A Parametrized Sorting System for a Large Set of k- bit Elements

合集下载

机务英语试题及答案

机务英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What is the standard term for a person who maintains aircraft?A. PilotB. MechanicC. Air Traffic ControllerD. Ground Staff答案：B2. Which of the following is not a type of aircraft engine?A. TurbopropB. TurbofanC. TurbojetD. Steam Engine答案：D3. What does the acronym "FAA" stand for?A. Federal Aviation AdministrationB. Free Airline AssociationC. Flight Assistance AgencyD. Fixed Airplane Association答案：A4. What is the term used to describe the process of checking an aircraft's systems before flight?A. Pre-flight InspectionB. Post-flight InspectionC. Aircraft MaintenanceD. Engine Overhaul答案：A5. Which of the following is not a component of an aircraft's landing gear?A. TiresB. BrakesC. GearboxD. Propeller答案：D6. What is the term for the document that contains all the technical details of an aircraft?A. Aircraft ManualB. Pilot's HandbookC. Maintenance LogD. Flight Plan答案：A7. What does the acronym "ICAO" stand for?A. International Civil Aviation OrganizationB. International Commercial Aviation OrganizationC. International Cargo Airline OrganizationD. International Communications Aerospace Organization答案：A8. What is the term used to describe the process of removing an aircraft from service for maintenance?A. GroundingB. ParkingC. DecommissioningD. Maintenance Standby答案：A9. Which of the following is not a type of aircraft fuel?A. Jet A-1B. Avgas 100LLC. DieselD. Kerosene答案：C10. What is the term for the person responsible for overseeing the maintenance of an aircraft?A. Chief PilotB. Aircraft EngineerC. Ground Crew ChiefD. Air Traffic Controller答案：B二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. The primary function of an aircraft's ____________ is to provide lift.答案：wing2. The term ____________ refers to the ability of an aircraft to fly at a constant altitude without gaining or losing height.答案：cruise3. An aircraft's ____________ is the maximum speed at which it can fly without causing structural damage.答案：never-exceed speed4. The ____________ is the area on an airport where aircraft are parked, maintained, or loaded.答案：apron5. The ____________ is the document that records all the maintenance activities performed on an aircraft.答案：logbook6. The ____________ is the process of cleaning and inspecting an aircraft's exterior after it has landed.答案：wash7. The ____________ is the part of an aircraft that connects the wings to the fuselage.答案：wing root8. The ____________ is the system that controls the direction of an aircraft in flight.答案：rudder9. The ____________ is the process of checking the aircraft's systems and condition after it has landed.答案：post-flight inspection10. The ____________ is the document that contains all the necessary information for the safe operation of an aircraft.答案：aircraft operating manual三、简答题（每题10分，共60分）1. Explain the difference between a turboprop and a turbofan engine.答案：A turboprop engine uses a turbine to drive a propeller directly, while a turbofan engine uses a turbine to drive a fan which provides most of the thrust. Turboprops are more efficient at lower speeds and altitudes, whereas turbofans are more efficient at higher speeds and altitudes.2. What are the main components of an aircraft's electrical system?答案：The main components include the battery, generator, alternator, bus bars, circuit breakers, wiring, and various electrical equipment such as lights, instruments, and avionics.3. Describe the purpose of an aircraft's hydraulic system.答案：The hydraulic system is used to transmit power for various aircraft systems, such as the flight controls, landing gear, flaps, and brakes. It allows for precisecontrol and reduces the weight of the aircraft by using fluid pressure instead of mechanical linkages.4. What are the steps involved in a pre-flight inspection?答案：The steps include checking the aircraft's exterior for damage, inspecting the tires and brakes, verifying the fuel quantity, checking the fluid levels。

A Discriminatively Trained, Multiscale, Deformable Part Model

A Discriminatively Trained,Multiscale,Deformable Part ModelPedro Felzenszwalb University of Chicago pff@David McAllesterToyota Technological Institute at Chicagomcallester@Deva RamananUC Irvinedramanan@AbstractThis paper describes a discriminatively trained,multi-scale,deformable part model for object detection.Our sys-tem achieves a two-fold improvement in average precision over the best performance in the2006PASCAL person de-tection challenge.It also outperforms the best results in the 2007challenge in ten out of twenty categories.The system relies heavily on deformable parts.While deformable part models have become quite popular,their value had not been demonstrated on difﬁcult benchmarks such as the PASCAL challenge.Our system also relies heavily on new methods for discriminative training.We combine a margin-sensitive approach for data mining hard negative examples with a formalism we call latent SVM.A latent SVM,like a hid-den CRF,leads to a non-convex training problem.How-ever,a latent SVM is semi-convex and the training prob-lem becomes convex once latent information is speciﬁed for the positive examples.We believe that our training meth-ods will eventually make possible the effective use of more latent information such as hierarchical(grammar)models and models involving latent three dimensional pose.1.IntroductionWe consider the problem of detecting and localizing ob-jects of a generic category,such as people or cars,in static images.We have developed a new multiscale deformable part model for solving this problem.The models are trained using a discriminative procedure that only requires bound-ing box labels for the positive ing these mod-els we implemented a detection system that is both highly efﬁcient and accurate,processing an image in about2sec-onds and achieving recognition rates that are signiﬁcantly better than previous systems.Our system achieves a two-fold improvement in average precision over the winning system[5]in the2006PASCAL person detection challenge.The system also outperforms the best results in the2007challenge in ten out of twenty This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No.0534820and0535174.Figure1.Example detection obtained with the person model.The model is deﬁned by a coarse template,several higher resolution part templates and a spatial model for the location of each part. object categories.Figure1shows an example detection ob-tained with our person model.The notion that objects can be modeled by parts in a de-formable conﬁguration provides an elegant framework for representing object categories[1–3,6,10,12,13,15,16,22]. While these models are appealing from a conceptual point of view,it has been difﬁcult to establish their value in prac-tice.On difﬁcult datasets,deformable models are often out-performed by“conceptually weaker”models such as rigid templates[5]or bag-of-features[23].One of our main goals is to address this performance gap.Our models include both a coarse global template cov-ering an entire object and higher resolution part templates. The templates represent histogram of gradient features[5]. As in[14,19,21],we train models discriminatively.How-ever,our system is semi-supervised,trained with a max-margin framework,and does not rely on feature detection. We also describe a simple and effective strategy for learn-ing parts from weakly-labeled data.In contrast to computa-tionally demanding approaches such as[4],we can learn a model in3hours on a single CPU.Another contribution of our work is a new methodology for discriminative training.We generalize SVMs for han-dling latent variables such as part positions,and introduce a new method for data mining“hard negative”examples dur-ing training.We believe that handling partially labeled data is a signiﬁcant issue in machine learning for computer vi-sion.For example,the PASCAL dataset only speciﬁes abounding box for each positive example of an object.We treat the position of each object part as a latent variable.We also treat the exact location of the object as a latent vari-able,requiring only that our classiﬁer select a window that has large overlap with the labeled bounding box.A latent SVM,like a hidden CRF[19],leads to a non-convex training problem.However,unlike a hidden CRF, a latent SVM is semi-convex and the training problem be-comes convex once latent information is speciﬁed for thepositive training examples.This leads to a general coordi-nate descent algorithm for latent SVMs.System Overview Our system uses a scanning window approach.A model for an object consists of a global“root”ﬁlter and several part models.Each part model speciﬁes a spatial model and a partﬁlter.The spatial model deﬁnes a set of allowed placements for a part relative to a detection window,and a deformation cost for each placement.The score of a detection window is the score of the root ﬁlter on the window plus the sum over parts,of the maxi-mum over placements of that part,of the partﬁlter score on the resulting subwindow minus the deformation cost.This is similar to classical part-based models[10,13].Both root and partﬁlters are scored by computing the dot product be-tween a set of weights and histogram of gradient(HOG) features within a window.The rootﬁlter is equivalent to a Dalal-Triggs model[5].The features for the partﬁlters are computed at twice the spatial resolution of the rootﬁlter. Our model is deﬁned at aﬁxed scale,and we detect objects by searching over an image pyramid.In training we are given a set of images annotated with bounding boxes around each instance of an object.We re-duce the detection problem to a binary classiﬁcation prob-lem.Each example x is scored by a function of the form, fβ(x)=max zβ·Φ(x,z).Hereβis a vector of model pa-rameters and z are latent values(e.g.the part placements). To learn a model we deﬁne a generalization of SVMs that we call latent variable SVM(LSVM).An important prop-erty of LSVMs is that the training problem becomes convex if weﬁx the latent values for positive examples.This can be used in a coordinate descent algorithm.In practice we iteratively apply classical SVM training to triples( x1,z1,y1 ,..., x n,z n,y n )where z i is selected to be the best scoring latent label for x i under the model learned in the previous iteration.An initial rootﬁlter is generated from the bounding boxes in the PASCAL dataset. The parts are initialized from this rootﬁlter.2.ModelThe underlying building blocks for our models are the Histogram of Oriented Gradient(HOG)features from[5]. We represent HOG features at two different scales.Coarse features are captured by a rigid template covering anentireImage pyramidFigure2.The HOG feature pyramid and an object hypothesis de-ﬁned in terms of a placement of the rootﬁlter(near the top of the pyramid)and the partﬁlters(near the bottom of the pyramid). detection window.Finer scale features are captured by part templates that can be moved with respect to the detection window.The spatial model for the part locations is equiv-alent to a star graph or1-fan[3]where the coarse template serves as a reference position.2.1.HOG RepresentationWe follow the construction in[5]to deﬁne a dense repre-sentation of an image at a particular resolution.The image isﬁrst divided into8x8non-overlapping pixel regions,or cells.For each cell we accumulate a1D histogram of gra-dient orientations over pixels in that cell.These histograms capture local shape properties but are also somewhat invari-ant to small deformations.The gradient at each pixel is discretized into one of nine orientation bins,and each pixel“votes”for the orientation of its gradient,with a strength that depends on the gradient magnitude.For color images,we compute the gradient of each color channel and pick the channel with highest gradi-ent magnitude at each pixel.Finally,the histogram of each cell is normalized with respect to the gradient energy in a neighborhood around it.We look at the four2×2blocks of cells that contain a particular cell and normalize the his-togram of the given cell with respect to the total energy in each of these blocks.This leads to a vector of length9×4 representing the local gradient information inside a cell.We deﬁne a HOG feature pyramid by computing HOG features of each level of a standard image pyramid(see Fig-ure2).Features at the top of this pyramid capture coarse gradients histogrammed over fairly large areas of the input image while features at the bottom of the pyramid capture ﬁner gradients histogrammed over small areas.2.2.FiltersFilters are rectangular templates specifying weights for subwindows of a HOG pyramid.A w by hﬁlter F is a vector with w×h×9×4weights.The score of aﬁlter is deﬁned by taking the dot product of the weight vector and the features in a w×h subwindow of a HOG pyramid.The system in[5]uses a singleﬁlter to deﬁne an object model.That system detects objects from a particular class by scoring every w×h subwindow of a HOG pyramid and thresholding the scores.Let H be a HOG pyramid and p=(x,y,l)be a cell in the l-th level of the pyramid.Letφ(H,p,w,h)denote the vector obtained by concatenating the HOG features in the w×h subwindow of H with top-left corner at p.The score of F on this detection window is F·φ(H,p,w,h).Below we useφ(H,p)to denoteφ(H,p,w,h)when the dimensions are clear from context.2.3.Deformable PartsHere we consider models deﬁned by a coarse rootﬁlter that covers the entire object and higher resolution partﬁlters covering smaller parts of the object.Figure2illustrates a placement of such a model in a HOG pyramid.The rootﬁl-ter location deﬁnes the detection window(the pixels inside the cells covered by theﬁlter).The partﬁlters are placed several levels down in the pyramid,so the HOG cells at that level have half the size of cells in the rootﬁlter level.We have found that using higher resolution features for deﬁning partﬁlters is essential for obtaining high recogni-tion performance.With this approach the partﬁlters repre-sentﬁner resolution edges that are localized to greater ac-curacy when compared to the edges represented in the root ﬁlter.For example,consider building a model for a face. The rootﬁlter could capture coarse resolution edges such as the face boundary while the partﬁlters could capture details such as eyes,nose and mouth.The model for an object with n parts is formally deﬁned by a rootﬁlter F0and a set of part models(P1,...,P n) where P i=(F i,v i,s i,a i,b i).Here F i is aﬁlter for the i-th part,v i is a two-dimensional vector specifying the center for a box of possible positions for part i relative to the root po-sition,s i gives the size of this box,while a i and b i are two-dimensional vectors specifying coefﬁcients of a quadratic function measuring a score for each possible placement of the i-th part.Figure1illustrates a person model.A placement of a model in a HOG pyramid is given by z=(p0,...,p n),where p i=(x i,y i,l i)is the location of the rootﬁlter when i=0and the location of the i-th part when i>0.We assume the level of each part is such that a HOG cell at that level has half the size of a HOG cell at the root level.The score of a placement is given by the scores of eachﬁlter(the data term)plus a score of the placement of each part relative to the root(the spatial term), ni=0F i·φ(H,p i)+ni=1a i·(˜x i,˜y i)+b i·(˜x2i,˜y2i),(1)where(˜x i,˜y i)=((x i,y i)−2(x,y)+v i)/s i gives the lo-cation of the i-th part relative to the root location.Both˜x i and˜y i should be between−1and1.There is a large(exponential)number of placements for a model in a HOG pyramid.We use dynamic programming and distance transforms techniques[9,10]to compute the best location for the parts of a model as a function of the root location.This takes O(nk)time,where n is the number of parts in the model and k is the number of cells in the HOG pyramid.To detect objects in an image we score root locations according to the best possible placement of the parts and threshold this score.The score of a placement z can be expressed in terms of the dot product,β·ψ(H,z),between a vector of model parametersβand a vectorψ(H,z),β=(F0,...,F n,a1,b1...,a n,b n).ψ(H,z)=(φ(H,p0),φ(H,p1),...φ(H,p n),˜x1,˜y1,˜x21,˜y21,...,˜x n,˜y n,˜x2n,˜y2n,). We use this representation for learning the model parame-ters as it makes a connection between our deformable mod-els and linear classiﬁers.On interesting aspect of the spatial models deﬁned here is that we allow for the coefﬁcients(a i,b i)to be negative. This is more general than the quadratic“spring”cost that has been used in previous work.3.LearningThe PASCAL training data consists of a large set of im-ages with bounding boxes around each instance of an ob-ject.We reduce the problem of learning a deformable part model with this data to a binary classiﬁcation problem.Let D=( x1,y1 ,..., x n,y n )be a set of labeled exam-ples where y i∈{−1,1}and x i speciﬁes a HOG pyramid, H(x i),together with a range,Z(x i),of valid placements for the root and partﬁlters.We construct a positive exam-ple from each bounding box in the training set.For these ex-amples we deﬁne Z(x i)so the rootﬁlter must be placed to overlap the bounding box by at least50%.Negative exam-ples come from images that do not contain the target object. Each placement of the rootﬁlter in such an image yields a negative training example.Note that for the positive examples we treat both the part locations and the exact location of the rootﬁlter as latent variables.We have found that allowing uncertainty in the root location during training signiﬁcantly improves the per-formance of the system(see Section4).tent SVMsA latent SVM is deﬁned as follows.We assume that each example x is scored by a function of the form,fβ(x)=maxz∈Z(x)β·Φ(x,z),(2)whereβis a vector of model parameters and z is a set of latent values.For our deformable models we deﬁne Φ(x,z)=ψ(H(x),z)so thatβ·Φ(x,z)is the score of placing the model according to z.In analogy to classical SVMs we would like to trainβfrom labeled examples D=( x1,y1 ,..., x n,y n )by optimizing the following objective function,β∗(D)=argminβλ||β||2+ni=1max(0,1−y i fβ(x i)).(3)By restricting the latent domains Z(x i)to a single choice, fβbecomes linear inβ,and we obtain linear SVMs as a special case of latent tent SVMs are instances of the general class of energy-based models[18].3.2.Semi-ConvexityNote that fβ(x)as deﬁned in(2)is a maximum of func-tions each of which is linear inβ.Hence fβ(x)is convex inβ.This implies that the hinge loss max(0,1−y i fβ(x i)) is convex inβwhen y i=−1.That is,the loss function is convex inβfor negative examples.We call this property of the loss function semi-convexity.Consider an LSVM where the latent domains Z(x i)for the positive examples are restricted to a single choice.The loss due to each positive example is now bined with the semi-convexity property,(3)becomes convex inβ.If the labels for the positive examples are notﬁxed we can compute a local optimum of(3)using a coordinate de-scent algorithm:1.Holdingβﬁxed,optimize the latent values for the pos-itive examples z i=argmax z∈Z(xi )β·Φ(x,z).2.Holding{z i}ﬁxed for positive examples,optimizeβby solving the convex problem deﬁned above.It can be shown that both steps always improve or maintain the value of the objective function in(3).If both steps main-tain the value we have a strong local optimum of(3),in the sense that Step1searches over an exponentially large space of latent labels for positive examples while Step2simulta-neously searches over weight vectors and an exponentially large space of latent labels for negative examples.3.3.Data Mining Hard NegativesIn object detection the vast majority of training exam-ples are negative.This makes it infeasible to consider all negative examples at a time.Instead,it is common to con-struct training data consisting of the positive instances and “hard negative”instances,where the hard negatives are data mined from the very large set of possible negative examples.Here we describe a general method for data mining ex-amples for SVMs and latent SVMs.The method iteratively solves subproblems using only hard instances.The innova-tion of our approach is a theoretical guarantee that it leads to the exact solution of the training problem deﬁned using the complete training set.Our results require the use of a margin-sensitive deﬁnition of hard examples.The results described here apply both to classical SVMs and to the problem deﬁned by Step2of the coordinate de-scent algorithm for latent SVMs.We omit the proofs of the theorems due to lack of space.These results are related to working set methods[17].We deﬁne the hard instances of D relative toβas,M(β,D)={ x,y ∈D|yfβ(x)≤1}.(4)That is,M(β,D)are training examples that are incorrectly classiﬁed or near the margin of the classiﬁer deﬁned byβ. We can show thatβ∗(D)only depends on hard instances. Theorem1.Let C be a subset of the examples in D.If M(β∗(D),D)⊆C thenβ∗(C)=β∗(D).This implies that in principle we could train a model us-ing a small set of examples.However,this set is deﬁned in terms of the optimal modelβ∗(D).Given aﬁxedβwe can use M(β,D)to approximate M(β∗(D),D).This suggests an iterative algorithm where we repeatedly compute a model from the hard instances de-ﬁned by the model from the last iteration.This is further justiﬁed by the followingﬁxed-point theorem.Theorem2.Ifβ∗(M(β,D))=βthenβ=β∗(D).Let C be an initial“cache”of examples.In practice we can take the positive examples together with random nega-tive examples.Consider the following iterative algorithm: 1.Letβ:=β∗(C).2.Shrink C by letting C:=M(β,C).3.Grow C by adding examples from M(β,D)up to amemory limit L.Theorem3.If|C|<L after each iteration of Step2,the algorithm will converge toβ=β∗(D)inﬁnite time.3.4.Implementation detailsMany of the ideas discussed here are only approximately implemented in our current system.In practice,when train-ing a latent SVM we iteratively apply classical SVM train-ing to triples x1,z1,y1 ,..., x n,z n,y n where z i is se-lected to be the best scoring latent label for x i under themodel trained in the previous iteration.Each of these triples leads to an example Φ(x i,z i),y i for training a linear clas-siﬁer.This allows us to use a highly optimized SVM pack-age(SVMLight[17]).On a single CPU,the entire training process takes3to4hours per object class in the PASCAL datasets,including initialization of the parts.Root Filter Initialization:For each category,we auto-matically select the dimensions of the rootﬁlter by looking at statistics of the bounding boxes in the training data.1We train an initial rootﬁlter F0using an SVM with no latent variables.The positive examples are constructed from the unoccluded training examples(as labeled in the PASCAL data).These examples are anisotropically scaled to the size and aspect ratio of theﬁlter.We use random subwindows from negative images to generate negative examples.Root Filter Update:Given the initial rootﬁlter trained as above,for each bounding box in the training set weﬁnd the best-scoring placement for theﬁlter that signiﬁcantly overlaps with the bounding box.We do this using the orig-inal,un-scaled images.We retrain F0with the new positive set and the original random negative set,iterating twice.Part Initialization:We employ a simple heuristic to ini-tialize six parts from the rootﬁlter trained above.First,we select an area a such that6a equals80%of the area of the rootﬁlter.We greedily select the rectangular region of area a from the rootﬁlter that has the most positive energy.We zero out the weights in this region and repeat until six parts are selected.The partﬁlters are initialized from the rootﬁl-ter values in the subwindow selected for the part,butﬁlled in to handle the higher spatial resolution of the part.The initial deformation costs measure the squared norm of a dis-placement with a i=(0,0)and b i=−(1,1).Model Update:To update a model we construct new training data triples.For each positive bounding box in the training data,we apply the existing detector at all positions and scales with at least a50%overlap with the given bound-ing box.Among these we select the highest scoring place-ment as the positive example corresponding to this training bounding box(Figure3).Negative examples are selected byﬁnding high scoring detections in images not containing the target object.We add negative examples to a cache un-til we encounterﬁle size limits.A new model is trained by running SVMLight on the positive and negative examples, each labeled with part placements.We update the model10 times using the cache scheme described above.In each it-eration we keep the hard instances from the previous cache and add as many new hard instances as possible within the memory limit.Toward theﬁnal iterations,we are able to include all hard instances,M(β,D),in the cache.1We picked a simple heuristic by cross-validating over5object classes. We set the model aspect to be the most common(mode)aspect in the data. We set the model size to be the largest size not larger than80%of thedata.Figure3.The image on the left shows the optimization of the la-tent variables for a positive example.The dotted box is the bound-ing box label provided in the PASCAL training set.The large solid box shows the placement of the detection window while the smaller solid boxes show the placements of the parts.The image on the right shows a hard-negative example.4.ResultsWe evaluated our system using the PASCAL VOC2006 and2007comp3challenge datasets and protocol.We refer to[7,8]for details,but emphasize that both challenges are widely acknowledged as difﬁcult testbeds for object detec-tion.Each dataset contains several thousand images of real-world scenes.The datasets specify ground-truth bounding boxes for several object classes,and a detection is consid-ered correct when it overlaps more than50%with a ground-truth bounding box.One scores a system by the average precision(AP)of its precision-recall curve across a testset.Recent work in pedestrian detection has tended to report detection rates versus false positives per window,measured with cropped positive examples and negative images with-out objects of interest.These scores are tied to the reso-lution of the scanning window search and ignore effects of non-maximum suppression,making it difﬁcult to compare different systems.We believe the PASCAL scoring method gives a more reliable measure of performance.The2007challenge has20object categories.We entered a preliminary version of our system in the ofﬁcial competi-tion,and obtained the best score in6categories.Our current system obtains the highest score in10categories,and the second highest score in6categories.Table1summarizes the results.Our system performs well on rigid objects such as cars and sofas as well as highly deformable objects such as per-sons and horses.We also note that our system is successful when given a large or small amount of training data.There are roughly4700positive training examples in the person category but only250in the sofa category.Figure4shows some of the models we learned.Figure5shows some ex-ample detections.We evaluated different components of our system on the longer-established2006person dataset.The top AP scoreaero bike bird boat bottle bus car cat chair cow table dog horse mbike person plant sheep sofa train tvOur rank 31211224111422112141Our score .180.411.092.098.249.349.396.110.155.165.110.062.301.337.267.140.141.156.206.336Darmstadt .301INRIA Normal .092.246.012.002.068.197.265.018.097.039.017.016.225.153.121.093.002.102.157.242INRIA Plus.136.287.041.025.077.279.294.132.106.127.067.071.335.249.092.072.011.092.242.275IRISA .281.318.026.097.119.289.227.221.175.253MPI Center .060.110.028.031.000.164.172.208.002.044.049.141.198.170.091.004.091.034.237.051MPI ESSOL.152.157.098.016.001.186.120.240.007.061.098.162.034.208.117.002.046.147.110.054Oxford .262.409.393.432.375.334TKK .186.078.043.072.002.116.184.050.028.100.086.126.186.135.061.019.036.058.067.090Table 1.PASCAL VOC 2007results.Average precision scores of our system and other systems that entered the competition [7].Empty boxes indicate that a method was not tested in the corresponding class.The best score in each class is shown in bold.Our current system ranks ﬁrst in 10out of 20classes.A preliminary version of our system ranked ﬁrst in 6classes in the ofﬁcial competition.BottleCarBicycleSofaFigure 4.Some models learned from the PASCAL VOC 2007dataset.We show the total energy in each orientation of the HOG cells in the root and part ﬁlters,with the part ﬁlters placed at the center of the allowable displacements.We also show the spatial model for each part,where bright values represent “cheap”placements,and dark values represent “expensive”placements.in the PASCAL competition was .16,obtained using a rigid template model of HOG features [5].The best previous re-sult of.19adds a segmentation-based veriﬁcation step [20].Figure 6summarizes the performance of several models we trained.Our root-only model is equivalent to the model from [5]and it scores slightly higher at .18.Performance jumps to .24when the model is trained with a LSVM that selects a latent position and scale for each positive example.This suggests LSVMs are useful even for rigid templates because they allow for self-adjustment of the detection win-dow in the training examples.Adding deformable parts in-creases performance to .34AP —a factor of two above the best previous score.Finally,we trained a model with partsbut no root ﬁlter and obtained .29AP.This illustrates the advantage of using a multiscale representation.We also investigated the effect of the spatial model and allowable deformations on the 2006person dataset.Recall that s i is the allowable displacement of a part,measured in HOG cells.We trained a rigid model with high-resolution parts by setting s i to 0.This model outperforms the root-only system by .27to .24.If we increase the amount of allowable displacements without using a deformation cost,we start to approach a bag-of-features.Performance peaks at s i =1,suggesting it is useful to constrain the part dis-placements.The optimal strategy allows for larger displace-ments while using an explicit deformation cost.The follow-Figure 5.Some results from the PASCAL 2007dataset.Each row shows detections using a model for a speciﬁc class (Person,Bottle,Car,Sofa,Bicycle,Horse).The ﬁrst three columns show correct detections while the last column shows false positives.Our system is able to detect objects over a wide range of scales (such as the cars)and poses (such as the horses).The system can also detect partially occluded objects such as a person behind a bush.Note how the false detections are often quite reasonable,for example detecting a bus with the car model,a bicycle sign with the bicycle model,or a dog with the horse model.In general the part ﬁlters represent meaningful object parts that are well localized in each detection such as the head in the person model.Figure6.Evaluation of our system on the PASCAL VOC2006 person dataset.Root uses only a rootﬁlter and no latent place-ment of the detection windows on positive examples.Root+Latent uses a rootﬁlter with latent placement of the detection windows. Parts+Latent is a part-based system with latent detection windows but no rootﬁlter.Root+Parts+Latent includes both root and part ﬁlters,and latent placement of the detection windows.ing table shows AP as a function of freely allowable defor-mation in theﬁrst three columns.The last column gives the performance when using a quadratic deformation cost and an allowable displacement of2HOG cells.s i01232+quadratic costAP.27.33.31.31.345.DiscussionWe introduced a general framework for training SVMs with latent structure.We used it to build a recognition sys-tem based on multiscale,deformable models.Experimental results on difﬁcult benchmark data suggests our system is the current state-of-the-art in object detection.LSVMs allow for exploration of additional latent struc-ture for recognition.One can consider deeper part hierar-chies(parts with parts),mixture models(frontal vs.side cars),and three-dimensional pose.We would like to train and detect multiple classes together using a shared vocab-ulary of parts(perhaps visual words).We also plan to use A*search[11]to efﬁciently search over latent parameters during detection.References[1]Y.Amit and A.Trouve.POP:Patchwork of parts models forobject recognition.IJCV,75(2):267–282,November2007.[2]M.Burl,M.Weber,and P.Perona.A probabilistic approachto object recognition using local photometry and global ge-ometry.In ECCV,pages II:628–641,1998.[3] D.Crandall,P.Felzenszwalb,and D.Huttenlocher.Spatialpriors for part-based recognition using statistical models.In CVPR,pages10–17,2005.[4] D.Crandall and D.Huttenlocher.Weakly supervised learn-ing of part-based spatial models for visual object recognition.In ECCV,pages I:16–29,2006.[5]N.Dalal and B.Triggs.Histograms of oriented gradients forhuman detection.In CVPR,pages I:886–893,2005.[6] B.Epshtein and S.Ullman.Semantic hierarchies for recog-nizing objects and parts.In CVPR,2007.[7]M.Everingham,L.Van Gool,C.K.I.Williams,J.Winn,and A.Zisserman.The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge2007(VOC2007)Results./challenges/VOC/voc2007/workshop.[8]M.Everingham, A.Zisserman, C.K.I.Williams,andL.Van Gool.The PASCAL Visual Object Classes Challenge2006(VOC2006)Results./challenges/VOC/voc2006/results.pdf.[9]P.Felzenszwalb and D.Huttenlocher.Distance transformsof sampled functions.Cornell Computing and Information Science Technical Report TR2004-1963,September2004.[10]P.Felzenszwalb and D.Huttenlocher.Pictorial structures forobject recognition.IJCV,61(1),2005.[11]P.Felzenszwalb and D.McAllester.The generalized A*ar-chitecture.JAIR,29:153–190,2007.[12]R.Fergus,P.Perona,and A.Zisserman.Object class recog-nition by unsupervised scale-invariant learning.In CVPR, 2003.[13]M.Fischler and R.Elschlager.The representation andmatching of pictorial structures.IEEE Transactions on Com-puter,22(1):67–92,January1973.[14] A.Holub and P.Perona.A discriminative framework formodelling object classes.In CVPR,pages I:664–671,2005.[15]S.Ioffe and D.Forsyth.Probabilistic methods forﬁndingpeople.IJCV,43(1):45–68,June2001.[16]Y.Jin and S.Geman.Context and hierarchy in a probabilisticimage model.In CVPR,pages II:2145–2152,2006.[17]T.Joachims.Making large-scale svm learning practical.InB.Sch¨o lkopf,C.Burges,and A.Smola,editors,Advances inKernel Methods-Support Vector Learning.MIT Press,1999.[18]Y.LeCun,S.Chopra,R.Hadsell,R.Marc’Aurelio,andF.Huang.A tutorial on energy-based learning.InG.Bakir,T.Hofman,B.Sch¨o lkopf,A.Smola,and B.Taskar,editors, Predicting Structured Data.MIT Press,2006.[19] A.Quattoni,S.Wang,L.Morency,M.Collins,and T.Dar-rell.Hidden conditional randomﬁelds.PAMI,29(10):1848–1852,October2007.[20] ing segmentation to verify object hypothe-ses.In CVPR,pages1–8,2007.[21] D.Ramanan and C.Sminchisescu.Training deformablemodels for localization.In CVPR,pages I:206–213,2006.[22]H.Schneiderman and T.Kanade.Object detection using thestatistics of parts.IJCV,56(3):151–177,February2004. [23]J.Zhang,M.Marszalek,zebnik,and C.Schmid.Localfeatures and kernels for classiﬁcation of texture and object categories:A comprehensive study.IJCV,73(2):213–238, June2007.。

机器人离线轨迹编程全文免费

接下来根据生成的3D曲线自动生成机器人的运行轨迹。通常需要创建用户坐标系以方便进行编程以及路径修改，所以创建以下用户坐标系。
Theseare the robots includedinRobotServiceAssessment inthe RS 1.22 SP1 release. Note thatEstimated lifetimeratio is not supported for allrobots andaxis.The reasonis thatlifetimemodelsare not developedfor alltypes ofgearboxes. Sincethe assessment is based ondata fromconnected robots, more robots willbe made available whenenoughdata is available inRemote Service (or elsewhere). Discalimer:Thefleet assessmentservicerelyonthe data fromRWand dueto a buginthe computations, data fromsystemsrunningRWfrom6.00 until6.03 is not reliable. From6.03.01 the computations are corrected but still, upgradinga systemto 6.03.01 willnot automaticallyfixthe problem. Amanualreset ofthe gearboxes usingthe SIS serviceroutineis necessary. Anautomatic fixfor the problemwillbe implementedina future versionofRW(willbe communicated viaRSI).

Google开源激光SLAM算法论文原文

I. INTRODUCTION
As-built ﬂoor plans are useful for a variety of applications. Manual surveys to collect this data for building management tasks typically combine computed-aided design (CAD) with laser tape measures. These methods are slow and, by employing human preconceptions of buildings as collections of straight lines, do not always accurately describe the true nature of the space. Using SLAM, it is possible to swiftly and accurately survey buildings of sizes and complexities that would take orders of magnitude longer to survey manually.
1All authors are at Google.
loop closure detection. Some methods focus on improving on the computational cost by matching on extracted features from the laser scans [4]. Other approaches for loop closure detection include histogram-based matching [6], feature detection in scan data,and using machine learning [7].

ASME B1.3M-1992 螺纹测量体系的可接受尺寸.英制和米制螺纹

5
The Standard is downloaded from Standard Sharing
ASME B1.3M-1992
SCREW THREAD GAGING SYSTEMS FOR DIMENSIONAL ACCEPTABILITY
TABLE 1 SCREW THREAD GAGES AND MEASURING EQUIPMENT FOR EXTERNAL PRODUCT THREAD CHARACTERIS' CS (CONT'D)
0
7 Pitch Micrometer With Modified Contacts (Approximately Pitch DiameterContact) Cone and Vee
8 Thread Measuring Wires With Suitable MeasuringMeans 9 OpticalComparator and Toolmaker's Microscope With Suitable Fixturing 10 Profile Tracting Equipment With Suitable Fixturing
J
J
( 3 ) For System 23: (a) column C,,add 9 (b) column C , add 9 , (c) column K2, add 9 (d) column E,-I, change 4, 10 to read 4.10 (e) In second column, next to last entry should read
-
4.6.2 Minimum material -thread groove diameter type - cone orbest wiresize radiusprofile @ 180 I deg. contact 4.7 Major diameter and pitch diameter runout gage 4.8 Differential segments or rolls (GO profile for one pitch in length) used in combination with GO/minimum material indicating gages to yield a diameter equivalent for variations in lead (including uniformity of helix) and flank angle 4.9 Minimum material- B and C NOT GO rolls or segments

Code Review Checklist

以下是用于开发人员代码review的 Macadamian's指南 . 在代码提交控制前，它们应该按照以下的规则检查。

我们公开这份检查表是希望给任何开发部门的同行代码评审提供一个简要的参考。

你可以直接按本表开始评审，当然，更好的办法是按照开发实际作出修改后使用。

目录General Code Smoke Test通用测试Comments and Coding Conventions注释和代码风格Error Handling错误处理Resource Leaks资源泄漏Control Structures控制结构Performance性能Functions函数Bug Fixes bug修复Math数学General Code Smoke Test 通用测试Does the code build correctly?No errors should occur when building the source code. No warnings should be introduced by changes made to the code.代码可以正确编译：编译代码时应无错误。

Does the code execute as expected?When executed, the code does what it is supposed to.代码是否像预期结果那样执行？Do you understand the code you are reviewing?As a reviewer, you should understand the code. If you don't, the review may not be complete, or the code may not be well commented.你理解正在review(评审)的代码了吗？作为一个评审者，你应该理解这些代码；否则将导致评审不充分或效果不太好。

简单绝对控制器步进电机（服务24VDC）系列LECP7维护指南说明书

Installation and Maintenance Manual Simple Absolute Controller / Step motor (servo 24 VDC ) Series LECP7Note: For special models LECP7*-X* please check the appropriate drawing for the dimensions and specifications.This manual contains essential information for the protection of users and others from possible injury and/or equipment damage.∙ Read this manual before using the product to ensure correct handling and also read the manuals of related apparatus before use. ∙ Keep this manual in a safe place for future reference.∙ These instructions indicate the level of potential hazard by label of “Caution”, “Warning” or “Danger”, followed by important safety information which must be carefully followed.∙ To ensure safety of personnel and equipment the safety instructions in this manual and the product catalogue must be observed, along with other relevant safety practices. Electromagnetic compatibility: This product is class A equipment that is intended for use in an industrial environment. There may be potential difficulties in ensuring electromagnetic compatibility in other environments due to conducted as well as radiated disturbances.Warning∙ Do not disassemble, modify (including change of printed circuit board) or repair the product.An injury or product failure may result.∙ Do not operate the product beyond the specification range. Fire, malfunction or equipment damage may result.Use the product only after confirming the specifications.∙ Do not use the product in the presence of flammable, explosive or corrosive gas.Fire, explosion or corrosion may result.This product does not have an explosion proof construction. ∙ When using the product as part of an interlocking system:Provide a double interlocking system, for example a mechanical system. Check the product regularly to ensure correct operation.∙ Before performing maintenance, be sure of the following: Turn off the power supply.Caution∙ Always perform a system check after maintenance. Do not use the product if any error occurs.Safety cannot be assured if caused by un-intentional malfunction.∙ Provide grounding to ensure correct operation and to improve noise resistance of the product.This product should be individually grounded using a short cable.∙ Follow the instructions given below when handling the product. Failing to do so may result in product damage.∙ Maintenance space should always be provided around the product. ∙Do not remove labels from the product.∙ Do not drop, hit or apply excessive shock to the product.∙ Unless stated otherwise, follow all specified tightening torques. ∙ Do not bend, apply tensile force, or apply force by placing heavy loads on the cables.∙ Connect wires and cables correctly and do not connect while the power is turned on.∙ Do not route input/output wires and cables together with power or high-voltage cables.∙ Check the insulation of wires and cables.∙ Take appropriate measures against noise, such as noise filters, when the product is incorporated into other equipment or devices. ∙ Take sufficient shielding measures when the product is to be used in the following conditions:• Where noise due to static electricity is generated. • Where electro-magnetic field strength is high. • Where radioactivity is present. • Where power lines are located.∙ Do not use the product in a place where electrical surges are generated.∙ Use suitable surge protection when a surge generating load such as a solenoid valve is to be directly driven.∙ Prevent any foreign matter from entering this product. ∙Do not expose the product to vibration or impact.∙ Use the product within the specified ambient temperature range. ∙ Do not expose the product to any heat radiation.∙ Use a precision screwdriver with flat blade to adjust the DIP switch.∙ Close the cover over the switches before power is turned on.∙ Do not clean the product with chemicals such as benzene or thinners.2.1 WiringWarning∙ Adjusting, mounting or wiring change should not be done before disconnecting the power supply to the product. Electrical shock, malfunction and damage can result.Caution∙ Wire the connector correctly and securely.Check the connector for polarity and do not apply any voltage to the terminals other than those specified in the Operation Manual.∙ Take appropriate measures against noise.Noise in a signal line may cause malfunction. As a countermeasureseparate the high voltage and low voltage cables, and shorten the wiring lengths, etc.∙ Do not route input/output wires and cables together with power or high voltage cables.The product can malfunction due to interference of noise and surge voltage from power and high voltage cables to the signal line. Route the wires of the product separately from power or high voltage cables. ∙ Take care that actuator movement does not catch cables. ∙ Operate with all wires and cables secured.∙ Avoid bending cables at sharp angles where they enter the product. ∙ Avoid twisting, folding, rotating or applying an external force to the cable.Risk of electric shock, wire breakage, contact failure and loss of control of the product can happen.∙ Fix the motor cables protruding from the actuator in place before use.The motor and lock cables are not robotic type cables and can be damaged when moved.∙ The actuator cables connecting the actuator and the controller are robotic type cables. But should not be placed in a flexible moving tube with a radius smaller than the specified value. (Min. 50 mm)∙ Confirm correct insulation of the product.Poor insulation of wires, cables, connectors, terminals etc. can cause interference with other circuits. Also there is the possibility that excessive voltage or current may be applied to the product causing damage.2.2 TransportationCaution∙ Do not carry or swing the product by the cables.2.3 MountingWarning∙ Observe the tightening torque for screws.Unless stated otherwise, tighten the screws to the recommended torque for mounting the product.∙ Do not make any alterations to this product.Alterations made to this product may lead to a loss of durability and damage to the product, which can lead to human injury and damage to other equipment and machinery.∙ When an external guide is used,connect the moving parts of the product and the load in such a way that there is no interference at any point within the stroke.Do not scratch or dent the sliding parts of the table or mounting face etc., by striking or holding them with other objects. The components are manufactured to precise tolerances, so that even a slight deformation may cause faulty operation or seizure.∙ Do not use the product until you verify that the equipment can be operated correctly.After mounting or repair, connect the power supply to the product and perform appropriate functional inspections to check it is mounted correctly.∙ When attaching to the work piece, do not apply strong impact or large moment.If an external force over the allowable moment is applied, it may cause looseness in the guide unit, an increase in sliding resistance or other problems.2.4 HandlingWarning∙ Do not touch the motor while in operation.The surface temperature of the motor can increase to approx. 90°C to 100°C due to operating conditions.Energizing alone may also cause this temperature increase.As it may cause burns, do not touch the motor when in operation.∙ If abnormal heating, smoking or fire, etc. occurs in the product, immediately turn off the power supply.∙ Immediately stop operation if abnormal operation noise or vibration occurs.If abnormal operation noise or vibration occurs, the product may have been mounted incorrectly. Unless operation of the product is stopped for inspection, the product can be seriously damaged.∙ Never touch the rotating part of the motor or the moving part of the actuator while in operation. There is a serious risk of injury.∙ Wheninstalling, adjusting, inspecting or performing maintenance on the product, controller and related equipment, be sure to turn off the power supply to each of them. Then, lock it so that no one other than the person working can turn the power on, or implement measures such as a safety plug.∙ In the case of the actuator that has a servo motor (24VDC), the “motor phase detection step" is done by inputting the servo on signal just after the controller power is turned on.The “motor phase detection step” operates the table/rod to the maximum distance of the lead screw. (The motor rotates in the reverse direction if the table hits an obstacle such as the end stop damper.) Take the “motor phase detection step” into consideration for the installation and operation of this actuatorCaution∙ Keep the controller and product combined as delivered for use. The product is set in parameters for shipment.If it is combined with a different product parameter, failure can result.∙ Check the product for the following points before operation. • Damage to electric driving line and signal lines.• Looseness of the connector to each power line and signal line. • Looseness of the actuator/cylinder and controller/driver mounting. • Abnormal operation. •Stop function∙ When more than one person is performing work, decide on the procedures, signals, measures and resolution for abnormal conditions before beginning the work.∙ Also designate a person to supervise the work, other than those performing the work.∙ An operation test should be performed at low speed, start the test at a predefined speed, after confirming there are no problems. ∙ Actual speed of the product will be changed by the workload. Before selecting a product, check the catalogue for the instructions regarding selection and specifications.∙ Do not apply a load, impact or resistance in addition to a transferred load during return to origin.In the case of the return to origin by pushing force, additional force will cause displacement of the origin position since it is based on detected motor torque.∙ Do not remove the nameplate.2.5 Actuator with lockWarning∙ Do not use the lock as a safety lock or a control that requires a locking force.The lock used for the product with a lock is designed to prevent dropping of work piece.dropping due to its weight when the product operation is stopped and the power supply is turned off.∙ Do not apply an impact load or strong vibration while the lock is activated.If an external impact load or strong vibration is applied to the product, the lock will lose its holding force and damage to the sliding part of the lock or reduced lifetime can result. The same situation will happen when the lock slips due to a force higher than its holding force, as this will accelerate the wear to the lock.∙ Do not apply liquid, oil or grease to the lock or its surroundings. When liquid, oil or grease is applied to the sliding part of the lock, its holding force will be reduced significantly.∙ Take “measures against drops” and check that safety is assured before mounting, adjustment and inspection of the product.If the lock is released with the product mounted vertically, a work piece can drop due to its weight.2.6 Please refer to the auto switch references in “Best Pneumatics “ when an auto switch is to be used.2.7 UnpackingCaution∙ Check the received product is as ordered.If a different product is installed from the one ordered, injury or damage could result.Note 1) Do not use a power supply with “inrush-current control” for the controllerpower supply.Note 2) Power consumption depends on the actuator.Refer to the specification of the actuator for details.Note 3) Based on average use of 8 hrs/day at a temperature of 20°CThe lifetime time of the battery is reduced when the operatingtemperature rises, because the performance of the battery deteriorates.Note 4) Battery back up hold time at 20°C (reference).After the power supply is cut, the battery back up hold time is reduced whenthe operating temperature rises.Note 5) The time to monitor the motor/encoder position using the battery back up afterthe power supply has been cut, the duration depends on the set value of themaximum manual operation cycle rotation speed (rpm) after the powersupply has been cut.Note 6) Recommended: 20o CNote 7) Refer to the Names and Functions of individual parts.4 Installation4.1 How to install the battery1）Use a small screwdriver to carefully lift the battery case out ofthe controller.2）Install the battery into the battery case.3）Connect the battery to the connector on the controller PCB4）When installing the battery case, ensure that the cable is nottrapped between the battery case and the controller housing.5）Carefully push the battery case into the controller housing untilfully installed. Confirm that the battery case does not move.4.2 How to install the controller•Screw mounting type (LECP7**-*) installation using two M4 screws• DIN-rail mounting type (LECP7**D-*) installation onto the DIN rail• Location for mountingSelect the size of the control cabinet and the controller mounting type sothat the surrounding temperature of the controller is 40o C or less forscrew mounting type and 30o C or less for DIN rail mounting type (20o Creference). Mount the controller vertically on the panel with 30mm ormore (screw mounting type) and 50mm or more (DIN rail mounting type)of space at the top and bottom of the controller.When installing more than one controller in parallel, provide a space of20mm or more between the controllers.Allow 60mm or more of space between the front of the controller and thecover of the control cabinet to allow access to the connectors.Leave enough space between the controllers so that the operatingtemperatures of the controllers stay within the specification range.Avoid mounting the controllers on a panel where sources of vibration,such as large sized electromagnetic contactors or circuit fuse breakers,are also mounted.• Grounding the controllerAs shown in the diagram, connect the grounding wire with a screw.The controller must be grounded to shield it from electrical noise.The M4 screw, cable with crimping terminal and toothed washer shouldbe obtained separately by the customer.CautionThe product should be connected to a ground. The cross-sectional area ofthis wire shall be a minimum of 2 mm2. The grounding point should be asnear to the controller as possible to keep the wire length short.5 Names and Functions of individual partsNote 1) Based on average use of 8 hrs/day at a temperature of 20°CThe lifetime time of the battery is reduced when the operating temperaturerises, because the performance of the battery deteriorates.CautionThe green LED flashes while the data (step data/ parameters) is beingwritten.Do not turn off the controller input power supply or remove the cable whilethe data is being written (while the green LED is flashing).* The data (step data/ parameters) may not be written correctly.6 WiringWarningDo not use the stop signal, "EMG" of controller and stop switch onthe teaching box as the emergency stop of system.The stop signal, "EMG" of controller and the stop switch on the teachingbox are for decelerating and stopping the actuator.Design the system with an emergency stop circuit, which complies withsafety standards.ControllerM4 screwToothed washerHook the controller onto the DIN rail andpress the lever in the direction of the arrowto lock the controller to the DIN rail.Controller to DIN rail is unlocked Controller to DIN rail is locked(*1)#Teaching box(With cable, 3m)Part No: LEC-T1-3EG*<Applicable wire size>AWG20(0.5mm)To CN5Input/output signalpower supply 24 VDC#Electric actuatorOptionsTo CN4ToTo CN2or*1) These items are included if you ordered using the part number for an actuator set.(9)(Not recommended: Ground schemeRecommended: Functional groundCaution∙Wiring of power supply plug for controller connector CN1Connect the positive terminal of the 24 VDC controller power supply tothe C24V and M24V terminals of the power supply plug and connect thenegative terminal of the 24 VDC controller power supply to the 0Vterminal of the power supply plug.∙For actuators fitted with a lock, fit a lock release switchConnect the lock release switch to the supply plug BK RLS terminal.∙See the power supply plug drawing below for connection detailsWarningDo not wire the power supply plug incorrectly as this will result indamage to the controller.Parallel I/O cable wiring for connection to controller CN5 connectorCautionThe 24 VDC power supply for the I/O connector CN5 should be separatefrom the 24 VDC power supply for the controller connector CN1.When connecting a PLC etc. to the controller parallel I/O CN5 connector,use the I/O cable LEC-CN5-*.∙Pin out for I/O cable LEC-CN5-*NPN type PNP typeWarningoff.Electrical shock can result.∙Replacement of battery1）Turn off the controller's power supply after stopping the actuator.2）Remove the wiring connectors CN1 (Power supply), CN2 (Motorpower), CN3 (Encoder), CN4 (Serial I/O) and CN5 (Parallel I/O)from the front of the controller.3）Detach the battery case installed in the controller.Use a small screwdriver to lift the battery case out of the controller.4）Detach the battery connector from the controller PCB.5）Change the battery and install it into the case.6）Connect the battery to the connector on the controller PCB7）When installing the battery case, ensure that the cable is not trappedbetween the battery case and the controller housing.8）Carefully push the battery case into the controller housing until fullyinstalled. Confirm that the battery case does not move.9）Reconnect the wiring connectors removed in note 2)CN1 (Power supply), CN2 (Motor power), CN3 (Encoder), CN4(Serial I/O) and CN5 (Parallel I/O) into the front of the controller.10）Turn on the controller's power supply, and execute alarm reset.11）Charging of the battery begins (72 hours charge time).WarningBatteries are consumable products, when the battery is repeatedly chargedand discharged the initial performance deteriorates. Review the lifetime ofthe battery and replace it when the hold time is noticeably shortened.It is recommended to replace the battery 2 years after the purchase date.Please write the purchase date in the column of the battery case.∙Maintenance part.Battery: Part No. LE-BP-X228 CE DirectiveThe LE series of actuators, motor controllers and teaching box conform tothe EU EMC directive, if they are installed in accordance with the followinginstructions.These components are intended for incorporation into machinery andassemblies forming part of a larger system.The CE compliance was achieved when the above three components wereconnected as shown in the diagram below.Please note that the EMC changes according to the configuration of thecustomers control panel and the relationship with other electricalequipment and wiring. Therefore conformity to the EMC directive cannot becertified for SMC components incorporated into the customer’s equipmentunder actual operating conditions. As a result it is necessary for thecustomer to verify conformity to the EMC directive for the machinery andThe shielded cables are:• 24 VDC Power cabl e from power supply to LECP7** series controller• The Input/output cable from controller to Switch Box∙Grounding the controllerPlease refer to the “Installation” section∙Grounding the actuatorPlease refer to the IMM of the actuator being used, for information onactuator grounding.CautionNote: During installation and maintenance protect the LEC controllerfrom electrostatic discharge (ESD)DangerDo not disassemble the battery, there will be a short circuit inside /outside.Also, the heating, explosion or ignition of the battery can happen due to thereaction of the internal substance of the battery with the atmosphere.Hazardous alkaline liquid will be released.The battery contains alkaline liquid, if this liquid comes into contact with theeye, this can result in blindness. Do not rub the eye, instead, rinse the eyewith tap water and seek medical treatment.Do not place the battery in a fire; there is a risk of explosion.Do not place the battery in water, there is a risk that the battery will leakand the performance will deteriorate because of the influence of corrosionand rusting etc.WarningDo not use the battery when there is leakage, discoloration, or deformation.Heating, explosion or ignition of the battery can result.The battery contains alkaline liquid, if your clothes come into contact withthe battery liquid, rinse with tap water to avoid injury to the skin.Caution∙Long term storageStoring the battery for long periods can reduce its capacity.There is also the possibility that the battery liquid will leak and thelifetime will be reduced because of a natural electrical discharge and theCaution10 ContactsAUSTRIA (43) 2262 62280-0 LATVIA (371) 781 77 00BELGIUM (32) 3 355 1464 LITHUANIA (370) 5 264 8126BULGARIA (359) 2 974 4492 NETHERLANDS (31) 20 531 8888CZECH REP. (420) 541 424 611 NORWAY (47) 67 12 90 20DENMARK (45) 7025 2900 POLAND (48) 22 211 9600ESTONIA (372) 651 0370 PORTUGAL (351) 21 471 1880FINLAND (358) 207 513513 ROMANIA (40) 21 320 5111FRANCE (33) 1 6476 1000 SLOVAKIA (421) 2 444 56725GERMANY (49) 6103 4020 SLOVENIA (386) 73 885 412GREECE (30) 210 271 7265 SPAIN (34) 945 184 100HUNGARY (36) 23 511 390 SWEDEN (46) 8 603 1200IRELAND (353) 1 403 9000 SWITZERLAND (41) 52 396 3131ITALY (39) 02 92711 UNITED KINGDOM (44) 1908 563888URL : http// (Global) http// (Europe)Specifications are subject to change without prior notice from the manufacturer.© 2016 SMC Corporation All Rights Reserved.(3)Ground(6)(2)(1)。

IEEE参考文献格式

•Creating a reference list or bibliographyA numbered list of references must be provided at the end of thepaper. The list should be arranged in the order of citation in the text of the assignment or essay, not in alphabetical order. List only one reference per reference number. Footnotes or otherinformation that are not part of the referencing format should not be included in the reference list.The following examples demonstrate the format for a variety of types of references. Included are some examples of citing electronic documents. Such items come in many forms, so only some examples have been listed here.Print DocumentsBooksNote: Every (important) word in the title of a book or conference must be capitalised. Only the first word of a subtitle should be capitalised. Capitalise the "v" in Volume for a book title.Punctuation goes inside the quotation marks.Standard formatSingle author[1] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth,1993, pp. 123-135.[2] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University ofSaskatchewan Press, 1997.Edited work[3] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.Later edition[4] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.Boston: Course Technology, 2004.[5] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,3rd ed. New York : John Wiley, 2005.More than one author[6] T. Jordan and P. A. Taylor, Hacktivism and Cyberwars: Rebelswith a cause? London: Routledge, 2004.[7] U. J. Gelinas, Jr., S. G. Sutton, and J. Fedorowicz, Businessprocesses and information technology. Cincinnati:South-Western/Thomson Learning, 2004.Three or more authorsNote: The names of all authors should be given in the references unless the number of authors is greater than six. If there are more than six authors, you may use et al. after the name of the first author.[8] R. Hayes, G. Pisano, D. Upton, and S. Wheelwright, Operations,Strategy, and Technology: Pursuing the competitive edge.Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2005.Series[9] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of onlineeducation and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science andTraining, 2002.Corporate author (ie: a company or organisation)[10] World Bank, Information and Communication Technologies: AWorld Bank group strategy. Washington, DC : World Bank, 2002.Conference (complete conference proceedings)[11] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and theDigital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical andCognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.Government publication[12] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital AgendaReview, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department,2003.Manual[13] Bell Telephone Laboratories Technical Staff, TransmissionSystem for Communications, Bell Telephone Laboratories,1995.Catalogue[14] Catalog No. MWM-1, Microwave Components, M. W. Microwave Corp.,Brooklyn, NY.Application notes[15] Hewlett-Packard, Appl. Note 935, pp. 25-29.Note:Titles of unpublished works are not italicised or capitalised. Capitalise only the first word of a paper or thesis.Technical report[16] K. E. Elliott and C.M. Greene, "A local adaptive protocol,"Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, France, Tech. Rep.916-1010-BB, 1997.Patent / Standard[17] K. Kimura and A. Lipeles, "Fuzzy controller component, " U.S. Patent 14,860,040, December 14, 1996.Papers presented at conferences (unpublished)[18] H. A. Nimr, "Defuzzification of the outputs of fuzzycontrollers," presented at 5th International Conference onFuzzy Systems, Cairo, Egypt, 1996.Thesis or dissertation[19] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.[20] M. W. Dixon, "Application of neural networks to solve therouting problem in communication networks," Ph.D.dissertation, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia, 1999.Parts of a BookNote: These examples are for chapters or parts of edited works in which the chapters or parts have individual title and author/s, but are included in collections or textbooks edited by others. If the editors of a work are also the authors of all of the included chapters then it should be cited as a whole book using the examples given above (Books).Capitalise only the first word of a paper or book chapter.Single chapter from an edited work[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by meansof transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," inPlastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.Conference or seminar paper (one paper from a published conference proceedings)[3] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for themodernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy SpecialConference, 1997, pp. 9-16.[4] S. Al Kuran, "The prospects for GaAs MESFET technology in dc-acvoltage conversion," in Proceedings of the Fourth AnnualPortable Design Conference, 1997, pp. 137-142.Article in an encyclopaedia, signed[5] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-HillEncyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.Study Guides and Unit ReadersNote: You should not cite from Unit Readers, Study Guides, or lecture notes, but where possible you should go to the original source of the information. If you do need to cite articles from the Unit Reader, treat the Reader articles as if they were book or journal articles. In the reference list or bibliography use the bibliographical details as quoted in the Reader and refer to the page numbers from the Reader, not the original page numbers (unless you have independently consulted the original).[6] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines insearch of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted inHuman-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37. Journal ArticlesNote: Capitalise only the first word of an article title, except for proper nouns or acronyms. Every (important) word in the title of a journal must be capitalised. Do not capitalise the "v" in volume for a journal article.You must either spell out the entire name of each journal that you reference or use accepted abbreviations. You must consistently do one or the other. Staff at the Reference Desk can suggest sources of accepted journal abbreviations.You may spell out words such as volume or December, but you must either spell out all such occurrences or abbreviate all. You do not need to abbreviate March, April, May, June or July.To indicate a page range use pp. 111-222. If you refer to only one page, use only p. 111.Standard formatJournal articles[1] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser," Phys.Rev., vol. 134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.[2] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessmentof feasability," IEEE Trans. Electron. Devices, vol. ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.[3] G. Liu, K. Y. Lee, and H. F. Jordan, "TDM and TWDM de Bruijnnetworks and shufflenets for optical communications," IEEE Trans. Comp., vol. 46, pp. 695-701, June 1997.OR[4] J. R. Beveridge and E. M. Riseman, "How easy is matching 2D linemodels using local search?" IEEE Transactions on PatternAnalysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 19, pp. 564-579, June 1997.[5] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method," MicroelectronicsReliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.[6] E. H. Miller, "A note on reflector arrays," IEEE Transactionson Antennas and Propagation, to be published.Electronic documentsNote:When you cite an electronic source try to describe it in the same way you would describe a similar printed publication. If possible, give sufficient information for your readers to retrieve the source themselves.If only the first page number is given, a plus sign indicates following pages, eg. 26+. If page numbers are not given, use paragraph or other section numbers if you need to be specific. An electronic source may not always contain clear author or publisher details.The access information will usually be just the URL of the source. As well as a publication/revision date (if there is one), the date of access is included since an electronic source may change between the time you cite it and the time it is accessed by a reader.E-BooksStandard format[1] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture inPractice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.[2] T. Eckes, The Developmental Social Psychology of Gender. MahwahNJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2000. [E-book] Available: netLibrary e-book.Article in online encyclopaedia[3] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, .[Accessed: May 24, 2005].[4] W. D. Nance, "Management information system," in The BlackwellEncyclopedic Dictionary of Management Information Systems,G.B. Davis, Ed. Malden MA: Blackwell, 1999, pp. 138-144.[E-book]. Available: NetLibrary e-book.E-JournalsStandard formatJournal article abstract accessed from online database[1] M. T. Kimour and D. Meslati, "Deriving objects from use casesin real-time embedded systems," Information and SoftwareTechnology, vol. 47, no. 8, p. 533, June 2005. [Abstract].Available: ProQuest, /proquest/.[Accessed May 12, 2005].Note: Abstract citations are only included in a reference list if the abstract is substantial or if the full-text of the article could not be accessed.Journal article from online full-text databaseNote: When including the internet address of articles retrieved from searches in full-text databases, please use the Recommended URLs for Full-text Databases, which are the URLs for the main entrance to the service and are easier to reproduce.[2] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of software requirementsengineering exercises in a global virtual team setup,"Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p.21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: Academic OneFile, . [Accessed May 31, 2005].[3] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" SoftwareDevelopment Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, . [Accessed May 23, 2005].Journal article in a scholarly journal (published free of charge on the internet)[4] A. Altun, "Understanding hypertext in the context of readingon the web: Language learners' experience," Current Issues in Education, vol. 6, no. 12, July 2003. [Online]. Available: /volume6/number12/. [Accessed Dec. 2, 2004].Journal article in electronic journal subscription[5] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots withsmoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].Newspaper article from online database[6] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," TheAustralian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].Newspaper article from the Internet[7] C. Wilson-Clark, "Computers ranked as key literacy," The WestAustralian, para. 3, March 29, 2004. [Online]. Available:.au. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].Internet DocumentsStandard formatProfessional Internet site[1] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 揇igitalVideo Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVBterrestrial services; transmission aspects,?EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190,1997. [Online]. Available: . [Accessed:Aug. 17, 1998].Personal Internet site[2] G. Sussman, "Home page - Dr. Gerald Sussman," July 2002.[Online]. Available:/faculty/Sussman/sussmanpage.htm[Accessed: Sept. 12, 2004].General Internet site[3] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," ,para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available:/news/1116995. [Accessed: Sept. 12,2004].Internet document, no author given[4] 揂憀ayman抯?explanation of Ultra Narrow Band technology,?Oct.3, 2003. [Online]. Available:/Layman.pdf. [Accessed: Dec. 3, 2003].Non-Book FormatsPodcasts[1] W. Brown and K. Brodie, Presenters, and P. George, Producer, 揊rom Lake Baikal to the Halfway Mark, Yekaterinburg? Peking to Paris: Episode 3, Jun. 4, 2007. [Podcast television programme]. Sydney: ABC Television. Available:.au/tv/pekingtoparis/podcast/pekingtoparis.xm l. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].[2] S. Gary, Presenter, 揃lack Hole Death Ray? StarStuff, Dec. 23, 2007. [Podcast radio programme]. Sydney: ABC News Radio. Available: .au/newsradio/podcast/STARSTUFF.xml. [Accessed Feb. 4, 2008].Other FormatsMicroform[3] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia:Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department ofScience and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & CompanyPty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra:Department of Science and Technology, 1984.Computer game[4] The Hobbit: The prelude to the Lord of the Rings. [CD-ROM].United Kingdom: Vivendi Universal Games, 2003.Software[5] Thomson ISI, EndNote 7. [CD-ROM]. Berkeley, Ca.: ISIResearchSoft, 2003.Video recording[6] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].Bendigo, Vic. : Video Education Australasia, 1999.A reference list: what should it look like?The reference list should appear at the end of your paper. Begin the list on a new page. The title References should be either left justified or centered on the page. The entries should appear as one numerical sequence in the order that the material is cited in the text of your assignment.Note: The hanging indent for each reference makes the numerical sequence more obvious.[1] A. Rezi and M. Allam, "Techniques in array processing by meansof transformations, " in Control and Dynamic Systems, Vol.69, Multidemsional Systems, C. T. Leondes, Ed. San Diego: Academic Press, 1995, pp. 133-180.[2] G. O. Young, "Synthetic structure of industrial plastics," inPlastics, 2nd ed., vol. 3, J. Peters, Ed. New York:McGraw-Hill, 1964, pp. 15-64.[3] S. M. Hemmington, Soft Science. Saskatoon: University ofSaskatchewan Press, 1997.[4] N. Osifchin and G. Vau, "Power considerations for themodernization of telecommunications in Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union (CEE/FSU) countries," in Second International Telecommunications Energy SpecialConference, 1997, pp. 9-16.[5] D. Sarunyagate, Ed., Lasers. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1996.[8] O. B. R. Strimpel, "Computer graphics," in McGraw-HillEncyclopedia of Science and Technology, 8th ed., Vol. 4. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1997, pp. 279-283.[9] K. Schwalbe, Information Technology Project Management, 3rd ed.Boston: Course Technology, 2004.[10] M. N. DeMers, Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems,3rd ed. New York: John Wiley, 2005.[11] L. Vertelney, M. Arent, and H. Lieberman, "Two disciplines insearch of an interface: Reflections on a design problem," in The Art of Human-Computer Interface Design, B. Laurel, Ed.Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1990. Reprinted inHuman-Computer Interaction (ICT 235) Readings and Lecture Notes, Vol. 1. Murdoch: Murdoch University, 2005, pp. 32-37.[12] E. P. Wigner, "Theory of traveling wave optical laser,"Physical Review, vol.134, pp. A635-A646, Dec. 1965.[13] J. U. Duncombe, "Infrared navigation - Part I: An assessmentof feasibility," IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol.ED-11, pp. 34-39, Jan. 1959.[14] M. Bell, et al., Universities Online: A survey of onlineeducation and services in Australia, Occasional Paper Series 02-A. Canberra: Department of Education, Science andTraining, 2002.[15] T. J. van Weert and R. K. Munro, Eds., Informatics and theDigital Society: Social, ethical and cognitive issues: IFIP TC3/WG3.1&3.2 Open Conference on Social, Ethical andCognitive Issues of Informatics and ICT, July 22-26, 2002, Dortmund, Germany. Boston: Kluwer Academic, 2003.[16] I. S. Qamber, "Flow graph development method,"Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 33, no. 9, pp. 1387-1395, Dec. 1993.[17] Australia. Attorney-Generals Department. Digital AgendaReview, 4 Vols. Canberra: Attorney- General's Department, 2003.[18] C. Rogers, Writer and Director, Grrls in IT. [Videorecording].Bendigo, Vic.: Video Education Australasia, 1999.[19] L. Bass, P. Clements, and R. Kazman. Software Architecture inPractice, 2nd ed. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley, 2003. [E-book] Available: Safari e-book.[20] D. Ince, "Acoustic coupler," in A Dictionary of the Internet.Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. [Online]. Available: Oxford Reference Online, .[Accessed: May 24, 2005].[21] H. K. Edwards and V. Sridhar, "Analysis of softwarerequirements engineering exercises in a global virtual team setup," Journal of Global Information Management, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 21+, April-June 2005. [Online]. Available: AcademicOneFile, . [Accessed May 31,2005].[22] A. Holub, "Is software engineering an oxymoron?" SoftwareDevelopment Times, p. 28+, March 2005. [Online]. Available: ProQuest, . [Accessed May 23, 2005].[23] H. Zhang, "Delay-insensitive networks," M.S. thesis,University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada, 1997.[24] P. H. C. Eilers and J. J. Goeman, "Enhancing scatterplots withsmoothed densities," Bioinformatics, vol. 20, no. 5, pp.623-628, March 2004. [Online]. Available:. [Accessed Sept. 18, 2004].[25] J. Riley, "Call for new look at skilled migrants," TheAustralian, p. 35, May 31, 2005. Available: Factiva,. [Accessed May 31, 2005].[26] European Telecommunications Standards Institute, 揇igitalVideo Broadcasting (DVB): Implementation guidelines for DVB terrestrial services; transmission aspects,?EuropeanTelecommunications Standards Institute, ETSI TR-101-190,1997. [Online]. Available: . [Accessed: Aug. 17, 1998].[27] J. Geralds, "Sega Ends Production of Dreamcast," ,para. 2, Jan. 31, 2001. [Online]. Available:/news/1116995. [Accessed Sept. 12,2004].[28] W. D. Scott & Co, Information Technology in Australia:Capacities and opportunities: A report to the Department of Science and Technology. [Microform]. W. D. Scott & Company Pty. Ltd. in association with Arthur D. Little Inc. Canberra: Department of Science and Technology, 1984.AbbreviationsStandard abbreviations may be used in your citations. A list of appropriate abbreviations can be found below:。

AASHTO

The AASHTO Board of Directors first approved this document in December 1997 by more than the required two-thirds
majority vote. It was revised and updated with current data in December 2004, but the emphasis areas and strategies identified in the original plan remain the same.
Section II: The Plan Elements
9 Part 1: Drivers
10 Instituting Graduated Licensing for Young Drivers 11 Ensuring Drivers Are Fully Licensed and Competent 11 Sustaining Proficiency in Older Drivers 12 Curbing Aggressive Driving 13 Reducing Impaired Driving 14 Keeping Drivers Alert 15 Increasing Driver Safety Awareness
Reducing the fatality rate on streets and roads can be achieved most efficiently if all states take aim at significant highway safety challenges in ways that utilize good planning and effective coordination of all available resources.

新SAT评分详解及样题

* Combined score of two raters, each scoring on a 1– 4 scale 1-4
SAT 1. Composite Score 2 2. SAT raw score 3 3. SAT Test Score Evidence-Based Reading and Writing raw score 4. SAT Studies OG 1—15 5. SAT Subscore 7 Cross-section Score 3 Section Score 400—1600
3.
)
25+15min 49
:35min 44
2-12 25min
2-8 50min
History Questions 1-5 are based on the following passage.
This passage is adapted from a speech delivered by Congresswoman Barbara Jordan of Texas on July 25, 1974, as a member of the Judiciary Committee of the United States House of Representatives. In the passage, Jordan discusses how and when a United States president may be impeached, or charged with serious offenses, while in ofﬁce. Jordan’s speech was delivered in the context of impeachment hearings against then president Richard M. Nixon.

triagesort分类法

triagesort分类法English Answer:Triage Sort Algorithm.The triage sort algorithm, also known as selection sort by median, is a sorting algorithm that is based on thedivide-and-conquer approach. It repeatedly divides theinput array into smaller and smaller subarrays until each subarray contains only one element. The algorithm then merges the sorted subarrays back together to obtain the sorted array.The key idea behind triage sort is to use a median-of-three pivot selection strategy. In this strategy, three elements are randomly selected from the input array, and their median is chosen as the pivot. The pivot is then used to partition the array into three subarrays: one containing elements less than the pivot, one containing elementsgreater than the pivot, and one containing the pivot itself.The triage sort algorithm is recursive. It is applied to each of the three subarrays, and the sorted subarrays are then merged back together. The merging process is straightforward and takes linear time.The time complexity of the triage sort algorithm is O(n log n) in the average case and O(n^2) in the worst case. The space complexity is O(n).Example.Consider the following input array:[5, 3, 1, 2, 4]The triage sort algorithm would first select three elements from the array, for example, 5, 3, and 1. The median of these three elements is 3, which is chosen as the pivot. The array is then partitioned into three subarrays:[1, 2] (elements less than the pivot)。

USABC Manual (2)

SAND99-0497Unlimited ReleasePrinted July 1999United States Advanced Battery ConsortiumElectrochemical Storage SystemAbuse Test Procedure ManualTerry UnkelhaeuserLithium Battery Research and Development DepartmentDavid SmallwoodSTS Certification Environments DepartmentSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87185United States Advanced Battery ConsortiumUSABC/SNL CRADA No. SC961447AbstractThe series of tests described in this procedure manual are intended to simulate actual use and abuse conditions and potential internally initiated failures that may be experienced in electrochemical storage systems. These tests were derived from Failure Mode and Effect Analysis, user input, and historical abuse testing. The tests, designed to pro-vide a common framework for various electrochemical storage systems, have been adopted by the Society of Auto-motive Engineers as recommended practice in SAE J2464. The primary purpose of the tests is to gather response information to external/internal inputs. Some tests and/or measurements may not be required for some electrochemical storage system technologies and designs if it is demonstrated that a test is not applicable and the measurements yield no useful information.The outcome of testing shall be documented for use by potential integrators of the tested properties. It is not the intent of this procedure to apply acceptance criteria; each application has its own unique requirements and ancillary support systems. Integrators shall make their own determination as to what measures are to be taken to ensure a sound application of these technologies.Electrochemical Storage System Foreword Abuse Test Procedure Manualiv ForewordA team composed of the United States Advanced Battery Consortium (USABC) and U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratories personnel prepared this USABC electrochemical storage system (ECSS) Abuse Test Procedures Manual. It is based on the expertise and methods developed primarily at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) and Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). The specific procedures were devel-oped to characterize the performance of a particular ECSS relative to the USABC long-term battery requirements. This abuse manual is the result of an effort ongoing since 1973. Many people contributed to this effort during that time. Special acknowledgment is given to Jeff Braithwaite who was instrumental in the early definition of the electri-cal abuse tests. The authors of this document are Terry Unkelhaeuser and David Smallwood of SNL. These proce-dures have been adopted by the Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) as recommended practice in SAE J2464. Comments regarding this document should be directed to Terry Unkelhaeuser, SNL (505-845-8801).ECSS Abuse Test Procedure Working Group ContributorsUSABC Technical Advisory Committee (TAC)Helen CostJohn DunningsTien Duong (DOE)Mike EskraHarold HaskinsBernie HeinrichKen Heitner (DOE)Ted MillerRobert MinckRussell MoyJames PassNaum PinskyBruce RauheSusan Rogers (DOE)Bill SchankRay Sutula (DOE)Robert SwaroopTom TartamellaSandia National LaboratoriesJeff BraithwaiteDan DoughtyDavid SmallwoodTerry UnkelhaeuserIdaho National Engineering and Environmental LaboratoryGary HuntElectrochemical Storage SystemAbuse Test Procedure Manual ContentsContents1. General Information.........................................................................................................................................................1-12. Mechanical Abuse Tests.................................................................................................................................................2-12.1Mechanical Shock Tests (module level or above)...........................................................................................2-12.1.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................2-12.1.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................2-12.2Drop Test (pack level only).................................................................................................................................2-22.2.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................2-22.2.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................2-22.3Penetration Test (cell level or above).................................................................................................................2-22.3.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................2-22.3.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................2-32.4Roll-over Test (module level or above)..............................................................................................................2-32.4.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................2-32.4.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................2-32.5Immersion Test (module level or above)............................................................................................................2-32.5.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................2-32.5.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................2-32.6Crush Test (cell level or above)..........................................................................................................................2-42.6.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................2-42.6.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................2-43. Thermal Abuse Tests.......................................................................................................................................................3-13.1Radiant Heat Test (cell level or above)..............................................................................................................3-13.1.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................3-13.1.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................3-13.2Thermal Stability Test (cell level or above).......................................................................................................3-13.2.1Cell Test Description............................................................................................................................3-13.2.1.1Measured Data....................................................................................................................3-23.2.2Module Test Description.....................................................................................................................3-23.2.2.1Measured Data....................................................................................................................3-23.3Compromise of Thermal Insulation (module level or above)..........................................................................3-23.3.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................3-23.3.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................3-23.4Overheat/Thermal Runaway Test (module level or above)............................................................................3-23.4.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................3-23.4.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................3-23.5Thermal Shock Cycling (cell level or above).....................................................................................................3-33.5.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................3-33.5.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................3-33.6Elevated Temperature Storage Test (cell level or above)................................................................................3-33.6.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................3-33.6.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................3-33.7Extreme-Cold Temperature Test (cell level or above)......................................................................................3-33.7.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................3-33.7.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................3-44. E lectrical Abuse Tests.....................................................................................................................................................4-14.1Short Circuit Test (cell level or above)...............................................................................................................4-14.1.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................4-14.1.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................4-14.2Partial Short Circuit Test (module level or above)............................................................................................4-1vElectrochemical Storage System Contents Abuse Test Procedure Manualvi4.2.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................4-14.2.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................4-1 4.3Overcharge Test (cell level or above)................................................................................................................4-24.3.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................4-24.3.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................4-2 4.4Overdischarge Test (cell level or above)...........................................................................................................4-24.4.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................4-24.4.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................4-2 4.5AC Exposure (pack level only)............................................................................................................................4-24.5.1Test Description....................................................................................................................................4-24.5.2Measured Data......................................................................................................................................4-25. ECSS Vibration Testing..................................................................................................................................................5-15.1Purpose...................................................................................................................................................................5-15.2Prerequisites...........................................................................................................................................................5-15.3Test Equipment......................................................................................................................................................5-25.4Determination of Test Conditions and Test Termination...............................................................................5-25.5Procedure Steps for Swept Sine Wave Vibration Testing.............................................................................5-25.6Procedure Steps for Random Vibration Testing...............................................................................................5-35.7Safety Considerations for Testing......................................................................................................................5-65.8Data Acquisition and Reporting.........................................................................................................................5-66. Recommended Test Sequences......................................................................................................................................6-17. References.........................................................................................................................................................................7-1Figures2-1.Illustration of shock parameter definitions....................................................................................................................2-2 2-2.Drop test platen.................................................................................................................................................................2-2 2-3.Crush test platen...............................................................................................................................................................2-4 5-1.Vertical and longitudinal vibration spectra expressed in G2/Hz.................................................................................5-5Tables2-1. Parameters for Mechanical Shock Test..........................................................................................................................2-2 2-2. Test Specifications............................................................................................................................................................2-3 3-1. Results of Temperature on Varying SOC.......................................................................................................................3-3 3-2. Charge and Discharge Rates of ECSS............................................................................................................................3-4 4-1. Shorting Specifications for Module and Pack..............................................................................................................4-1 5-1. Frequency and G-Values for Vertical Axis.....................................................................................................................5-2 5-2. Frequency and G-Values for Longitudinal Axis...........................................................................................................5-2 5-3. Vibration Schedule for Random Vibration Test............................................................................................................5-4 5-4. Break Points for Random Spectra Scaled to Specified rms Level...............................................................................5-5 6-1.Recommended Test Sequences......................................................................................................................................6-2Electrochemical Storage SystemAbuse Test Procedure Manual Acronyms and DefinitionsAcronyms and DefinitionsARC Accelerated Rate CalorimeterBTP battery test procedureDOD depth of dischargeDOE Department of EnergyDST dynamic stress testECSS electrochemical storage systems. A device for storing electrical energy in chemical form, for use in mobile or stationary applications.EPA Environmental Protection AgencyEPRG-2Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, Level 2. The maximum airborne concentration levels be-low which most all individuals could be exposed to for up to one hour without experiencing or devel-oping irreversible or other serious health effects or symptoms which could impair an individual’sability to take protective action. This guideline is taken from the American Industrial Hygiene Asso-ciation. Other world standards with similar intent may be substituted.EV electric vehicleFully Charged:100% SOC. The state of an ECSS after a full charge cycle as specified by the ECSS manufacturer. For purposes of this document, an ECSS is considered Fully Charged within 4 hours of the end of thecharge cycle provided that the SOC is not expected to fall below 95%.INEEL Idaho National Engineering and Environmental LaboratorySAE Society of Automotive EngineersSNL Sandia National LaboratoriesSOC state of chargeUSABC United States Advanced Battery ConsortiumviiElectrochemical Storage System Acronyms and Definitions Abuse Test Procedure ManualIntentionally Left BlankviiiElectrochemical Storage System Abuse Test Procedure Manual1. General Information1-11. General Information The series of tests described in this report are i n -tended to simulate actual use and abuse conditionsand internally initiated failures that may be experi-enced in electrochemical storage systems (ECSS).These tests were derived from Failure Mode and E f-fect Analysis, user input, and historical abuse testing.The tests are to provide a common framework for various ECSS technologies. The primary purpose of testing is to gather response information to exter-nal/internal inputs. Some tests and/or measurements may not be required for some ECSS technologies and designs if it is demonstrated that a test is not applica-ble, and the measurements yield no useful informa-tion.It is not the intent of this procedure to apply accep-tance criteria; each application has its own unique requirements and ancillary support systems. Integra-tors shall make their own determination as to what measures are to be taken to ensure a sound applica-tion of these technologies.There are three levels to the testing. The lowest level tests are for relatively common events where the ECSS is expected to remain essentially intact. The vehicle in which the ECSS was mounted might incur damage, but the ECSS should be salvageable and would be reused after minor repairs. (The ECSS repre-sents a substantial investment and should not be damaged by relatively common events.) For less common, but more serious mid-level events, the ECSS may become inoperable but should not expose h u-mans to known health risks.The highest level tests are for destructive situations where the ECSS is expected to become inoperable.The ECSS cannot be reasonably protected from s e-vere events. While these events are relatively rare,credible scenarios exist that can lead to these damage levels.The response of the ECSS to testing may provide useful design information. All tests should be con-ducted at the lowest level of assembly for which meaningful data can be gathered. This may be the cell or module level in some cases and a complete ECSS at the pack level for other cases. The assembly level required will be a function of the ECSS technology,the ECSS design, and the specific test. The requiredassembly level could also be a function of the design cycle. For example, cell tests should be run very early in a program, module tests run as modules become available, and tests run at the system or subsystem level later in the design cycle, as required. (Recom-mended test sequences and levels are defined in Sec-tion 6.0.)The release of hazardous substances should be measured and referenced to the ERPG-2 levels.ERPG-2 refers to the Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, Level 2, from the American Industrial Hy-giene Association.1 ERPG-2 levels are the maximum airborne concentration levels below which most indi-viduals could be exposed for up to one hour without experiencing or developing serious or irreversible health effects or symptoms. Tests should be con-ducted in a closed volume of appropriate size to a c-commodate the test article and provide adequate air space to ensure a “normal” atmosphere. Any r e -leased gas concentration in that volume shall be nor-malized to a 1-m 3 volume for quantitative analysis. If it is not practical to perform any test in a closed vol-ume because of test article size, it is permissible to perform said test out of doors, provided that wind speed is ≤3 mph. A minimum of three hazardous sub-stances monitors, spaced equally around the unit,should be placed as close to the test as is reasonable and moved as close to the ECSS as is practical after the test. Hazardous substance monitors shall be se-lected with respect to anticipated release products. If it is reasonable to expect that a specific technology will not vent during a particular test, or gas collected will not be significantly different from that previously collected, gas collection and analysis will not be r e-quired.The flammability of any expelled materials must also be determined. The lower limit of flammability in air is used for flammable gases and liquids. For example, the lower limit of flammability in air for H 2 is 4%. For sub-stances not considered hazardous, the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) reportable release limits are used for reference. A release means any spilling,leaking, pumping, pouring, emitting, emptying, dis-charging, injecting, escaping, leaching, dumping, or disposing into the environment.Electrochemical Storage System 1. General InformationAbuse Test Procedure Manual1-2Initial testing will most likely be with a new ECSS,since systems or subsystems that have seen only part of their useful life will be unavailable. Future efforts may include an ECSS or subsystem that is well into, or near the end of, its useful life. Permutations of state of charge (SOC), system age, and temperature should be implemented at the integrator’s/developer’s discre-tion based on the most susceptible condition of the technology.Abuse testing will be performed to characterize the ECSS response to undesirable conditions or environ-ments associated with carelessness, poorly informed/trained users or mechanics, failure of specific ECSS control and support hardware, and transportation/handling incidents involving the ECSS. Some tests are not applicable to all candidate ECSS technologies.The required number of batteries to be subjected totesting will depend on actual performance (e.g., a si n-gle ECSS may be capable of passing all but the final crush test, whereas for other technologies, as many as three to four batteries may be required). It is a c-ceptable to use a new ECSS for each test. The electri-cal and mechanical abuse tests will also cause failure of some ECSS. The purpose is to help quantify the mitigation efforts, that must be taken for a particular ECSS design.media in place, and with thermal control systems run-ning, unless specifically stated otherwise. All test articles will be observed for a time period of at least one hour, or until such time that the test article is safe to handle after each test, unless specifically stated otherwise.Electrochemical Storage System Abuse Test Procedure Manual2. Mechanical Abuse Tests2-12. Mechanical Abuse Tests The mounting and support of the ECSS shall be assimilar to the manufacturer’s recommended electric vehicle (EV) installation requirements for mechanical shock and vibration tests as possible. If the support structure has any resonance below 50 Hz, the input will be determined by the average of the acceleration at each of the major support points. The test article should first be tested in the axes that will cause the most potential damage. Other axes should then be tested at the discretion of the developer or user.2.1 Mechanical Shock Tests(module level or above)2.1.1 Test DescriptionThe low-level shock test is a robustness test, that the ECSS is expected to survive without any damage i n-curred. Mid-level shocks are more severe; the ECSS may be inoperable after such testing.The shocks are specified in terms of velocity change and maximum duration. Shock duration is defined as the time between the first and last time the shock pulse crosses the 10% peak level, as illustrated in Figure 2-1. Maximum duration will place lower limits on the peak acceleration, which must be proven dur-ing the test. For example, for the low-level test, the lowest acceleration would be achieved if the accelera-tion was an ideal square wave of about 12.5 g. The minimum peak acceleration is specified at about twicethis level, which recognizes that the ideal square wave cannot be achieved in a real design. A simple pulse shape (like a half-sine or a haversine) is expected to be used for the test, but the pulse shape is not speci-fied to allow as much flexibility as possible in the testing laboratory. Advanced techniques, which try to simulate actual deceleration time histories more accurately, are not excluded. It is in the interest of ECSS manufacturers to keep the pulse duration as long as possible and still meet the specification.However, if the ECSS is robust, tests may exceed the peak acceleration, reduce the duration, reduce the test complexity, and hence, reduce the test cost. Test parameters are shown in Table 2-1.2.1.2 Measured Data1. Acceleration input to ECSS case, with a minimumof 2 kHz bandwidth.2. Measurements of the ECSS deformation after thetest.3. Temperature of the ECSS case as a function oftime.4. Potential and impedance of the ECSS case withrespect to the positive and negative terminals be-fore and after the test.5. Still photographs of the test setup and the ECSSbefore and after the test.Minimum accelerationfor x ms(100%) Peak level 10% peak levelElectrochemical Storage System 2. Mechanical Abuse TestsAbuse Test Procedure Manual2-2Figure 2-1. Illustration of shock parameter definitions.Table 2-1. Parameters for Mechanical Shock TestLevel ∆ Velocity (m/s)Duration (m/s)Minimum Acceleration Acceptable PulseForm Low 6.7≤5520 G for 11 m/s 25 G 30 m/s half-sine Mid-111.1≤6530 G for 16 m/s 35 G 51 m/s half-sine Mid-213.3≤11020 G for 22 m/s25 G 60 m/s half-sine6. High speed motion pictures of test, ≥ 400 framesper second.7. Air concentrations of hazardous gases, liquids,and solids shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.2.2 Drop Test (pack levelonly)2.2.1 Test DescriptionThis is a destructive free drop from 10 m (33 ft) onto a centrally located, cylindrical steel object (e.g., a tele-phone pole) having a radius of 150 mm (Figure 2-2).The ECSS shall impact across the radius of the cylin-drical object, but not on the end of the cylindrical object. A horizontal impact with an equivalent veloc-ity change is acceptable. The test should be run with wind speed of ≤3 mph, or in an enclosed facility. A minimum of three hazardous substance monitors,equally spaced around the unit, should be placed as close as reasonable to the test and moved as close as practical to the ECSS after the test. The ECSS should be observed for a minimum of one hour after the test.Figure 2-2. Drop test platen.2.2.2 Measured Data1. Acceleration input to ECSS case, with a minimumof 10 kHz bandwidth.2. Measurements of the ECSS deformation after thetest.3. Temperature of the ECSS case as a function oftime.4. Potential and impedance of the ECSS case withrespect to the positive and negative terminals be-fore and after the test.5. Still photographs of the test setup and the ECSSbefore and after the test.6. High-speed motion pictures of test, ≥ 400 framesper second.7. Air concentrations of hazardous gases, liquids,and solids shall be collected and analyzed as a function of time.2.3 Penetration Test (celllevel or above)2.3.1 Test DescriptionThe test article will be penetrated with a mild steel (conductive) pointed rod, which will be electrically insulated from the test fixture. The rate of penetration。

自动化控制工程外文翻译外文文献英文文献

Team-Centered Perspective for Adaptive Automation DesignLawrence J.PrinzelLangley Research Center, Hampton, VirginiaAbstractAutomation represents a very active area of human factors research. Thejournal, Human Factors, published a special issue on automation in 1985.Since then, hundreds of scientific studies have been published examiningthe nature of automation and its interaction with human performance.However, despite a dramatic increase in research investigating humanfactors issues in aviation automation, there remain areas that need furtherexploration. This NASA Technical Memorandum describes a new area ofIt discussesautomation design and research, called “adaptive automation.”　the concepts and outlines the human factors issues associated with the newmethod of adaptive function allocation. The primary focus is onhuman-centered design, and specifically on ensuring that adaptiveautomation is from a team-centered perspective. The document showsthat adaptive automation has many human factors issues common totraditional automation design. Much like the introduction of other new technologies and paradigm shifts, adaptive automation presents an opportunity to remediate current problems but poses new ones forhuman-automation interaction in aerospace operations. The review here isintended to communicate the philosophical perspective and direction ofadaptive automation research conducted under the Aerospace OperationsSystems (AOS), Physiological and Psychological Stressors and Factors (PPSF)project.Key words:Adaptive Automation; Human-Centered Design; Automation;Human FactorsIntroduction"During the 1970s and early 1980s...the concept of automating as much as possible was considered appropriate. The expected benefit was a reduction inpilot workload and increased safety...Although many of these benefits have beenrealized, serious questions have arisen and incidents/accidents that have occurredwhich question the underlying assumptions that a maximum availableautomation is ALWAYS appropriate or that we understand how to designautomated systems so that they are fully compatible with the capabilities andlimitations of the humans in the system."---- ATA, 1989The Air Transport Association of America (ATA) Flight Systems Integration Committee(1989) made the above statement in response to the proliferation of automation in aviation. They noted that technology improvements, such as the ground proximity warning system, have had dramatic benefits; others, such as the electronic library system, offer marginal benefits at best. Such observations have led many in the human factors community, most notably Charles Billings (1991; 1997) of NASA, to assert that automation should be approached from a "human-centered design" perspective.The period from 1970 to the present was marked by an increase in the use of electronic display units (EDUs); a period that Billings (1997) calls "information" and “management automation." The increased use of altitude, heading, power, and navigation displays; alerting and warning systems, such as the traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS) and ground proximity warning system (GPWS; E-GPWS; TAWS); flight management systems (FMS) and flight guidance (e.g., autopilots; autothrottles) have "been accompanied by certain costs, including an increased cognitive burden on pilots, new information requirements that have required additional training, and more complex, tightly coupled, less observable systems" (Billings, 1997). As a result, human factors research in aviation has focused on the effects of information and management automation. The issues of interest include over-reliance on automation, "clumsy" automation (e.g., Wiener, 1989), digital versus analog control, skill degradation, crew coordination, and data overload (e.g., Billings, 1997). Furthermore, research has also been directed toward situational awareness (mode & state awareness; Endsley, 1994; Woods & Sarter, 1991) associated with complexity, coupling, autonomy, and inadequate feedback. Finally, human factors research has introduced new automation concepts that will need to be integrated into the existing suite of aviationautomation.Clearly, the human factors issues of automation have significant implications for safetyin aviation. However, what exactly do we mean by automation? The way we choose to define automation has considerable meaning for how we see the human role in modern aerospace s ystems. The next section considers the concept of automation, followed by an examination of human factors issues of human-automation interaction in aviation. Next, a potential remedy to the problems raised is described, called adaptive automation. Finally, the human-centered design philosophy is discussed and proposals are made for how the philosophy can be applied to this advanced form of automation. The perspective is considered in terms of the Physiological /Psychological Stressors & Factors project and directions for research on adaptive automation.Automation in Modern AviationDefinition.Automation refers to "...systems or methods in which many of the processes of production are automatically performed or controlled by autonomous machines or electronic devices" (Parsons, 1985). Automation is a tool, or resource, that the human operator can use to perform some task that would be difficult or impossible without machine aiding (Billings, 1997). Therefore, automation can be thought of as a process of substituting the activity of some device or machine for some human activity; or it can be thought of as a state of technological development (Parsons, 1985). However, some people (e.g., Woods, 1996) have questioned whether automation should be viewed as a substitution of one agent for another (see "apparent simplicity, real complexity" below). Nevertheless, the presence of automation has pervaded almost every aspect of modern lives. From the wheel to the modern jet aircraft, humans have sought to improve the quality of life. We have built machines and systems that not only make work easier, more efficient, and safe, but also give us more leisure time. The advent of automation has further enabled us to achieve this end. With automation, machines can now perform many of the activities that we once had to do. Our automobile transmission will shift gears for us. Our airplanes will fly themselves for us. All we have to dois turn the machine on and off. It has even been suggested that one day there may not be aaccidents resulting from need for us to do even that. However, the increase in “cognitive”　faulty human-automation interaction have led many in the human factors community to conclude that such a statement may be premature.Automation Accidents. A number of aviation accidents and incidents have been directly attributed to automation. Examples of such in aviation mishaps include (from Billings, 1997):DC-10 landing in control wheel steering A330 accident at ToulouseB-747 upset over Pacific DC-10 overrun at JFK, New YorkB-747 uncommandedroll,Nakina,Ont. A320 accident at Mulhouse-HabsheimA320 accident at Strasbourg A300 accident at NagoyaB-757 accident at Cali, Columbia A320 accident at BangaloreA320 landing at Hong Kong B-737 wet runway overrunsA320 overrun at Warsaw B-757 climbout at ManchesterA310 approach at Orly DC-9 wind shear at CharlotteBillings (1997) notes that each of these accidents has a different etiology, and that human factors investigation of causes show the matter to be complex. However, what is clear is that the percentage of accident causes has fundamentally shifted from machine-caused to human-caused (estimations of 60-80% due to human error) etiologies, and the shift is attributable to the change in types of automation that have evolved in aviation.Types of AutomationThere are a number of different types of automation and the descriptions of them vary considerably. Billings (1997) offers the following types of automation:?Open-Loop Mechanical or Electronic Control.Automation is controlled by gravity or spring motors driving gears and cams that allow continous and repetitive motion. Positioning, forcing, and timing were dictated by the mechanism and environmental factors (e.g., wind). The automation of factories during the Industrial Revolution would represent this type of automation.?Classic Linear Feedback Control.Automation is controlled as a function of differences between a reference setting of desired output and the actual output. Changes a re made to system parameters to re-set the automation to conformance. An example of this type of automation would be flyball governor on the steam engine. What engineers call conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control would also fit in this category of automation.?Optimal Control. A computer-based model of controlled processes i s driven by the same control inputs as that used to control the automated process. T he model output is used to project future states and is thus used to determine the next control input. A "Kalman filtering" approach is used to estimate the system state to determine what the best control input should be.?Adaptive Control. This type of automation actually represents a number of approaches to controlling automation, but usually stands for automation that changes dynamically in response to a change in state. Examples include the use of "crisp" and "fuzzy" controllers, neural networks, dynamic control, and many other nonlinear methods.Levels of AutomationIn addition to “types ”　of automation, we can also conceptualize different “levels ”　of automation control that the operator can have. A number of taxonomies have been put forth, but perhaps the best known is the one proposed by Tom Sheridan of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Sheridan (1987) listed 10 levels of automation control:1. The computer offers no assistance, the human must do it all2. The computer offers a complete set of action alternatives3. The computer narrows the selection down to a few4. The computer suggests a selection, and5. Executes that suggestion if the human approves, or6. Allows the human a restricted time to veto before automatic execution, or7. Executes automatically, then necessarily informs the human, or8. Informs the human after execution only if he asks, or9. Informs the human after execution if it, the computer, decides to10. The computer decides everything and acts autonomously, ignoring the humanThe list covers the automation gamut from fully manual to fully automatic. Although different researchers define adaptive automation differently across these levels, the consensus is that adaptive automation can represent anything from Level 3 to Level 9. However, what makes adaptive automation different is the philosophy of the approach taken to initiate adaptive function allocation and how such an approach may address t he impact of current automation technology.Impact of Automation TechnologyAdvantages of Automation . Wiener (1980; 1989) noted a number of advantages to automating human-machine systems. These include increased capacity and productivity, reduction of small errors, reduction of manual workload and mental fatigue, relief from routine operations, more precise handling of routine operations, economical use of machines, and decrease of performance variation due to individual differences. Wiener and Curry (1980) listed eight reasons for the increase in flight-deck automation: (a) Increase in available technology, such as FMS, Ground Proximity Warning System (GPWS), Traffic Alert andCollision Avoidance System (TCAS), etc.; (b) concern for safety; (c) economy, maintenance, and reliability; (d) workload reduction and two-pilot transport aircraft certification; (e) flight maneuvers and navigation precision; (f) display flexibility; (g) economy of cockpit space; and (h) special requirements for military missions.Disadvantages o f Automation. Automation also has a number of disadvantages that have been noted. Automation increases the burdens and complexities for those responsible for operating, troubleshooting, and managing systems. Woods (1996) stated that automation is "...a wrapped package -- a package that consists of many different dimensions bundled together as a hardware/software system. When new automated systems are introduced into a field of practice, change is precipitated along multiple dimensions." As Woods (1996) noted, some of these changes include: ( a) adds to or changes the task, such as device setup and initialization, configuration control, and operating sequences; (b) changes cognitive demands, such as requirements for increased situational awareness; (c) changes the roles of people in the system, often relegating people to supervisory controllers; (d) automation increases coupling and integration among parts of a system often resulting in data overload and "transparency"; and (e) the adverse impacts of automation is often not appreciated by those who advocate the technology. These changes can result in lower job satisfaction (automation seen as dehumanizing human roles), lowered vigilance, fault-intolerant systems, silent failures, an increase in cognitive workload, automation-induced failures, over-reliance, complacency, decreased trust, manual skill erosion, false alarms, and a decrease in mode awareness (Wiener, 1989).Adaptive AutomationDisadvantages of automation have resulted in increased interest in advanced automation concepts. One of these concepts is automation that is dynamic or adaptive in nature (Hancock & Chignell, 1987; Morrison, Gluckman, & Deaton, 1991; Rouse, 1977; 1988). In an aviation context, adaptive automation control of tasks can be passed back and forth between the pilot and automated systems in response to the changing task demands of modern aircraft. Consequently, this allows for the restructuring of the task environment based upon (a) what is automated, (b) when it should be automated, and (c) how it is automated (Rouse, 1988; Scerbo, 1996). Rouse(1988) described criteria for adaptive aiding systems:The level of aiding, as well as the ways in which human and aidinteract, should change as task demands vary. More specifically,the level of aiding should increase as task demands become suchthat human performance will unacceptably degrade withoutaiding. Further, the ways in which human and aid interact shouldbecome increasingly streamlined as task demands increase.Finally, it is quite likely that variations in level of aiding andmodes of interaction will have to be initiated by the aid rather thanby the human whose excess task demands have created a situationrequiring aiding. The term adaptive aiding is used to denote aidingconcepts that meet [these] requirements.Adaptive aiding attempts to optimize the allocation of tasks by creating a mechanism for determining when tasks need to be automated (Morrison, Cohen, & Gluckman, 1993). In adaptive automation, the level or mode of automation can be modified in real time. Further, unlike traditional forms of automation, both the system and the pilot share control over changes in the state of automation (Scerbo, 1994; 1996). Parasuraman, Bahri, Deaton, Morrison, and Barnes (1992) have argued that adaptive automation represents the optimal coupling of the level of pilot workload to the level of automation in the tasks. Thus, adaptive automation invokes automation only when task demands exceed the pilot's capabilities. Otherwise, the pilot retains manual control of the system functions. Although concerns have been raised about the dangers of adaptive automation (Billings & Woods, 1994; Wiener, 1989), it promises to regulate workload, bolster situational awareness, enhance vigilance, maintain manual skill levels, increase task involvement, and generally improve pilot performance.Strategies for Invoking AutomationPerhaps the most critical challenge facing system designers seeking to implement automation concerns how changes among modes or levels of automation will be accomplished (Parasuraman e t al., 1992; Scerbo, 1996). Traditional forms of automation usually start with some task or functional analysis and attempt to fit the operational tasks necessary to the abilities of the human or the system. The approach often takes the form of a functional allocation analysis (e.g., Fitt's List) in which an attempt is made to determine whether the human or the system is better suited to do each task. However, many in the field have pointed out the problem with trying to equate the two in automated systems, as each have special characteristics that impede simple classification taxonomies. Such ideas as these have led some to suggest other ways of determining human-automation mixes. Although certainly not exhaustive, some of these ideas are presented below.Dynamic Workload Assessment.One approach involves the dynamic assessment o fmeasures t hat index the operators' state of mental engagement. (Parasuraman e t al., 1992; Rouse,1988). The question, however, is what the "trigger" should be for the allocation of functions between the pilot and the automation system. Numerous researchers have suggested that adaptive systems respond to variations in operator workload (Hancock & Chignell, 1987; 1988; Hancock, Chignell & Lowenthal, 1985; Humphrey & Kramer, 1994; Reising, 1985; Riley, 1985; Rouse, 1977), and that measures o f workload be used to initiate changes in automation modes. Such measures include primary and secondary-task measures, subjective workload measures, a nd physiological measures. T he question, however, is what adaptive mechanism should be used to determine operator mental workload (Scerbo, 1996).Performance Measures. One criterion would be to monitor the performance of the operator (Hancock & Chignel, 1987). Some criteria for performance would be specified in the system parameters, and the degree to which the operator deviates from the criteria (i.e., errors), the system would invoke levels of adaptive automation. For example, Kaber, Prinzel, Clammann, & Wright (2002) used secondary task measures to invoke adaptive automation to help with information processing of air traffic controllers. As Scerbo (1996) noted, however,"...such an approach would be of limited utility because the system would be entirely reactive."Psychophysiological M easures.Another criterion would be the cognitive and attentional state of the operator as measured by psychophysiological measures (Byrne & Parasuraman, 1996). An example of such an approach is that by Pope, Bogart, and Bartolome (1996) and Prinzel, Freeman, Scerbo, Mikulka, and Pope (2000) who used a closed-loop system to dynamically regulate the level of "engagement" that the subject had with a tracking task. The system indexes engagement on the basis of EEG brainwave patterns.Human Performance Modeling.Another approach would be to model the performance of the operator. The approach would allow the system to develop a number of standards for operator performance that are derived from models of the operator. An example is Card, Moran, and Newell (1987) discussion of a "model human processor." They discussed aspects of the human processor that could be used to model various levels of human performance. Another example is Geddes (1985) and his colleagues (Rouse, Geddes, & Curry, 1987-1988) who provided a model to invoke automation based upon system information, the environment, and expected operator behaviors (Scerbo, 1996).Mission Analysis. A final strategy would be to monitor the activities of the mission or task (Morrison & Gluckman, 1994). Although this method of adaptive automation may be themost accessible at the current state of technology, Bahri et al. (1992) stated that such monitoring systems lack sophistication and are not well integrated and coupled to monitor operator workload or performance (Scerbo, 1996). An example of a mission analysis approach to adaptive automation is Barnes and Grossman (1985) who developed a system that uses critical events to allocate among automation modes. In this system, the detection of critical events, such as emergency situations or high workload periods, invoked automation.Adaptive Automation Human Factors IssuesA number of issues, however, have been raised by the use of adaptive automation, and many of these issues are the same as those raised almost 20 years ago by Curry and Wiener (1980). Therefore, these issues are applicable not only to advanced automation concepts, such as adaptive automation, but to traditional forms of automation already in place in complex systems (e.g., airplanes, trains, process control).Although certainly one can make the case that adaptive automation is "dressed up" automation and therefore has many of the same problems, it is also important to note that the trend towards such forms of automation does have unique issues that accompany it. As Billings & Woods (1994) stated, "[i]n high-risk, dynamic environments...technology-centered automation has tended to decrease human involvement in system tasks, and has thus impaired human situation awareness; both are unwanted consequences of today's system designs, but both are dangerous in high-risk systems. [At its present state of development,] adaptive ("self-adapting") automation represents a potentially serious threat ... to the authority that the human pilot must have to fulfill his or her responsibility for flight safety."The Need for Human Factors Research.Nevertheless, such concerns should not preclude us from researching the impact that such forms of advanced automation are sure to have on human performance. Consider Hancock’s (1996; 1997) examination of the "teleology for technology." He suggests that automation shall continue to impact our lives requiring humans to co-evolve with the technology; Hancock called this "techneology."What Peter Hancock attempts to communicate to the human factors community is that automation will continue to evolve whether or not human factors chooses to be part of it. As Wiener and Curry (1980) conclude: "The rapid pace of automation is outstripping one's ability to comprehend all the implications for crew performance. It is unrealistic to call for a halt to cockpit automation until the manifestations are completely understood. We do, however, call for those designing, analyzing, and installing automatic systems in the cockpit to do so carefully; to recognize the behavioral effects of automation; to avail themselves of present andfuture guidelines; and to be watchful for symptoms that might appear in training andoperational settings." The concerns they raised are as valid today as they were 23 years ago.However, this should not be taken to mean that we should capitulate. Instead, becauseobservation suggests that it may be impossible to fully research any new Wiener and Curry’ｓtechnology before implementation, we need to form a taxonomy and research plan tomaximize human factors input for concurrent engineering of adaptive automation.Classification of Human Factors Issues. Kantowitz and Campbell (1996)identified some of the key human factors issues to be considered in the design of advancedautomated systems. These include allocation of function, stimulus-response compatibility, andmental models. Scerbo (1996) further suggested the need for research on teams,communication, and training and practice in adaptive automated systems design. The impactof adaptive automation systems on monitoring behavior, situational awareness, skilldegradation, and social dynamics also needs to be investigated. Generally however, Billings(1997) stated that the problems of automation share one or more of the followingcharacteristics: Brittleness, opacity, literalism, clumsiness, monitoring requirement, and dataoverload. These characteristics should inform design guidelines for the development, analysis,and implementation of adaptive automation technologies. The characteristics are defined as: ?Brittleness refers to "...an attribute of a system that works well under normal or usual conditions but that does not have desired behavior at or close to some margin of its operating envelope."?Opacity reflects the degree of understanding of how and why automation functions as it does. The term is closely associated with "mode awareness" (Sarter & Woods, 1994), "transparency"; or "virtuality" (Schneiderman, 1992).?Literalism concern the "narrow-mindedness" of the automated system; that is, theflexibility of the system to respond to novel events.?Clumsiness was coined by Wiener (1989) to refer to automation that reduced workload demands when the demands are already low (e.g., transit flight phase), but increases them when attention and resources are needed elsewhere (e.g., descent phase of flight). An example is when the co-pilot needs to re-program the FMS, to change the plane's descent path, at a time when the co-pilot should be scanning for other planes.?Monitoring requirement refers to the behavioral and cognitive costs associated withincreased "supervisory control" (Sheridan, 1987; 1991).?Data overload points to the increase in information in modern automated contexts (Billings, 1997).These characteristics of automation have relevance for defining the scope of humanfactors issues likely to plague adaptive automation design if significant attention is notdirected toward ensuring human-centered design. The human factors research communityhas noted that these characteristics can lead to human factors issues of allocation of function(i.e., when and how should functions be allocated adaptively); stimulus-response compatibility and new error modes; how adaptive automation will affect mental models,situation models, and representational models; concerns about mode unawareness and-of-the-loop” performance problem; situation awareness decay; manual skill decay and the “outclumsy automation and task/workload management; and issues related to the design of automation. This last issue points to the significant concern in the human factors communityof how to design adaptive automation so that it reflects what has been called “team-centered”;that is, successful adaptive automation will l ikely embody the concept of the “electronic team member”. However, past research (e.g., Pilots Associate Program) has shown that designing automation to reflect such a role has significantly different requirements than those arising in traditional automation design. The field is currently focused on answering the questions,does that definition translate into“what is it that defines one as a team member?” and “howUnfortunately, the literature also shows that the designing automation to reflect that role?”　answer is not transparent and, therefore, adaptive automation must first tackle its own uniqueand difficult problems before it may be considered a viable prescription to currenthuman-automation interaction problems. The next section describes the concept of the electronic team member and then discusses t he literature with regard to team dynamics, coordination, communication, shared mental models, and the implications of these foradaptive automation design.Adaptive Automation as Electronic Team MemberLayton, Smith, and McCoy (1994) stated that the design of automated systems should befrom a team-centered approach; the design should allow for the coordination betweenmachine agents and human practitioners. However, many researchers have noted that automated systems tend to fail as team players (Billings, 1991; Malin & Schreckenghost,1992; Malin et al., 1991;Sarter & Woods, 1994; Scerbo, 1994; 1996; Woods, 1996). Thereason is what Woods (1996) calls “apparent simplicity, real complexity.”Apparent Simplicity, Real Complexity.Woods (1996) stated that conventional wisdomabout automation makes technology change seem simple. Automation can be seen as simply changing the human agent for a machine agent. Automation further provides for more optionsand methods, frees up operator time to do other things, provides new computer graphics and interfaces, and reduces human error. However, the reality is that technology change has often。

(精选文档)港口国监督检查英语速用手册

Okay。
请出示应急无线电示位标的年度测试报告。
Would you please show me the annual testing report of EPIRB？
等一会儿，我让二副马上把报告拿到我的房间。
测试是三个月前做的。
Just a moment.I’ll ask the second officer to bring the report to my cabin right now.
Are all required certificates on board valid and respectively endorsed?
是的，所有证书都有效。
Yes,they are all valid.
船长，请出示所有船舶证书?
Would you please show me all your ship’certificates,Captain?
Yes,the AIS was fitted on board a few months ago, before the last annual survey.
船上是哪种固定灭火系统？
What type of fixed fire extinguisher system is provided on board?
××公司负责。总经理为×××
××Ocean Shipping Company .And the general manager is Mr./Ms.×××
在公司，谁是你船的“岸上指定人员“？
Who has been appointed as the Designated Persong Ashore (DPA) in you company ?
我可以看看你的AMDSS岸基维修协议吗？

Sorting system

专利名称：Sorting system发明人：David Thomas Britton,Graham CharlesLennard申请号：US10042524申请日：20020109公开号：US20020113365A1公开日：20020822专利内容由知识产权出版社提供专利附图：摘要：An improved system for sorting mail is described, comprising a sorting machine which uses information collected about each mail item, such as address and size or weight, to map its collection bins to a specified sort order. The sorting machine has,instead of a small number of large sort bins, a large number of small bins. In this way, a small number of mailpieces may be allocated to each bin, for example, each bin may be an individual house or person at a business address The information about each mail item is achieved by communicating data to the machine before any mail is processed through it. The data may be derived from sensors which scan the mailpiece during the initial phase of the sorting process in conventional sorting systems, or may be supplied by the producer of the mail. The data is configured and transmitted electronically ahead of the physical mail. As the sorting machine is aware of the number, destination and thickness of each mailpiece, it is possible to allocate a sufficient space in the relevant sort bin for each mailpiece. In this way, mail from several sources may be merged as long as the electronic data is written to the machine in advance. As each mailpiece is uniquely identified it is possible to allocate a unique position in the machine to each mailpiece.申请人：BRITTON DAVID THOMAS,LENNARD GRAHAM CHARLES更多信息请下载全文后查看。

IVECO_Group_Supplier_Quality_Scorecard_Rules_May

Warning:this is just a transduction of the former Supplier Quality Scorecard RulesContentsQuality Score and RatingQuality KPI’sPIQPPMCountermeasureTop Worst SupplierWCMSustainabilityQuality Score and RatingQUALITY RATING SYSTEMSupplier Scorecard is based on:•Rating scale from0to100for each product/supplier manufacturing location.•Monthly evaluation for each supplied productPoints will be subtracted from initial amount of100in accordance to the customer rules and criteria shown in this document.Suppliers have the possibility to see their Quality performances extracting the Quality Scorecard from SQP EVO system.Supplier Quality performance evaluation is a criteria that will be used in the sourcing process for development of new or existing designs.The Final Status for every supplier code will be:Green Yellow RedQUALITY RATING SYSTEMOk to proceedif the Final Score (Supplier Rating)will be ≥80.Conditional Ok to proceed(approved Business Case is needed)if the Final Score will be ≥ 60 and < 80)Supplier cannot be recommended.if the Final Score will be <60or in case of:•New Business Hold (NBH)status;•Missing ISO Quality Certification;Data source :Quality KPI’sTopics KPI’SQuality Index PIQ / PPMCustomer Countermeasures CSL’s Qty,TWS notificationsSQP Responsiveness SR %APQP and PPAP Program Review and ProcessAudit score, PPAP resultsWCM Audit ScoreQUALITY PERFORMANCEIt’s evaluated through an overall quality score that includes the contribution of different KPI as PIQ, PPM, Customercountermeasures (CSL), Supplier responsiveness on SQP usage, APQP and PPAP results, WCM audit score•Rating scale from 0to 100for each product/supplier/manufacturing location.QUALITY IMPACT (PIQ Quality 6M rolling, each product family):PERFORMANCE INDEX QUALITY (PIQ)The KPI is represented by the following value:PIQ =Ratio between the total number of Quality Bills multiplied by their Weight (PQ)and the total number of delivered parts,expressed in parts per million.PIQ =PQ x 106Quantity of delivered parts PIQ Target is assigned to all product families Special rule for “Low Volume” Suppliers : for a supplier code product family with a PIQ value outof Target, having a PQ 60 on 6 months rolling (without any bill 40Q) , 15 points as maximumsub-tractable from the scorecard.Out of target value >0 5% >5% 50% >50% 100% > 2 times target > 3 timestargetSubtractedpoints qty.05101525NON CONFORMING PARTS PER MILLION (PPM NC )The KPI is represented by the following value:PPM NC =Ratio between the Quantity of non-conforming parts at the total number of delivered parts expressed in parts per million.A non-conforming part is any part that does not meet customer specifications before any reworking/reprocessing operations.PPM NC =Non Conforming Quantity x 106Quantity of delivered parts PPM Target is assigned to all product familiesQUALITY IMPACT (PPMNC 6M rolling) :Special rule for “Low Volume” Suppliers : for a supplier code product family with a value of PPM NC out of Target, but with a number of Not Conforming parts ≤ 10 on 6 months rolling (but not linked to any bill 40Q) , Out of target value >0 5% >5% 50% >50% 100% > 2 times target > 3 times target Subtractedpoints qty.05101525Data source :QUALITY IMPACT (CSL1, CSL2, CSL3, 6M Rolling):10 points subtracted for each CSL1 in status “open” at the Scorecard date; 25 points subtracted for each CSL2 in status “open” at the Scorecard date 25 points subtracted for each CSL3 in status “open” at the Scorecard date ; Supplier will be considered RED if this condition will be present t:CUSTOMER COUNTERMEASURES -CSLControlled Shipping Levels (CSL)are customer countermeasures with three different levels (CSL1,CSL2,CSL3)according to the gravity and repetitions of non-conformities detected in the supplies.CSL1(Controlled Shipping Level 1):An additional inspection process focused on a specific set of product characteristics 100%checked by supplier.CSL2(Control Shipping Level 2):The supplier must appoint a qualified third-party Certifying Body that ,focused on a specific set of product characteristics,must carry out 100%checks on the batches,to be delivered to the Customer Plants.CSL3(Control Shipping Level 3):after confirming the systematic inadequacy of the production and/or control system ,supplier must appoint a qualified third-party Certifying Body,which,besides all the activities required in a CSL2,will provide the necessary support for a guided development of supplier processes (guided growth)..Data source :QUALITY IMPACT (TWS, 6M Rolling):10 points subtracted for each TWS notification at the Scorecard date;TOP WORST SUPPLIERS NOTIFICATIONTop Worst Suppliers are identified through a risk assessment comingfrom the QA Matrix and Supplier Quality Top Contributors based onPQ/PIQ performance.Reporting of TWS status is delivered through a monthly and yearlyreport in order to track improvements /recurrences.If a Supplier is retrieved in the report more than four times along theyear,an official communication letter is sent by Supplier Quality to thesupplier and –consequently -SQP bill 41Q item having impact onsupplier scorecard is issued into SQP system.If a Supplier does not appear in the report for more than fourconsecutive months,it will be removed from the list..QUALITY IMPACT -APQP trouble issue 31Q (6M Rolling):5 points subtracted for each Program Management (APQP) bill openeddue to:•Process Planning Review / Process Audit (PA) with score <3 -with open issues having a clear Supplier responsibility (seeQPS08018 -Annex1 trouble issue 31Q1 31Q2) or in case ofmissing responsiveness by suppliersProgram Review of APQP components is a periodical meeting with thegoal to put in evidence,as early as possible,potential job stopper or riskfor the project and to identify actions to prevent potential quality issues.Red status of Process Planning Reviews shall be escalated at platformleadership level for evaluation and risk management.Process Audit is a supplier process assessment applied on APQPcomponents The output is the early identification of supplier processcontrol plan’s weak points that deserve corrective actions within definedperiods.Until a PA is positive,the process audited cannot be consideredfully stable and in control.The Production Part Approval Process(PPAP)is a multidisciplinary activity that defines activities and responsibilities in order to ensure that customer requirements(in terms of specifications and design)have been understood and parts are compliant with them.QUALITY IMPACT -PPAP trouble issue(6M Rolling):▪ 5 points subtracted for each Program Management bill opened due to:•Rejected PPAP level4/5 (see QPS08018 -Annex1 trouble issue 31Q3)due to a clear Supplier responsibility▪ 2 points subtracted for each Program Management bill opened due to:•Rejected PPAP level1/2/3 (see QPS08018 -Annex1 trouble issue 32Q)due to a clear Supplier responsibilitySUPPLIER RESPONSIVENESS (SR%)KPI that evaluates the supplier involvement in problem resolution, through theusage of SQP EVO customer systemSR% -6M RollingPercentage value based on the number of Bills filled with supplier containmentaction on the total number of Bills opened (N).QUALITY IMPACT :▪ 5 points if the responsiveness is< 70 % of the total bills opened▪2points if the responsiveness is: 70% ≤SR%≤ 80%SUPPLIER COLLABORATION (CB) -6M Rolling Collaboration measures how many times the suppliers has not shown acooperative attitude in the communication process.KPI is the total quantity of Collaboration bills opened(see QPS08018 -Annex1trouble issue19C-35C-36C).This information is just for the record, it doesn’t subtract points from the score.ADDITIONAL CRITERIASupplier will be considered RED in Scorecard if at least one of the following conditions will be present:▪Nr.of CSL1opened>2▪NBH(New Business Hold)=Y▪ISO9001(AG,CE,IVECO BUS and Special Vehicles)=N▪IATF16949(FPT,IVECO Truck&Commercial Vehicles)=NAdditional informations are:▪ISO14001:Missing certification is just for the record;it doesn’t subtract points from the score▪WA:Warranty Agreement availability and contract typology.▪Percentage of Turn Over(PoT)▪Claim by Claim(CBC)▪Technical Factor(TF)World Class ManufacturingWORLD CLASS MANUFACTURING :This KPI is based on Audit results,and calculated only for those Suppliers involved byIVECO Group WCM program.QUALITY IMPACT : Rule 1; If the ∆%* between Supplier Self -evaluation and the Official Audit Score is more than 50%, 5 points will be subtracted to the scorecard and WCM redstatus will be assigned.Note: this rule is not applicable to the suppliers having a score ≥ 50 points.Rule 2;If the time between the audits is over 12 months due to supplier unavailability ordeletion, 10 points will be subtracted to the scorecard and WCM red status will be assigned.Rule 3(valid only for suppliers with a score ≥ 50) : If the last audit score is lower than the previousone 5 points will be subtracted to the scorecard. WCM green status will be maintaned.SCORECARD BONUS PACK (10 points total –one shot):If the Audit results are aligned to the target, a bonus pack of 10 points will be assigned to the SupplierScorecard with the following criteria :▪FIRST AUDIT : +5points will be added if 1°Audit Score is ≥10▪SECOND AUDIT : +3 points will be added if 2°Audit Score is ≥15Data source :∆%*0 25% >25%50% >50%Subtractedpoints qty.005RED ∆%* is the difference between SupplierSelf-assessment Score and the Official Audit Score . RED ++SustainabilityData source : SUSTAINABILITYThis KPI is based on supplier collaboration,self assessment and customeraudit score,and calculated only for those Suppliers involved by IVECO GroupSustainability Questionnaire.▪Availability of the filled Sustainability Questionnaire(Y/N status);it’s just for the record, it doesn’t subtract points to the score.▪Sustainability Supplier Score based on a Supplier self-evaluation;it’s just for the record, it doesn’t subtract points to the score.▪Sustainability Audit Score based on Customer evaluation;o Audit result is considered Red if the value is≤ 50;it’s just for the record, it doesn’t subtract points to the score.o Audit result is considered Yellow if the value is> 50 and ≤70;it’s just for the record, it doesn’t subtract points to the score.。

aviator include用法 -回复

aviator include用法-回复"Aviator.include" is a powerful tool that allows developers to modularize their code and enhance the reusability of components in Aviator, a popular web framework for Ruby programming language. In this article, we will delve into the various use cases and functionalities of "aviator.include" and provide a step-by-step guide on how to leverage it effectively in your projects.1. Introduction to aviator.include:Aviator.include is a built-in method in Aviator that enables developers to separate their code into smaller, reusable components or modules. It promotes the concept of modularity and makes it easier to maintain and manage codebases. It is particularly useful when you have repetitive code blocks that can be extracted and reused across different parts of your application.2. Syntax and basic usage:The syntax for aviator.include is simple and straightforward. It takes a parameter that specifies the path to the file containing the code you want to include. Here's an example:aviator.include 'path/to/file.rb'By including this line of code in your Aviator project, the code in "file.rb" will be inserted and executed at that specific location.3. Organizing code with aviator.include:One of the primary benefits of using aviator.include is the ability to organize your codebase. Instead of having a monolithic file with all your code, you can split it into smaller, more manageable files. This separation helps improve code readability, maintainability, and collaboration.For instance, you can create a separate file for each section of your application, such as user authentication, data manipulation, or view rendering. Each file can contain relevant methods and classes specific to that section. By using aviator.include, you can easily integrate these files into your main codebase.4. Reusing code across different projects:Another significant advantage of aviator.include is the ability to reuse code across different Aviator projects. If you have a code segment that is frequently used across multiple projects, you can extract it into a separate file and include it in any project whenever required. This promotes code consistency and reduces duplication efforts.To achieve this, create a shared repository or module that contains the common code. Other projects can then include this shared code using aviator.include and leverage its functionalities. This approach simplifies maintenance and updates as changes made to the shared code reflect across all projects that include it.5. Scoped includes and preventing conflicts:In some scenarios, it is essential to ensure that included code doesn't conflict with existing code or variables. Aviator provides a way to include code within a specific scope using the keyword "include." Scoped includes help maintain encapsulation and prevent potential issues.Here's an example of a scoped include:class MyClassinclude 'path/to/file.rb'def my_method# code hereendendBy including code within a class scope, you can ensure that any variables or methods defined within the included file do not interfere with the global scope or other parts of your application. This helps prevent naming conflicts and promotes better code isolation.6. Testing and debugging with aviator.include:One significant advantage of using modular code withaviator.include is the ease of testing and debugging. Since the code is separated into smaller, focused files, it becomes much simpler to isolate and test individual components.You can create separate unit tests for each included module and verify their functionalities separately. This granularity not only speeds up the development and debugging process but also improves the overall code quality and reliability.In conclusion, aviator.include is a powerful tool in the Aviator framework that enhances code modularity, promotes reusability, and improves overall project organization. By utilizing this method, developers can organize their code more efficiently, reuse components across multiple projects, prevent conflicts, and simplify testing and debugging processes. With its versatility and flexibility, aviator.include is a valuable addition to any Aviator-based project.。

emphasis used instead of a heading

emphasis used instead of a headingIntroductionIn the realm of written communication, headings play a vital role in organizing and presenting information to readers. They provide a clear structure, assist in navigation, and highlight important sections. However, there are instances where emphasis, such as bolding or italicizing, is used in place of a heading. This article explores the reasons behind this practice and its implications.Reasons for Emphasis Instead of HeadingsLack of Formatting Options1.Limited software capabilities–Certain software or platforms may not provide the option to create headings.–Users might resort to emphasizing text to compensate for this limitation.–This approach has become common in emails or onlinediscussions.Informal Communication Channels1.Text messaging and instant messaging–Due to character or space limitations, using headings is not practical.–Emphasizing text helps to convey the intended emphasis or importance.Handwritten Notes or Annotations1.Limited tools for creating headings–In handwritten notes, individuals may opt to use emphasis for clarity.–Although not as effective as headings, emphasis can serve asa substitute.Implications of Emphasis Instead of HeadingsReadability and Comprehension1.Visual hierarchy–Headings create a clearer visual structure, aidingreadability.–Emphasis alone may not be sufficient to convey the same hierarchy.2.Scanning and skimming–Headings allow readers to quickly grasp the content and find specific sections.–Emphasized text can be less effective in guiding readers’ attention.Accessibility and Assistive Technologies1.Screen readers and navigation–Headings provide a hierarchical structure for screen readers.–Emphasis may not be recognized as a heading, affecting navigation and accessibility.2.Cognitive load for visually impaired individuals–Emphasized text might require additional cognitive effort to identify and interpret.–Headings offer a more efficient way for visually impaired individuals to navigate content.Consistency and Standardization1.Document formatting–Consistent use of headings enhances the professionalism and visual appeal of documents.–Overuse of emphasis instead of headings can result in a less polished appearance.2.Style guides and best practices–Many professional writing guidelines recommend the use of headings for clarity and organization.–Emphasizing text instead of using headings can deviate from these established standards.SEO and Document Structure1.Search engine optimization–Properly formatted headings contribute to the organization and searchability of online content.–Emphasis alone might not be recognized as a structuralelement by search engines.2.Content hierarchy–Headings provide a hierarchical structure that reflects the logical flow of information.–Emphasizing text does not offer the same clear delineation between sections.ConclusionHeadings play a crucial role in organizing and presenting information, providing visual hierarchy, aiding readability, and improving accessibility. While emphasis can be a useful tool for individual communication purposes or in situations where headings are not available, it falls short in meeting these important requirements. Therefore, it is recommended to use headings whenever possible to ensure clear and effective communication.。

Solar charge controller User Manual

<25%GEL(A)LVD(B)SMC Solar charge controllerUser Manual SeriesDear customerThank you very much for buying our product . Please read thoroughly before using the productDescription of FunctionsThe SMC controller is a state-of-the art device which was developed in accordance with the latest available technical standards. It comes with a number of outstanding features,such as:Clear,readable display of the state of chargeAcoustic signal when the state of charge changesLow voltage disconnect regulated by state of charge or voltage Complete electronic protectionThe charge controller protects the battery from beingovercharged by the solar array and from being deep discharged by the loads. The charging characteristics indlude several stages which include automatic adaptation to the ambient temperatureThe charge controller adjusts itself automatically to 12v or 24V system voltage.The charge controller has a number of safety and display functionsPlease install in the room, Keep cool, dry, and away from direct light. Please controller and the batteries installed in the same place, the controller can be seized Measuring the battery temperature, charge voltage regulation.Installation10 (since the Make sure the AttentionConnectingmax approx.100cm) and the wire size:SMC05 : min 2.5mm SMC08/10: min4.0mmSMC15/20 : min6.0mmWrong polarity will cause a permanent 22222Step 1:SMC15/20: 6mmREMARK:Solar panels provide voltage as soon as exposed to Sun light .Mind the solar panel manufacture`s recommendations in any caseStep 3:the controller. Mind the recommended wire size;SMC05: 2.5mm SMC08/10: 4mm SMC15/20: 6mm Grounding the solar systemBe aware that the positive terminals of the SMC controller are connected internally and therefore have the same electrical potential. if any grounding is required ,always do this on the positive wires.REMARK: If the device is used in a vehicle which has the battery negative on the chassis, loads connected to thecontroller must not have an electric connection to the car bodyStarting up the controllerSelf TestAs soon as the controller is supplied with power either from the battery or the solar array, it starts a self test routine, then the display changes to normal operation.System voltageThe controller adjusts itself automatically to 12v or 24v system voltage. As soon as the voltage at the time of start-up exceeds 20.0v, the controller implies a 24v system, if the battery voltage is not within the normal operation range at start-up, a status display according to the section ERROR DESCRIPTION occurs.Battery TypeThe controller is preset to operate with lead acid batteries with liquid electrolyte. If you intend to use a lead-acid battery with solid electrolyte you can adjust the charging characteristics(see “setting").The equalization charge is deactivated then.In case of any doubts consult your dealerRecommendations for UseThe controller warms up during normal operation.The controller does not need any maintenance or service. Remove dust with a dry tissue.It is important that the battery gets fully charged frequently(at least monthly).Otherwise the battery will be permanently damaged. A battery can only be fully charged when charging power is more than drawn power. Keep that in mind, especially if you install additional loads.Display Functions in normal operationCharge displaySolar array supplies electricity (LED on)supply electricity(LED off)Battery capacity displayThe percentage ratio shows the available energy of battery from low voltage to fully chargedAcoustic signalsThe loads are disconnected approx. 1 minute after a series of 25acoustic alarm.Load status display the load output would switched off. Relevant display as follows(LED off)disconnect(LED on)circuit of load (LED flashing)Low Voltage Disconnect Function(LVD)The controller has 2 different modes to protect the battery from being deeply discharged:1. SOC controlled: Disconnect at 11.4V (at nominalload current)up to 11.9v (at no load current). Normal operation mode for good battery protection.2. Voltage controlled: Disconnect at 11.0v ( fixed setting.) The controller is preset to mode 1 from the factory. changing the mode setting is described below.In case of doubts which mode to choose, consult your dealer because this has to be evaluated depending on the battery used.SettingsThe controller can be configured for special operation. For this purpose, open the cover of the controller by removing the screws on the back side.WARNING The controller should not be opened whileconnected and in operation!With two jumpers, the following settings can be configured:JumperFunctionSettingjumper open Settingjumper closedFunction setting Battery type Function of low voltage disconnectLiquid electrolyte GEL(VRLA battery)Jumper open (liquid electrolyte)SOCcontrolled Voltage controlledJumper closed voltage controlledAfter completing the setting,replace the cover and tighten it with the screws.Safety FeaturesDimensions222。

no entries found for your selection criteria

no entries found for your selection criteriaIntroductionIn the digital age, we rely heavily on databases and search functions to access and retrieve information. However, there are times when the search results come up empty, leaving us with the frustrating message “no entries found for your selection criteria.” This article explores the reasons why this message appears and the steps you can take to address the issue.Understanding the messageWhen you receive the message “no entries found for your selection criteria,” it means that the search function or databa se you are using has not found any matches for the specific criteria you provided. This can happen due to various reasons, such as incorrect search parameters, limited data availability, or technical issues. It is essential to analyze the possible causes and troubleshoot to find a resolution.Possible causes for empty search results1. Incorrect search criteriaOne of the common reasons for not finding any entries is using incorrect search criteria. It is crucial to review the search parameters you have entered and ensure they accurately reflect what you are looking for. Pay attention to spelling, punctuation, and any specific formatting requirements.2. Limited data availabilityAnother possible cause is that the database or search function does not have the information you are seeking. This could happen if you are searching within a restricted dataset that does not cover the desiredtopic or if the information has not been indexed correctly. In such cases, it may be necessary to expand your search to a broader databaseor consult alternative sources.3. Technical issuesSometimes, empty search results can be attributed to technical issues with the search function or the database itself. Temporary network problems, server maintenance, or indexing errors can all contribute to the absence of search results. If you suspect a technical issue, you can try the search again after some time or contact the system administrator for assistance.Steps to address the issue1. Review and refine search criteriaIf you receiv e the “no entries found for your selection criteria” message, start by reviewing your search criteria. Double-check spellings, remove unnecessary punctuation, and ensure that you are using thecorrect syntax for your search function. If possible, refer to any guidelines or documentation provided by the database or search tool to refine your search criteria effectively.2. Modify search strategyIf your initial search criteria do not yield any results, consider modifying your search strategy. Try using different keywords, synonyms, or broader search terms to cast a wider net. Experiment with different combinations of search parameters or use advanced search options if available. By adjusting your search strategy, you may increase the chances of finding the desired information.3. Explore alternative databases or sourcesIf the search function or database you are using does not provide satisfactory results, it may be worth exploring alternative databases or sources. Different databases may contain varied information, and somemay have a more extensive coverage of the topic you are interested in. Consider consulting specialized databases, academic journals, orsubject-specific websites to access relevant information.4. Seek expert assistanceIf all your efforts to find information prove futile, it can bebeneficial to seek expert assistance. Consult with librarians, subject matter experts, or colleagues who have experience in the field you are researching. They may be able to provide insights, suggest alternative resources, or help refine your search strategy. Sometimes, a fresh perspective can lead to the discovery of new information.ConclusionEncountering the message “no entries found for your selection criteria” can be frustrating, but it does not necessarily mean the desired information does not exist. By understanding the possible causes and following the steps outlined in this article, you can optimize yoursearch process, refine your search criteria, and explore alternative sources to increase the likelihood of finding relevant information. Remember to remain patient and persistent, as effective research often requires iterative refinement and exploration.。

1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。

A Parametrized Sorting System for a Large Set of k- bit Elements
Alexander Gamkrelidze and Thomas Burch
Technical Report A 04/1998 Department of Computer Science, University of Saarland 66041 Saarbrucken, Germany e- mail: sandro@cs.uni-sb.de burch@cs.uni-sb.de
Fig. 1.
The advantage of a logic topological net is that it gives a precise characterization of an integrated circuit, which is su ciently abstract to suppress geometrical and physical details, and which is su ciently concrete to control the arrangement of cells and the global routing of wires. A detailed and precise theoretical background of this calculus is given in Mol 86]. If we relate to each cell its behavior by a boolean function or a more general model, we also get a precise mathematical characterization of the behavior of logical nets ( Kol 87], Mol 86]). Having the components, logic topological nets, we can now de ne the operations between them, namely the compositions of nets which are de ned by abutment of topographical representatives. There are two kinds of compositions, namely the horizontal composition e ("left ftom\) and the vertical composition e ("above\). The composition N eN is de ned for two nets N , N i there are two topographical representatives of N , N so that the southern side of N matches the northern side of N . his operation can be carryed out i S(N )=N(N ).
In this paper, we describe a parametrized sorting system for a large set of k- bit elements. The structure of the system is independent from the problem size (the number of elements to be sorted) and the type of the sorting set (for example, a set of k- bit numbers, an alphabetical list of k- bit words etc.), as well as from the ordering relation de ned on the set of the elements (such as ascending or descending order of k- bit numbers, or a speci c order of alphabetical words). The general structure of the underlying parallel network is based on the n- dimensional hypercube. The node circuit construction de nes the type of the sorting elements, thus de ning the semantics of the system. The structure of the circuit implements the Columnsort algorithm introduced by Leighton in Lei85]. By changing only one subcircuit of the size O(k) in the node, we can de ne di erent ordering relations of the sorted elements. The system is based on speci c VLSI chips that were developed in Gam96] with the CAD system Cadic Bur95], that has been developed in the project B1 "VLSI design systems and parallelity\ under guidance of Prof. G. Hotz. The result is a fast system that sorts the sets of up to 228 64- bit numbers. The maximal sorting time is less than 43,6 seconds that is better than some of the fastest software realizations implemented at 32- processor Paragon ( Hard96]), Cray Y { MP ( ZagBlel91]) and MasPar MP { 1 ( BrockWan97]).
2
A Parametrized Sorting System for a Large Set of k- bit Elements
Alexander Gamkrelidze and Thomas Burch Department of Computer Science, University of Saarland 66041 Saarbrucken, Germany e- mail: sandro@cs.uni-sb.de burch@cs.uni-sb.de Abstract
Байду номын сангаас
Key words: sorting, n- dimensional hypercube, bi-categorial calculus, logic topological net, graphical
user interface
The classical calculus for dealing with logical circuits, the Boolean Algebra, was su cient as long as the cost of wires were negligible compared with the cost of gates. Since this is no longer the case in integrated circuit design, new calculus has been developed, the bi-categorial calculus Mol 86], where the design is represented by its logical function as well as by some information about the geometrical arrangement of its components. The rst step to extend the Boolean Algebra to the bi-categorial calculus was given by the introduction of x-category by G. Hotz in 1965 Hot 65] and is described in HotRe 96]. Consider the circuits layed out into a rectangular R. In order to suppress geometrical and physical details of manufacturing processes and thus to become independent of technology, we forget the width and the layer of wires. In doing so, wires become simple lines which may branch and cross one other. Furthermore we suppose that the circuit is constructed by cells which compute digital values. Assuming that these cells are physically correctly designed, we suppress their internal structure and size and maintain only the order of external connectors on their boundaries. If we consider crossings and branchings of wires also as cells which perform crossings and branchings of signals, this abstraction results in an arrangement of cells in the plane whose interconnections consist of crossing-free non-overlapping lines (Fig. 1). Now we de ne for each cell a northern, southern, eastern and western side, on which connectors are placed (note that no connector should belong to a corner). We denote for a cell A the number of connectors onto the northern (southern, eastern and western) side by N(A) (S(A),