可燃气体报警器中英文对照外文翻译文献

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中英文对照表--------------消防专业

中英文对照表--------------消防专业abandonment 离弃（指见死不救的行为）abatement of smoke 消减烟雾（法）ABC extinguisher [消]ABC灭火器（能用来扑灭A、B、C类火灾的灭火器）ABC method 心肺复苏法ABC powder extinguishing agent [消]ABC 干粉灭火剂（适用于扑救A类、B类和C类火灾的干粉灭火剂）ablation characteristics 烧蚀特征ablation of melting body 熔融物体的烧蚀ablation-product radiation 烧蚀生成物的辐射abnormal combustion 异常燃烧（发动机爆震，早燃等不正常的总称）abnormal condition 反常情况，不正常状态，非正常状态absolute temperature 绝对温度absolute temperature scale 绝对温标absorbed gas 吸收状态气体（或瓦斯）absorbent for confining spills 限制溢出物蔓延的吸收性材料Acceptance check and reception systems of plant 设备验收交接制度Acceptance regulation of equipment repair quality 设备修理质量验收制度Accessible Means of Egress 易通行的疏散通道Accident due to quality 质量事故Accident management regulation of plant 设备事故管理制度Accommodation stairway 简易楼梯acousto-optic effect 声光效应Added value rate of plant assets 设备资产增值率Addressable alarm system 可编程（址）报警系统Adjustable piston valve 活动式汽阀Adjustable pressure limiting valve 可调限压阀Adjustable retrictor valve 可调节流阀Aerial extinguisher 航空灭火装置Aerial ladder fire truck 云梯消防车Afterbirth-like crystal 胞状晶Agricultural fire pump 农用消防泵Air inlet 进风口Air lift pump 气泡泵Air pressure balance for fire control 均压防灭火Air－foam fire branch 空气泡沫枪Air-lift pump 气升泵Airport crash fire vehicle 机场消防车Alarm 报警Alarm （in control room）（控制室内）报警Alarm and protection system 报警保护系统Alarm device 报警装置Alarm display panel 报警显示器Alarm for voltage 电压报警器Alarm gamma ray survey 报警器伽玛测量Alarm of fire 火灾警报Alarm pressure 报警压力Alarm signal 报警信号Alarm system 报警系统Alarm unit 报警单元Alcohol resistant foam concentrate 抗溶泡沫液Alert data 报警数据Amino group powder 氨基干粉An1quan2fang1mian4de5wei1xian3 安全方面的危险Analog warning accuracy 模拟报警精度analog warning test 模拟报警试验analogue detection and alarm system 模拟量探测报警系统Ancient and rare trees 古树名木Annular pressure loss 环空泵压损失Anti-burning mechanical draft cooling tower 阻燃型冷却塔Anti-collision warning device 防碰报警装置Appliance carrying fire vehicle 器材消防车Aqueous film forming foam concentrate 水成膜泡沫液arc resistance 耐电弧性Area of Refuge 避难区域Areal （departmental） repair center 地区（部门）修理中心Arson 放火Automatic explosion suppression system 自动抑爆系统Automatic fire a1arm system 火灾自动报警系统Automatic fire alarm system 火灾自动报警系统automatic fire equipment 自动消防设备Automatic fire signa1 自动火灾信号automatic light control 自动光强控制装置Automatic sprinkling fire extinguishing system 自动喷水灭火系统Auxiliary fire vehicle 后援消防车average deviation 平均偏差Average pump pressure 平均泵压a.a.r against all risk 综合险，保一切险，保全险AA auto-alarm 自动报警AAB Aircraft Accident Board 飞行事故调查委员会AAC automat and automatical control 自动装置和自动控制AACC American automatic control council 美国自动控制委员会AACC American Association for Contamination control 美国控制污染协会AAE American Association of Engineers 美国工程师协会AAEC Australian Atomic Energy commission 澳大利亚原子能委员会AAEE American Association of Electrical Engineers 美国电气工程师委员会AAJ Architectural Association of Japan 日本建筑协会AAR aircraft accident report 飞机事故报告AAS American Association for the advancement of Science 美国科学促进协会Ab air-breaker 空气断路器baby Bangor [消]小拉梯〈一种没有绳索和滑轮的拉梯，主要用于建筑物内部〉back flame [消]复燃火焰〈熄灭后再燃的火焰〉back pack [消]背包式灭火器〈背负的五加仑灭火器，内装泵，用于扑救草地和灌木丛〉back pack pump tank 背负式带泵灭火器back pack pump tank fire extinguisher [消]小型背负泵式灭火器back pressure valve 止回阀，背压阀back scattering 反向（后向）散射back stair 后楼梯，辅助楼梯back staircase 后楼梯，辅助楼梯间back step [消]（消防车的）后踏板back stopping [矿]上向梯段回采back strack 由原路退回back stretch [消]反向铺设水带back up 1、备用的，候补的2、倒转，回退back-up battery 备用电源back-up breaker 备用断路器Back-up safety functions 辅助安全功能baffle 1、隔板 2、[消]水箱隔板 3、隔火板 4、缓冲板 5、导流叶片 6、遮护物balanced system 1、[消]均衡系统 2、均衡系统，对称系统Balancing pressure on stopping 均压防灭火ball blanket [消]塑料球覆盖层ball cock 浮球阀ball hydrant [消]球形消防栓ballast tank 1、压载水枪 2、压载舱ball-float liquid-level meter 球形浮子液面计Base injection foam extinguishing system 液下喷射泡沫灭火系统Beat fireproof 建防火带Bell character 报警字符Biological Chip 生物芯片biplane butterfly valve 平板蝶阀Blower extinguishment 风机灭火Blow-off valve seat 放水阀座Boiler safety valve 安全阀Boilor check valve seat 止回阀座Branch crystal 树枝晶Budget of installation 安装预算bulk range 喷射距离Burn （Verb）燃烧（动词）Burning behaviour 燃烧性能Bursting 爆裂butterfly valve 蝴蝶阀by-pass valve 旁通阀Cabinet extinguishing equipment 柜式灭火装置Cabinet foam extinguishing eguipment 柜式泡沫灭火装置cabinet foam extinguishing equipment [消]柜式泡沫灭火装置cabinet type hose washing machine [消]柜式洗水带机cable line-type fixed temperature detector [消]缆式线型定温探测器〈采用缆式线结构的线型定温探测器〉cable tray fire break 电缆槽盒阻火物cable vault 电缆进线室cable-tray penetration 电缆槽盒穿透（度）cable-tray temperature sensor 缆式温度传感器calamity damage insurance 火灾保险calculation of probabilities [林]可能性推算calibration criterion 校准标准call back 1、[消]火灾报警箱 2、[英]公用电话亭 3、[消]召回Calorific potential 潜热能camp boss [林]营地管理员〈负责建立和管理一个消防营地的人〉campaign fire [林]战役火灾〈要花一天以上才能扑灭的森林火灾〉campfire [林]营火camshaft 凸轮轴，分配轴can [口][消]灭火器Canadian Association of fire Chiefs 加拿大消防长官协会Canadian Association of fire Investigators 加拿大火灾调查委员会Canadian Automotive Rescue Society 加拿大汽车救援协会Canadian Centre for Emergency Preparedness 加拿大应急准备中心Candela 坎德拉Capital investment recovery period of plant 设备投资产出比Carbon dioxide extinguishing agent 二氧化碳灭火剂Carbon dioxide extinguishing system 二氧化碳灭火系统Carbon dioxide fire extinguisher 二氧化碳灭火器Carbon dioxide fire vehicle 二氧化碳消防车casting-state structure 铸态组织Catchpit 集流坑Ceiling screen 挡烟垂壁Central alarm station 中央报警站Central fire alarm control unit 集中火灾报警控制器Centralized maintenance 集中维修centrifugal pump 离心泵Centrifugal pump drainage 离心泵排水Centrifugal water pump 离心式水泵Check point 检测点Check valve 止回阀Chemical foam 化学泡沫Chemical reaction extinguisher 化学反应式灭火器Chemical reaction fire extinguisher 化学反应式灭火器Chimney effect 烟囱效应Chip 芯片Chute rail smoke extinguishing system 滑道架式烟雾灭火系统CIF of imported equipment 进口设备到岸价city fire station 城镇消防站city path for fire wehicles 城镇消防通道Claims for equipment 设备索赔Class A A类火Class B B类火Class C C类火Class D D类火class of safety protection 安全防护等级Classified management of plant 设备分级管理CO fire extinguishing system 二氧化碳灭火Cocrystallization 共晶体Coefficient of pump pressure 泵压系数Coercionary service system 强制保养制coercive force 矫顽力Combination of design, manufacturing and operation 设计、制造和使用相结合combination of professional management and mass management 专业管理和群众管理相结合Combination of repair, modernization and renewal 修理、改造和更新相结合Combination of service and planned maintenance 维护和计划检修相结合combination of technical management and economic management 技术管理和经济管理相结合Combination type fire detector 复合式火灾探测器Combined agent extinguishing system 混合灭火系统Combined extinguishing 综合灭火Combined maintenance 混合维修Combined smoke and powder extinguishing system 烟雾干粉联用灭火系统combustibility 可燃性Combustiblc 可燃的Combustion 燃烧Command and communication fire vehicle 通讯指挥消防车Commodity inspection 商检（商品检验）complete discharge 完全喷射Complete set of plant 设备的成套性Complexity coefficient of repair 修理复杂系数Comprehensive utilization ratio of plant 设备综合利用率Compressed air pump drainage 压气泵排水Constitution ratio of plant 设备构成比containment spray system 安全壳喷淋系统[压水堆]contract change and cancellation 合同变更和解除control valve 调节阀Coordinate Bond 配价键Coordination Compound 配位化合物Copper 铜core spray system 堆芯喷淋系统[沸水堆]Corridor 走廊cost for re-building the historical and cultural relics 文物建筑重建费Criticality alarm system 临界报警系统crystal boundary 晶界Crystal particle 晶粒ctric spark 电火花Current consumption at alarm 报警电流current density 电流密度cyindrical plug valve 圆柱形转阀cylindrical crystal 柱状晶cylindrical valve 圆筒阀CAFS compressed air foam system [消]压缩空气泡沫系统dabo 护墙板，墙裙Dahill hoist 达希尔升降机〈一种以压缩气体为动力的升降机〉daily burning cycle [林]日火烧周期〈24小时的燃烧周期，从上午10算起〉daily activity level [林]日常活动等级damage 损害，损失damage area [消]1、烧毁面积 2、受损地区，毁坏地区damage control tender [消]防损车〈用于预防或减少灭火战斗中水渍等损失的消防车〉damage length 烧毁长度〈烧毁面积在特定的方向的最大距离〉damagerous articles package 危险品包装Damkohler number 丹姆克尔数damming 修筑隔墙damp atmosphere 湿大气damp down fire （用沙子灭等）灭火，消火damped 被（瓦斯）窒息的damper control 风门控制装置damposcope 爆炸瓦斯指示器danger index [林]火险指数danger meter [林]火险尺（法）Dangerous Chemical Substances or Hazardous Chemicals 化学危险物品data processing system security 数据处理系统安全性Data security 数据安全Date of residual magnetism 剩磁数据dead air 1、含有大量CO2的空气。

火灾报警器中英文文献翻译

外文文献原稿和译文原稿Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach tofire detection and monitoring systemA.J. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDD. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDM.S. Khassem, MScIndexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoringAbstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants. The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line. The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed. A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure. The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations. It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g. by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 Detection and alarm devicesA basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation. An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detectingthe byproduct of a combustion. Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly useddetector devices. When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increasesfrom the pA to the mA range (say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA) in the active mode. Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as thosegiven in Table 1. The more sensitive thedetector, the more susceptible it is to false alarms.In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T. The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected; smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems. In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants. Heaviside [4] has an excellentreview of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.1.1 Control philosophy and division of labourOur control philosophy is implemented hierarchically. Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making. There is no communication between equipment on the same level. Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands. This is shown in Fig. 1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker (when not in manual mode). At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations. At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators.A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers. Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer. Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards. Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level. This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a) When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b) The decisions have uncertainty(c) It will isolate local decisions (e.g. locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)2 General hardwareI :Fig. 2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms. The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel. This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible. However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling. In cases where reliability is of extreme importance,two or even three cables taking differentroutes throughout the system may be connected in parallel. Fig. 3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus. This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interface between the central station and the local stations.2. 1CentralcontroltaskAcentral unit provides acentralized point tomonitor and controlthe system activities. In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i) It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii) It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii) It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu) It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u) It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.2.2 Local stationsThe local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs. In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g. the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level; the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented. The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer. This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations. The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a) It is CMOS technology; this reduces power consumption.(b) It has a UART on board; this facilitates serial communication.(e) It has an a/d converter on board; this eliminates an external A/D.(d) It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer; this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.3 System implementationThe local station: Fig. 3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig. 4 illustrates the same circuit in an expanded form. It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller. The onboard oscillator,coupled with anexternal crystalof 2.4576 MHz,supplies themicrocontrollerwith its timingsignal which isdividedinternally by fourto yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator. In this Section the term ‘supervised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open- and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions. More information can be found in Reference 9.4 Main loop5 ConclusionThis paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers. The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making. This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making. Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so. It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations. A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10]. The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor (MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-in monitor called Tutor. The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor. The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.1202 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 19823 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea. Con, 2,Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp. 353-3634 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’. Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp. 509-5225 CELLENTANI, E.N., and HUMPHREY, W.Y.: ‘Coordinated detect ion/communication approach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng.,6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’ (Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communic ation equipment employing serial binary data interchange’ (EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’ (Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc. th esis, Dept. of Elec. & Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 198510 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986译文基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统A.J. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDD. AI-Khalili, MSc, PhDM.S. Khassem, MSc关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。

可燃气体报警器中英文对照外文翻译文献

可燃气体报警器中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Design of Combustible Gas Detection system using WirelessKeywords:TGS813, AT89S52, DS18B20, nRF905, TC35iAbstract.The detection device of combustible gas are designed in the presented work,using wireless transceiver and GSM network.The system realize the wireless transmission of the gas concentration,and also can send alarm information to user’s mobile when an exception occurs.The system consists of two parts: a master and slave. The function of the slave is to collect data, process data and transffer the data to the master.The taskof the master is to receive data and display it by LED.The signal acquisition is completed by sensor TGS813 and A/D converter TLC2543. Thewireless transmission is achieved through wireless transceiver nRF905. Since the accuracy of thesensor is affected by the environment,using DS18B20 to achieve temperature compensation.And with wireless communication module TC35i and GSM network platform, we can send thealarm information to use r’s mobile promptly.IntroductionGas detection is widely used in petroleum, chemical, metallurgy, family, shopping malls,gas stations and other places. Currently, how to monitor the hazardous gas fast and accuratelyare the important issues. Although the gas detection technology is relatively mature, but mostproducts has many shortcomings, such as single function, operating complex, bulky, expensiveand low sensitivity. Wireless communication technology applied to the gas monitoring field, canresolve the problem of remote monitoring in special environment, such as high temperature, low temperature, toxic gas.and unable to wiring .In the presented work, the combustible gas detectoris fully functional (with wireless transceiver), simple, small size, low cost, and has high sensitivity. The equipment can greatlyimprove the system's detection capability and accuracy with temperature compensation algorithm, and also can send alarm information to the user's mobile phone promptly through theGSM network.System designThe system consists of two parts as shown in Figure 1.Fig. 1 Overall system block diagramThe slave part mainly complete data collection and wireless transmission. The master part mainly complete receiving data, displaying and sending alarm message.The signal of gas concentration is collected by combustible gas sensor which generates a weak electrical signal. The signal can be amplified and stabilized by conditioning circuit. And then A/D circuit converts the analog signal to digital signal which microcontroller can process. In order to improve the measurement accuracy, and reduce the impact of temperature, design a temperature compensation circuit to collect tempreture data. AT89S52 process the collected data and send data to the master by wireless transceiver.The master receives the data and displays it by LED. And if the gas concentration being abnormal,the system will drive speaker for an alarm signal and use TC35i module to send alarm information to user’s mobile.Hardware designSignal acquisition and conditioning circuit. Figure 2 shows data acquisition circuit. TGS813 is a Gas sensing resistive sensor. The conductivity of TGS813 is influenced by the concentration of combustible gases in air, the greater the concentration, the higher conductivity. In system R0, R9, R10 and RS (inTGS813) form a bridge circuit to convert resistance to voltage signal. Operational amplifier A connected as a voltage follower with resistors R7 and regulator D1 make up the voltage regulator circuit to supply power for the bridge. In order to the voltage adapt to the A/D converter, the voltage is amplified by opamp B, and the magnification can be adjusted through resistor R11.Fig. 2 Gas concentration signal acquisition circuitFig. 3 Temperature compensation circuitTemperature compensation circuit. The resistance of Rs is greatly affected by temperature. In order to improve system accuracy, the results must be temperature compensated or temperature correction.In system, using temperature sensor DS1820 to collect temperature signal, and using software method for temperature correction.Wireless transmission module. Wireless transceiver is achieved by a single-chip RF transceiver nRF905. MCU and nRF905 realize data and commands interaction through the SPI interface.The typical application schematic is shown in Figure 4. The antenna part is 50Ω single-ended antenna.The communication frequency is 433MHz, and operating voltage is3.3V. The value of resistors,capacitors and inductor is determined by the datasheet of nRF905. GSM short message unit. The interface circuit of TC35i and MCU is shown in Figure 5. The communication between MCU and TC35i is via serial, and the rate is 9600bps. Communicationsmode is 8-bit asynchronous with a start bit, 8 data bits, and 1 stop bit. But the serial input of TC35i requires CMOS level, and serial output of 89C52 requires TTL level. In order to achieve the voltage conversion the system use the way of resistors sharing voltage. Fig. 4 nRF905 Application SchematicFig. 5 TC35i and MCU interface circuitSoftware DesignThe software system includes data acquisition module, temperature compensation module, and wireless transceiver moduleWireless sending program. NRF905 data sending process is as follows:1) When having data to send, the microcontroller send the receiver's address and the data to nRF905 chronologically by the SPI interface.Then placed the data to be transmitted into TxBuf register, send WTP command to write the data to TX-Payload register, and send WTA command to write TX address to the TX-Address register.2) The microcontroller set TRX_CE=1 and TX_EN=1 to stimulate nRF905 ShockBurstTM sending mode. When data transmission completed, the data ready pin is set high;3) Beacause of AUTO_RETRAN being high, the data of nRF905 is constantly re-issued untilTRX_CE=0.4) when TRX_CE pin is set low, means the data transmission completed and nRF905 enter idlemode.Wireless receiving program. NRF905 data receiving process is as follows:1)When TRX_CE = 1 and TX_EN = 0, nRF905 enters ShockBurstTM receive modechecking constantly and waiting for receiving data.2)When nRF905 detect the carrier having same frequency band, the carrier detect pin will beset high.3)When nRF905 receive a matched address, the address matches pin will be set high.4) When packet correctly received, the word head, address and CRC bits will automatically be removed, and the data ready pin will be set high.5) MCU set TRX_CE to "0", and nRF905 enter to idle mode.6) When all the data received, nRF905 set data ready pin and address matching pin to "0", and nRF905 turn to shutdown mode or ShockBurstTM transmitmode and receive mode.Fig.6 Wireless data transmission flow chartFig.7 Wireless data receiving flow chartSummaryDesigned an equipment to detect the concentration of combustible gas, which has wireless transceiver functions and can send the alarm information to user’s mobile promptly through GSM.Experimental results show that the devices have high precision, stability and reliability. It can meet most applications which need real-time monitoring of combustible gas concentration.References[1] Liu S, Chen Q, Wang H G, eat. Electrical capacitance tomography for gas solids flow measurement for circulating fluidized beds [J].Flow Measurement and Instrumentation，2005，16(2-3):135-144.[2] TGS 813-for the Detection of Combustible Gases [DB/OL].2009-08-12.[3] Liu Wei, Chen HeXin，Zhang JunWei，etc. Intelligent control and alarm system based on TC35i. IEEE.2008 International Symposium on Computer Science and Computational Technology(ISCSCT), Shanghai, 2008:80-83译文:使用无线的可燃气体检测系统的设计关键词：TGS813，AT89S52单片机，DS18B20，nRF905，TC35i摘要；可燃气体检测装置是在所提出的工作设计，使用无线收发器和GSM网络。

火灾报警器中英文对照外文翻译文献

火灾报警器中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Automatic fire alarm systemThe traditional electron safe alarm system mainly is through the sensor automatic detection, produces the alarm, sends out the alarm the scene or reports to the police through the special electric near distance, thus causes people's vigilance. Through many years research and the development, the present alarm apparatus may say is the class is multitudinous. As a result of the alarm apparatchik development and the social each domain anxious need, can application domain be more and more many, specially is overdevelops in the civil domain.In recent years, the infrared alarm apparatus already became reports to the police a domain hot spot,because it used was not the obviously infraredacquisition, Hereford the hiding to be good, characteristic and so on security. Infrared sensor is different according to the mechanism may divide into the light survey and the hot survey. The light acquisition sensor is uses the photon effect the acquisition aid. This kind of sensor speed of response quick, sensitive high, the examination characteristic is good, but needs cool, uses not conveniently. Moreover the component examination sensitivity and the infrared wave length concern. The hot acquisition is uses hotly releases the electricity effect the acquisition aid. After receives the goal the infrared misinterpretation increment, the temperature elevates causes the censorial certain physical quantities changes, through examination physical quantity change definite infrared emission. This kind of sensor works under the room temperature condition, examination sensitivity also very high, speed of response also very quick,moreover has nothing to do with with the infrared emission wavelength, may survey the power only to receive the background irradiation limit, the application is very convenient. This article designs atheist passive form hotly releases the electricity infrared acquisition aid. In the article mainly elaborated has hotly released electrician the principle, hotly releases content and so on Malayalam circuit which the electric detector the characteristic,the BISSAU signal processor, 555 timers composed. Finally designed completes has hotly released the electricity infrared detection alarm apparatus the hardware electric circuit.With the modern family use of fire, electricity consumption increases, the frequency of home fires is getting higher and higher. The family of fire, it iseasy to fight does not occur promptly, the lack of fire-fighting equipment and the presence of panic-stricken people, to escape unfavorable factors, such as retardation, which eventually led to a significant loss of life and property. Explore the characteristics of the family of fire and fire prevention measures. For the prevention of domestic fires, reducing the fire losses have practical significance. In the modern urban family, because of lot of people do not understand common sense home security caused by fire, so that the happy family Geog underlined blink of an eye, and some lead to destruction, but the event of household fires, improper disposal, alarm delay is caused so that people should get to know more about the main causes of household fires, master to prevent the fire of knowledge and in case of fire to protect his or her own way, timely elimination of The United Kingdom each year more than 50000 families of serious fires, most of them fire casualties and significant loss of household assets, and some result in the neighbors, more heavy fire losses. Investigate the causes of fire in time, the vast majority of home fires happen parties said that the fire always feel that things are other people with their own far away, did not think this will happen even in the top of his head.Home fires are the main reason for negligent not to take timely preventive measures .In some of our large and medium-sized cities, almost every day family fires, fire prevention is so each family must always pay attention to. If your home based on the actual situation in advance to take simple fire prevention measures, a number of tragedies are entirely avoidable.Automaticfire alarm system is in order to inform the early detection of fire, and t ake effective measures to control and fight fires, and set in a building or other pl ace of an automatic fire facilities, is that people with a powerful tool to fight the fire. Fire alarm system, fire detectors generally, regional centralized alarm alarm and composition; also be required under the project with various fire-fighting fa cilities and communication devices linked to form a central control system. Fro m automatic alarm, automatic fire fighting, evacuation guidance, system process shows that, fire up a complete file management, fire control system. Fire detect ors are fire detection devices, as in the stage of fire will produce smoke with hig h temperature flame cells. The smoke, heat and light into electrical signals throu gh the detector alarm or automatic fire extinguishing system to start fighting the fire in time. Area where the floor of alarm detector can send the signal into soun d and light alarm, and fire on the screen showing the room number; while also m onitoring the concentration of certain floors of alarm (if the monitor is located in the building fire Control Center) output signal or control automatic fire extingui shing system. Concentration of alarm signal is received by way of sound and lig ht show, and the screen also shows the specific fire floor and room number, the plane stopped taking the first alarm clock to record the timing, use of the machin e-specific phones, but also quickly to the fire alarm to give directions and. In ad dition, you can control the fire extinguishing system or signal transmission to th e fire control room.Automatic fire alarm system is by the trigger devices, fire alarm, fire alarm devices and other auxiliary functions of the device with the composition of a bu tton fire alarm system fire alarm system. It can fire early stages of burning smok e, heat and light radiation and other physical quantities, by temperature. Photogr aphic and other smoke and fire detectors into electrical signals, transmitted to th e fire alarm controller, and also shows the site of the fire, the fire record of the ti me. General fire alarm system and automatic sprinkler system, fire hydrant syste ms, smoke control systems, ventilation systems, air conditioning system, fire do ors, fire shutter, smoke screen and other related equipment interaction, automati cally or manually issue commands to start the corresponding device.(A) of the trigger devices in automatic fire alarm system, automatic or man ual fire alarm signal devices generate called trigger conditions, including fire det ectors and manual fire alarm button. Fire detector is able to fire parameters (smo ke, temperature, flame radiation, gas concentration, etc.) response, and automati cally generate a fire alarm signal devices. Fire response parameters according to different fire detectors into heat detectors, smoke detector, sensitive fire detector s, combustible gas detectors and fire detectors five basic types of composite. Dif ferent types of fire detectors for different types of fires and different places. Man ual fire alarm button fire alarm signal generated manually start the automatic fire alarm system devices, automatic fire alarm system is an indispensable compone nt of the.(B) the fire alarm device in automatic fire alarm system to receive, display and transmit fire alarm signals, and can send control signals and control function s with other auxiliary equipment as the fire alarm device instructions. Fire alarm control is one of the most basic kind. Charged with the fire alarm control fire det ectors provide a stable working power; detector and the working status of the sy stem itself; the reception, conversion, processing a warning of fire detectors Shu ck; Jinxing sound and light alarm; Hashish specific location and alarm time; the same time supporting the implementation of appropriate control and many other tasks. Fire alarm system is a core component. In the fire alarm devices, some de vices such as break, regional monitors, fire shows and other functions can not co mplete disc alarm device, which can be regarded as the evolution of fire alarm c ontroller or supplement. Under certain conditions applied, and the fire alarm dev ice fire alarm control belong. The basic function of fire alarm control are: the m ain power, backup power automatically converted, standby power charge functio n, power failure monitoring function, power functions working status indicator, power supply for the detector circuit function, control sensors or system failures, sound and light alarm, fire sound, light alarm, fire alarm and memory function, clock function unit, with priority being given fault function fire alarm, sound ala rm sound audible alarm mute and again.(C) fire alarms in automatic fire alarm system to send different from the e nvironment, sound, light the fire alarm signal device called the fire alarms. It sound, light and sound approach to the issue of fire alarm signals alarm area to warn people to adopt safe evacuation, fire fighting and rescue measures.（D)Fire control equipment in automatic fire alarm system, when receivin g the fire alarm, automatically or manually start the related fire-fighting equipme nt and display devices of their state, known as the fire control equipment. Includ e fire alarm control, automatic fire extinguishing system control device, fire hyd rant system control devices, smoke exhaust system and air conditioning and vent ilation system control device, normally open fire doors, fire shutter control devic e, the lift back down control equipment, and fire emergency radio, fire alarms, fi re communications equipment, fire evacuation signs and emergency lighting con trol devices, control devices in some or all. Fire control equipment normally inst alled in the fire control center to facilitate the implementation of centralized cont rol. While others set fire control equipment, fire fighting equipment is located i n the charged field, but its actions must be returned fire control signal, combined with the implementation of centralization and decentralization of control(E) fire alarm system power supply electrical equipment belonging to the fi re, the main power should be in the fire power, standby power use of battery. In addition to fire alarm system power controller, power supply, but also related to the system for the fire control equipment such as power supply.火灾自动报警系统传统电子安全报警系统主要是通过传感器自动检测，产生报警信号，从现场发出报警信号或通过专门电缆近距离报警，从而引起人们的警觉。

火灾报警外文文献翻译

本科毕业生外文文献翻译学生姓名:**指导教师:孟洁所在学院:信息技术学院专业:电气工程及其自动化中国·大庆2012年5 月Automatic fire alarm systemThe traditional electron safe alarm system mainly is through the sensor automatic detection, produces the alarm, sends out the alarm from the scene or reports to the police through the special electric cable near distance, thus causes people's vigilance. Through many years research and the development, the present alarm apparatus may say is the class is multitudinous. As a result of the alarm apparatus rapid development and the social each domain anxious need, can the application domain be more and more many, specially is rapidly develops in the civil domain.In recent years, the infrared alarm apparatus already becamereports to the police a domain hot spot, because it used was not the obviously infrared acquisition, there for had the hiding to be good,characteristic and so on security. Theinfrared sensor is different according to the mechanism may divide into the light survey and the hot survey. The light acquisition sensor is uses the photon effect the infrared acquisition aid. This kind of sensor speed of response quick, the sensitivity high, the examination characteristic is good, but needs to cool, uses not conveniently. Moreover the component examination sensitivity and the infrared wave length concern. The hot acquisition sensor is uses hotly releases the electricity effect the infrared acquisition aid. After receives the goal the infrared radiation temperature increment, the temperature elevates causes the sensorinterior certain physical quantities changes, through examination physical quantity change definite infrared emission. This kind of sensor works under the room temperature condition, examination sensitivity also very high, speed of response also very quick, moreover has nothing to do with the infrared emission wavelength, may survey the power only to receive the background radiation the limit, the application is very convenient. This article designs is the passive form hotly releases the electricity infrared acquisition aid. In the article mainly elaborated has hotly released the electricity the principle, hotly releases content and so on many alarm circuit which the electric detector the characteristic, the BISS0001 signal processor, 555 timers composed. Finally designed completes has hotly released the electricity infrared detection alarm apparatus the hardware electric circuit.With the modern family use of fire, electricity consumption increases, the frequency of home fires is getting higher and higher. The family of fire, it is easy to fight does not occur promptly, the lack of fire-fighting equipment and the presence of panic-stricken people, to escape unfavorable factors, such as retardation, which eventually led toa significant loss of life and property. Explore the characteristics of the family of fire and fire prevention measures.For the prevention of domestic fires, reducing the fire losses have practical significance .In the modern urban family, because of lot of people do not understand common sense home security caused by fire, so that the happy family Goog ruined blink of an eye, and some lead to destruction, but the event of household fires, improper disposal, alarm delay is caused so thatpeople should get to know more about the main causes of household fires, master to prevent the fire of knowledge and in case of fire to protect his or her own way, timely elimination of The United Kingdom each year more than 50000 families of serious fires, most of them fire casualties and significant loss of household assets, and some result in the neighbors, more heavy fire losses. Investigate the causes of fire in time, the vast majority of home fires happen parties said that the fire always feel that things are other people with their own far away, did not think this will happen even in the top of his head.Home fires are the main reason for negligent not to take timely preventive measures .In some of our large and medium-sized cities, almost every day family fires, fire prevention is so each family must always pay attention to. If your home based on the actual situation in advance to take simple fire prevention measures, a number of tragedies are entirely avoidable.Automatic fire alarm system is in order to inform the early detection of fire, and take effective measures to control and fight fires, and set in a building or other place of an automatic fire facilities, is that people with a powerful tool to fight the fire. Fire alarm system, fire detectors generally, regional centralized alarm alarm and composition; also be required under the project with various fire-fighting facilities and communication devices linked to form a central control system. From automatic alarm, automatic fire fighting, evacuation guidance, system process shows that, fire up a complete file management, fire control system.Fire detectors are fire detection devices, as in the stage of fire will produce smoke with high temperature flame cells. The smoke, heat and light into electrical signals through the detector alarm or automatic fire extinguishing system to start fighting the fire in time. Area where the floor of alarm detector can send the signal into sound and light alarm, and fire on the screen showing the room number; while also monitoring the concentration of certain floors of alarm (if the monitor is located in the building fire Control Center) output signal or control automatic fire extinguishing system. Concentration of alarm signal is received by way of sound and light show, and the screen also shows the specific fire floor and room number, the plane stopped taking the first alarm clock to record the timing, use of the machine-specific phones, but also quickly to the fire alarm to give directions and. In addition, you can control the fire extinguishing system or signal transmission to the fire control room.Automatic fire alarm system is by the trigger devices, fire alarm, fire alarm devices and other auxiliary functions of the device with thecomposition of a button fire alarm system fire alarm system. It can fire early stages of burning smoke, heat and light radiation and other physical quantities, by temperature. Photographic and other smoke and fire detectors into electrical signals, transmitted to the fire alarm controller, and also shows the site of the fire, the fire record of the time. General fire alarm system and automatic sprinkler system, fire hydrant systems, smoke control systems, ventilation systems, air conditioning system, fire doors, fire shutter, smoke screen and other related equipment interaction, automatically or manually issue commands to start thecorresponding device.(A) The trigger deviceof the trigger devices in automatic fire alarm system, automatic or manual fire alarm signal devices generate called trigger conditions, including fire detectors and manual fire alarm button. Fire detector is able to fire parameters (smoke, temperature, flame radiation, gas concentration, etc.) response, and automatically generate a fire alarm signal devices. Fire response parameters according to different fire detectors into heat detectors, smoke detector, sensitive fire detectors, combustible gas detectors and fire detectors five basic types of composite. Different types of fire detectors for different types offires and different places. Manual fire alarm button fire alarm signal generated manually start the automatic fire alarm system devices, automatic fire alarm system is an indispensable component of the.(B) fire alarm installationthe fire alarm device in automatic fire alarm system to receive, display and transmit fire alarm signals, and can send control signals and control functions with other auxiliary equipment as the fire alarm device instructions. Fire alarm control is one of the most basic kind. Charged with the fire alarm control fire detectors provide a stable working power; detector and the working status of the system itself; the reception, conversion, processing a warning of fire detectors;export; Jinxing sound and light alarm; Knowledge specific location and alarm time; the same time supporting the implementation of appropriate control and many other tasks. Fire alarm system is a core component. In the fire alarm devices, some devices such as break, regional monitors, fire shows and other functions can not complete disc alarm device, which can be regarded as the evolution of fire alarm controller or supplement. Under certain conditions applied, and the fire alarm device fire alarm control belong.The basic function of fire alarm control are: the main power, backup power automatically converted, standby power charge function, power failure monitoring function, power functions working status indicator, power supply for the detector circuit function, control sensors or system failures, sound and light alarm, fire sound, light alarm, fire alarm and memory function, clock function unit, withpriority being given fault function fire alarm, sound alarm sound audible alarm mute and again.(C) Fire control equipmentFire control equipment in automatic fire alarm system, when receiving the fire alarm,automatically or manually start the related fire-fighting equipment and display devices of their state, known as the fire control equipment. Include fire alarm control, automatic fire extinguishing system control device, fire hydrant system control devices, smoke exhaust system andair conditioning and ventilation system control device, normally open fire doors, fire shutter control device, the lift back down control equipment, and fire emergency radio, fire alarms, fire communications equipment, fire evacuation signs and emergency lighting control devices, control devices in some or all. Fire control equipment normallyinstalled in the fire control center to facilitate the implementation of centralized control. While others set fire control equipment, fire fighting equipment is located in the charged field, but its actions must be returned fire control signal, combined with the implementation of centralization and decentralization of control.(D) electrical sourcefire alarm system power supply electrical equipment belonging to the fire, the main power should be in the fire power, standby power use of battery. In addition to fire alarm system power controller, power supply, but also related to the system for the fire control equipment such as power supply.火灾自动报警系统传统电子安全报警系统主要是通过传感器自动检测,产生报警信号,从现场发出报警信号或通过专门电缆近距离报警,从而引起人们的警觉。

外文翻译--燃气报警器

外文翻译--燃气报警器福州大学至诚学院本科生毕业设计（论文）外文翻译题目：基于单片机可燃气体检测报警器的设计姓名：蔡佳阳学号： 211014128系别：信息工程系专业：电子信息工程年级： 2010级指导教师：（签名）年月日附录：外文文献及译文外文原文1 ：Combustible gas alarmCombustible gas alarmto prevent gas leakage as a powerful weapon, it has, however, does not seem to have attracted the attention it deserves. This security and household fire extinguishers can be placed on a par, or even more than the fire extinguisher into the family of the little things that most families do not see it as one thing, do not even know there can be such a fundamental solution to gas poisoning and gas explosion, "the protection of God" exists. Shanghai as an example, last year, due to poisoning and cooking gas water heater overflow out, piece of rubber hose off the aging caused by gas leakage and poisoning caused by a total of 86 deaths, accounting for all the gas data of accidents were 84%. However, according to an authoritative department to another survey released shows that in Shanghai, about three million gas users, the installation of domesticgas leakage alarm of less than 10%.In their daily lives, whether it is gas poisoning or gas explosion, because of gas leak into the sky. Home life, no one is inseparable from the use of gas, no matter what you do more preventive measures, but a hundred secret inevitably very careful, not to mention of any fire safety measures are not taken on even more dangerous family. Therefore it is necessary to prepare a Combustible gas at home at any time for the owner guardian of the gas appliances, a gas alert to this invisible killer slipped quietly out to help the owner of the elimination offamily problems in the bud, the domestic security of the good housekeeper, so that family members with the use of gas, the use of hearts at ease. For example, there are many families of fire gas explosion, do not know in the room full of gas leaking out, the blind use of electricalswitches and tragedy in an instantif there is an alarm, a tragedy like this ,can be greatly avoided.Combustible gas alarm into the family, will become a good home security to help, this is an indisputable fact Product Description:Detection of gas: natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas, city gas (H2)Size: 115mm * 71mm * 43.3mm(1) add automatic sensor drift compensation, the real and omitted to prevent the false positives.(2) The failure prompted the police to enable the user to replace and repair, to prevent the non-reported.(3) MCU control the entire process, working temperature -40 degrees to 80 degrees. Operating voltage: 220V AC or 110V AC, 12VDC-20VDC Additional features: linkage exhaust fan, the manipulator, the solenoid valveNetworking: wired networking functions: (NO, NC) Wireless networking: 315MHZ/433MHZ (2262 OR 1527)译文：燃气报警器燃气报警器作为预防燃气泄漏的有力武器，它的出现却似乎并没有引起人们应有的注意。

报警信息对应英文-中文

报警信息对应英文-中文SYS HOST COLD ST冷启动系统报警信息WARM ST热启动BATT FAIL电池电压低，应更换电池了RAM FAIL随机存储器数据读取故障ROM FAIL随机存储器数据读取故障RESET－－－－－－－－TOT RES累计总量重置规零TOT PART累计总量寄存器差异修正TOT CORR累计总量寄存器错误CONF CSUM校验和错误TOT ROLL OVR总量寄存器溢出（正向）TOT ROLL UDR总量寄存器溢出（反向）PRINTING ER打印错误COMMS TASK 01TX FAIL发送数据失败通讯RX FAIL接收数据失败CRC FAIL CRC 校验错误MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出EXCEPTION从其他计算机收到错误信号LINK 1从机地址1错误LINK 2从机地址2错误LINK 3从机地址3错误LINK 4从机地址4错误LINK 5从机地址5错误LINK 6从机地址6错误LINK 7从机地址7错误LINK 8从机地址8错误LINK 9从机地址9错误LINK 10从机地址10错误CHROMAT LINK TX FAIL发送数据失败色谱通讯RX FAIL接收数据失败CRC FAIL CRC 校验错误MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出EXCEPTION从其他计算机收到错误信号LINK 1从机地址1错误LINK 2从机地址2错误LINK 3从机地址3错误LINK 4从机地址4错误LINK 5从机地址5错误LINK 6从机地址6错误LINK 7从机地址7错误LINK 8从机地址8错误LINK 9从机地址9错误LINK 10从机地址10错误SLAVE LINK TX FAIL发送数据失败作从机通讯RX FAIL接收数据失败CRC FAIL CRC 校验错误MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出EXCEPTION从其他计算机收到错误信号LINK 1从机地址1错误LINK 2从机地址2错误LINK 3从机地址3错误LINK 4从机地址4错误LINK 5从机地址5错误LINK 6从机地址6错误LINK 7从机地址7错误LINK 8从机地址8错误LINK 9从机地址9错误LINK 10从机地址10错误PRINTER CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障打印机ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误BKGND TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障后台任务ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误DIO SCAN TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误DISPLAY TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障显示任务ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误IO CONNS TASK CONF ERR组态错误IO通讯ZERO DIV零点误差TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误FAIL IO1IO 板1 通讯故障FAIL IO2IO 板2 通讯故障FAIL IO3IO 板3 通讯故障FAIL IO4IO 板4 通讯故障FAIL IO5IO 板5 通讯故障FAIL IO6IO 板6 通讯故障FAIL IO7IO 板7 通讯故障TSK ERR任务出错IO CONNS TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障IO通讯ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护NONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误REPORTS TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O 板故障报告AERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误TOTALS TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障总量ZERO DIV 零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误GAS CONPRESS TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障气体压缩ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误GAS CV TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障气体热值ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误GAS CORRECT TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障气体修正ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出GAS DP COND TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误GAS DP INC TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误GAS DP FLOW TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障气体差压流量任务ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误GAS PTZ TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障气体PTZ计算ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误GAS CHROMAT TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障气相色谱仪ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误GAS TURB INCTASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出GAS DENS COPY TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障气体密度拷贝ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误LIQ KF/MF TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障液体 KF/MF 系数ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误LIQ M CORR TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障液体M系数修正ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误LIQ LIQ CON TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误LIQ TURB TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障液体涡轮ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误LIQ VOL CORR TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障液体体积修正ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出PRV SEQ TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障标定顺序ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误PRV BIDI TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障双向标定ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误ULT CONTROL TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误ULT FLOWRATE TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误STN SUM FLOW TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障总计流量ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误DENSITY TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障密度ZERO DIV 零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出STR STATUS TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线状态ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误FWA CALC TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障正向计算ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误BVM TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误STN AVE TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障平均值ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误DISCREP TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O 板故障差异ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误CALC TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障计算ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误PID CTL TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障比例微分调节计算ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误ALM SUPPRESS TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障警报抑制ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误BATCH/FSW TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障批控ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误AGA8FULL TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障AGA8全组分ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误CALIB TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障标定任务ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误US LIQ TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误SAMPLER TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障取样任务ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误LOGICALC TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O 板故障逻辑任务ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误LIQ COR IO TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误LIQ COR IF TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误LIQ COR FLOW TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误PRV CPRV TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误FAULT TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误FLOWTIME TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障流量时间ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误SGERG TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障SGERG计算ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误PRV MMPRV TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误GAS GCFWA TASK CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障色谱正向任务ZERO DIV零除错误TSK OFLOW写保护MONITOR软件看门狗时间溢出CALC FAIL计算错误I/O01 ADC 01 （E.G. PRESSURE）LL低低位报警模拟输入通道1（如压力）L高位报警H低位报警HH高高位报警ROC变化率超限DSCRP当前值与前一数值差异过大DEV OPEN设配开U-RANGE欠量程O-RANGE超量程INTEG-FAIL铂电阻输入电流超限SCALING数值范围DEV ERR设备故障I/O01 ADC 02LL低低位报警模拟输入通道1L高位报警H低位报警HH高高位报警ROC变化率超限DSCRP当前值与前一数值差异过大DEV OPEN IO板通讯故障U-RANGE欠量程O-RANGE超量程INTEG-FAIL铂电阻输入电流超限SCALING数值范围DEV ERR设备故障I/O01 DAC 01U-RANGE欠量程数字量输入通道1O-RANGE超量程SCALING数值范围DEV ERR设备故障I/O01 DAC 02U-RANGE欠量程数字量输入通道2O-RANGE超量程SCALING数值范围DEV ERR设备故障I/O01 FREQ 01LOW PRD测量周期小于低限频率输入通道1HIGH PRD测量周期超过高限DEV-OPEN IO板通讯故障DEV-ERR设备故障I/O01 PID 01CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障比例积分微分控制输入通道1DEV ERR设备故障I/O01 PRT 01LL低低位报警铂电阻温度计输入通道1L高位报警H低位报警HH高高位报警ROC变化率超限DSCRP当前值与前一数值差异过大DEV OPEN IO板通讯故障U-RANGE欠量程O-RANGE超量程INTEG-FAIL铂电阻电流输入超限SCALING数值范围DEV ERR设备故障I/O01 PIP 01A-FAIL A脉冲故障脉冲输入通道1B-FAIL B脉冲故障O-FLOW过流量BAD PULSE失效的脉冲DEV ERR设备故障I/O01 POP 01OVERFLOW过流量脉冲输出通道1DEV ERR设备故障I/O01 STATUS RAM FAIL随机存储器故障IO板通道状态ROM FAIL只读存储器故障PIC FAIL IO板硬件故障TPU FAIL IO板硬件故障EEPROM FIAL可擦写存储器故障TASK ERR任务出错CONF ERR组态错误TASK FAIL IO板故障WARM ST冷启动DEV ERR设备故障STR01 DP STACK CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1差压计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 DOWN/UP CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1下/上计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01GAS INC CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 PIPE COR CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1管路修正系数计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 STATUS CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1状态计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 LFC CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护管线1主计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 CHROM.P CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 CHROM.S CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 CHROM.T CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 I/L VLV CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1入口阀门计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 O/L VLV CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1出口阀门计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护管线1AGA8计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 ISO5167 CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1ISO5167计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 ISO6976 CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1ISO6976计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 TFWA FWD CALC CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1TFWA正向计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 TFWA REV CALA CONF ERR配置错误或I/O板故障管线1TFWA反向计算I/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围O/P ERR计算过程中的变量超出范围CALC FAIL计算出错NO PERMIT写保护STR01 MASS FR LL低低位报警管线1瞬时质量流量L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 UVOL FR LL低低位报警管线1瞬时工况体积流量L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 CVOL FR LL低低位报警管线1瞬时标况体积流量L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 ENGY FR LL低低位报警管线1瞬时能量流量L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 UPSTR DENS LL低低位报警管线1上游管线密度L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 DWNSTR PRESS LL低低位报警管线1下游管线压力L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 RECOVD PRESS LL低低位报警管线1恢复压力L低位报警HH高高位报警STR01 UPSTR TEMP LL低低位报警管线1上游管线温度L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 STD DENS LL低低位报警管线1标准密度L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 DWNSTR DENS LL低低位报警管线1下游管线密度L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 UPSTR PRESS LL低低位报警管线1上游管线压力L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 DWNSTR TEMP LL低低位报警管线1下游管线温度L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 REAL RDENS LL低低位报警管线1真实密度L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警ROC变化率超限DSCRP与前一数值差异过大FAIL A A通道开路或短路FAIL B B通道开路或短路STR01 PRESS LOSS LL低低位报警管线1压损L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 CORR PIPE DIAM LL低低位报警管线1管径修正L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 CORR ORIF DIAM LL低低位报警管线1孔板直径修正L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 UPSTR COMPRESS LL低低位报警管线1上游管线压缩系数L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 STD COMPRESS LL低低位报警管线1标准压缩系数L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 MOL WEIGHT LL低低位报警管线1摩尔权重系数L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 COMPONENT TOT LL低低位报警管线1组分摩尔总量L低位报警HH高高位报警STR01 NORMAL LL低低位报警L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 BETA LL低低位报警管线1BETA系数L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 REYNOLDS NO LL低低位报警管线1雷诺数L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 EXP FACTOR LL低低位报警管线1指数因子L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 DISCH COEFF LL低低位报警L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 FLOW COEFF LL低低位报警管线1流量系数L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 VEL OF APP FAC LL低低位报警L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 IDEAL RDENS LL低低位报警L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 IDEAL DENS LL低低位报警管线1理想密度L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 IDEAL CV LL低低位报警管线1理想热值L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 REAL CV LL低低位报警管线1真实热值L 低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 PID PV COEFF LL低低位报警管线1比例微分调解系数L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 BASE COMPRESS LL低低位报警管线1基本压缩系数L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警STR01 THERMAL EXP FAC LL低低位报警管线1L 低位报警HH高高位报警STR01 INLET VLV ILLEGAL不合理的操作位置或指令管线1入口阀门SEAL FAIL密封失效MOVE FAIL阀门动作没有到位MOVE UNCM无指令动作UNAVAIL无效的操作STR01 OUTLET VLV ILLEGAL不合理的操作位置或指令管线1出口阀门SEAL FAIL密封失效MOVE FAIL阀门动作没有到位MOVE UNCM无指令动作UNAVAIL无效的操作STR01 MOLE SELECT K_COMP键盘模式管线1气体摩尔量方式选择ADDNLS色谱模式SPLITS分离模式DL COMP下载气体组分模式USER COMP用户模式STR01 CHROM TELEM RX FAIL接收数据失败管线 1色谱通信CONFIG配置错误CRITICAL临界NCRITICAL非临界MOLE LO摩尔量低MOLE HI摩尔量高MOLE DV摩尔量有误差REP TOUT通讯失败STR01 DP CELL LL低低位报警管线1压差单元L低位报警H高位报警HH高高位报警WARNING警告SELECT选择错误DISCREP有差异的DENIED否定的COMMON普通报警。

气体检测系统中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照翻译研究智能气体检测系统文摘根据统计数据，中国近年来，煤气泄漏时有发生，对人身安全造成很大威胁，因此气体检测和监控系统是需要作为一个安全装置在家庭应用。

在本文中，智能气体检测系统的设计。

该检测仪采用单片机AT89S52为控制核心，采用催化燃烧式气体传感器元件MC112作为气体传感器（CH4）检测。

该系统的主要功能如下：浓度的实时监测CH4和显示的浓度值；发射声光报警信号，如果CH4浓度值超过报警值通过键盘面板输入；串行通信口发送数据地面以上主机。

软件调试和硬件仿真上述系统也实现在同一时间。

关键词：数据采集，传感器,串行通信,单片机。

在本文中，检测系统采用单片机作为控制计算机；整个系统的示意图如图1所示。

选择理由：单片机作为控制核心，它具有体积小尺寸，高可靠性，低价格，使其成为行业使用非常合适智能仪表、实时控制领域。

系统的操作界面如图2所示。

在右上角号码显示默认的或用户定义的气体浓度值，在左上角显示检测到的气体浓度值。

报警灯的设置。

所有的功能通过设置控制面板上的按键控制，包括电源键，复位键，数据采集的关键。

其他键包括十个数字键，调整值键和回车键来改变阈值。

基本操作程序如下：首先按下电源键，系统初始化机数据采集的关键，LED在右上角显示的阈值1；用户可以定制阈值调整值的按键和数字键，然后按回车键确认更改。

系统开始检测气体浓度和上显示这些参左叶面积，同时实时数据的传输，通过RS-485总线主机地面上的。

3气体检测系统的硬件系统设计主要包括主控单元系统的硬件结构，传感器和信号放大电路，A/D转换模块，声光报警电路，键盘显示模块，串口通信模块。

3.1主控单元具有集成度高,体积小,价格低，单片机已广泛应用于工业过程中广泛应用包括控制，数据采集，机电一体化，智能仪表，家用电器和网络技术，以及显著提高的程度技术和自动化。

考虑在芯片选择两个因素，一是抗干扰的能力，提高单片机应用系统的干扰，图2. 系统运行界面图所以单片机必须有较高的外界干扰；二是单片机的性能价格比。

烟雾检测报警器毕业论文(含外文翻译)[管理资料]

摘要随着“信息时代”的到来，作为获取信息的手段——传感器技术得到了显著的进步，其应用领域越来越广泛，对其要求越来越高，需求越来越迫切。

传感器技术已成为衡量一个国家科学技术发展水平的重要标志之一。

因此，了解并掌握各类传感器的基本结构、工作原理及特性是非常重要的。

为了提高对传感器的认识和了解，尤其是对烟雾传感器的深入研究以及其用法与用途，基于实用、广泛和典型的原则而设计了本系统。

本文利用单片机结合传感器技术而开发设计了这一烟雾监控系统。

本论文以电阻式烟雾传感器和单片机技术为核心并与其他电子技术相结合，设计出一种技术水平较好的烟雾报警器。

其中选用MQ-2型半导体可燃气体敏感元件烟雾传感器实现烟雾的检测，具有灵敏度高、响应快、抗干扰能力强等优点，而且价格低廉，使用寿命长。

以AT89S52单片机和MQ-2型半导体电阻式烟雾传感器为核心设计的烟雾报警器是一种结构简单、性能稳定、使用方便、价格低廉、智能化的烟雾报警器。

具有一定的实用价值。

关键词：传感器，报警器，单片机AbstractWhile “information age” the arrival, obtained the remarkable progress as the gain information method - - sensor technology, its application domain is more and more widespread, is more and more high to its request, the demand is more and more sensor technology has become weighs one of national science and technology level of development important , understood and grasps each kind of sensor the basic structure, the principle of work and the characteristic is extremely important.In order to enhance to the sensor understanding and the understanding, in particular to the smog sensor thorough research as well as its usage and the use, based on practical, widespread and the model principle has designed this article used the monolithic integrated circuit union sensor technology to develop has designed this smog supervisory system.。

消防系统弱电系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献

中英文对照消防报警及控制系统设计说明【Design Despcrition of Fire-safety Alarming and Control System】一、设计依据：【Basis of Design】《火灾自动报警系统设计规范》GB50116-98【Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System GB50116-98】《高层民用建筑设计防火规范》GB50045-95 （2005版）【Code for fire protection design of tall building GB50045-95 （2005 Version）】二、系统保护对象分级：【Classification of the target protected by the system】根据火灾自动报警系统设计规范第3.1.1条，系统保护对象为一级。

【according to Item 3.1.1, Code for Design of Automatic Fire Alarm System, the object protected is Grade I】三、自动报警系统形式：【Form of automatic alarming】采用集中报警系统。

【centralized alarming system is adopted】四、备用照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of backup lighting】在消防控制室、疏散楼梯、走道、电梯厅、门厅、排烟机房、变配电室、电梯机房、消防泵房等场所设置备用照明。

【Backup lighting shall be installed in fire-safety control room, evacuation stairs, elevator hall, smoke evacuation plant room, transformer and switch room, and stair plant room and fire-safety pump room.】五、疏散照明的设置范围：【Scope of installation of evacuation lighting】在疏散楼梯间出入口、疏散走道、安全出口处、走道、门厅等场所设置疏散【Evacuation lighting shall 照明，疏散照明自带蓄电池连续供电时间不小于40分钟。

火灾报警器中英文资料外文翻译文献

中英文资料外文翻译文献Multiple single-chip microcomputer approach tofire detection and monitoring systemIndexing term : Hazards, Design, Plant condition monitoringAbstract: A complete system for fire detection and alarm monitoring has been proposed for complex plants. The system uses multiple single chip architecture attached to a party line. The control algorithm is based on a two-level hierarchy of decision making, thus the complexity is distributed. A complete circuit diagram is given for the local and the central station with requirements for the software structure. The design is kept in general form such that it can be adapted to a multitude of plant configurations. It is particularly shown how new developments in technology, especially CMOS single chip devices, are incorporated in the system design to reduce the complexity of the overall hardware, e.g. by decomposing the system such that lower levels of hierarchy are able to have some autonomy in decision making, and thus a more complex decision is solved in a simple distributed method.1 IntroductionRegulatory requirements for most high risk plants and buildings mandate the installation of fire detection and warning systems for all sensitive areas of the plant or the building. Most fire codes state the requirement for monitoring and control specifically related to a type of a plant or building such as chemical plants, petroleum, nuclear plants, residential high-rises etc. A general conclusion of these codes can be specified as the following requirements :(a) The source of all detector signals should be exactly identifiable by the central station(b) An extra path of communication between the central station and all localcontrollers(c) Direct means of control of alarm and central equipment by the central station(d) Means of communication between the central station and the fire department(e) Availability of emergency power supply. The codes usually also specify the types and frequency of tests for all equipment.A fire detection and alarm system is a combination of devices designed to signal an alarm in case of a fire. The system may also accomplish fan control, fire door hold or release, elevator recall, emergency lighting control and other emergency functions. These additional functions supplement the basic system which consists of detection and alarm devices and central control unit.Technology has an influence on system architecture. When technology changes, the architecture has to be revised to take advantage of these changes. In recent years, VLSI technology has been advancing at an exponential rate. First NMOS and, in the last year or two, CMOS chips have been produced with the same packing density with more gates per chip yet at a lower power consumption than NMOS. Surely this change in technology must affect our design of hardware at both the chip and the system level. At the chip level, single chips are now being produced which are equivalent to board levels of only the previous year or two. These chips have microprocessor, memory in RAM and ROM, IO Ports both serial and parallel, A/D timer, flags and other functions on chip. At the system level, the new chips make new architectures possible. The objective of this paper is to show how technology can influence system architecture in the field of fire control. The new high density single chip microcontrollers are incorporated in the design of a large scale system and yet we obtain a smaller system with a better performance. In terms of fire detection and alarm monitoring, this is reflected directly in the local station hardware, because of their remoteness and power supply requirements. A complete local station can be designed around a single CMOS chip with power consumption of a few m W depending on system operation. This approach reduces the cost and complexity of design, implementation and maintenance and provides easily expandable and portable design. This implementation was not possible with old technology. Most of firedetection/monitoring systems available are tailored towards a specific application and lack the use of recent advances in CMOS VLSI technology. In this study, we develop a fire detection/monitoring system which is general in concept, readily implementable in a multitude of applications for early detection of a fire before it becomes critical, for equipment and evacuation of personnel. Here, we propose a central control and distributed control/detection/monitoring with adequate communication, where use is made of single-chip microcontrollers in the local stations, thus improving controllability and observability of the monitoring process.2 Detection and alarm devicesA basic fire detection system consists of two parts, detection and annunciation. An automatic detection device, such as a heat, smoke or flame detector, ultraviolet or infrared detectors or flame flicker, is based on detectingthe byproduct of a combustion. Smoke detectors, of both ionization and optical types, are the most commonly useddetector devices. When a typical detector of this type enters the alarm state its current consumption increasesfrom the pA to the mA range (say, from a mere 15pA in the dormant mode to 60 mA) in the active mode. Inmany detectors the detector output voltage is well defined under various operating conditions, such as thosegiven in Table 1. Themore sensitive the detector, themore susceptible it is to falsealarms. In order to control the detector precisely, either of the following methods is used: a coincidence technique can be built into the detector, or a filtering technique such that a logic circuit becomes active only if x alarms are detected within a time period T. The detection technique depends greatly on the location and plant being protected; smoke detectors are used for sleeping areas, infrared or ultraviolet radiation are used when flammable liquids are being handled, heat detectors are used for fire suppression or extinguishing systems. In general, life and property protection have different approaches.Alarm devices, apart from the usual audible or visible alarms, may incorporate solid state sound reproduction and emergency voice communication or printers that record time, date, location and other information required by the standard code of practice for fire protection for complex plants. Heaviside [4] has an excellent review of all types of detectors and extinguisher systems.2.1 Control philosophy and division of labourOur control philosophy is implemented hierarchically. Three levels of system hierarchy are implemented, with two levels of decision making. There is no communication between equipment on the same level. Interaction between levels occurs by upwards transfer of information regarding the status of the subsystems and downwards transfer of commands. This is shown in Fig. 1 where at level 1 is the central station microcomputer and is the ultimate decision maker (when not in manual mode). At level 2 are the local controllers, which reside in the local stations. At level 3 are the actual detectors and actuators. A manual mode of operation is provided at all levels.Information regarding the status of all detectors is transmitted on a per area basis to the local controllers. Their information is condensed and transmitted upward to the central microcomputer. Transfer of status is always unidirectional and upwards. Transfer of commands is always unidirectional and downwards, with expansion at the local control level. This approach preserves the strict rules of the hierarchy for exact monitoring detection and alarm systems associated with high risk plants.The classification of the two layers of controls is based upon layers of decision making, with respect to the facts that(a) When the decision time comes, the making and implementation of a decision cannot be postponed(b) The decisions have uncertainty(c) It will isolate local decisions (e.g. locally we might have an alarm although there may be a fault with the system)3 General hardwareI :Fig. 2 depicts our design in the simplest of forms. The system uses an open party line approach with four conductor cables going in a loop shared by all the remote devices and the control panel. This approach is simple in concept and is economically feasible. However, one major disadvantage is the dependency on a single cable for power and signaling. In cases where reliability is of extremeimportance, two or even three cables taking differentroutes throughout the system may be connected in parallel. Fig. 3 gives the driver circuitry required to derive an expandable bus. This design takes advantage of recent advances in the single chip microcomputer technology to reduce the interfacebetween the central station and the local stations.3. 1 Central control taskA central unit provides a centralized point to monitor and control the systemactivities. In the system to be described the central control unit serves a fivefold purpose.(i) It receives information from the local stations and operates the alarms and other output devices.(ii) It notifies the operator in case of system malfunction.(iii) It provides an overall system control manual and automatic.(iu) It provides a system test point of local stations and itself.(u) It provides a central point for observation, learning and adaptation.3.2 Local stationsThe local stations can take local decisions regarding recognition of a risk situation, and act independently on local affairs. In this technique we depend on ‘load-type coordination’, e.g. the lower level units recognize the existence of other decision units on the same level; the central or the top level provides the lower units with a model of the relationship between its action and the response of the system.It is evident that a powerful machine is required at this stage so that all the required functions can be implemented. The availability of the new generation of microchips makes this architecture a feasible solution.A single chip microcomputer was chosen over discrete digital and analogue devices to interface to the field devices and to the central microcomputer. This is the main reason that previously this approach was not feasible.In selecting the microcomputer for the local stations, the criterion was the requirement for a chip which contains the most integration of the analogue and digital ports required for the interface and the utilization of CMOS technology owing to remoteness of the local stations. The choice was the Motorola 68HC11A4, for the following reasons:(a) It is CMOS technology; this reduces power consumption.(b) It has a UART on board; this facilitates serial communication.(e) It has an a/d converter on board; this eliminates an external A/D.(d) It has 4K of ROM, 256 bytes of RAM, 512 bytes of EERROM with 40 1/0 lines and a 16 bit timer; this satisfied all our memory and 1/0 requirements at the local station side.4 System implementationThe local station: Fig. 3 is the block diagram of the circuit used to utilize the MC68HCllA4 as a remote fire detecting circuit while Fig. 4 illustrates the samecircuit in an expanded form. It can be seen that the single microcontroller can be used to monitor more than one detector, thus reducing system cost.The loop power supply, which is usually between 28 and 26 V, is further regulated by a 5 V 100 mA monolithic low power voltage regulator to supply power to the microcontroller. The onboard oscillator, coupled with an external crystal of 2.4576 MHz, supplies the microcontroller with its timing signal which is divided internally by four to yield a processor frequency of 614.4 kHz, which is an even multiple of the RS 232 [7] baud rate generator. In this Section the term ‘supe rvised input or output’ will be used to mean that the function in question is monitored for open- and short-circuit conditions in addition to its other normal functions. More information can be found in Reference 9.5 Main loop6 ConclusionThis paper describes the development of a large scale fire detection and alarm system using multi-single chip microcomputers. The architecture used is a two-level hierarchy of decision making. This architecture is made possible by the new CMOS microcontrollers which represent a high packing density at a low power consumption yet are powerful in data processing and thus in decision making. Each local station could make an autonomous decision if the higher level of hierarchy allows it to do so. It has been tried to keep the system design in general format so it can be adapted to varying situations. A prototype of the described system has been built and tested [10]. The control part of the central station is implemented with a development card based on MC 68000 microprocessor (MEX 68KECB, by Motorola), which has a built-inmonitor called Tutor. The application programs were developed using the features provided by this monitor. The local stations’ controllers were designed using the MC 68705R3, single-chip microcontroller.7 References1 ‘Fire protection guidelines for nuclear power plants’, US NRC Regulatory Guide 1.1202 BAGCHI, C.N.: ‘A multi-level distributed microprocessor system for a nuclear power plant fire protection system controls, monitoring, and communication’, IEEE Trans., 19823 PUCILL, P.M.: ‘Fire hazard protection, detection and monitoring systems’, Sea. Con, 2, Proceedings of Symposium on ADV in offshore and terminal measurement and control systems, Brighton, England, March 1979, pp. 353-3634 HEAVISID, L.: ‘Offshore fire and explosion detection and fixed fire’. Offshore Technological Conference, 12th Annual Proceedings, Houston, Texas, May 1980, pp. 509-5225 CELLENTANI, E.N., and HUMPHREY, W.Y.: ‘Coordinated detection/communication app roach to fire protection’, Specify: Eng.,6 ‘Motorola Microprocessors Data Manual’ (Motorola Semiconductor Products, Austin, Texas, USA)7 Electronic Industries Association : ‘Interface between data terminal equipment and data communication equipment emplo ying serial binary data interchange’ (EIA Standard RS-232, Washington, DC, 1969)8 MESAROVIC, M.D., MACKO, D., TAKAHARA, Y.: ‘Theory of hierarchical multilevel systems’ (Academic Press, 1970)9 KASSEM, M.: ‘Fire alarm systems’, MSc. thesis, Dept. of Elec. & Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 198510 LIE, P., and KOTAMARTI, U.: ‘The design of a fire alarm system using microprocessors’, C481 Project, Dept. of Elec. and Comp. Eng., Concordia University, Montreal, Canada, 1986译文基于单片机的火灾探测和监控系统关键词：危险，设计，设备状态监测摘要：火灾探测及报警监控已成为一个复杂而完整的体系。

外文翻译--一种新的可燃气体报警系统的设计与实现

译文：一种新的可燃气体报警系统的设计与实现泛王伟信息工程学院山东济南交通大学摘要：解决目前的问题，可燃气体报警领域。

结合总线RS 485和总线CAN系统的设计与实现。

主要介绍mcp2515的特点。

硬件和软件设计的主要控制器和/ 485转换器是在描述细节。

最后，一些重点是特别强调设计。

Keywords-CAN;MCP2515;cCAN/ 485,转换器,AVR;HMI一、引言目前,石油化工企业、百货、住宅等,均要求对可燃气体浓度检测。

国家相关标准日趋严格。

虽然有许多可燃气体报警系统在市场上,他们中的大多数都有非常高的错误信息和低性能。

分离技术的可燃气体报警器是相当成熟,但它仍然不能满足系统的要求,具有多个节点和广泛的报道。

现在大多数Bus-type可燃气体报警系统是基于RS485这并不是很稳定,不能容纳更多的探测器节点。

只有采用CAN总线模式、理论价值的在线检测节点也只是大约有100。

在本文中,这一计划是主控制器+CAN/ 485转换器+燃气探测器。

节点能力达数千。

系统的稳定和实时性能得到很大提高,结合(触摸屏),整机系统的操作更容易。

到现在为止在中国尚未报道气体报警系统，根据这项计划，它是连接的重要发展方向，具有广阔的市场空间和发展前景。

二、系统的原理和功能1、系统原理该系统的整个结构描述如图1。

可燃气体探测器瓦斯浓度检测和过程,然后反应CAN/ 485转换器的需求来传输数据基于RS485 到CAN/ 485转换器。

根据CAN总线，将CAN/ 485转换器整理数据,并传送到主控制器,。

主控制电路的主要功能是瓦斯浓度分析、显示信息和声光报警联动和控制相关模块。

根据不同的核心价值也回应并实施相应触摸屏功能。

图2是主要的控制器的结构。

图1 系统结构示意图2、系统功能根据图1描述，整个系统包括三个层次的一部分。

主控制器与CAN/485基于CAN总线和CAN/485控制器的气体探测器和联动模块基于RS485总线通信控制器进行通信。

火灾自动报警系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献

火灾自动报警系统毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献nal electronic fire alarm system relies on sensors to automatically detect a fire and trigger an alarm。

which can alert people on the scene or notify the authorities through a special electric cable。

Over the years。

the development of alarm devices has led to a wide range of ns for different ns。

particularly in the civil domain.One popular type of alarm system is the infrared alarm。

which has gained n due to its ability to detect fires without us infrared signals。

making it more secure。

Infrared sensors can be classified into two types: light survey and hot survey。

based on their n mechanisms.To improve the effectiveness of fire alarm systems。

many modern devices also incorporate advanced technologies such as wireless n。

remote monitoring。

and intelligent analysis。

These features enable faster response times and more accurate n。

JJG 693 – 2011可燃气体检测报警器_English

JJGThe People’s Republic of China National Metrological Verification ProceduresJJG 693 – 2011Alarmer Detectors of Combustible Gas2011-06-14 Released 2011-12-14 ImplementationReleased by AQSIQ (National Administration for Quality Supervision and Inspection and Quarantine)Verification Regulation of Alarmer Detectors of Combustible GasJJG 693 – 2011 instead of JJG 693 – 2004 JJG940 --- 1998The regulation was approved by AQSIQ on Jun. 14, 2011, implemented on Dec.14, 2011.Focal point: The National Environmental Chemical Metrology Technical CommitteeMain drafting unit: National Institute of MetrologyJinan Measuring OfficeShandong Province Metrology Research InstituteJinan Changqing Computer Application CompanyParticipated drafting unit: Xi’an Metrology Technology Research InstituteHenan Province Metrology Research InstituteAnyang Quality Surpervision & Inspection Testing CenterThe regulation was authorized National Environmental Chemical Metrology Technical Committee for explanation.Main drafter:Chen Yonghua (National Institute of Metrology)Wang Liming (Yinan Metrological Verification Office)Guo Bo (Shanghdong Institute of Metrology)Yue Zonglong (Jinan Changqing Computer Application Company)Participated drafter:Liu Zhuo (Xi’an Metrological Technology Research Insitute)Kong Xiaoping (Henan Province Institute of Metrology)Li Yongjun (Anyang Qaulity Technology Supervision & Inspection Center)CatalogueIntroduction (Ⅱ)1. Scope (1)2. Overview (1)3. Measuring performance requirement (1)4. General technology requirement (1)4.1. Visual appearance and structure (1)4.2. Marks and logos (1)4.3. In-power check (1)4.4. Alarm function and alarm action check (1)4.5. Insulation resistance (2)5. Measuring instrument control (2)5.1. Verification condition (2)5.2. Verification items (3)5.3. Verification method (3)5.4. Verification result solution (5)5.5. Verification period (5)Appendix A: Verification record form (6)Appendix B: Verification certificate / verification result notification page (7)Appendix C: Common combustible gas explosion limit (10)IntroductionJJG 693-2011 ‘Alarmer Detectors of Combustible Gas’is according to the regulation of JJF 10022 ‘National Metrological Verification Regulation Compiling Rules’, JJF 1001 ‘General Metrological Terms & Definition’ and JJF 1059 ‘Measuring Uncertainty Evaluation and Presentation’. Revise JJG 693-2004 ‘Alarmer Detectors of Combustile Gas’ and JJG 940-1998 ‘Detector of Catalytic Combustion Hydrogen’. Compare with JJG693-2004 and JJG940-1998, beside compiling revised, the main technology change asbelow:----- Expanded the tested measuring range, included measuring range as : 100% LEL (Combustible gas explosive lower limit), low concentration (µmol/mol) and high concentration (100% volume fraction);----- Deleted ‘Other structure or application equipment can refer to this regulation for calibration’ from original regulation;----- Revised measuring range drifting indicator, regulated from original ±5% FS into ±3% FS (see table 1);----- Revised original regulation visual appearance and in-power check into visual appearance and structure, marks & label, in-power check etc three items (see 4.1, 4.2, 4.3);------ Added alarm action check item, deleted original alarm deviation check item (see 4.4);------ Specified gas standard material type. Gas standard material coverage factor changed from K=3 into K=2 (see 5.1, 2.1)------ Deleted original appendix B “standard material resource requirement”. Listed standard gas dilution facility into text. (see 5.1, 2.1)------ Added flow rate control requirement into indication deviation verification method, deleted appendix A ‘flow rate requirement’(see 5.1, 2.2);------ Revised verification result and verification result notification inner page form. The revised inner page form listed detector’s specific indicator in different point.JJG 693-2004 released version as below:------ JJG 396-2004------ JJG 693-1990JJG 940-1998The regulation applicable for carbon monoxide detector (below named ‘detector’) initial verification, subsequent verification and in-service inspection. The detector tests carbon monoxide gas concentration under non-mining operation condition.1. IntroductionThe detector mainly composed of sensor, electric component and indicating component. Sensor transfers the carbon monoxide gas from environment into electric signal, after electric component treatment, it will indicating by concentration.According to different samplying method, the detector divided into spreading type and suction type.2. Measuring performance requirement2.1. Measurement range(0-2000) µmol/mol2.2. Indicating deviationAbsolute deviation:± 5 µmol/mol;Relative deviation: ± 10%Meet one of the above condition is acceptable.2.3. Repeatability≤ 2%2.4. Response timeSpreading type ≤ 60sSuction type ≤ 30s2.5. Drifting2.5.1. Zero point drifting: ± 3 µmol/mol2.5.2. Span drifting: ± 5%3. General technology requirement3.1. Visual appearance3.1.1. The detector shall mark with manufacturer name, detector model andtype, manufacture date, measurement instrument permit logol and code, full set accessories and application brochures.3.1.2. The detector indicator shall clear and complete. All regulators shall worknormally, all fasteners shall be tight.3.1.3. The detector shall not have appearance defect which may affect normalwork. Newly produced detector coating color shall be uniform and no crack, all connection point shall be smooth.3.1.4. Spreading type detector shall have specialized calibration cover.3.2. Alarm functure and alarm set value inspection3.2.1. The detector sound and light shall indicating normally after start up.3.2.2. Check detector’s alarming set value.3.2.3. Suppose detector setted with more than two alarm set value, mainlycheck the lower limit alarm set value.4. Measurement instrument controlDetector’s measurement instrument include initial verification, subsequent verification and in-service inspection.4.1. Verification condition4.1.1. Verification environment condition5.1.1.2. Relative humidity: (0~40) degree C5.1.1.3. Shall no electromatnetic field disturbance which may affect detector’s normal work.5.1.2. Verification equipment5.1.2.1. Gas standard materialCarbon monoxide gas standard material in the air ( below named standard gas), spreading shall not higher than 2.0% (k = 2)5.1.2.2. Zero point gasHigh purity nitrogen gas (purity no less than 99.999%)5.1.2.3. Flowrate controllerFlowrate controller consisted of two gas flowmeter, as picture 1.Gas flowmeter measuring range: (0~1000)mL/min, correctness grade no lessthan 4 level.5.1.2.4. Stopwatch: resolving ability ≤ 0.1s5.2. Verification itemVerification item as below table:5.3 Verification method5.3.1. Visual appearanceEye observation, hand check method as per 4.1 requirement5.3.2 Detector’s regulationAccording to Detector’s operation brochure requirement to do pro-heating stable and zero point & indicator regulation.While doing detector’s verification, connect standard gas, flow controller and detected equipment as per table 1. According to different samplying method to control standard gas flow. While verifying spreading type detector, flowrate shall follow the detector’s operation brochure, if brochure doesn’t have specific requirement, controlling flow whitin 200±50mL/min. Whily verifying suction type detector, flow controller’s by-pass flowmeter shall have flow empty.Flow control inletFlow controllerStandard gas --- Flowmeter --- Tested equipmentBy-pass flowmeter5.3.3. Alarm set value and alarm function checkAfter detector working stable, inject 1.5 times concentration detector alarm set value standard gas, write down detector alarm (lower limit) set value and check detector sound and light normal or not.5.3.4. Indicating deviationIt is for detector’s initial verification and subsequent verification. Regulate detector zero point with zero point gas, apply with 1.5 times concentration detector alarm set valve, standard gas of 30% measuring range upper limited value and 70% measuring range upper limited value, write down detector’s actual record after gas flow through. Repeat 3 times, write down indicating value A i, according to (1) and (2) to calculate 3 concentration testing point indication deviation Δe and Δe’, choose the absolute value max. Δe and Δe ’as the detector’s indicatingΔe’deviation.In the formula:Δe -------- Relative deviationΔe’------ Absolute deviationA ------ Average value for 3 concentration testing point record.A s ------ standard gas concentration value.For detector in-service inspection, first shall confirm detector’s alarm set value, choose the concentration as set value 1.1 time standard gas and zero point gas regulation. After inject with standard gas, write down the detector’s indication value, repeat 3 times, calculate the indication divation as according to formula (1) and (2).5.3.5. RepeatabilityRegulate detector’s zero-point with zero-point gas, inject 70% concentration measuring range upper limited value standard gas, write down indicating value A i after indicator stable. Repeat 6 times, the repeatability will be indicate as per the relative standard differentiate from every time measurement.In the formula:A i ------ Detector’s indicating value;A ------- Detector’s indicating average value;n- -------- Testing time (n=6)5.3.6 Reponse timeFor detecor’s initial verification and subsequent verification. Regulate detector’s zero-point with zero-point gas, inject 70% concentration measure range upper limited standard gas, remove standard gas after indicator stable, inject zero-pont gas till detector stable, then inject same concentrated gas, use stopwatch to record time from inject standard gas till detector showing 90% stable value. Repeat 3 times, the average value will be the detector’s response time.For detector’s in-service inspection. While check detector in-service indicationdeviation, verify detect or’s response time. Repeat 2 times, take the average value as detector’s response time.5.3.7. Inject zero-point gas till detector stable, write down the indicating valueA zo, then inject 70% concentration measuring range upper limited value standard gas, while detector stable, write down indication value A so, remove standard gas. Non-continous measuring detector shall have 15 minutes interva timel for every 1 hour operation. Continous measuring detector shall have 1 hour interval time after 4 hours operation. Meanwhile, write down the detector’s indicating record A zi and A si (i=1,2,3,4). As per formula (4) calculte zero-point drifting, choose the absolate max. value Δzi as the detector’s zero-point drifting value ΔZ.A zi = A si -Δz0 (4)As formula (5), choose the absolute max. value A si as detector’s measuring range drifting value A s.5.4 Verification result solutionThe detector after verification as per this regulation and qualified, will be awarded verification certificate; Unqualified detector will receive verification result notification letter and pointing out unqualified items.5.5 Verification periodThe detector verification period is one year.Any suspeious for the testing record or detector componentd have been renewed or repaired shall submit for verification timely.Appendix ACarbon monoxide tested alarmer verification recordInspection unit:Instrument model: Measuring range:Manufacturer: Equipment code:Verification environment temperature: degree C, Humidity: %RH Standard gas uncertainty:1. Visual appearance and function check:Visual appearance: __ Normal; __ OthersSound & light alarm: __ Normal; __ OthersAlarm concentration value:Verification conclusion: ___ Qualified ___ Unqualified Verification date: ______ Year _____ Month _____ Date Verification officer: _________ Verifier: ___________ Appendix BAppendix CThe detector unqualified items: ________________。

火灾报警系统外文文献

毕业设计说明书外文文献原文及译文学号：系别：专业：指导教师：2009年 6 月信息与通信工程通信工程The Fire Auto-alarm System DesignAlong with the our country economic development rapid development, the lives of the people level unceasing enhancement, the city uses to be day by day anxious, urges the building to face the direction is developing. This kind of high level civil construction repair needed materials and the way also more hasten the diversification, and along with uses electricity the load and coal gas consumption quantity enlarging, proposed to the fire auto-alarm system design is higher, a stricter request. In order to guarantee the people life and property the security, the fire auto-alarm system design has become in the high level civil construction design one of most important design contents. Presently based on the author fire of auto-alarm system design overseeing work in the high level civil building experience, proposed in present national related standard and standard unclear true detail shallow opinion, by for the colleagues to discuss and to point out mistakes.First, design basisThe fire auto-alarm system design is a specialized very strong technology work, at the same time also has the very strong policy-type. Therefore, first should be clear about the following design basis:1st, must grasp the architectural design fire protection standard, the system design standard, the equipment manufacture standard, the installment construction approval standard and the administration laws and regulations and so on five big aspects fire laws and regulations, and in practical understanding present country related standard and standard positive word: "Must", "be supposed", "to be suitable", "may" and the reverse side word: "Strictly prohibits", "should not", "not have", "not to be suitable" the meaning.2nd, must aim at high level civil building function, use and the protection object fire protection rank, earnestly carries out the present national related standard and the standard, earnestly treats the public security fire prevention surveillance department the examination and approval opinion.Second, fire auto-alarm system equipment establishmentFire detector establishmentOpens wide either the seal or the stair hall should alone divide the search coverage, and each 2 ~ 3 establish a fire detector.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against the front room which smoke stair hall comes in handy) and the aisle should distinguish alone to divide the search coverage, specially front the room and the lift well, the scattered stair hall and the aisle are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be easier to gather or to flow, is the personnel disperses which saves goal with the fire prevention, therefore should install the fire detector. Regarding common elevator in front of room although is not the personnel disperses , but this front room and the lift well are interlinked, has time the fire haze to be also easy to gather or to flow, suitably alone divides the search coverage and installs the fire detector.The electric cable shaft therefore is easy to form pulls out the smoke inflammation the channel; Has when the fire the fire intensity not easily extends along the electric cable burns, for this, "the high level civil construction design fire protection standard" and "the civil construction electricity design standard" separately proposes the detailed specific stipulation in the construction and in the electric wire or on the electric cable shaping. But considered implements specifically the difficulty and the present situation, the electric cable shaft installs the fire detector is extremely essential, and coordinates the shaft the fire protection separation request, each 2 ~ 3 or each level installs.The elevator machine room should install the fire detector, its elevator is the important vertical transportation vehicle; Its two elevator machine room has has the fire risk; Its three lift well existence essential opens the hole, like the level gate opens between the hole, the air vent, the between permanence opens the hole with the elevator machine room or the pulley and so on; Its four when has the fire, the lift well often becomes the fire intensity spread the channel, is easy to threaten the elevator machine room the facility. Therefore, the elevator machine room establishes the fire detector is necessary, crown of also suitable establishment fire detector lift well.2nd, the manual fire reports to the police the button establishment(Including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in view of various floors front room in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, should report to the police the button first choice spot as the establishment manual fire. In addition, the room also should establish the manual fire to the common elevator in front of to report to the police the button.In the public active place (including hall, hall, dining room, multi-purpose hall and so on) and the main thoroughfare and so on place, the personnel very is all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should report to the police the button in these public active places main access establishment manual fires; The manual fire establishes which in the main thoroughfare reports to the police the button to guarantee "to a manual fire which most is close to reports to the police the button distance from a fire protection district any position not to be supposed to be bigger than 30 meters".3rd, the fire emergency broadcasts the speaker the establishmentThe aisle, the hall, the dining room and so on the public place personnel very are all centralized, and mainly disperses the channel. Therefore should press in these public places "to a recent speaker distance is not bigger than 25 meters from a fire protection district any spot" and "in the aisle last should not be bigger than 12.5 meters the speaker to the aisle terminal distance" the establishment fire emergency to broadcast the speaker; Next also should establish the fire in the public bathroom place emergency to broadcast the speaker.The first room (including guards against in front of smoke stair hall in front of room, fire elevator room, fire elevator with guards against which smoke stair hall to come in handy the front room) is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with fire prevention, also has the fire door separation and the sounds of people is confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. In front of the common elevator the room also should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker. Disperses the stair hall also is has when the fire the personnel to disperse which saves goal with the fire prevention, also the sounds of people are confused and noisy, therefore should establish the fire emergency to broadcast the speaker, by favors the fire emergency broadcast to disperse the instruction.4th, fire alarm installment establishmentThe establishment fire emergency broadcast fire auto-alarm system, the author thought also should install the fire alarm installment, but its control procedure should be: The alarm apparatus should confirm after the fire, uses manual or the automatic control mode unification to the fire correlation region transmission warning, stops the alarm apparatus work in the stipulation time, the rapid linkage fire emergency broadcast and broadcasts to the people disperses the instruction.The fire alarm installment establishment position, the author thought should report to thepolice the button position with the manual fire to be same, its wall surface installment should for be apart from the ground 1.8 meters highly5th, fire special use telephone establishmentInstalls the fire special use telephone extension telephone, should be located the engine room which related also some people is on duty frequently with the fire linkage control (including fire water plant, spare electricity generation engine room, matches substation, mainly ventilates with air conditioning engine room, discharges fume engine room, fire prevention elevator machine room and other), the fire fighting control system operates the equipment place or the control room, the fire duty officers observation room, the security manages spot and so on public room. Sedan of theater box the fire elevator and in the ordinary elevator all should suppose the special use telephone, requests the elevator machine room and the elevator sedan theater box, the elevator machine room and the fire control room, the elevator sedan theater box and the fire control room and so on three compositions is reliable to speaks the correspondence telephone system. Usually in fire control room; The establishment elevator monitoring demonstration plate (including position indicator, direction indicating lamp, to speaks correspondence telephone, trouble lamp and so on), in order to carries on the necessity to the elevator running status which in the surveillance and the emergency case controls.Is equipped with the manual fire to report to the police position and so on button, fire hydrant button also should install the fire special use telephone receptacle.Third, fire linkage control1st, the fire linkage control should include the control fire pump to open, to stop, also should demonstrate opens pumps the button the position and the fire pump work and the malfunction. When the fire hydrant is equipped with the fire hydrant button, its electric installation work spot also should demonstrate the fire pump the working mode active status (namely establishment fire pump work indicating lamp).2nd, the fire linkage control should include the control spraying of water and the water atomization fire fighting system opens, stops, also should demonstrate the fire pump the work and the malfunction and the fluent display, reports to the police the valve, the safety signal valve working mode active status. In addition, to the basin, the water tank water level also should carry on the demonstration monitor; In order to prevent the overhaul signal valve is shut down, the author thought should use the belt electric signal the control signal valve by to demonstrate it opens the condition.3rd, the fire linkage control other controls and the demonstration function, should carry out the present national related standard and the standard specific stipulation.Fourth, fire auto-alarm system wiringIn order to prevent the fire occurs when the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line severance, causes the fire fighting work to be unable to carry on, creates the bigger economic loss; Also for the suppression electronmagetic interference (for example transformer, electric motor, electric cable and so on) the influence which produces to the fire auto-alarm system. The fire auto-alarm system transmission line and the fire control, the correspondence and the warning line should use the being flame-resistant electric cable, and should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. The fire manual positive governing installment line should use the fireproof electric cable, its electric cable also should use the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking protection. Uses Ming Fushi, should takes the fire protection protective measures on the metal tube or the enclosed metal trunking.Fifth, concluding remark The author rests on the concrete project to implement the experience, elaborated the design basis, fire auto-alarm design actual problem and so on system equipment establishment, fire linkage control and its wiring pulls out some shallow opinions, its goal is enhances the fire auto-alarm system the design quality, discovered early and the notification fire, prevented and reduces the fire to harm, by protects the person and the property safety.。

可燃气体报警的外文资料翻译

51系列单片机的结构和功能51系列单片机是英特尔公司生产的具有一定结构和功能的单片机产品。

这家公司在1976年引入8位MCS - 48系列单片机后，于1980年又推出了8位高档的MCS - 51系列单片机。

它包含很多种这类型的单片机，如8051，8031，8751，80C51BH，80C31BH等，它们的基本组成，基本性能和指令系统都是一样的。

一般情况习惯用8051来代表51系列单片机。

—12MHz。

该脉冲信号，即为8051的工作周期，是最小的时间单位。

8051和其他单片机一样，都有相同的控制和功能，就像乐队也有打击乐器一样。

在8051中有ROM（程序存储器，只能读取），和RAM（数据存储器，可以读和写），他们有各自独立的内存地址空间，也有相同的处理方式。

8051和8751的程序存储器的存储容量为4KB，地址从0000H开始，在使用过程中其中的数据不变。

8051、8751、8031数据存储器的内存为128B，默认地址是00FH，用于保存中间数据和缓存。

在这128B的内存中，有32 byteses，被称作工作寄存器，和常用的微处理器不同的是，8051的RAM是按功能来划分模块的。

MCS - 51系列单片机和一般电脑的处理方式不同。

一般电脑会自动分配地址空间，ROM和RAM的计算机可以安排在不同的空间内，地址范围会根据ROM和RAM的位置分配不同地址空间。

在访问的内存，不管是ROM和RAM，只有一个地址对应一个内存单元，都要按这个顺序访问。

这种内存结构是所谓的普林斯顿结构。

8051的存储器按物理结构划分可分为程序存储器空间和数据存储空间，共有四个内存空间，按结构位置的不同分为内部程序存储空间、外部程序存储空间、内部数据存储空间和外部数据存储空间。

但从用户的使用角度看，8051存储器地址空间被分成三类：（1）片内，安排FFFFH的块，片外的（使用16个地址）串口0000H地址。

（2）外部数据存储器地址空间为64KB，地址是从0000H到 FFFFH（含16个地址）的位置排列也。

可燃气体探测报警系统Combustible gas detector alarm system

可燃气体探测报警系统Combustible gas detector alarm system可燃气体探测报警系统由可燃气体报警控制器、可燃气体探测器组成，能够在保护区域内泄露可燃气体的浓度低于爆炸下限的条件下提前报警，避免由于可燃气体泄漏引发的火灾和爆炸事故的发生。

Combustible gas detection and alarm system by combustible gas alarm controller, combustible gas detector, the concentration can leak of combustible gas in the protected area below the lower explosive limit under the condition of early warning, to avoid the leakage of combustible gases caused by fire and explosion accidents.1. 系统分类及适用场所System classification and application place根据产品探测气体类型的不同以及使用场所的不同，对可燃气体探测报警系统进行了具体的分类。

According to the different types of gas detection and the different use places, a specific classification of the combustible gas detection and alarm system is carried out.(1)可燃气体探测器分类Classification of combustible gas detectors现有可燃气体探测器主要有7个品种：测量范围为0～100%LEL的点型可燃气体探测器；测量范围为0～100%LEL的独立式可燃气体探测器；测量范围为0～100%LEL的便携式可燃气体探测器；测量人工煤气的点型可燃气体探测器；测量人工煤气的独立式可燃气体探测器；测量人工煤气的便携式可燃气体探测器；线型可燃气体探测器。

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