﬀerence between the410A C Newberry,M J Griﬃn,and M Dowsonreference and the test stimulus).The three-up one-down rule means that the diﬀerence threshold isobserved at a79.4per cent correct response level[19].Three reference magnitudes were used in eachsession:5.25N,10.5N,and21N for the isometricsteering wheel,and4°,8°,and16°for the isotonicsteering wheel.To determine a diﬀerence thresholdfor each reference,subjects made a sequence ofjudgements,with the total number of judgementsdictated by their responses.The sequence wasterminated after three‘up’and three‘down’reversalsof direction.The diﬀerence threshold was measuredas the mean value of the last two‘up’and the lasttwo‘down’reversals.For this experiment,12male subjects,aged between18and28years,took part using a within-subjectsexperimental design.The order of presentation forFig.6Absolute diﬀerence thresholds for steady state the reference conditions was balanced across sub-force and angle(medians and interquartile jects with six subjects starting with isotonic control,range)and six starting with isometric control.3.2.2ResultsThe median absolute and relative diﬀerence thresh-olds are shown in Table2.For both force and angle,the absolute diﬀerence thresholds increased signiﬁ-cantly with increasing magnitude of the reference(p<0.01,Friedman test).The median absolute and relative diﬀerence thresh-olds for both force and angle are shown in Fig.6andFig.7respectively.The median relative diﬀerencethresholds tended to decrease(from16.5per cent to11.5per cent)with increases in the reference forceand decrease(from17.0per cent to11.5per cent)with increases in the reference angle.However,over-all,the relative diﬀerence thresholds did not diﬀersigniﬁcantly over the three force references or overthe three angle references(p>0.4,Friedman test).3.2.3DiscussionThe statistical analysis implies that the relative Fig.7Relative diﬀerence thresholds for steady state diﬀerence thresholds were independent of force and force and angle(medians and interquartile angle and that Weber’s law can be upheld for therange)conditions of the study.Table2Median diﬀerence thresholds(N=12)Threshold values for the following reference valuesForce Angle Threshold(units) 5.25N10.5N21N4°8°16°Absolute diﬀerence threshold(units same as stimuli)0.87 1.58 2.420.68 1.12 1.84Relative diﬀerence threshold(%)16.515.011.517.014.011.5411Driver perception of steering feelThe mean relative diﬀerence thresholds across produce.The bias causes magnitude production to the magnitudes of the reference stimuli were15peryield steeper slopes(i.e.higher values for n)than cent when detecting changes in force and14per cent magnitude estimation.when detecting changes in angle.This suggests noThe third experiment employed both magnitude fundamental diﬀerence in the accuracy of detecting estimation and magnitude production to develop a changes in force and angle,implying that forcescale of perception of steady state steering-wheel and angle provide equally discriminable changes in force and steady state steering-wheel angle. feedback.For the perception of force,the15per cent relative3.3.1Methoddiﬀerence threshold was obtained with a correct per-formance level of79.4per cent.Direct comparison For magnitude estimation,a subjectﬁrst applied a with the aforementioned studies of the perception ofreference force(or angle)by acting on the steering force are not possible,as correct response levels are wheel in a clockwise direction.The reference was not presented in those studies.For the perception10.5N on the isometric steering wheel and9°on the of angle,14per cent in the present study compares isotonic steering wheel.Feedback was given on an with a diﬀerence threshold for limb movement in the11-point scale,with the reference in the middle of range10–18per cent(for a71per cent correct per-the scale.Subjects were told that the reference corre-formance level)according to Rinker et al.[18],andsponded to100.A subject then applied11diﬀerent 8per cent(for a71per cent correct performance test forces(or angles)by applying a force or angle level)according to Jones et al.[17].until the pointer was placed at the middle mark ofthe11-point scale.The forces or angles requiredcorresponded to50per cent,60per cent,70per cent, 3.3Rate of growth of sensation80per cent,90per cent,100per cent,120per The rate of growth of sensation of stimuli has often cent,140per cent,160per cent,180per cent,and been determined using Stevens’power law[20]200per cent of the reference force or angle.Forforce,these stimuli ranged from 5.25N to21N y=k w n(4)while,for angle,they ranged from4.5°to18°.After where y is the sensation magnitude,w is the stimulusthe presentation of a test stimulus,a subject was intensity,k is a scalar constant depending on the asked to report a number considered to represent conditions,and n is the value of the exponent thatthe test force(or angle)in proportion to the refer-describes the rate of growth of sensation of the ence.The presentation order of the test stimuli was stimulus and depends on the sensory modality(e.g.randomized.For magnitude production,a subject perception of force,or perception of loudness).ﬁrst applied a reference force(or angle)by acting on Previous studies have reported rates of growththe steering wheel in a clockwise direction.The refer-of sensation of force and weight with exponents ence was10.5N on the isometric steering wheeland9°on the isotonic steering wheel.Feedback was between0.8and2.0over a variety of experimentalconditions[21–24].A study of the haptic sensation given on an11-point scale,with the reference in the ofﬁnger span by Stevens and Stone[25]using widthsmiddle of the scale.The subject was told that this of2.3–63.7mm reported an exponent of1.33using corresponded to100.The scale was removed and a magnitude estimation.number was displayed instead(50,60,70,80,90, The value of the exponent n may be determined100,120,140,160,180,or200)and the subject was by either magnitude estimation or magnitude pro-asked to produce a force(or angle)corresponding duction.Magnitude estimation requires subjects to to the given number in proportion to the reference. make numerical estimations of the perceived magni-The presentation order of the test stimuli was tudes of sensations,whereas magnitude production randomized.For this experiment,12male subjects,aged requires subjects to adjust the stimulus to producesensory magnitudes equivalent to given numbers.between18and26years,took part using a within-These methods have systematic biases which Stevenssubjects experimental design.Subjects attended two [20]called a‘regression eﬀect’[11].The biases sessions with the order of presentation of the force, are attributed to a tendency for subjects to limitangle,and magnitude estimation,and magnitude the range of stimuli over which they have control;so production conditions balanced across subjects. with magnitude estimation they limit the range ofThe exponent indicating the rate of growth of numbers that they report,and in magnitude pro-sensation was determined byﬁtting Stevens’power duction they limit the range of stimuli that theylaw to the data.With the stimulus and sensation412A C Newberry,M J Griﬃn,and M Dowsonplotted on logarithmic axes,the exponent is the slopen given bylog y=n log w+log k(5)3.3.2ResultsExponents for the rate of growth of sensation wereobtained from least-squares regression between themedian judgements of the12subjects for each testmagnitude and the actual test magnitude,with theapparent magnitude assumed to be the dependentvariable[26].The calculated exponents were1.14(force magnitude estimation),1.70(force magnitudeproduction),0.91(angle magnitude estimation),and0.96(angle magnitude production).The median data,and lines of bestﬁt from all sub-jects,are shown in Figs8,9,10,and11for forceestimation,force production,angle estimation,andFig.9Rate of growth of apparent force using magni-angle production respectively and are compared intude production.Data from12subjectsFig.12.The Spearman rank order correlation coeﬃcientsr between the physical magnitudes and the per-ceived magnitudes were0.89for force magnitudeestimation,0.65for force magnitude production,0.89for angle magnitude estimation,and0.87for anglemagnitude production.All correlations were signiﬁ-cant(p<0.01;N=132),indicating high correlationsbetween stimuli and the estimated or assignedmagnitude.3.3.3DiscussionWith magnitude estimation,the rank order of allmedian estimates of force and angle increased withFig.10Rate of growth of apparent angle using magni-tude estimation.Data from12subjectsincreasing force and angle,except for the middle(100and120)force estimates.This deviation is assumedto have arisen by chance.To assess the impact thatthis deviation has on the exponent obtained fromthe median data,an exponent was regressed toall data points from all subjects.This yielded anexponent of1.14,which is the same as the exponentdetermined from the median data.Similarly,withmagnitude production,the median forces and anglesincreased with increasing required value,except forthe two lowest forces.The lowest median force was Fig.8Rate of growth of apparent force using magni-tude estimation.Data from12subjects produced when subjects were asked to produce a。

铁路机车专业英语学习指南

铁路机车专业英语学习指南English Answer:Introduction.The railway locomotive profession is a specialized field that plays a crucial role in the transportation industry. To effectively operate and maintain locomotives, professionals require a strong foundation in technical knowledge and a comprehensive understanding of locomotive systems and operations. This guide provides a structured approach to learning railway locomotive engineering in English, ensuring a deep understanding of the subject matter.Sections.1. Fundamentals of Railway Locomotives.Introduction to locomotive types, design, andcomponents.Basic principles of locomotive operation, including traction, braking, and signaling.2. Locomotive Systems.Power systems: diesel, electric, and hybrid.Mechanical systems: drivetrain, suspension, and braking.Electrical systems: power generation, distribution, and control.3. Locomotive Maintenance.Preventive maintenance schedules and procedures.Troubleshooting and repair techniques for various locomotive systems.Safety regulations and best practices.4. Locomotive Operations.Train handling and control.Fuel efficiency and environmental considerations.Emergency procedures and incident management.5. Advanced Topics.Current trends in locomotive technology.Remote monitoring and diagnostics.Locomotive data analysis and performance optimization.Resources.Textbooks: "Railway Locomotives" by George D. Campbell,"Fundamentals of Railway Locomotive Engineering" by J.H. Gibson.Journals: "Railway Gazette International", "Railway Age"Online courses: Coursera, edX, Udemy.Workshops and seminars offered by industry organizations.Study Techniques.Active learning: Engage with the material through discussions, hands-on exercises, and simulations.Regular review: Revisit previously covered topics to reinforce understanding and improve retention.Seek feedback: Participate in discussions and ask questions to clarify concepts.Utilize online resources: Supplement textbooks with online materials, videos, and tutorials.Assessment.Quizzes and assignments: Regular assessments to evaluate understanding of concepts and practical applications.Final project: A comprehensive project that demonstrates proficiency in locomotive engineering skills.Hands-on training: Practical experience through internships or simulations to apply knowledge in real-world situations.Conclusion.By following this structured guide and taking advantage of the resources and study techniques outlined above, individuals can develop a strong foundation in railway locomotive engineering in English. This knowledge willenable them to confidently operate, maintain, and optimize locomotives, contributing to the safe, efficient, and sustainable transportation of people and goods.中文回答：铁路机车专业英语学习指南。

湿天下驾驶技巧指南说明书

PreparationLearning the art of safe driving in adverse weather requires preparation and training. Start with a vehicle that’s ready for the rigors of the rainy season: good tire tread, firm brakes and streak-free wipers. Add wet-weather driving techniques: dealing with reduced visibility and traction, steering, braking and skid control. When vehicle and driver are ready, practice in a safe, secluded area. The driver who knows what to do in an emergency is more likely to stay in control. Preparing to drive in wet weather Emergencies by definition happen suddenly with little time for evaluation and decision-making. You have to be prepared to act quickly to avoid a crash. A review of nearly 12,000 collisions found that more than 37 percent of drivers involved took no action to prevent or avoid the incident.Think cautionGet in the right frame of mind before you get behind the wheel. Never drive when you’re emotionally upset or rushed. According to traffic safety authorities, lack of attention is a major contributing factor to auto crashes. Additionally, your alertness level normally drops around your regular bedtime. Nightfall only magnifies your risk by limiting your field of visibility. If you must drive during your regular sleep cycle, stop each hour and freshen up. A best practice is to travel with another person so that the responsibility of driving can be shared to ensure a rested driver is behind the wheel.In the driver’s seatCorrect seat adjustment puts you in position to perform the gentle smooth, precise movements necessary for safe motoring ininclementweather. Adjustyour seat so yousit no closer than10 inches fromthe steeringwheel and so thatyou can see theroad ahead. Youshould sit closeenough to thesteering wheel to maintain a bend in your elbows. This position will reduce the chance of injury to your fingers, hands, and forearms if the airbag deploys.Shorter drivers may need a wedge cushion or pedal extensions to be able to sit this distance from the steering wheel. Confirm the position of mirrors and environmental controls before you start the vehicle. Don’t forget to buckle up, and have all your passengers buckle up, too.Suit upSelect clothing that provides comfort and freedom of movement behind the wheel. While heavy garments may be necessary outside the vehicle, they can restrict movement behind the wheel. Always come to a complete stop in a safe spot before removing a coat or gloves.Driving when visibility is poor Regardless of your driving experience, the odds are greater that you’ll have a collision in wet weather. A hard rain can limit visibility so that you can’t see the edges of the road, traffic signs or other vehicles on the road. If you must drive under such conditions, it’s helpful to have the knowledge and skills to cope with this challenge.A clear viewKeep your windshield and windows clean. It’s important to clean the inside of your windows at least once a week – more often if you smoke. Use your defroster to keep front and rear windshields clear. On a cold day,move the heat control to “hot” and let the engine warm up before you turn on the defrosters and blowers.This will prevent moisture from collecting on the inside of the glass.If the glass gets foggy, open a window slightly and turn the defroster fan to a higher speed. Use your air conditioner to reduce humidity.A bright ideaWhen you drive on wetstreets, mud and dirtsplash on yourheadlights, reducingillumination by up to 90percent. Stop periodicallyduring a long trip toclean your headlights. If your vehicle is not equipped with daytime running lights, drive with your low-beam headlights on at all times – especially on dark or overcast days. Use low beams and fog lights in fog.Recognize a crisisWhen visibility is so limited that you can’t see the edges of the road or other vehicles at a safe distance, it’s time to pull off and wait for the rain to ease up. It’s best to stop at a rest area or exit the freeway and go to a protected area. If the roadside is your only option, pulloff the road as far as you can, preferably past the endof a guardrail. Vehicles parked at the side of the road are frequently struck by other drivers. Respect the limitations of reduced visibility and turn headlights off and emergency flashes on to alert other drivers. Skills for reduced-traction driving Wet roads mean poor traction. Conditions are most dangerous during the first 10 minutes of a heavy downpour as oil and debris first rise up, then wash away. Knowing how to handle poor traction reduces the potential for hydroplaning, skidding or getting stuck in the mud.Getting out of a tough spotYou need steady pulling and moderate power when traction is poor. The best remedy when wheels are stuck in the mud or a soft shoulder is to apply power slowly.•Keep the wheels pointed straight ahead so the vehicle can move in a straight line. If you can’t go forward, try backing out, steering in the vehicle’s tracks.•With a manual transmission, start in second gear to prevent wheel spin. Accelerate carefully, giving enough fuel to prevent the engine from stalling and ease along gradually until traction improves.•Rock your way out by using second gear in a manual transmission and low gear in automatic transmissions. Check your owner’s manual forrecommended procedures. Move forward until thebackwards until momentum stops. Repeat this process, moving ahead a little more each time. Use minimum power to keep the wheels from spinning and digging in deeper.•If rocking doesn’t work and wheels simply spin, find a way to create traction. Traction mats, gravel or kitty litter work best, but you can also use salt, burlap, branches or even the vehicle’s floor mats. Shovel a space in front of the drive wheels and spread your materials there. Apply power slowly, using second or low gear.Steering clear of collisionsYou may need to take evasive action in poor weather to avoid a collision. Steering around an obstacle is preferred to braking at speeds above 25 mph because less distance is required to steer around an object than to brake to a stop. In wet weather, sudden braking often leads to skids.steering:1.2.direction, but it has onean awkward position tomake further fineadjustments.Recognize a water hazardYour vehicle’s grip on the road depends upon a small area of contact where the tires meet the road surface, called the tire’s footprint. The amount of water on the road, your speed and the condition of your tires affect footprint traction.•When driving in water just one-twelfth of an inch deep, each of your tires has to displace one gallon of water per second. Adequate, full tread allows water to escape from under the tires. Proper inflation also improves traction. Low tire pressure allows the tread to squeeze together, narrowing the tread channels, and reduces the tire’s ability to wipe or channel away water. Tires specifically designed for wet-weather traction allow even more water to escape, keeping the footprint in contact with the road surface.•Identify the signs of hydroplaning: a slight rise of the front of the car and a loss of steering.•Choose a speed consistent with the amount of water on the road. At 30 mph or less, properly inflated tires with good tread will maintain contact. Even a brand-new tire will lose some footprint contact at speeds as low as 35 mph. At 60 mph, water may completely separate the tire from the road and cause hydroplaning. •To reduce chances of hydroplaning, slow down, avoid hard braking or turning sharply and drive in the tracks of the vehicle ahead of you.Avoid using cruise control in wet-weather driving conditionsMany cars feature cruise control. This feature works great in dry scenarios, but when used in wet conditions, the chance of losing control of your vehicle can increase. To prevent loss of traction, you may need to reduce your speed by lifting off the accelerator, which cannot be accomplished when cruise control is engaged.When driving in wet-weather conditions, it is important that you concentrate fully on every aspect of driving. Avoiding using cruise control will allow you more options to choose from when responding to a potential loss-of-traction situation, thus maximizing your safety. Regaining control in a skidEven careful drivers experience skids. You lose traction and your wheels spin or lock, usually when braking, cornering or accelerating. Effective skid-control maneuvers — and a calm approach — will help you regain control. If the rear wheels lose traction, resulting in an oversteering situation, use these steps to regain control:1.Continue to look at your path of travel down the road.2.Steer in the direction you want the front of the vehicle to go.3.Avoid slamming on the brakes. Although hitting the brakes is a typical response, slamming the brakes will only further upset the vehicle’s balance and make it harder to regain control.4.When the rear wheels stop skidding, continue to steer to avoid a rear-wheel skid in the opposite direction. Front-wheel skids are caused by too much speed in a corner. When the front wheels lose traction, you lose steering ability. While this sounds dangerous, front-wheel skids are easier to correct, but drivers must be cautious not to transition into an oversteering situation.1.Continue to look where you want to go.2.Steer in the direction you want the front of the vehicle to go.3.Avoid slamming on the brakes. Although hitting the brakes is a typical response, slamming the brakes will only further upset the vehicle’s balance and make it harder to regain control.4.Wait for the front wheels to grip the road again. As soon as traction returns, the vehicle will start to steer again.5.When the front wheels have regained their grip, steer the wheels gently in the desired direction of travel.Putting on the brakesStopping on a slippery surface requires more distance,so increase your following distance. Focus yourattention as far ahead as possible – at least 20 to 30seconds.Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) are designed to prevent wheels from locking and to retain steering control during panic braking. Sensors located at wheels detect lock-up. The anti-lock system relieves pressure as needed, allowing all four wheels to continue to turn while maintaining steering control.You should use the “plant and steer” method with antilock brake systems. Do not remove your foot from the brake or pump the pedal. If you apply pressure andthe wheels lock momentarily, you might feel the brakepedal pulse back against your foot. This is normal. Just hold the brake pedal down and steer. Pumping the pedal actually works against the system.The best way to stop on a slippery surface if your vehicle doesn’t have antilock brakes is to use threshold braking.Keep the heel of your foot on the floor and use the ball of your foot to apply firm, steady pressure on the brake pedal to the “threshold” of locking your brakes.If your heel leaves the floor, the wheels could lock because control of the brake pedal is transferred from your ankle muscles to your thigh muscles, which are not capable of the finer control required in this situation.Under the stress of trying to stop quickly, drivers almost inevitably use too much pressure, resulting in locked wheels (on non-ABS-equipped vehicles). If this happens,release pressure on the brake pedal by one or two degrees, then immediately reapply slight pressure.Continue this technique as needed until the vehicle comes to a stop.SummaryDriving risk increases in wet-weather conditions. To maximize your driving safety, be aware of the roadconditions, reduce speed appropriately, and be prepared for challenging situations. You’re on your way to safemotoring in wet conditionsPre-Season CheckupRain, slush and mud are hard on your vehicle. Be prepared for the rainy season by conducting a thorough checkup. Use the following checklist as a reference:BatteryWet weather places heavy demands on the battery andcharging system. Recharge or replace weak batteries. Check fluid levels, battery posts, and charging system.LightsCheck the headlights, side-marker lights, emergency flashers,parking lights, front and rear directional signals, taillights and brake lights. Make sure they work and are clean — a quick wipe can make a big difference.Brake SystemCheck brakes for proper operation. Pulling to one side, a taut pedal or an unusual squealing or grinding could indicate the need for brake repair. Don’t delay!TiresTraction is the key to good movement, turning and stopping on wet surfaces. Good tire tread allows water to escape from under the tires, preventing loss of traction. Considerchanging to tires designed for increased traction on wet surfaces. Make sure tires are properly inflated to the pressure shown in the owner’s manual or on the door frame.Windshield Wipers and Washer FluidAre wipers functioning properly? Blades that streak should be replaced. Fill the washer reservoir bottle with a washer solvent.Emergency KitKeep these items in your vehicle in case of emergency:• Flashlight• Mats that can be placed under tires to increase traction • Small bag of sand, salt, or kitty litter to spread around tires to increase traction• Shovel• Cloth or roll of paper towels• Blanket• Booster cables• Window-washing solvent to keep the reservoir filled and winshields clean• Warning devices – flares or triangles• Cellular phone q q q q q qDriverTrainingPrograms•**************************.com 1000 AAA Drive, Heathrow, Florida 32746-5063Printed in USA 800-JOIN-AAA Stock # 3391 10/10•Keep tires properly inflated.•Drive at a speed appropriate for theweather conditions.•Always use your safety belt.•Never use cruise control in wet-weather driving conditions.•Always look and steer where youwant to go.。

02_Steering_Wheel(抄作方向盘)

Solid Edge ST3 Advanced Training
Steering Wheel
黄涛华东大区 ·CAD技术经理
北京艾克斯特科技有限公司
JohnnyHuang © Extech Corp. 2011

操作方向盘

方向盘是非常重要的工具，我们需要花一定的时间来了解它如何操作。
原点（Orriigiin）

移动操作手轮至其它位置选取面、边、关键点、线等对象移动至边缘，并将主轴与其对齐能将其边缘指定为旋转命令的中心线。
JohnnyHuang © Extech Corp. 2011
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主轴（Primary Axis）
拖动主轴，启动具有线性参考的“同步移动” 命令。按住“Shift”键+ 单击主轴，并拖动主轴，能方便地对齐边缘和圆柱中心线。
JohnnyHuang © Extech Corp. 2011
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操作方向盘

通过“Shift”或“Ctrl”点击次轴圆点来旋转方向轮。如果用户只是选择主轴承，将会绕着次轴动态旋转。

用户可以输入数值。
JohnnyHuang © Extech Corp. 2011
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操作方向盘
Page 19
操作手轮
JohnnyHuang © Extech Corp. 2011
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操作手轮的默认行为

当选择一个几何元素的时候，方向盘的主轴和从轴默认和全局的X，Y，Z轴保持一致。
当对齐孔时用户可以优先选择这种方式，即对齐到 “X”或“Y” 大部分的零件中的孔通常是呈矩形排列，并和全局坐标系对齐。

CRH动车组型号简介

≤2000 • 辅助供电制式：三相AC380V 50Hz DC100V
ANSYS TRAINING
CRH1A
• CRH1A型动车组的原型车是庞巴迪运输为瑞典国家铁路提供的Regina C2008型。2004年6月，铁道部展开为用于中国铁路第六次大提速、时速200 公里级别的第一轮高速动车组技术引进招标，中外合资企业青岛四方-庞巴迪-鲍尔铁路运输设备有限公司（BSP）为中标厂商之一，获得了20列的订单。
• CRH3C型电力动车组采用动力分布式，每列8节编组， 4动4拖（T+M+M+T+T+M+M+T），最高运营速度达350km/h。列车设有一等座车（ZY）1辆、二等座车（ZE）6辆和带酒吧的二等座车（ZEC）一辆。其中一等车内座椅2+2方式布置，二等车以2+3方式布置。除了带酒吧的二等座车外，其他车厢所有座位均能旋转。首尾的头车设有司机室，可双向驾驶，一等车和酒吧车在最中间，全列车定员557人。头车长度20.7m，中间车长度25m，车体宽度3.3m，车体高度3.89m，列车总长200.67m，适应站台高度1.25m。
ANSYS TRAINING
CRH1
• CRH1—中国南车集团四方机车车辆股份有限公司与加拿大庞巴迪的合资公司——青岛四方-庞巴迪铁路运输设备有限公司（BST）生产。
• 这是庞巴迪
ANSYS TRAINING
技术参数
• 编组型式：8辆编组，可两编组连挂运行 • 动力配置：2（2M+1T）+（1M+1T） • 车种：一等车、二等车、酒吧坐车合造车 • 定员（人）：670 • 客室布置：一等车2+2、二等车2+3 • 最高运营速度（km/h）：200 • 区最高试验速度（km/h）：250 • 适应轨距（mm）：1435 • 适应站台高度（mm）：500~1200 • 传动方式：交直交牵引功率（kW）：5500 • 编组重量及长度：213.5m，420.4t • 车体型式：不锈钢气密性：没有头车车辆长度（mm）：26950 • 中间车辆长度（mm）：26600 • 车辆宽度（mm）：3328

英文文献翻译-汽车转向系统

The motor turning systemAlong with automobile electronic technology swift and violent development, the people also day by day enhance to the motor turning handling quality request. The motor turning system changed, the hydraulic pressure boost from the traditional machinery changes (Hydraulic Power Steering, is called HPS), the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost changes (Elect ric Hydraulic Power Steering, is called EHPS), develops the electrically operated boost steering system (Elect ric Power Steering, is called EPS), finally also will transit to the line controls the steering system (Steer By Wire, will be called SBW).The machinery steering system is refers by pilot's physicalstrength achievement changes the energy, in which all power transmission all is mechanical, the automobile changes the movement is operates the steering wheel by the pilot, transmits through the diverter and a series of members changes the wheel to realize. The mechanical steering system by changes the control mechanism, the diverter and major part changes the gearing 3 to be composed.Usually may divide into according to the mechanical diverter form: The gear rack type, follows round the world -like, the worm bearing adjuster hoop type, the worm bearing adjuster refers sells the type. Is the gear rack type and follows using the broadest two kinds round the world -like (uses in needing time big steering force).In follows round the world -like in the diverter, the input changes the circle and the output steering arm pivot angle is proportional; In the gear rack type diverter, the input changes the turn and the output rack displacement isproportional. Follows round the world -like the diverter because is the rolling friction form, thus the transmission efficiency is very high, the ease of operation also the service life are long, moreover bearing capacity, therefore widely applies on the truck. The gear rack type diverter with follows round the world -like compares, the most major characteristic is the rigidity is big, the structure compact weight is light, also the cost is low. Because this way passes on easily by the wheel the reacting force to thesteering wheel, therefore has to the pavement behavior response keen merit, but simultaneously also easy to have phenomena and so on goon and oscillation, also its load bearing efficiency relative weak, therefore mainly applies on the compact car and the pickup truck, at present the majority of low end passenger vehicle uses is the gear rack type machinery steering system.Along with the vehicles carrying capacity increase as well as the people to the vehicles handling quality request enhancement, the simple mechanical type steering system were already unable to meet the needs, the power steering system arise at the historic moment, it could rotate the steering wheel while the pilot to provide the boost, the power steering system divides into the hydraulic pressure steering system and the electrically operated steering system 2kinds.Hydraulic pressure steering system is at present uses the most widespread steering system.The hydraulic pressure steering system increased the hydraulic system in the mechanical system foundation, including hydraulic pump, V shape band pulley, drill tubing, feed installment, boost installment and control valve. It with the aid of in the motor car engine poweractuation hydraulic pump, the air compressor and the generator and so on, by the fluid strength, the physical strength or the electric power increases the pilot to operate the strength which the front wheel changes, enables the pilot to be possible nimbly to operate motorturning facilely, reduced the labor intensity, enhanced the travel security.The hydraulic pressure boost steering system from invented already had about half century history to the present, might say was one kind of more perfect system, because its work reliable, the technology maturestill widely is applied until now. It takes the power supply by the hydraulic pump, after oil pipe-line control valves to power hydraulic cylinder feed, through the connecting rod impetus rotation gear movement, may changes the boost through the change cylinder bore and the flowing tubing head pressure size the size, from this achieved changes the boost the function. The traditional hydraulic pressure type power steering system may divide into generally according to the liquid flow form: Ordinary flow type and atmosphericpressure type 2 kind of types, also may divide into according tothe control valve form transfers the valve type and the slide-valve type.Along with hydraulic pressure power steering system on automobile daily popularization, the people to operates when the portability andthe road feeling request also day by day enhance, however the hydraulic pressure power steering system has many shortcomings actually: ①Because its itself structure had decided it is unable to guarantee vehiclesrotates the steering wheel when any operating mode, all has the ideal operation stability, namely is unable simultaneously to guarantee timethe low speed changes the portability and the high speed time operation stability;②The automobile changes the characteristic to drive the pilot technical the influence to be serious; ③The steering ratio is fixed, causes the motor turning response characteristic along with changes and so on vehicle speed, transverse acceleration to change, the pilot must aim at the motor turning characteristic peak-to-peak value and the phase change ahead of time carries on certain operation compensation, thus controls the automobile according to its wish travel. Like this increased pilot's operation burden, also causes in the motor turning travel not to have the security hidden danger; But hereafter appeared the electrically controlled hydraulic booster system, it increases the velocity generator in the traditional hydraulic pressure power steering system foundation, enables the automobile along with the vehicle speed change automatic control force size, has to a certain extent relaxed the traditional hydraulic pressure steering system existence question.At present our country produces on the commercial vehicle and the passenger vehicle uses mostly is the electrically controlled hydraulic pressure boost steering system, it is quite mature and the application widespread steering system. Although the electrically controlled hydraulic servo alleviated the traditional hydraulic pressure from certain degree to change between the portability and the road feeling contradiction, however it did not have fundamentally to solve the HPS system existence insufficiency, along with automobile microelectronic technology development, automobile fuel oil energy conservation request as well as global initiative environmental protection, it in aspect and so on arrangement, installment,leak-proof quality, control sensitivity, energy consumption, attrition and noise insufficiencies already more and more obvious, the steering system turned towards the electrically operated boost steering system development.The electrically operated boost steering system is the present motor turning system development direction, its principle of work is: EPS system ECU after comes from the steering wheel torque sensor and the vehicle speed sensor signal carries on analysis processing, controls the electrical machinery to have the suitable boost torque, assists thepilot to complete changes the operation. In the last few years, along with the electronic technology development, reduces EPS the cost to become large scale possibly, Japan sends the car company, Mitsubishi Car company, this field car company, US's Delphi automobile system company, TRW Corporation and Germany's ZF Corporation greatly all one after another developsEPS.Mercedes2Benz 和Siemens Automotive Two big companies invested65,000,000 pounds to use in developing EPS, the goal are together load a car to 2002, yearly produce 300 ten thousand sets, became the global EPS manufacturer. So far, the EPS system in the slight passenger vehicle, on the theater box type vehicle obtains the widespread application, and every year by 300 ten thousand speed development.Steering is the term applied to the collection of components, linkages, etc. which allow for a vessel (ship, boat) or vehicle (car) to follow the desired course. An exception is the case of rail transport bywhich rail tracks combined together with railroad switches provide the steering function.The most conventional steering arrangement is to turn the front wheels using a hand–operated steering wheel which is positioned infront of the driver, via the steering column, which may containuniversal joints to allow it to deviate somewhat from a straight line. Other arrangements are sometimes found on different types of vehicles,for example, a tiller or rear–wheel steering. Tracked vehicles such as tanks usually employ differential steering — that is, the tracks are made to move at different speeds or even in opposite directions to bring about a change of course.Many modern cars use rack and pinion steering mechanisms, where the steering wheel turns the pinion gear; the pinion moves the rack, whichis a sort of linear gear which meshes with the pinion, from side to side. This motion applies steering torque to the kingpins of the steered wheels via tie rods and a short lever arm called the steering arm.Older designs often use the recirculating ball mechanism, which is still found on trucks and utility vehicles. This is a variation on the older worm and sector design; the steering column turns a large screw (the "worm gear") which meshes with a sector of a gear, causing it to rotate about its axis as the worm gear is turned; an arm attached to the axis of the sector moves the pitman arm, which is connected to the steering linkage and thus steers the wheels. The recirculating ball version of this apparatus reduces the considerable friction by placing large ball bearings between the teeth of the worm and those of the screw; at either end of the apparatus the balls exit from between the twopieces into a channel internal to the box which connects them with the other end of the apparatus, thus they are "recirculated".The rack and pinion design has the advantages of a large degree of feedback and direct steering "feel"; it also does not normally have any backlash, or slack. A disadvantage is that it is not adjustable, so that when it does wear and develop lash, the only cure is replacement.The recirculating ball mechanism has the advantage of a muchgreater mechanical advantage, so that it was found on larger, heavier vehicles while the rack and pinion was originally limited to smaller and lighter ones; due to the almost universal adoption of power steering, however, this is no longer an important advantage, leading to the increasing use of rack and pinion on newer cars. The recirculating ball design also has a perceptible lash, or "dead spot" on center, where a minute turn of the steering wheel in either direction does not move the steering apparatus; this is easily adjustable via a screw on the end of the steering box to account for wear, but it cannot be entirely eliminated or the mechanism begins to wear very rapidly. This design is still in use in trucks and other large vehicles, where rapidity of steering and direct feel are less important than robustness, maintainability,and mechanical advantage. The much smaller degree of feedback with this design can also sometimes be an advantage; drivers of vehicles with rack and pinion steering can have their thumbs broken when a front wheel hits a bump, causing the steering wheel to kick to one side suddenly (leading to driving instructors telling students to keep their thumbs on the front of the steering wheel, rather than wrapping around the insideof the rim). This effect is even stronger with a heavy vehicle like a truck; recirculating ball steering prevents this degree of feedback, just as it prevents desirable feedback under normal circumstances.The steering linkage connecting the steering box and the wheels usually conforms to a variation of Ackermann steering geometry, to account for the fact that in a turn, the inner wheel is actually traveling a path of smaller radius than the outer wheel, so that the degree of toe suitable for driving in a straight path is not suitable for turns.As vehicles have become heavier and switched to front wheel drive, the effort to turn the steering wheel manually has increased - often to the point where major physical exertion is required. To alleviate this, auto makers have developed power steering systems. There are two types of power steering systems—hydraulic and electric/electronic. There is also a hydraulic-electric hybrid system possible.A hydraulic power steering (HPS) uses hydraulic pressure supplied by an engine-driven pump to assist the motion of turning the steering wheel. Electric power steering (EPS) is more efficient than the hydraulic power steering, since the electric power steering motor only needs to provide assist when the steering wheel is turned, whereas the hydraulic pump must run constantly. In EPS the assist level is easily tunable to the vehicle type, road speed, and even driver preference. An added benefit is the elimination of environmental hazard posed by leakage and disposal of hydraulic power steering fluid.An outgrowth of power steering is speed adjustable steering, where the steering is heavily assisted at low speed and lightly assisted athigh speed. The auto makers perceive that motorists might need to make large steering inputs while manoeuvering for parking, but not while traveling at high speed. The first vehiclewith this feature was the Citro?n SM with its Diravi layout, although rather than altering the amount of assistance as in modern power steering systems, it altered the pressure on a centring cam which made the steering wheel try to "spring" back to the straight-ahead position. Modern speed-adjustable power steering systems reduce the pressure fed to the ram as the speed increases, giving a more direct feel. This feature is gradually becoming commonplace across all new vehicles.Four-wheel steering (or all wheel steering) is a system employed by some vehicles to increase vehicle stability while maneuvering at high speed, or to decrease turning radius at low speed.In most four-wheel steering systems, the rear wheels are steered by a computer and actuators. The rear wheels generally cannot turn as far as the Alternatively, several systems, including Delphi's Quadrasteer and the system in Honda's Prelude line, allow for the rear wheels to be steered in the opposite direction as the front wheels during low speeds. This allows the vehicle to turn in a significantly smaller radius —sometimes critical for large trucks or vehicles with trailers.汽车转向系统随着汽车电子技术的迅猛发展,人们对汽车转向操纵性能的要求也日益提高。

211250042_新工科视域下地方特色轻工行业人才培养路径的探索——以温州大学制笔行业人才培养为例

22Univ. Chem. 2023, 38 (3), 22–26收稿：2022-10-30；录用：2022-11-11；网络发表：2022-12-13*通讯作者，Email:***********.cn资金资助：教育部第二批新工科研究与实践项目(E-HJFZQG20202419)•专题• doi: 10.3866/PKU.DXHX202210094 新工科视域下地方特色轻工行业人才培养路径的探索——以温州大学制笔行业人才培养为例王兆伦*，王舜，陈锡安，周敬业，杨植，金辉乐，毕佳捷温州大学化学与材料工程学院，浙江温州 325035摘要：轻工业新工科人才培养是关系国民经济发展和人民生活质量提高的重要课题。

本文针对轻工业中尚未设置本科专业的制笔行业人才培养问题，在特色新工科人才培养的产业、技术、学科和人才培育基础上，探索实践了交叉强基、科教强新、产教强能的制笔行业新工科人才培养模式，并通过持续改进获得了较好的成效，可为其他高等院校实施特色行业新工科人才培养提供借鉴。

关键词：制笔行业；新工科；培养路径；学科交叉；产教融合中图分类号：G64；O6Exploring the Training Path of Light Industry Talents with Local Characteristics from the Perspective of Emerging Engineering Education: Case of Wenzhou University Talent Training Mode in the Pen Manufacturing IndustryZhaolun Wang *, Shun Wang, Xian Chen, Jingye Zhou, Zhi Yang, Huile Jin, Jiajie BiCollege of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang Province, China.Abstract: The cultivation of emerging engineering talents in light industry is an important topic related to the development of national economy and the improvement of quality of life. This study aims to fill the gap of talent training in the pen manufacturing industry, explore the emerging engineering talent training model to solve the practical problems of missing courses in bachelor’s degree based on the background of specialized new industry talent training and the characteristics of industry, technology and academic fields. This study explores and achieves a continuous improvement in practice of a higher engineering education mode of cross-background strengthening basic disciplines plan, improvement of science and education and strengthen capability between industry and education, which sheds light on the development of emerging engineering talent training for the researchers and stakeholders in the future.Key Words: Pen manufacturing industry; Emerging engineering education; Trainingpath; Interdisciplinary; Integration of production and education轻工业是关系着整个国民经济和人民生活质量的重要行业。

汽车底盘中英文翻译

汽车底盘中英文翻译1 .ChassisThe chassis is an assembly of those systems that are the major operating part of a vehicle. The chassis includes the transmission, suspension, steering, and brake systems.Transmission systems ― conveys the drive to the wheels. The ma in components are clutch, gearbox, driveshaft, final drive, and differential.Suspension― absorbs the road shocks.Steering― controls the direction of the movement.Brake― slows down the vehicle.Automobile Brake SystemThe braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes.Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake.The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the parking brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set.The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder”which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines”and flexible “brake hoses”connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders”located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes”and “pads”are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums”and “rotors”thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the car.The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder.Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.In most modern brake systems, there is a fluid-filled cylinder, called master cylinder, which contains two separate sections, there is a piston in each section and both pistons are connected to a brake pedal in the driver’s compartment. When thebrake is pushed down, brake fluid is sent from the master cylinder to the wheels. At the wheels, the fluid pushes shoes, or pads, against revolving drums or disks. The friction between the stationary shoes, or pads, and the revolving drums or disks slows and stops them. This slows or stops the revolving wheels, which, in turn, slow or stop the car.The brake fluid reservoir is on top of the master cylinder. Most cars today have a transparent reservoir so that you can see the level without opening the cover. The brake fluid level will drop slightly as the brake pads wear. This is a normal condition and no cause for concern. If the level drops noticeably over a short period of time or goes down to about two thirds full, have your brakes checked as soon as possible. Keep the reservoir covered except for the amount of time you need to fill it and never leave a cam of brake fluid uncovered. Brake fluid must maintain a very high boiling point. Exposure to air will cause the fluid to absorb moisture which will lower that boiling point.The brake fluid travels from the master cylinder to the wheels through a series of steel tubes and reinforced rubber hoses. Rubber hoses are only used in places that require flexibility, such as at the front wheels, which move up and down as well as steer. The rest of the system uses non-corrosive seamless steel tubing with special fittings at all attachment points. If a steel line requires a repair, the best procedure is to replace the compete line. If this is not practical, a line can be repaired using special splice fittings that are made for brake system repair. Y ou must never use copper tubing to repair a brake system. They are dangerous and illegal.Drum brakes, it consists of the brake drum, an expander, pull back springs, a stationary back plate, two shoes with friction linings, and anchor pins. The stationary back plate is secured to the flange of the axle housing or to the steering knuckle. The brake drum is mounted on the wheel hub. There is a clearance between the inner surface of the drum and the shoe lining. To apply brakes, the driver pushes pedal, the expander expands the shoes and presses them to the drum. Friction between the brake drum and the friction linings brakes the wheels and the vehicle stops. To release brakes, the driver release the pedal, the pull back spring retracts the shoes thus permitting free rotation of the wheels.Disk brakes, it has a metal disk instead of a drum. A flat shoe, or disk-brake pad, is located on each side of the disk. The shoes squeeze the rotating disk to stop the car. Fluid from the master cylinder forces the pistons to move in, toward the disk. This action pushes the friction pads tightly against the disk. The friction between the shoes and disk slows and stops it. This provides the braking action. Pistons are made of either plastic or metal. There are three general types of disk brakes. They are the floating-caliper type, the fixed-caliper type, and the sliding-caliper type. Floating-caliper and sliding-caliper disk brakes use a single piston. Fixed-caliper disk brakes have either two or four pistons.Steering SystemBasic Parts of Steering SystemThe steering converts the steering –wheel rotary motion into a turn motion of the steered wheels of the vehicle .The basic steering system in most cars is the same . The steering gear of steering box is the heart of the steering system .This is usually next to the engine . A shaft extends from the back of the steering gear . This shaft is connected to the steering column or steering shaft . The steering wheel is at the top of the steering column . Another shaft comes from the bottom of the steering gear . This shaft connects to the arms , rods , and links . This parts assembly , called the steering linkage , connects the steering gear to the parts at the wheels . The wheels and tires mount to the steering knuckles , the knuckles are pivoted at the top and bottom . Thus , the wheels and rites can turn from side to side .While the steering system may look complicated , it works quite simply . When a driver drives a car straight down the road , the steering gear is centered . The gear holds the linkage centered so that the wheels and tires point straight ahead . When the driver turns the steering wheel , the steering shaft rotates and the steering gear moves toward that side . The shaft coming out the bottom of the steering gear turns , as well . When the shaft turns , it pulls the linkage to one side and makes the steering knuckles turn slightly about their pivot points . Thus , the steering knuckle , spindle , wheels , and tires turn to one side , causing the car to turn .The type of steering layout depends on the suspension system . The beam axle used on heavy commercial vehicle has a king pin fitted at each end of the axle and this pin is the pivot which allows the wheels to be steered . Cars have independent suspension and this system has ball joints to allow for wheel movement .Types of Steering SystemA steering box must have the following qualities :1) no play in the straight-ahead position2)low friction , resulting in high efficiency3)high rigidity ,4)readjustabilityFor these reasons , these are several different types of steering gears . However , there are only two types of steering systems : manual steering systems and power steering systems . In the manual type , the driver dose all the work of turning the steering wheel , steering gear , wheels and tires . In the power , hydraulic fluid assists the operation so that driver effort is reduced .On today’s cars , two types of steering systems commonly are used to provide steering control :1) recirculating ball2) rack and pinionEither of these two types of steering mechanisms may be a fully mechanical systems or a power –assisted system .Front SuspensionThe front suspension is more complicated than the rear suspension . This is because the front wheels must move in several different directions . The wheels must move up and down with the suspension and turn left to right with the steering . Since the car goes in the direction in which the front wheels point , the alignment of the front wheels is important . The wheels must point in just the right direction for the carto move straight down the road and turn properly .Modern cars uses an independent front suspension . In this system , each wheel mounts separately to the frame and has its own individual spring and shock absorber . Thus , the wheels act independently of one another . When one wheel hits a bump or hole in the road , the other wheel dose not deflect .Front Wheel AlignmentAs a car moves down the high-way , the suspension moves the front wheels up and down . At the same time , the steering mechanism moves the front wheels , sometimes to make turns and sometimes to make the travel straight . The angular relationship between the wheels and suspension parts during this motion is the front-end geometry . Since the geometry can change the alignment of front wheels is adjustable . Y ou can change the adjustment to compensate for spring sag .The alignment of the front wheels affects the operation of a car . Poor alignment can make a car pull to one side and stop the front wheels from returning to the straight-ahead position after a turn . The three normally adjustable angles are caster , camber , and toe .Rear SuspensionThe purpose of the rear suspension is to support the weight of the rear of the vehicle . As with the front suspension , this system contributes to the stability and ride of the vehicle . Rear suspension may be of the solid axle or independent design . Many cars have solid axle rear suspension . Either design may have different kinds of springs , including torsion bars . However , the coil spring and leaf spring types are most popular .WheelsThe rim is made in one piece , with the wheel center welded or riveted to it . Most modern vehicles use the drop center type . This drop center provides a well for tire bead to drop into for tire removal . A slight hump at the head ledge holds the tire in place should it go flat while driving .TiresTires are important to your safety and comfort . They transmit the driving and brak ing power to the road . The car’s directional control , road-ability and riding comfort are greatly dependent on the tires . Tires should be selected and maintained with great care .There are two basic types of tires –those with inner tubes and those without ( called “tubeless” tires ) . Most modern automobile tires are of the tubeless type . Truck and bus tire are usually of the tube type .Tires are made of several layers of nylon , rayon , or polyester fabric bonded together with belts of rayon , fiberglass , or steel cord . The rubber used in tires is a blend of natural and synthetic rubber .2.底盘底盘由汽车的主要操作部分组合而成。

SMITH TRAINING by Mike vs Praxair.ppt

为什么要暸望远方
我們的眼睛是與生俱來應付走路時的速度
普通司機於高速駕駛時，不能準確地調整接收訊息的能力
需要提前15秒的時間往前望，以便在車流中選擇安全的路徑
為了安全、有效率及有經濟效益的駕駛，必須預留15秒
的眼睛
反應時間
瞭暸望望远远方方
首先要求我们养成‘看远顾近’良好习惯。驾驶时要“瞄向驾驶高处”
作用；
提前对所有的危险制定对策，以防措手不及。主动沟通；让对方尽早知道你的存在并领会你的下一个动作。准确及时地做出正确决策，避免增加大脑的负担，消耗精力造成疲劳。
保证别人看到你-----
不在他人盲区内行驶
确保他人看到你------
坚持史密斯防御驾驶“五点关键” 你一定会得到以下好处：
= 夜间行车时, 要观察灯光以外的地方 =
跟车4秒
关键点三：保持眼睛移动
关键点三：保持眼睛移动
•如果你使用了前两关键点，你就能看到前、后、左、右。但是， •要做到以上两点，第三关键点：‘保持眼睛移动’ 就是必需的了。 •问题1: 我们人类的视觉共分两种？ * 宽广的边缘视觉和狭窄的中心视觉. * 大多数人边缘视觉为180 度，但能看清并记忆的仅中心视觉仅为3 度. * 不能凝视 , 即不能注视一点超过 2 秒. 问题2：示范‘凝视’和‘盲视’ – (用图表) 问题3: 眼睛移动的好处 -----.
缺陷四；大脑容量、运转速度都是有限度的；大脑的思维取决于信息的质量；决策需要的时间。
缺陷五；手脚的正确动作，受来自大脑的决策所控制，从接受“命令”到完成动作需要一定的时间。
交通事故原因分析
交通事故的原因？
环境不可抗因素；如桥梁突然崩塌、山体滑坡

ICAO英语考试总结

1准备ICAO英语考试时总结了不少，在此把总结的内容上传分享一下。

手打难免错漏，请见谅，我只是一名刚毕业的飞行学员关于专业知识理解不到位之处还请帮忙纠正2考的是语言能力不需要很专业因为考官本身也不是专业的飞行员只要有一些关于飞行的普遍认知就好有一定的专业知识就好3做最充足的准备应对考试应该是得心应手的考试的听力比较清晰而且比平时自己训练的听力简单语速较慢并且没有BACKGROUND WHISTLE4这个是英语学习所以多听多说才是硬道理就应试而言多听录音多听陆空通话就提高语言能力而言多看美剧多模仿多听英文歌多开口说纠正发音语气断句等5前三部分只有自己练习第四部分可以外力帮助提高更快6只是本人一些愚见不足为据啊7祝逢考必过下面的大多都是针对第四部分OPI（oral proficiency interview）OPI包含5个部分：1 warm up 2 level check 3 probe 4 picture describe 5 wrap up一）vocabulary (最后附有各个系统专业词汇)对于一些比较常见专业单词词组的归纳三个应答机特殊编码：编码自己查不便说。

从小到大分别是hijack , radio failure , distress conditionsPAN PAN和MAYDAY的区别：PANPAN：need assistance timely urgency situationMAYDAY：need assistance immediately distress situation乘务员flight/cabin attendant 驾驶舱职权梯度cockpit authority gradient机库hangar 接通/断开自驾engage/disengage AP地形terrain 人因human factors活物牲畜livestock 绕飞detour界面交界处interface 修改modify amend试车engine runup 烂泥slush减速妨碍retard 积累accumulation湿度humidity 降雨量precipitation气喘asthma 腹泻diarrhea调度签派dispatch 信号员marshaller开往驶往Bound for 放油fuel dump jettison预期anticipate 污染contaminate外形configuration 致命的fatal分院branch flight college 炸药dynamite手榴弹grenade 恢复revertHuman error chain: people makes mistake, and accident happens. one mistake leads to another to another to another which leads to an accidentIRS: inertial reference system 惯性基准系统干预interfere 配件附件accessory气动的pneumatic 有形的具体的concrete临界的marginal 连续touch and go起落Traffic circuit 补充replenish全停full stop 物质物品substance拉紧绷紧strain 踝关节ankle 肘部elbow对正跑道align the runway POB: people onboard改装训练transition training 劫机犯hijacker陆空对话radiotelephony communication前轮转弯机构nose wheel steering 执行execute 疏散evacuation 机长的四条杠的含义：1 flying skill 2 knowledge 3 profession 4 responsibility提供饮食及服务cater（主要在地面装载时会用到）RNP----required navigation performance 所需导航性能RDH----threshold height 跑道入口高度二）几个主要系统组成及功用1 LANDING GEAR SYSTEM很多图是关于重着陆，事故以及事故症候的，事故大多数的情况都包含有起落架的一些情况，damaged，unable to extend, tires blow-out, smoke from main gear等情况，所以遇到这一类型的图就可以引申出对于LANDING GEAR SYSTEM的问题来考验对系统的认知。

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复习一下
循环球式转向器
Vehicle steering system
让我们来学习一下
动力转向系统
Vehicle steering system
动力转向系统概念为了减轻驾驶员的疲劳疲劳强度，提高驾驶的舒适性，在机械转向系的基础上加设一套转向助力装置而形成动力转向系。
Vehicle steering system
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
2、安装方便 EPS的主要部件可以配集成在一起，易于布置，与液压动力转向系统相比减少了许多元件，没有液压系统所需要的油泵、油管、压力流量控制阀、储油罐等，元件数目少，装配方便，节约时间。
Vehicle steering system
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
5、回正性好 EPS系统结构简单，不仅操作简便，还可以通过调整EPS控制器的软件，得到最佳的回正性，从而改善汽车操纵的稳定性和舒适性。
Vehicle steering system
让我们来复习一下
Let’s review
Vehicle steering system
Vehicle steering system
Vehicle steering system
• • • • • Training objectives: 1.汽车的转向系统概念和功用 2.转向系统的分类 3.各种类型转向系统的结构及特点 4.动力转向系统的发展趋势及未来
Vehicle steering system
分类动力转向系统
液压助力转向
HPS(hydraulic power steering)
电子助力转向
EPS(Electric Power Steering)
电子液压助力转向
EHPS(electro-hydraulic power steering)
Vehicle steering system
液压助力转向 HPS
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
5、回正性好 EPS系统结构简单，不仅操作简便，还可以通过调整EPS控制器的软件，得到最佳的回正性，从而改善汽车操纵的稳定性和舒适性。
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
5、回正性好 EPS系统结构简单，不仅操作简便，还可以通过调整EPS控制器的软件，得到最佳的回正性，从而改善汽车操纵的稳定性和舒适性。
蜗杆滚轮式转向器
滚轮
蜗杆
Vehicle steering system
蜗杆涡轮式转向器
方向盘带动蜗杆转动
蜗杆带动滚轮实现摆动
Vehicle steering system
循环球式转向器
扇齿
蜗杆
转向螺母
Vehicle steering system
循环球式转向器
钢球可以大大降低螺母和转向螺杆之间的摩擦力让司机更省力
请思考 HPS优缺点方向盘转动
机械阀门打开实现助力转向发动机飞轮旋转助力泵工作产生压力储液罐使压力稳定输出
Vehicle steering system
液压助力转向 HPS
优点：液压泵由发动机驱动，转向动力充沛，大小车辆都适用；特别适用于大型货车，SUV等技术成熟，可靠性高，平均制ng system
电子助力转向 EPS
5、回正性好 EPS系统结构简单，不仅操作简便，还可以通过调整EPS控制器的软件，得到最佳的回正性，从而改善汽车操纵的稳定性和舒适性。
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
5、回正性好 EPS系统结构简单，不仅操作简便，还可以通过调整EPS控制器的软件，得到最佳的回正性，从而改善汽车操纵的稳定性和舒适性。
缺点
由于依靠发动机动力来驱动油泵，能耗比较高，液压系统的管路结构非常复杂，各种控制油液的阀门数量繁多，后期的保养维护需要成本；整套油路经常保持高压状态，影响寿命
Vehicle steering system
电子液压助力转向 EHPS
系统的转向油泵不再由发动机直接驱动，而是由电动机来驱动，并且在之前的基础上加装了电控系统，使得转向辅助力的大小不光与转向角度有关，还与车速相关。机械结构上增加了液压反应装置和液流分配阀，新增的电控系统包括车速传感器、电磁阀、转向ECU等
缺点
由于依靠发动机动力来驱动油泵，能耗比较高，液压系统的管路结构非常复杂，各种控制油液的阀门数量繁多，后期的保养维护需要成本；整套油路经常保持高压状态，影响寿命
Vehicle steering system
电子液压助力转向 EHPS
转动方向盘
什么是汽车转向系统？用来改变或保持汽车行驶或倒退方向的一系列装置汽车转向系统功用？
按照驾驶员的意愿控制汽车的行驶方向。转向系统分类？机械转向
动力转向
齿轮齿条式
蜗杆齿扇式
蜗杆曲柄指销式
蜗杆涡轮式
循环球式
Vehicle steering system
复习一下
Vehicle steering system
蜗杆齿扇式转向器
蜗杆齿扇式转向器特点：
结构简单，但传动效率低
Vehicle steering system
蜗杆曲柄指销式转向器
单销式
双销式
Vehicle steering system
单销式转向器特点：结构简单易于加工但寿命短易磨损摆动角度小
Vehicle steering system
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
方向盘转动
齿条移动实现助动
信号方向传感器工作
电动机得到信号开始工作
控制单元根据车速控制电动机转速
实现高速时低助动，低速时高助动
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
Vehicle steering system
Vehicle steering system
按照转向器不同齿轮齿条式蜗杆齿扇式
转向器
蜗杆曲柄指销式蜗杆滚轮式循环球式
Vehicle steering system
齿轮齿条式转向器
Vehicle steering system
转向轴转向减振器右横拉杆转向盘
转向臂
齿轮齿条转向器
左横拉杆
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
5、回正性好 EPS系统结构简单，不仅操作简便，还可以通过调整EPS控制器的软件，得到最佳的回正性，从而改善汽车操纵的稳定性和舒适性。
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
5、回正性好 EPS系统结构简单，不仅操作简便，还可以通过调整EPS控制器的软件，得到最佳的回正性，从而改善汽车操纵的稳定性和舒适性。
Vehicle steering system
Vehicle steering system
Vehicle steering system
旋转方向盘
齿轮齿条转向器旋转
拉杆移动
轮胎摆动实现方向改变
Vehicle steering system
齿轮齿条式转向系统特点：结构简单成本低便于布置正反传动效率高操纵手感好传动比小，适用于小型车辆及动力转向
分类动力转向系统
液压助力转向
HPS(hydraulic power steering)
电子助力转向
EPS(Electric Power Steering)
电子液压助力转向
EHPS(electro-hydraulic power steering)
Vehicle steering system
液压助力转向 HPS
调整垫片轴承调整垫片
双销式特点：
螺母
蜗杆调整螺塞
指销衬套摇臂轴
轴承调整螺母调整螺钉螺母
磨损小，寿命大摆动角度大，但结构复杂，成本高
Vehicle steering system
双销式转向器
蜗杆带指销移动
方向盘带动蜗杆转动
转向摇臂摆动
Vehicle steering system
电子助力转向 EPS
3、效率高液压动力转向系统效率一般在60%～70%，而EPS的效率较高，可高达90％以上。 4、路感好传统纯液压动力转向系大多采用固定放大倍数，工作驱动力大，但却不能实现汽车在各种车速下驾驶时的轻便性和路感。而EPS系统的滞后特性可以通过 EPS控制器的软件加以补偿，使汽车在各种速度下都能得到满意的转向助力
利用发动机输出的部分机械能转化成压力能来辅助驾驶员转向
Vehicle steering system
液压助力转向 HPS
方向盘转动
机械阀门打开实现助力转向发动机飞轮旋转助力泵工作产生压力储液罐使压力稳定输出
Vehicle steering system
液压助力转向 HPS
优点：液压泵由发动机驱动，转向动力充沛，大小车辆都适用；技术成熟，可靠性高，平均制造成本低。
Vehicle steering system
转向螺母移动方向盘带动蜗杆转动
扇齿摆动
循环球式转向器特点：正传动效率很高，操纵轻便，使用寿命长。但逆效率也高，容易将路面冲击力传到转向盘上。
Vehicle steering system
让我们来复习一下
Let’s review
Vehicle steering system