2009年中山大学840语言学概论(用英文考试)
《中山大学612语言学概论2005-2018年考研真题及答案解析》
目录Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷 (2)中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (2)中山大学2006年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (7)中山大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (12)中山大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (16)中山大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (20)中山大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (23)中山大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (26)中山大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (28)中山大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (30)中山大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (32)中山大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (35)中山大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (37)中山大学2017年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (39)中山大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题 (41)Ⅱ历年考研真题试卷答案解析 (42)中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (42)中山大学2006年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (53)中山大学2007年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (65)中山大学2008年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (75)中山大学2009年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (84)中山大学2010年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (91)中山大学2011年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (99)中山大学2012年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (106)中山大学2013年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题答案解析 (111)中山大学2014年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (118)中山大学2015年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (127)中山大学2016年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (133)中山大学2018年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试卷答案解析 (139)Ⅰ历年考研真题试卷中山大学2005年招收攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试试题科目代码：612科目名称：语言学概论考生须知：全部答案一律写在答题纸上。
(NEW)中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论历年考研真题及详解
目 录2010年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2010年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2011年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2011年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2012年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2012年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2013年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2013年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2014年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2014年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2015年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2015年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2016年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题2016年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题及详解2010年中山大学中国语言文学系612语言学概论考研真题一、单项选择题（每小题2分，共20分）1．以下不属于中国“小学”范畴的是（ ）。
A．文字B．音韵C．语法D．训诂2．下列说法正确的是（ ）。
A．词义的模糊性说明词义是具有社会性的。
B．多义词使用不当会产生歧义，如“门没有锁”。
C．“grass”本义是“玻璃”，派生义是“玻璃杯”，这是词义的隐喻扩展。
D．同义词在修辞上具有对比作用，可用来突出对立面。
3．方言形成的语言内部原因是（ ）。
A．语言变化的不平衡性。
B．形式和意义对应关系的复杂性。
C．语言符号的任意性D．语言变化的类推作用4．在[p]、[b]、[v]、[h]、[g]、[k]、[d]、[t]、[s]、[f]中，擦音有（ ）。
A．3个。
中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案(2011,2013)【圣才出品】
11．中山大学语言学考研真题及参考答案（2011，2013）中山大学2013年语言学考研真题考试科目：语言学概论C（用英文考试）I. Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary. (10 points)Example: find —/faind/, beneath —/bi'ni: θ/1. empirical2. plagiarize3. compound4. finite5. clause6. phonemics7. threatened8. epiphenomenon9. beta10. generic【答案】1. empirical — / /2. plagiarize —/ /3. compound —//4. finite — //5. clause — //6. phonemics — //7. threatened — //8. epiphenomenon — //9. beta — //10. generic — //II. Fill in the following blanks. (15 points)1. ______ means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.【答案】Displacement2. ______ are produced “by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction”.【答案】Consonants3. The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.【答案】morphology4. Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc. 【答案】reference5. American Structuralism is a branch of ______ linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.【答案】synchronic6. The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.【答案】interlanguage7. ______ found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot. 【答案】Horn8. The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of ______.【答案】compositionality9. During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.【答案】monistic10. In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject’s situatedness todesignate something in the scene.【答案】deixis11. According to ______ (1996), the speech presentation continuum may have thefollowing possibilities: direct speech, indirect speech, narrator’s representation of speech acts and narrator’s representation of speech.【答案】Short12. With the help of ______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area ofexample-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.【答案】computational13. In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels.The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.【答案】non-pulmonic14. According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous ______ of ideational,interpersonal, and textual meanings.【答案】realization15. According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language isnot arbitrary at the ______ level.【答案】syntacticIII. Define the following terms. (50 points)1. recreational function【答案】The recreational function of language refers to the use of language for the sheer joy of using it, such as a baby’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. To take one example, the well-known movie Liu San Jie features a scene of “dui ge” mostly for the sheer joy of playing on language.2. pharyngeal【答案】Pharyngeal sounds are made with the root of the tongue anf the walls of the pharynx. Arabic is a language which contains pharyngeal fricatives.3. loanshift【答案】It is a process in which the meaning of the words is borrowed, but the form of the words is native. E.g. bridge means 桥牌。
2009综合卷
北京外国语大学2009年硕士研究生入学考试语言学综合试卷注意：1、本试卷满分为150分，考试时间为180分钟。
2、答题一律写在答题纸上，写在试卷上无效。
3、答题时不用抄题，但一定要写清题号。
语言学概论（30分）一、填空题（每小题1分，共10分）1、只截取语言历史中的某一个横截面进行静态的研究，这是，对语言从一个时代到另一个时代的发展进行动态研究，这是，这种区分始于语言学家。
2、被称为“乔姆斯基革命”的是的提出。
3、构成线性序列的语言成分之间的结构关系是。
4、汉语的音节通常可以分为声、韵、调部分，其中声母和韵母属于音位。
5、有丰富的词形变化，一个变词语素可以同时表示几种语法意义，这样的语言属于。
6、语法范畴是由词的变化形式所表示的方面的聚合，包括性、数、格、体等。
7、我国境内主要分布在新疆地区的塔吉克语和俄语，属于语系。
8、古代四声中的入声在今天大多数北方方言区已消失，而南方很多方言都保有入声，这体现了语言发展的。
二、名词解释（每小题2分，共10分）1、词形变化2、互补关系3、表音文字4、谱系分类5、类推作用三、简答题（每题5分，共10分）1、常见的语流音变有哪些种，请举例说明。
2、如何理解语言的系统性。
现代汉语（60分）四、判断题（每小题1分，共5分）将题号抄写在答题纸上，你认为正确的就在题号后写“√”，反之写“×”。
1、按照四呼的理论，ri和zi的韵母为齐齿呼，xu和juan的韵母为撮口呼。
（）2、轻声音节的实际调值取决于它前面那个音节的调值。
（）、3、“兒”简化为“儿”，“儿”可以作为简化偏旁类推。
（）4、“老式”、“老大爷”中的“老”是词根。
（）5、区别词又叫非谓形容词，不能做谓语，否定时前面加“非”，例如“初级”、“低级”等。
（）五、单项选择题（每小题1分，共5分）讲题好吵写在答题纸上，然后写出所选项的字母代号1、下面每组汉字的韵母都是后响复韵母的是（）A家、学、国B、花、费、托C、高、结、加D、柳、条、会2、下列汉字不属于形声字的有（）A、荆B、基C、筑D、烦3、“雷峰塔”、“塔吉克族”、“一座塔”中的“塔”分别是()A、词、语素、字B、语素、字、词C、词、字、语素D、语素、词字4、按“从大到小”的分析方法，短语“著名剧作家曹禺创作的剧本《雷雨》”第一层结构关系应该是（）A、述宾关系B、偏正关系C、主谓关系D、同位关系5、下面属于倒装句的是（）A、帅呆了，你！B、你也有三十好几了吧，小李？C、棒球我打过。
2009年中山大学外国语学院840语言学概论考研真题及答案【圣才出品】
2009年中山大学外国语学院840语言学概论考研真题及答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary(10 points)Example:find—//,beneath—//1.schema2.plurality3.pragmatics4.hierarchy5.iamb6.functional7.ballad8.textual9.syntactic10.variableII.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.According to Halliday,of the various speech roles,two are the most basic:giving and taking.In interpersonal commemorations,the commodities exchanged can also fail into two kinds: ______and information.2.______Hypotheses suggests that our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently,different languages may probably express speakers’unique ways of understanding the world.3.Jacobson established a well-known framework of language functions based on the six key elements of communication,namely:referential,poetic,emotive,conative,phatic and______ function.4.Saussure distinguished the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances)as______5.Our talk exchanges do not normally consist of a succession of disconnected remarks,and would not be rational if they did.They are characteristically,to some degree at least, cooperative efforts;and each participant recognizes in them,to some extent,a common purpose or set of purposes,or at least a mutually accepted direction.In other words,we seem to follow some principle in our conversation this principle is known as______.6.______involves the comparison of two concepts in that one is construed interims of the other. It’s often described in terms of a target domain and a source domain.7.In Systemic Functional Linguistics,______processes are those in which something is done. Those processes are expressed by an action verb,an Actor arid the Goal of the action.8.Behaviorism in linguistics holds that children learn language through a chain of“______ reinforcement.”9.Positional relation,or______,refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.10.______consists of lines in iambic pentameters which do not rhyme.An example is fromRobert Borrowing’s poem Andrea de I Sarto(1855).exposed to should be just far enough beyond their current competence so that they can understand most of it but still be challenged to make progress.12.A general______is a collection of material which is broadly homogeneous,but which isgathered from a variety of sources so that the individuality of a source is obscured,unless there searcher isolates a particular text.13.The Prague School is best known and remembered for its contribution to phonology and thedistinction between______and phonology.14.______is the smallest a unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression andcontent,a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning,whether it is lexical or grammatical.15.Chomsky believes that language is somewhat inmate,and that children are born with what hecalls a______which is a unique kind of knowledge that fits them for language learning.III.Define the following terms.(50points)1.ideational functionmunicative syllabusponential analysis4.cognition5.illocutionary act6.arbitrariness7.concordance8.hyponymy9.assimilation10.Quality MaximIV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units,in respect of their iceman structure,that is,theconstituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement,compared with the relative positional mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy.2.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one ormore of its constituents.3.Concord may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specificword classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories).V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)1.What is folk etymology?2.What is the difference between regional dialect and social dialect?3.Why is the syllabus very important in a language teaching programmer?参考答案I.Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols,with stress marking where necessary(10 points)1.schema—/'ski:mə/2.plurality—/pluə'ræliti/3.pragmatics—/præɡ'mætiks/4.hierarchy—/'haiərɑ:ki/5.iamb—/'aiæmb/6.functional—/'fʌŋkʃənəl/7.ballad—/'bæləd/8.textual—/'tekstʃuəl/9.syntactic—/sɪn'tæktɪk]/10.variable—/'vɛəriəbl/II.Fill in the following blanks.(15points)1.goods-&-services2.Sapir-Whorf3.metalingualngue and parole5.the Cooperative Principle6.metaphor7.material8.stimulus-response9.word order10.Blank verse11.i+112.corpora13.phonetics14.Morphemenguage acquisition deviceIII.Define the following terms.(50points)according to Halliday,is to convey new information,to communicate a content that is unknown to the hearer.Present in all language uses,the ideational function is a meaning potential.The ideational function mainly consists of“transitivity”and“voice”.This function not only specifies the available options in meaning but also determines the nature of their structural realizations.municative syllabus:A communicative syllabus aims at the learner’s communicative competence.Based on a notional-functional syllabus,it teaches the language needed to express and understand different kinds of functions,and emphasizes the process of communication.ponential analysis:It refers to a semantic approach which defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of semantic components,or semantic features.For example,the meaning of the word boy may be analyzed into three components:HUMAN,YOUNG and MALE.4.cognition:The term“cognition”is used to refer to the mental processes of an individual,with particular relation to a view that argues that the mind has internal mental states(such as beliefs,desires,and intentions)and can be understood in terms of information processing, especially when a lot of abstraction or concretization is involved,or processes such as involving knowledge,expertise or learning for example are at work.Another definition of“cognition”is the mental process or faculty of knowing,including aspects such as awareness,perception, reasoning,and judgment.5.illocutionary act:According to Austin,a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking.An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention;it is the act performed in saying something.Therefore,when somebody says“Morning”,we can ask a question like“What did he mean?”,and the answer could be“He meant it as a greeting”.6.arbitrariness:Arbitrariness refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs have no natural relationship to their meaning.Therefore,we could not explain why a book is called a// and a pen a/pen/.However,onomatopoeic words,which sound like the sounds they describe, are regarded to be non-arbitrary since there seems to be some sound-meaning association.7.concordance:It is also known as agreement,and could be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.For example,in English the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number as in“this man”,“these men”;“a book”,“same books”.8.hyponymy:It refers to the sense relationship between a more general,more inclusive and a more specific word.The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordiante, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms.For example,the hyponymy relationship could be established between“animal”and“rabbit”.9.assimilation:It is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound.It is often used synonymously with co-articulation.Nasalization, dentalization and,velarization are all instances of assimilation.There are two possibilities of assimilation:if a following sound is influencing a preceding sound,it is regressive assimilation; the converse process,in which a preceding sound is influencing a following sound,is known as progressive assimilation.For example,in“mink”,“n”,which is originally pronounced as/n/,will be velarized by the following“k”/k/,and therefore the word will be pronounced as //.refers to:Try to make your contribution one that is true.1)Do not say what you believe to be false.2)Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.IV.Explain the following statements with examples.(30points)1.Words are the most stable of all linguistic units,in respect of their iceman structure,that is,the constituent parts of a complex word have little potential for rearrangement,compared with the relative positional mobility of the constituents of sentences in the hierarchy.Key:Words are the most stable of all linguistic units,in respect of their internal structure. Generally speaking,it is hard for us to rearrange the internal structure of a complex word into a different order.For example,the word nothingness cannot be re-arranged as*nessnothing, the latter is an unacceptable word in English;nor can chairman be rearranged as*manchair. But it is all right for us to rearrange the parts or constituents in a sentence to a certain degree. For example:a.John is a clever boy.a’.A clever boy John is.b.The chairman looked at the audience.b’.The audience looked at the chairman.2.Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key:An endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent,or approaching equivalence,to one of its constitutes,which serves as the center,or head,of the whole.Hence,an endocentric construction is also known as a headed construction.Its constituents,i.e.,a word or a group of words,serve as a definable Center or ually noun phrases,verb phrases and adjective phrases belong to endocentric types because the constituent items are subordinate to the Head.For example:in the phrases these two oldest stone bridges,will be leaving,very late,“bridge,”“leaving,”and“late”are heads,which can substitute for the phrase as a whole.3.Concord may be defined as the requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes that stand in specific syntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category(or categories).Key:Concord,also known as agreement,may be defined as the requirement that forms of two or more words in a syntactic relationship should agree with each other in terms of some categories.For example,in English the determiner and the noun it precedes should concord in number as in this man.These men;a book,some books.And the form of a subject should agree with that of the verb in terms of number in the present tense as is shown by He speaks English,They speak English.In language like French,there are more cases of concord.The articles and adjectives should agree in number with the noun they modify,as mentioned earlier.And they should also agree in gender.V.Answer the following questions with examples where necessary.(45points)Key:Folk etymology refers to a change of the form of a word or phrase resulting from an incorrect popular notion of the origin or meaning of the term or from the influence of more familiar terms mistakenly taken to be analogous As a result,the word sparrowgrass in English derived from asparagus;the Spanish cucaracha changed into English cockroach.Wiz in he’s a wiz at math is a shortened form of“wizard”(a man who has magic powers,and hence a man of amazing abilities).However,it was interpreted as“a man of intellectual quickness”here, which finally led to the variant whiz.2.What is the difference between regional dialect and social dialect?Key:Regional dialects refer to varieties of a language spoken in a geographical area,such as Cockney dialect,and Yorkshire dialect in Britain,or North Midland dialect and South Midland dialect in the United States,and Guangdong dialect(Cantonese)in China.A regional dialect carries a lot of information about the speaker.In some Chinese films,Mao Zedong speaks Hunan dialect,which makes the story more authentic.Social dialects refer to varieties of a language used by people belonging to particular social classes.Since members of a speech community bind themselves together in groups for gains,security,amusement,or solidarity,they tend to use the same kind of language which is highly stratified in terms of social division,such as class,professional,status,age and sex. Social dialects may be categorized as high or low in status as illustrated by the following in English,for example:1)He and I were going there(higher social dialect);2)‘im‘n me was goin’there(lower social dialect).3.Why is the syllabus very important in a language teaching programmer?Key:Syllabus design is of fundamental importance in language teaching.In some sense, syllabus design is a bridge between language teaching theory and language teaching practice. It translates theoretical understanding of language teaching and sets up an operable framework in which language teaching takes place.The most important part of syllabus design is selecting and sequencing language items.Obviously,the selecting and sequencing of language items should be based on a sound understanding of the language system itself.It is here where linguistics has an important role to play.。
[考研类试卷]2013年中山大学英语专业(语言学)真题试卷.doc
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[考研类试卷]2013年中山大学英语专业（语言学）真题试卷一、音标题1 Transcribe the following words into IPA symbols, with stress marking where necessary.(10 points)Example: find—/faind/ beneath—/bi'ni:θ/empirical2 plagiarize3 compound4 finite5 clause6 phonemics7 threatened8 epiphenomenon9 beta10 genetic二、填空题11 ______means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space)at the moment of communication.12 ______ are produced by a closure in the vocal tract, or by a narrowing which is so marked that air cannot escape without producing audible friction.13 The systematic study of morpheme is a branch of linguistics called ______, which studies the internal structure of words, and the rules by which words are formed.14 Cohesiveness can be realized by employing various cohesive devices: conjunction, ellipsis, lexical collocation, lexical repetition, ______, substitution, etc.15 American Structuralism is a branch of______linguistics that emerged in the United States at the beginning of the twentieth century.16 The type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as ______.17 ______found that Q-based implicatures can be readily cancelled by metalinguistic negation, which does not affect what is said, but R-based implicatures cannot.18 The idea that the meaning of a sentence depends on the meanings of the constituent words and the way they are combined is usually known as the principle of______19 During the whole 20th century, a great deal of efforts has been taken to treat the inquiry of linguistics as a ______ or autonomous pursuit of an independent science.20 In cognitive terms, ______ is the use of elements of subject's situatedness to designate something in the scene.21 According to ______(1996), the speech presentation continuum may have the following possibilities; direct speech, indirect speech, narrator's representation of speech acts and narrator's representation of speech.22 With the help of______ linguistics, recently research has moved into the area of example-based machine translation. The method uses correct translation as a principal source of information for the creation of new ones.23 In the IPA chart, the sound segments are grouped into consonants and vowels. The consonants are then divided into pulmonic and ______ consonants.24 According to Halliday, a clause is the simultaneous______of ideational, interpersonal, and textual meanings.25 According to systemic-functionalists and American functionalists, language is not arbitrary at the ______ level.三、名词解释26 Recreational function27 Pharyngeal28 Loanshift29 Tree diagram30 Sense relations31 Scale schema32 Perlocutionary act33 Emoticons34 Linguistic determinism35 System of signs四、举例说明题36 Languages differ in their degrees of dependence on the morphological components.37 Chomsky's Transformational-Generative Grammar has been challenged by a number of other approaches to language.38 Language learning can take place when the learner has enough access to input in the target language.五、简答题39 What is PowerPoint and why is it so important in language teaching?40 What aspects of language can one focus if one wants to analyze a novel or a story?41 To what extent can one say that a piece of classroom work can be regarded as a task in language teaching and learning?。
中山大学中国语言文学系2012年语言学概论(代码612)真题及详解【圣才出品】
中山大学中国语言文学系2012年语言学概论（代码612）真题及详解一、分析应用题（每题10分，共50分）1．下列是某一语言的一组词，其中[t]、[s]和[z]分别与[ch]、[sh]和[zh]互补分布（释义省略）：[中山大学2012研]【黄廖版《现代汉语》2.7】请对以上出现的[t]、[s]、[z]和[ch]、[sh]、[zh]六个音素进行音位归纳：（1）描写[t，s，z]和[ch、sh、zh]的分布情况；（2）一个音位下有几个音位变体，应该以哪个音素作为音位的代表音素？为什么？（3）以公式表达音位、音位变体以及音位变体出现的条件。
答：（1）归纳音位[t、s、z]多出现在元音[o]、[a]、[u]、[e]之前，[z]还可以出现在[w]之前。
[ch、sh、zh]都是出现在元音[i]之前。
（2）音位变体中的代表音素①一个音位往往包含一些不同的音，这些音就是这个音位的音位变体。
每个音位下有多少个音位变体是和该音位在语音环境中的具体运用有关的。
②音位变体是音位的具体表现形式，音位则是从音位变体中概括归纳出来的。
音位与音位变体的关系是类别与成员的关系，也可以说是一般和个别的关系。
代表音素也是从具体的音位变体中概括出来的，标写它的时候，通常从各音位变体中选用典型变体的符号，同时还要找一个常见、好认、便于印刷的符号作代表，加上//，表示它是音位，不加//表示它是音位变体。
例如，北京话的音位／a／是一个音的类别，它至少包含[a]、[ɑ]两个成员，也就是／a ／至少包含两个变体。
其符合音位归纳提取的原则，成为该音位的代表音素。
（3）以公式表达音位、音位变体以及音位变体出现的条件音位音位变体出现条件/t/[t]出现在[o]或[a]之前[ch]出现在[i]之前/s/[s]出现在[o]或[u]或[a]之前[sh]出现在[i]之前/z/[z]出现在[e]或[u]或[w]之前[zh]出现在[i]之前2．比较现代汉语“狗”与英语dog的词义（本义、引申义），分析词义的民族性。
2009年中山大学英语考研真题答案
【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：12009年中山大学英语考研真题答案考研英语的方法：【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌育明教育官方网站：2阅读理解复习方法——阅读三步曲大家都知道有这样一种说法：考研的关键是英语，英语的关键是阅读。
在考研英语中，可以说，所有的题除了写作外，都在直接或间接的考阅读理解能力，或至少与之相关。
而且，阅读理解本身所占的分量极大，每题的分也比较大，因此，在考研英语的复习中，怎么重视阅读理解都不为过。
下面我来具体谈谈阅读理解的复习方法：首先了解阅读的命题趋势，综合分析近5年的考研真题，我们发现，阅读理解有以下一些趋势，题材主要集中在，经济、文化、环保等重大热点方向。
很多文章都摘自报刊评论。
四篇文章中总有一篇比较难的/，那我们该如何复习那？首先，选择合适的阅读理解复习参考书非常重要，结合众多考研者的成功经验、各个辅导班推荐以及我们的分析，以下参考书组合都是比较理想的/1《历年真题》把近10多年年的真题搞透，逐篇的分析，逐篇的翻译，一天一篇。
许多考生没有认真研究真题，结果上了考场完全傻了，因此，真题是必备的，值的注意的是真题不是试卷本身，而是有答案的详细讲解和完全翻译的书，如新东方编的还是不错的，复习时，第一遍按照常规的方法做一遍，完了之后，在结合正确答案仔细分析每道题的出题的思路和正确答案的理由，。
2/各个英语辅导名师编著的英语阅读理解，真题的出题思路反映考试大纲的要求，但毕竟材料的时效性存在不足，还应该补充更多阅读一些这方面的材料，如，新东方的阅读，黑博士的阅读120篇/240篇等。
另外，真题我们着重的是研习，而这些材料着重的则是练习，需知阅读理解水平必须要经过大量的练习才提高。
以上所选资料可供大家参考3/英语报刊杂志，近几年的考研阅读出题趋势偏向报刊文章，所以，整个英语复习期间，最好能每天抽点时间阅读一篇报刊文章就好了，而且前面我讲过，读这类材料有助于提高语感。
语言学概论考研真题2009A
2009年硕士研究生入学考试初试广西民族大学自命题科目试题（试卷代号：A卷）科目代码：817科目名称：语言学概论适用学科专业：语言学及应用语言学、汉语言文字学中国少数民族语言文学研究方向：命题教师签名：考生须知1．答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题册上无效。
2．答题时一律使用蓝、黑色墨水笔作答，用其它笔答题不给分。
3．交卷时，请配合监考人员验收，并请监考人员在准考证相应位置签字（作为考生交卷的凭证）。
否则，产生的一切后果由考生自负。
一、解释下列术语（每小题5分，共6小题，共30分）1. 人称2. 表意字3. 递归性4. 任意性5. 历史比较法6. 词义的概括性二、按照普通话的读音，给下列词注上国际音标（每个词2分，共10个词，共20分）历史区域社会治安知识英雄绿化唐朝机器人民三、分析题（共30分）（一）分析下列音变现象，指出其类型，并说明原因（每小题5分，共2小题，共10分）1. 拉丁语中的marmor（大理石），到了英语里变成了marble。
（顺异化）2. 汉语的句子“你要回来啊！”中的“啊”念“呀”，“你看啊！”中的“啊”念“哪”。
(增音)（二）下面的词各有几个语素?请在每个语素下面标上横线（每个词2分，共4个词，共8分）汉语: 桌子 (两个，词根语素和定位语素) 啤酒（一个语素）英语: workers（两个，worker和s） brother（一个）（三）分析下列句子各用什么语法手段表达了动词的什么语法范畴（每小题3分，共4小题，共12分）1．他来过这里。
（辅助词：着了过，表示时和体）2．I shall go with you tomorrow.（辅助词：shall，时范畴）3．He lent me a book yesterday.（内部屈折，时体）4．He often speaks Chinese.（词缀，人称）四、问答题（每小题15分，共3题，共45分）1.文字的改进和改革有什么不同？（15分）2．什么是音位？怎样理解音位的定义？（15分）3．词义派生的基础是什么？什么是隐喻和换喻？（15分）五、论述题（共25分）以词和音位为例，说明什么是组合关系和聚合关系。
中山大学英语语言文学专业课2题型解析
中山大学英语语言文学专业课2题型解析今天和同学们共同盘点一下中山大学英语语言文学专业课2的题型。
中山大学2017年才新设立了一个专业课考卷，叫做“英语语言文学”，代号为833。
中山大学以前考语言学概论的哟。
语言学概论分为语言学概论B和语言学概论C，让大部分备考的同学一头雾水。
2016年及以前，英语语言文学和外国语言学及应用语言学都考语言学概论C，英文答题。
第一大题估计让同学们很意外，竟然考了音标标注题，就和汉字写拼音一样。
平常背单词的时候，相信大部分考生只注意单词的词义和相关短语，读音也是凭着感觉读的，真正让学生标出音标，学生们很犯难。
第二道大题填空，然后名词解释50分，10个小题，每个小题的分数很高。
最后都是简答论述题，分数也不少。
语言学的简答论述题不仅要求同学们写出理论本身，还需要结合理论举例子增强说服力。
2017年考研，这一科目的代号和名称发生了变化。
语言学的分值降了一半，为75分，但是该考的题型几乎还是一个不少。
英美文学部分以选择题为主，开始也就是考察什么作家写了什么作品，后面可能会考一些诗歌分析、超验主义等等。
以简答题为主，分值的话，差不多每个问题12分，最大的一道题为20分。
英美文学部分总共也是75分。
英美文学考察大家比较熟悉的内容，每道题分值高，同学答题需要写全面。
有的同学会问，为什么英语语言文学方向还要学习“语言学”。
提到“英语语言文学”，同学们一般都会想到英美文学、国别研究等等方向。
这里要提一句：这里的语言学比较注重理论，而我们听到的“外国语言学和应用语言学”，则属于应用语言学范畴。
文学、语言学和翻译三者是不分家的，他们相辅相成。
学习文学为主的同学，也要多少懂得一些语言学知识。
全国英语专业研究生复试分数线
2010年英语专业研究生复试分数线比较所属：来源：新浪教育阅读：14576 评论：5录音稿、翻译稿、听写稿！未注册用户都是没有办法使用的，可惜！•••学校政治二外专业1专业2总分09年参考08年参考北京大学50 50 90 90 335 330 335清华大学50 50 90 90 350 345 360复旦大学（翻译硕士）5045504590909090325300325 335同济大学50 50 85 85 320 320 330 东北大学50 50 75 75 345 340 350 天津大学45 45 85 85 320 325 325南开大学(翻译硕士）（汉语国际教育硕士）605050606045909090909090350350320345 335湖南大学（翻译硕士）5050505090909090345320345 355中山大学（翻译硕士）（汉语国际教育硕士）605555605555908090908090350320350350 300四川大学（汉语国际教育硕士）5550555083758375345340340 350重庆大学（国际汉语教育硕士）5050505070707070320300330 335吉林大学（翻译硕士）（汉语国际教育硕士）555050555050909090909090335330330330 340山东大学（汉语国际教育硕士）5353535380808080335320330 320兰州大学（汉语国际教育硕士）4540454070707070325290330 335东南大学50 50 90 90 350 325 340南京大学（翻译硕士）（汉语国际教育硕士）505040505040909090909090340330330340 355厦门大学（翻译硕士）（汉语国际教育硕士）555550555550908080908080345320300325 345浙江大学60 56 90 90 345 350 355中南大学（翻译硕士）6055605590859085355345355 365武汉大学（专业学位）5550536090979097353340335 335西北工业大学45 45 80 80 330 320 325 华南理工大学60 55 85 85 345 350 340 电子科技大学50 50 70 70 320 315 340中国人民大学（汉语国际教育硕士）5250525090909090345330350 345北京理工大学55 55 83 83 350 340 355北京师范大学（汉语国际教育硕士）5050604090909090315300315 325中国农业大学50 50 90 90 345 330 330上海交通大学（翻译硕士）5550555085708570350310350 360大连理工大学50 50 75 75 335 330 335 西安交通大学45 50 75 75 355 350 345 华中科技大学53 53 90 90 345 340 350 哈尔滨工业大学50 50 85 85 300 350 340 北京航空航天大学55 55 90 90 345 345 350 中国科学技术大学50 50 85 85 325 325 330 国家线待定340 350 全国各大高校（英语专业）研究生招生人数，考试科目英语, 高校, 招生, 科目, 研究生学校系(部所)招生专业拟招生人数考试科目北京外国语大学英语学院英美文学15①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③基础英语④英美文学语言学20①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③基础英语④语言学与应用语言学翻译理论与实践20①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③基础英语④英、汉互译（笔译）高翻学院翻译理论与实践60①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③基础英语④英汉互译（同传）北京大学英语语言文学28①政治②日/法/德/俄③651专业能力④837专业知识北京师范大学英美文学20①政治②俄/日/法③基础英语④英语语言文学语言学31①政治②俄/日/法③基础英语④英语语言与教学北京航空航天大学英语语言文学30①政治②俄/日/德/法③基础英语④822英美文学语言学50①政治②俄/日/德/法语③基础英语④821综合英语北京语言大学英美文学15①政治②日/法/德③基础英语④英美文学语言学22①政治②日/法/德/③基础英语④460普通语言学北京对外经济贸易大学语言学①政治②俄／法德／日／西③基础英英语语言文学语：基础知识④综合英语：高级英语英汉翻译，文化，商务英语阅读清华大学语言学①政治②俄/日/德/法③基础英语英语语言文学④464综合考试中国石油大学英语语言文学25①政治②二外俄/日/德/法语③语言学（含英美文学）④综合英语北京交通大学英语语言文学8①政治②德/俄/法/日③语言学与英美语言学14文学④453专业综合考试首都师范大学英语语言文学80①政治②日/俄/法/德/西③英语综合语言学水平（词汇、语法、阅读、翻译、写作等）④英语专业知识（含英语语言学、英美文学、英美概况等）课程与教学论①政治②日/俄/法/德/西③教育学专业基础综合北京林业大学语言学25-30①政治②日/俄/法③基础英语：考察英语语言文学阅读/翻译/写作等④语言文学基础知识④英语专业综合：语言学、英美文学、文化北京理工大学英语语言文学10①政治②俄/日/德③基础英语④英语语言学26专业综合(语言学、英美文学、英美概况)中国政法大学英语语言文学10①政治②俄/日/德/法③607综合一（含语法、阅读、翻译技能与写作）④809综合二（语言学/文学/翻译理论各50分）中国地质大学语言学①政治②日/俄/法③313基础英语④428综合英语（语言学/翻译）北京第二外国语学院英语语言文学44 ①政治②日/法/德/俄/西③611基础英语（语法词汇30/ 完形30/阅读30/翻译30/作文30分）④411综合英语（1）含：英美文学50分、英美概况50分、语言学50分。
2009年中山大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)
2009年中山大学二外英语考研真题试卷(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. 2. 3. 4. 5.William Appleton, author of the book entitled Fathers and Daughters, believes that it is a Woman’ s relationship with her father【C1】______decides how successful she will be in her【C2】______life. According to Appleton there are three important steps a girl must【C3】______in her relationship with Daddy. The【C4】______is the “little girl”stage in which the daughter loves and idolizes her father 【C5】______he were a god or hero without【C6】______. And her father loves his daughter【C7】______blindly, seeing her as ail “oasis of smiles” in a hard, cold world. Then comes the second stage. It starts during adolescence and【C8】______for many years. Here, the little girt begins to rebel against Daddy and【C9】______his authority. He reacts with anger and【C10】______. And the final stage comes【C11】______a woman reaches the age of about thirty. At this time the daughter sees her father not as a hero【C12】______a fool, but learns to accept him【C13】______he is, for better or worse. And Daddy forgives her, too, for not being the【C14】______little girl he had once hoped for. But not all daughters go through all three stages, and it is here that the key to a woman’ s career【C15】______. Those girls who never get past the first “oasis of smiles” stage, 【C16】______all their lives seek out their fathers’ love and approval, will never【C17】______in the business world. They will remain at the secretarial【C18】______all their lives. It is only those women who get to the final stage, those who【C19】______and accept Daddy’s faults. Who can even hope to be 【C20】______enough and independent enough to become a candidate for top-management.1．【C1】A．whoB．whichC．thatD．it正确答案：C解析：本句是个强调句型，it is…that…。
中山大学中国语言文学系2012年语言学概论(代码612)真题及详解【圣才出品】
中山大学中国语言文学系2012年语言学概论（代码612）真题及详解中山大学中国语言文学系2012年语言学概论（代码612）真题一、分析应用题（每题10分，共50分）1．下列是某一语言的一组词，其中[t]、[s]和[z]分别与[ch]、[sh]和[zh]互补分布（释义省略）：请对以上出现的[t]、[s]、[z]和[ch]、[sh]、[zh]六个音素进行音位归纳：（1）描写[t，s，z]和[ch、sh、zh]的分布情况；（2）一个音位下有几个音位变体，应该以哪个音素作为音位的代表音素？为什么？（3）以公式表达音位、音位变体以及音位变体出现的条件。
2．比较现代汉语“狗”与英语dog的词义（本义、引申义），分析词义的民族性。
3．通过变换来分析下列两组句子中a与b不同的语义关系（1）a．他喝醉了酒。
b．他喝完了酒。
（2）a．三个人吃一锅饭。
b．一锅饭吃三个人。
4．下面是某一语言的四句话及普通话译文：Дайтемнекниrупойнтереснее请给我书比较有趣（请给我一本比较有趣的书．）Этакнитусамаяйнтересная这书最有趣（这本书最有趣）Этомоякниｒａатомойжурнал这我的书而那我的杂志（这是我的书，而那是我的杂志）Ячитаюзтукниｒу，ончитаютотжурнал我读这书他读那杂志（我读这书，他读那杂志）（1）分析该语言属于哪种语法结构类型的语言？（2）分析上面四句话所体现的语法范畴。
5．清代学者陈禮说：“声不能传于异地，留于异时，于是乎书之为文字。
文字者，所以为意与声之迹也。
”试对这段话进行评述。
二、论述题（每题20分，共100分）1．索绪尔在《普通语言学教程》中说：“By distinguishing betwen the languageitself and speech，we distinguish at the same time：（1）what is social from what is indlvldual，and（2）what is essnatial from what is ancillary and more orless accidental。