经济学计算题

5.Below are some data from the land of milk and honey.Price of Quantity of Price of Quantity ofYear Milk Milk Honey Honey200 $1 100 quarts $2 50 quarts2009 $1 200 $2 1002010 $2 200 $4 100a. Compute nominal GDP, real GDP, and the GDP deflator for each year, using 2008 as the base year.b. Compute the percentage change in nominal GDP, real GDP, and the GDP deflator in 2009 and 2010 from the preceding year. For each year, identify the variable that does not change. Explain in words why your answer makes sense.c. Did economic well-being rise more in 2009 or 2010? Explain.8. A farmer grows wheat, which he sells to a miller for $100. The miller turns the wheat into flour, which he sells to a baker for $150. The baker turns the wheat into bread, which he sells to consumers for $180. Consumers eat the bread.a. What is GDP in this economy? Explain.b. Value added is defined as the value of a producer’s output minus the value of the intermediate goods that the producer buys to make the output. Assuming there are no intermediate goods beyond those described above, calculate the value added of each of the three producers.c. What is total value added of the three producers in this economy? How does it compare to the economy’s GDP? Does this example suggest another way of calculating GDP?3. Suppose that people consume only three goods, as shown in this table:Bottle ofTennis Balls Golf Balls Gatorade2009 price $2 $4 $12009 quantity 100 100 2002010 price $2 $6 $22010 quantity 100 100 200a. What is the percentage change in the price of each of the three goods?b. Using a method similar to the consumer price index, compute the percentage change in the overall price level.c. If you were to learn that a bottle of Gatorade increased in size from 2009 to 2010, should that information affect your calculation of the inflation rate? If so, how?d. If you were to learn that Gatorade introduced new flavors in 2010, should that information affect your calculation of the inflation rate? If so, how?7. The New York Times cost $0.15 in 1970 and $0.7in 2000. The average wage in manufacturing was $3.23 per hour in 1970 and $14.32 in 2000.a. By what percentage did the price of a news-paper rise?b. By what percentage did the wage rise?c. In each year, how many minutes does a worker have to work to earn enough to buy a newspaper?d. Did workers’ purchasing power in terms of newspapers rise or fall?1. Most countries, including the United States, import substantial amounts of goods and ser-vicesfrom other countries. Yet the chapter saysthat a nation can enjoy a high standard of living only if it can produce a large quantity of goods and services itself. Can you reconcile these two facts?4.What is the opportunity cost of investing in cap-ital? D o you think a country can “overinvest”in capital? What is the opportunity cost of invest-ing in human capital? Do you think a country can “overinvest” in human capital? Explain.6. Suppose GDP is $8 trillion, taxes are $1.5 trillion private saving is $0.5 trillion, and public saving is $0.2 trillion. Assuming this economy is closed, calculate consumption, government purchases, national saving, and investment.8. Suppose that Intel is considering building a new chip-making factory.a. Assuming that Intel needs to borrow money in the bond market, why would an increase in interest rates affect Intel’s decision about whether to build the factory?b. If Intel has enough of its own funds to finance the new factory without borrowing, would an increase in int erest rates still affect Intel’s decision about whether to build the factory? Explain.3. As shown in Figure 3, the overall labor-force participation rate of men declined between 1970 and 2000. At the same time, the labor-force participation rate of women increased sharply. This overall decline reflects different patterns for different age groups, however, as shown in the following tables.Men Men MenAll Men 16–24 25–54 55 and older1970 80% 69% 96% 56%2000 75 69 92 40Women Women WomenAll Women 16–24 25–54 55 and old1970 43% 51% 50% 25%2000 60 63 77 26Given this information, what factor do you think played the key role in the decline in male labor-force participation over this period? What do you think explains the increase in labor-force participation for women?4. Between 2004 and 2007, total U.S. employment increased by 6.8 million workers, but the num-ber of unemployed workers declined by only 1.1 million. How are these numbers consistent with each other? Why might one expect a reduction in the number of people counted as unemployed to be smaller than the increase in the number of people employed?5. Beleaguered State Bank (BSB) holds $250 million in deposits and maintains a reserve ratio of 10 percent.a. Show a T-account for BSB.b. Now suppose that BSB’s largest d eposi-tor withdraws $10 million in cash from her account. IfBSB decides to restore its reserve ratio by reducing the amount of loans out-standing, show its new T-account.c. Explain what effect BSB’s action will have on other banks.d. Why might it be difficult for BSB to take the action described in part (b)? Discuss another way for BSB to return to its original reserve ratio.9. Suppose that the T-account for First National Bank is as follows:Assets LiabilitiesReserves $100,000 Deposits $500,000Loans 400,000a. If the Fed requires banks to hold 5 percent of deposits as reserves, how much in excess reserves does First National now hold?b. Assume that all other banks hold only the required amount of reserves. If First Nation decides to reduce its reserves to only the required amount, by how much would the economy’s money supply increase?。