语言学补充习题

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语言学第三章习题(含答案)

第三章语音和音系一、填空题1.语音的自然属性包括物理属性、生理属性和心理属性。

2.任何声音都具有音高、音强、音长和音质（音色）四个要素。

3.引起音质不同的三个要素是：发音体、发音方法和共鸣器。

4.国际音标遵守音素和音标一个对应一个的原则。

5.从辅音音位来说，汉语有 22 个，英语有 28 个，俄语有35个，法语有20个。

6.常见的语流音变现象主要有同化、异化、弱化、脱落四种。

例如汉语的“豆腐”，实际音质是【toufu】，但人们说话时常说成【touf】，这种现象是脱落。

7.音位变体分为条件变体、自由变体两种。

8.语音的发音、传递、感知三个环节，分别对应于语音的生理、物理、心理三个方面的属性。

9.在发音器官中，唇、舌头、软腭、小舌、声带是能够活动的，叫做主动发音器官；上齿、齿龈、硬腭等是不能活动的，叫做被动发音器官。

10.根据发音特点，音素可以分为元音和辅音两类，例如汉语音节中的声母，主要就是由辅音充当的。

11.每个元音的音质是由舌位高低、舌位前后、圆唇与否三个方面的音素决定的。

12.辅音的发音特点主要是由发音部位、发音方法两个方面决定的。

13.以音素为材料进行分析的音位是音质音位，具有区别意义作用的音高、音重、音长这类音位叫做非音质音位。

14.汉语的音节一般可以分为声母、韵母、声调三部分，其中韵母又分为韵头、韵腹、韵尾三部分。

15.汉语的调位可以分为阴平、阳平、上声、去声四类，其调值分别是55 、 35 、 214 、 51 。

二、判断题1.语音的最小单位是音节。

（×）2．男子声音和女子声音的差别主要是音长不同。

（×）3．儿童的声音和成人的声音的差别主要是音长不同。

（×）4．发音时，声带是否振动、气流是否强，都能形成不同的音素。

（×）5．肺是人类发音的动力站，声带是发音体。

（√）6．口腔中最为灵活的发音器官是上齿。

（×）7．元音发音时，声带不一定振动，辅音发音时，声带一定要振动。

语言学补充习题教学内容

语言学补充习题Language and Linguistics1.The important distinction in linguistics proposed by Chomsky is _____.A.Synchronic and diachronicngue and paroleC.Signifier and signifiedpetence and performance2.According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community.A.paroleB.performancenguenguage3.The term _________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to theapproach which studies language change over the various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativenguage is ____ in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between aword and the object it refers to.A.systematicB.symbolicC.arbitraryD.ambiguous5.What function are most imperative sentences associated with?rmativeB.InterrogativeC.PhaticD.Directive6. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade.” is _________A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative6.Everyday we send messages that have never been sent and understand novelmessages; in this sense, our language is ____.A.productiveB.interchangeableC.genetically transmittedD.rule-governednguage can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This is what we mean by _____.A.cultural transmissionB.displacementC.dualityD.productivity8.By duality we mean that language has two sets of structures, one of _______ andthe other of ______.A.surface structure, deep structureB.phonemes, morphemesC.sounds, meaningsD.production, reception9.According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge ofhis language.petenceB.paroleC.performancengue10.General linguistics is the scientific study of _________.nguage of a certain individualB.the German languageC.human languages in generalD.the system of a particular languagePhonetics and Phonology11.The study of how sounds are put together are used to convey meaning incommunication is _________.A.morphologyB.general linguisticsC.phonologyD.phonetics12.A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collectionof distinctive phonetic features.A.phoneB.soundC.allophoneD.phoneme13./m, n / are ________.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals14./w, j / belong to _____.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals15.Which of the following vowel is the rounded one?A./i:/B./u:/C./i/D./a:/16.The vowel /u:/ in /fu:d/(food) is a _________vowel.A.backB.frontC.unroundedD.centralMORPHOLOGY17._______ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship betweenexpression and content.A.WordB.MorphemeC.AllomorphD.Root18._______are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes to form a word.A.Free morphemesB.Bound morphemesC.Bound wordsD.Words19._______modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part ofspeech of the original wordA.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.Affixes20.“-s” in the word books is ____.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC.an inflectional affixD. a rootNote: root（词根）/ affix（词缀）, 都属于 bound morpheme (粘着词素)1. root(词根): a part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears a clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix toform a word.(一个不能再分，再分就会失去其本义的基本形式)词根词素可以分为自由词根词素（free root morpheme, e.g. rain→ rainy →raincoat粘着词根词素(bound root morpheme)e.g. geo(the earth) + ology (a branch of learning)→ ge ology, psych ology, physi ology tele (distant, far) + vision →tele vision, tele graphtrans mit, per mit, sub mit ‘main tain, con tain, de tain2. Affix 词缀1) inflectional（曲折）: 语法关系的标志grammatical relations(number, tense, degree, case) -s, -er,不改变词性2) derivational(派生):在词干上加上一个词缀得到一个新词，与词性和意义有关3. stem 词干The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.It refers to the left morpheme or combination of morphemes when one affix is removed for one time.e.g. care less ness21.Which of the following words is a derivational one?A.BlackboardB.TeachesC.ConsiderationD.Books22.Which of the following words is created through the process of acronym?A.adB.editC.AIDSD.Bobo23.The word “lab” is formed through ____.A.back formationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation24.Which of the following is NOT a compound word ?A. LandladyB. GreenhouseC. UpliftD. Unacceptable20. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ________.A.lexical wordsB.grammatical wordsC.function wordsD.form words21. Open class of words can consist of the following categories EXCEPT _________A. nounsB. verbsC. adjectivesD. articles22. Which one of the following most possibly belongs to the closed class?A. FlowerB. Treacherous.C. WeD. Whack23. Inflectional morphemes manifest the following meanings EXCEPT_________A. toneB. tenseC. numberD. case24. Which of the following contains at least an inflectional morpheme?A. PossibilityB. DecisionC. HersD. Enable25. ________ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds26. The word “irresistible” is ______________A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one27. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful28. The word “Kung-fu” is _____.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compound on eD. a borrowed oneSemantics25. A word with several meanings is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC.an abnormalD. a multiple26.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are___.A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms27.The relationship between ‘fruit’ and ‘apple’ is _______.A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.synonymy28.“Alive” and “dead” are ______ antonyms.A.relationalB.gradableC.symmetricplementary29.“Big” and “small” are a pair of _____ opposites.plementaryB.gradablepleteD.converse6. The word “luggage” and “baggage” are _________A. emotive synonymsB. dialectal synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. stylistic7. The relation between “begin” and “commence” is _________A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. semantically different synonyms8. “Fall ” and “autumn” are _________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive9. _________ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. rain and reignB. flea and fleeC. lead [li:d] and lead [led]D. compliment and complement10. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to _______A. conceptB. the real worldC. the thoughtD. meaning11. “Wise” and “cunning” are a pair of _________ synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive12. “Wide” and “broad” are a pair of __________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive13. Which of the followings can be the same form shared by two homonyms?A. BallB. CanC. BarkD. North14. “See” and “sea” are ___________A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. polysenmic words15. What is the sense relation between “learn” and “teach”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms16. What is the sense relation between “pass” and “fail”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms17. : X: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child.The relationship of X and Y is ________A. synonymousB. inconsistentC. X entailing YD : X presupposing Y18. “Tommy’s hen laid an egg yesterday.” presupposes __________A. Tommy had a henB. Tommy had a big henC. An egg was laid by Tommy’s henD. The egg is not a stone.19. “He has been to Tokyo” entails “_________”.A. He has been to JapanB. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.C. He has never been to Japan.D. He is not a Japanese.Pragmatics1.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit thespeaker to some future course of action are called _____.missivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives2._______ is defined as the study of language in use and linguistic communication.A.PragmaticsB.SociolinguisticsC.NeurolinguisticsD.Contextual linguistics3.“We can do things with words”--- this is the main idea of ______.A.the Speech Act TheoryB.the Co-operative PrincipleC.the Polite PrinciplesD.pragmatics4._________ refer to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense andreference.A.Locutionary actB.Illocutionary actC.Perlocutionary actD.Speech act5.The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called_______.A.semanticsB.sociolinguisticsC.pragmaticsD.psycholinguistics6.Which of the following is NOT the specific instance of directives?A.InvitingB.AdvisingC.WarningD.Swearing7. _________ acts expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech8. “I didn’t steal that ring” is a _________.A. directiveB. expressiveC. commissiveD. representatives9. “I’m so sad about your wrong doings” is a __________A. declarationB. expressivesC. representativesD. commissives10. “Hands up!” is a ________.A. directiveB. representativeC. commissiveD. declaration11. “I’ll be with you!” is a _________.A. directiveB. commissiveC. expressiveD. representativeSociolinguistics1.In areas which are populated by people speaking different languages, onelanguage is often used by common agreement; such a language is called________.A.pidginB.lingua francaC.CreoleD.slang2. The dialect which is caused by social status is ________.A. regional dialectB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia3. Standard dialect is ______A. designated as the official or national language of a country.B. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectC. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposeD. used by people who belong to the higher social status.4. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is _______.A. bilingualismB. diglossiaC. pidginD. creole5 The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called _______A. styleB. dialectC. registerD. pidginLanguage Acquisition1.According to Krashen, ________ refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A.learningpetenceC.performanceD.acquisition。

英语语言学练习(含答案)

英语语言学练习(含答案)Chapter 11.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language .(√)2.What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the rules used in language .(×)[What first drew the attention of the linguistics were the sounds used in language .]3The major branches of linguistics are phonetics ,phonedogy ,psycholinguistics ,morphology ,syntax ,semantics ,pragmatic ,sociolinguisti cs ,and applied linguistics .(√)4.As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonetics .(×) [As linguist became interest in how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication ,they developed another branches of study related to sounds called phonology .]5.Linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use ,it is said to be descriptive and modern linguistics is mostly descriptive .(√)6.The description of a language at some point of time in history is a diachronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a synchronic .(×)[The description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study ,but the description of language as it changes changes though time is a diachronic .]ngue and parole are relatively stable ,it does not change frequently .(×)[Langue and parole varies from person to person ,from situation to situation .]8.Chomsky define com petence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language ,and performance the actual realization of this language in linguistic communication .(√)9.Modern linguistics regards the written as primary .(×)[Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary .]nguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .(√)nguage is arbitrary ,this means that there is logical connection between meanings and sounds .(×)[Language is arbitrary ,this means that there is not logical connection between meanings and sounds .]nguage feature are arbitrariness ,productivity ,duality ,displacement ,cultural transmission .(√)nguage is arbitrary by nature ,and it is entirely arbitrary .(×)[Language is arbitrary by nature ,and it is not entirely arbitrary .]14.Productivity is unique to human language .(√)nguage is a system ,which consists of three sets of structures ,or three levels .(×)[Language is a system ,which consists of two sets of structures ,or three levels .]16.Three main functions of language are :the descriptive function ,the expressive,and the social function.(√)nguage cannot beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .(×)[Language can beautiful used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of the speaker .]18."what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the expressive function of language .(×)["what cannot I do for you ,girl ?" This sentence illustrates the social function of language .]19.An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language ,but are not mutually intelligible . This indicates cultural transmission feature of language .(√)20The ideational function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .(×)[The interpersonal function is indicate ,establish ,or maintain social relationships between people .]Chapter 21.Speech and writing are the two media order substances used by natural language as vehicle for communication .(√)2.Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with a part of the sounds that occur in the world’s language .(×)[Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language ;it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world’s language .]3.The branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics ,auditory phonetics ,and acoustics phonetics .(√)4.Phonetic similarly ,phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .(×)[Phonetic similarly ,not phonetic identity is the criterion with which were operate in the phonolgical analysis of language .]5.When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart,letting air go through without causingvibration, the sounds produced in such a condition are voiceless. (√)6.The speech organ located in this cavity are the tongue, the uvula，the soft palate （the velum），the hard palate，the teeth ridge（the alveolus），the teeth and the lips.(√)7.Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.（×）[Two ways to transcribe speech sounds are broad transcription and narrow transcription. broad transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols only，Narrow transcription is the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics.]8.In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated.（×）[In the case of sport，the [p] sound is said to be aspirated，and in the case of speed，the [p] sound is said to be unaspirated.]9.English consonants can be classified in two ways：one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.（√）10.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and bilabial. （×）[In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into six types：stops、fricatives、affricates、liquids、nasals、and glides . ]11.In terms of place of articulation，the English consonants can be classified into seven types：bilabial、labiodental、dental、alveolar、palatal、velar、and glottal. （√）12.V owels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held lowest.(×)[V owels may be distinguished as front，central，and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest .]13、We classify the vowels into four groups：close vowels，semi-close vowels，semi-open vowels，and open vowels. （√）14、In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.(×)[In English，all the front vowels and the central vowels are unrounded vowels without the [a:]，without rounding the lips，and all the back vowels are rounded.]15.The main supranational features include stress ,intonation ,and tone .Stress contains word stress and sentence stress.(√)16.There are four tones .The first tone is level ,the second rise ,the third fall -rise ,and the fourth fall .(√)17."He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,car ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.(×)["He is driving my car ",the words that are normally unstressed .i.e.is ,my ,can all bear the stress to express what the speaker intends to mean.]18.The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning .(√)19When spoken in different intonation ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.(×)[When spoken in different tones ,the same sequence of word may have different meanings.]20.A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an concrete unit . (×)[A phoneme is a phonological unit ,it is an abstract unit .]Chapter 31. Conjunctions,prepositions,articles and pronouns consist of the "grammatical" and "functional" words. (√)2. Linguisis use the term morphlolgy to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned with word and word structure.(√)3.Linguisis define the word as the smallest free form found in language. (√)4. The plural marking -s is a free form. (×) [The plural marking -s is not a free form]5. Morpheme is the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function. (√)6. The word READER consists of two morphemes:read and -er. (√)7. The English plural and possessive morphems may be said to share a single morph,the suffix /-s/. (√)8. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a bound morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a free morpheme. (×)[A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called a free morpheme,whereas a morpheme that must be attached to another one is a bound morpheme.]9. STEM is any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added. (√)10. AFFIX is a collective term for the type of morpheme that can be used only when added to another morpheme (the root or stem). (√)11. The root constitutes the cor e of the word and carries the major component of its meaning. (√)12. Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always free morphemes. (×) [Unlike roots,affixes do not belong to a lexical category and are always bound morphemes.]13. A morpheme can be defined as a minimal unit of meaning. (√)14. -en,-ate,and -ic are thus called derivational morphemes. (√)15.The morpheme BOY is free morpheme since it can be used as a word on its own;the plural -s ,on the other hand,i s bound. (√)16. It is not always possible to assign a lexical meaning to some of the morphemes. (√)17. Compounding is a very common and frequently process for enlarging the vocabulary of the English language. (√)18. Morphemes may have different forms. (√)19. The plural marking -s is not a free form since it never occurs in isolation and cannot be separated from the noun to which it belongs. (√)20.It is important to note that a morpheme is neither a meaning nor a stretch of sound joined together. (√)Chapter 41.Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the different functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .(×)[Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fullfill the same or similar functiongs in a particular language such as a sentence ,a noun phrase order a verb .]2.Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies the rules that govern the formation of sentences .(√)3.Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head and specifier .(×)[Phrases that are formed of more than one word usually contain the following elements :head,specifier and complement .]4.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase is called a phrase structure rule .(√)5.Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called sentences .(×)[Syntactic units that are built around a certain word category are called phrases .]6.Such special type of grammatical mechanism that regulates the arrangement of elements that make up a phrase structure rule .(√)7.The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . (×)[The words on the right side of the heads are said to function as specifiers . ]8.Major lexical categories are Non ,verb ,Adjevtive and Preposition .(√)9.The XP rules =(specifier )×(complement).(√)10.Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence . (×)[Major lexical categories play a very important role in sentence formation .]11.The most central categories to the synthetic study are the word-level categories .(√)12.According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the tail of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the left .(×)[According to the XP rules ,the auxiliary is the head of a sentence which takes a vp category as its complement on the right and an vp ,the subject ,as its specifier on the right .]13.The words around which a phrase is formed is termed head .(√)14.Words which include the sentence complement are termed complementizers . (√)15.The construction in which the phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .(×)[The construction in which the complement phrase is embedded a complement is called matrix clause .]16.This classification reflects a variety of factors ,including the type of meaning that words express ,the type of affixes that they take ,and the type of structures in which they can occur .(√) Chapter 51.In semantic triangle，the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct，and it is mediated by concept. (√)2.The relationship of “flower”，“violet”，“rose” and “tulip” is hyponymy. (√)3. A referring expression can be used to refer to nonexistent things. (√)4.Pragmatics studies the aspect of meaning that is not accounted for by semantics.(√)5.In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is false, and if X is false, Y is true. The relationship6. “I bought some roses” entails “I bought some flowers”. (√)7. The naming theory was proposed by the Greek scholar Plato. (√)8.According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of their community when their “bad” speech gets corrected and when their good speech gets positively reinforced. (√)9.The contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable context.(√)10.The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaning;words that are opposite in meaning are antonymy. (√)11.Semantics can be defined as the study of naming.(×)[Semantics can be defined as the study of meaning.]12.Once the notion of meaning was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.(×)[Once the notion of context was taken into consideration，semantics spilled into pragmatics.]13.According to semantic triangle，there is a direct link between a symbol and referent，i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.(×)[According to semantic triangle，there is no direct link between a symbol and referent，i.e. between a word and a thing it refers to.]14.Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,superordinate.(×)[Antonyms are divided into three kinds:gragable,relational,complementary.]16.The meaning of the word black consists in the two collocational of black hair and black coffee. (×)17.Words are identical in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.(×)[Words are different in sound and spelling but nearly alike or exacyly the same in meaning.]18.Hyponyms is helpless in both receptive and productive processing of language.(×) [Hyponyms is helpful in both receptive and productive processing of language.]19.” Can I borrow your bike？"is synonymous with "You have a bike."(×) [” Can I borrow your bike？" presupposes "You have a bike."]ponential analysis can help explain the sense relations of words.(×)[Componential analysis cannot help explain the sense relations of words.]。

语言学概论填空选择

二、填空题(20分，每空1分)1．中国、印度、希腊-罗马具有悠久的历史文化传统，是语言学的三大发源地。

2．字形、字音、字义是我国传统的语文学。

3．研究语言的结构，主要是研究语音、语义、语法三个部分。

4．运用语言传递信息的过程，可以分为编码、发送、传递、接收、解码五个阶段。

5．专语语言学可以从纵向和横向研究语言，由于研究角度不同，所以又分为历时语言学和共时语言学。

6．历史比较语言学语言学的建立，标志着语言学开始走上独立发展的道路。

7．布龙菲尔德的代表著作《语言论》，是美国结构主义语言学的奠基性著作，对美国结构主义语言学的形成、发展有重要的作用和深远的影响。

8．索绪尔被称为现代语言学之父，其代表作《普通语言学教程》在语言学史上具有十分重要的地位。

二、填空(20分，每空1分)1．人和动物的区别是人会制造生产工具进行劳动，而且人类有语言，这是人和动物相区别的重要标志之一。

2．—种语言中的句子数量是无限的，人类之所以能掌握语言，是因为构成句子的语言材料和组织语言材料的规则是十分有限的。

语言是人类社会的最重要的交际工具，而且也是思维的最重要最有意义的工具。

4．在一定条件下，身体姿势等伴随动作还可以离开语言独立完成交际任务。

例如汉民族点头表示肯定，摇头表示否定，送别时挥手表示再见，鼓掌表示欢迎，咬牙切齿表示愤怒，手舞足蹈表示兴奋。

5．人的大脑分左右两半球，大脑的左半球控制语言活动，右半球掌管不需要语言的感性直观思维。

6汉语的姐姐、妹妹，英语用sister表示，汉语的叔叔、伯伯、舅舅、姨父、姑父，英语用uncle。

表示。

7．英语可以直接用数词修饰名词，汉语数词修饰名词一般要加上一个量词。

8．儿童最早的智力活动就是学习语言。

9．语言是特殊的社会现象的含义是语言具有全民性，没有阶级性。

10．语言和说话的关系可以这样理解：语言是社会的、全民共有的，说话是个人的；语言是抽象的，说话是具体的。

二、填空(20分，每空1分)1．任何符号，都是由形式和意义两个方面构成的。

语言学补充练习

II. 判断正误（T for True and F for False）1. When language is used to get information, it serves an informative function.Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).2． Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.Answer: F (The primary units in these systems cannot be further divided into elements. So what they lack is the secondary level of articulation.)3． Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.Answer: TIII. 填空题1．By saying that "language is arbitrary", we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and _______. Answer: sounds2． The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist E de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made by the American linguist__________.Answer: Noam Chomsky3． An approach to linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is _______.Answer: prescriptiveIV. 选择题1．Unlike animal communication system, human language is ______.A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest Answer：A2. ____ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modem linguistics.a. Chomskyb. Saussurec. Bloomfieldd. John LyonAnswer: bV. 问答题l. Is language productive or not WhyAnswer: Firstly, Language is productive or creative. This means that language users can understand and produce sentences theyhave never heard before. Secondly, Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems have a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Thirdly, The productivity or creativity of human language originates from its duality. Because of duality, the speaker can combine the basiclinguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. This is made possible by the recursive nature of language.2. Comment on the following statement: “In linguistics, ‘language’ only means what a person says or said in a given situation”.Answer: This statement is incorrect. In linguistics, "language" has several layers of meaning: firstly, the whole of a person’s language, . Shakespeare’s language; secondly, a particular variety or level of speech or writing, . scientific language, literary language, colloquial language; thirdly, an abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community, . the English language, the Chinese language; lastly, there is an even more abstract sense of "language", referring to the common features of all humanlanguages that distinguish them from animal communication systems or any artificial language.3. Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.Answer: Firstly, most linguistic analyses today focus on speech rather than writing. Secondly, modem linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference is the priority of synchronic description over the traditional diachronic studies.4. What is the major difference between Saussure' s distinction between langue and parole and Chomsky's distinction between competence and performanceAnswer: Saussure’s langue is social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure studies language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky studies it more from a psychological point of view.第二章语音学和音位学I. 名词解释1．narrow transcriptionAnswer: There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is the “broad transcription”----the transcription with letter-symbols only, and the other is “narrow transc ription”---the transcription with letter-symbols accompanied by the diacritics which can help bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.2. Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example.Answer: Allophones are the different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning. For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in "let", "play" and "tell". The first /l/ is made by raising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating; the second /l/ is made with the same tongue position as the first, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /l/ is made by raising not only the front by also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.II 判断正误（T for True and F for False）1. /o/ is a mid-high front rounded vowel.Answer: F. (/o/ is a mid-high BACK rounded vowel.)2. A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.Answer: T.III. 填空题：1. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are _____, _______, and _____.Answer: pharynx, the nasal cavity, the oral cavity2. By the position of the ____ part of the tongue, vowels and classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels. Answer: highest.3. ____refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Answer: Assimilation.4. You are required to fill in the blanks below abiding by the instance given beforehand.Example: /p/: voiced bilabial stop/s/: ________________/g/:_______________/tʃ/:______________/t/: _______________/f /: _______________Answer:/s/: voiceless alveolar fricative/g/: voiced velar stop/tʃ/: voiceless alveo-palatal/post-alveolar affricate/ t /: voiced dental fricative/f /: voiceless labiodental fricative5. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal setspat, pen more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, heel, ten, men, pit, main, hit, eat, man Answer:pat, fat; pat, pit; pit, hit;pen, ten; ten, men;heat, eat; heat, heel;tape, tale;bun, ban;chain, main;bell, bet;meal, heel;man, men, main.IV. 选择题1. All syllables contain a(n) _______.a. nucleusb. codac. onsetAnswer: a2. _____is one of the supersegmental features.a. Stopb. Voicingc. Deletiond. ToneAnswer: d3. Which of the following consonants does not exist in Englisha. dental stopb. bilabial stopc. alveolar stopd. velar stopAnswer: a4. _____is not an English consonant.a. Labiodental plosiveb. Alveolar nasalc. Velar stopd. Dental fricativeAnswer: aV. 辨音选择1. What are the distinctive features that group the following sounds in these sets1) /f, v ,s/2) /p, f, b/3) /g, z, b/4) /k, g, w/5) /m, n, ŋ/Answer: 1) fricative 2) obstruent 3) voiced 4) velar5) nasal2. There is one segment that does not belong to the natural class in each of the following groups of speech sounds. You are required to identify that segment and label the natural class, using a descriptive term as specific as possible.a) /m/, /n/, /w/, / ŋ /b) /v/, /w/, /z/, /t/c) /n/, /f/, /l/, /s/, /t/, /d/, /z/Answer:1) /w/ is a semi-vowel, and the others are all nasals.2) /t/ is voiceless, and the others are voiced.3) /f/ is labiodental, and the rest are alveolarVI. 问答题1．Circle the words that contain a sound as required:1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bomb, push3) an approximant: luck, boots, word, once, table4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook5) a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quick2．Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone.Answer: Firstly, a “phone” is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones may or may not distinguish meaning. Secondly, a "phoneme" is a phonological unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound. It is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. Thirdly, the phones representing a phoneme are called its "allophones". How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs.But the choice of an allophone is not random but rule-governed in most cases.3．When we are pronouncing the following phrases, how do we actually articulate the "n" sound in the word "ten" Do we still pronounce it as /n/1) ten houses 2) ten teachers 3) ten colleges 4) ten pupils 5) ten buildings 6) ten classesAnswer: 1) /n/2) /n/3) / ŋ /4) /m/5) /m/6) / ŋ /4．How many functions do the vocal cords have in the production of speech soundsAnswer: They have three functions: to make a glottal stop, to produce a voiced sound and to produce a voiceless sound.第三章形态学I. 名词解释1．morphemeAnswer: The morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering its meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For instance, the word "barks" in "The dog barks" consists of two morphemes ― "bark" and "-s", neither of which can be further divided into other smaller meaningful units.2．lexemeAnswer: The term "lexeme" is postulated to reduce the ambiguity of the term "word". It is the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts. For example, "write" is the lexeme of the following set of words: "writes", "wrote", "writing", "written".3．inflectional morphemesAnswer: Inflectional morphemes are also called inflectional affixes. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes, . -(e)s, -ing, -(e)d, -est.II. 判断正误1． A root is not always a free form.Answer: T (There are such bound roots as “-ceive”.)III. 填空题1．Polymorphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and the ____.Answer: affixes2．On, before and together are_____words ― they are words which do not take inflectional endings.Answer: grammatical (functional/form)IV．选择题1．"Radar" is a/an____.a. acronymb. blendingc. coinaged. clippingAnswer: a2．Compound words consist of______ morphemes.a. boundb. freec. both bound and freeAnswer: bV. 匹配题Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it.A B1. a noisy crow a. compound noun2. eat crow b. root morpheme plus derivational prefix3. scarecrow c. phrase consisting of an adjective plus noun4. the crow d. root morpheme plus inflection affix5. crowlike e. root morpheme plus derivational suffix6. crows f. grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morphemeg. idiomAnswer: 1. c 2. g 3. a 4. f 5. e 6. dVI. 问答题1. Divide the following words into Roots, IA (inflectional affix) and/or DA (derivational affix).1) transformations 2) looseleaves3) destructive 4) geese 5) misled Answer:1) trans- (DA) form (Root) -ation (DA) s (IA)2) loose (Root) leave (Root) s (IA)3) de- (DA) struct (Root) -ive (DA)4) geese (IA)5) mis- (DA) led (IA)2. Label the morphological category of the morphemes underlined in each of the English expressions.a) I' ve been here.b) transformc) oxend) recurAnswer: a) bound morpheme b) derivational prefix c) inflectional suffix d) bound root3. Each of the following Persian words is poly-morphemic. You are required to match each of the notions given below with amorpheme in Persian. (Note that xar means "buy" and -id designates the past tense).xaridiYou (singular) bought.naxaridamI did not buy.namixaridandThey were not buying.xaridHe bought.naxaridimWe did not buy.mixaridHe was buying.mixarididYou (plural) were buying.xaridamI bought.Match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian:a) Ib) you (singular)c) notd) was/were V-ing (continuous)Answer: a) amb) ic) nad) miVid4．It is a fact that morphological processes may be sensitiveto certain phonological context. The English data given belowillustrate this fact. You are required to state thephonological contexts where the addition of -en is possible.a bwhiten *bluenmadden *stupidenredden *greenenFatten *fartheren quicken *slowen deafen *difficultenLiven *abstractenharden *shallowensoften *angryendeepen *vividenAnswer: The suffix -en, which attaches to adjectives to form verbs, can only attach to monosyllabic bases ending in oral stops or fricatives.VerbAdjective-en if Adjective ends in an obstruent (oral stop or fricative). - <Φ> if Adjective ends in a sonorant (nasal, approximant, vowel)Meaning: to make (more) Adjectives5．The word uneasiness may be analyzed in either of the two ways below. You are required to find an argument to support one of the two analyses.a)NPrefixNoununAdjectiveSuffixeasinessb)NAdjectiveSuffixPrefixAdjectivenessuneasiAnswer: b) is the correct analysis, because un- only attaches to adjectives to form other adjectives. Un- cannot be attached to a noun.。

语言学补充内容

Deep structure and surface structureIn 1957, Noam Chomsky published Syntactic Structures, in which he developed the idea that each sentence in a language has two levels of representation — a deep structure and a surface structure.[2][3] The deep structure represented the core semantic relations of a sentence, and was mapped on to the surface structure (which followed the phonological form of the sentence very closely) via transformations. Chomsky believed there are considerable similarities between languages' deep structures, and that these structures reveal properties, common to all languages that surface structures conceal. However, this may not have been the central motivation for introducing deep structure. Transformations had been proposed prior to the development of deep structure as a means of increasing the mathematical and descriptive power of context-free grammars. Similarly, deep structure was devised largely for technical reasons relating to early semantic theory. Chomsky emphasizes the importance of modern formal mathematical devices in the development of grammatical theory:But the fundamental reason for [the] inadequacy of traditional grammars is a more technical one. Although it was well understood that linguistic processes are in some sense "creative," the technical devices for expressing a system of recursive processes were simply not available until much more recently. In fact, a real understanding of how a language can (in Humboldt's words) "make infinite use of finite means" has developed only within the last thirty years, in the course of studies in the foundations of mathematics.—Aspects of the Theory of SyntaxInnate linguistic knowledgeTerms such as "transformation" can give the impression that theories of transformational generative grammar are intended as a model for the processes through which the human mind constructs and understands sentences. Chomsky is clear that this is not in fact the case: a generative grammar models only the knowledge that underlies the human ability to speak and understand. One of the most important of Chomsky's ideas is that most of this knowledge is innate, with the result that a baby can have a large body of prior knowledge about the structure of language in general, and need only actually learn the idiosyncratic features of the language(s) it is exposed to. Chomsky was not the first person to suggest that all languages had certain fundamental things in common (he quotes philosophers writing several centuries ago who had the same basic idea), but he helped to make the innateness theory respectable after a period dominated by more behaviorist attitudes towards language. Perhaps more significantly, he made concrete and technically sophisticated proposals aboutthe structure of language, and made important proposals regarding how the success of grammatical theories should be evaluated.Chomsky distinguished between grammars that achieve descriptive adequacy and those that go further and achieved explanatory adequacy. A descriptively adequate grammar for a particular language defines the (infinite) set of grammatical sentences in that language; that is, it describes the language in its entirety. A grammar that achieves explanatory adequacy has the additional property that it gives an insight into the underlying linguistic structures in the human mind; that is, it does not merely describe the grammar of a language, but makes predictions about how linguistic knowledge is mentally represented. For Chomsky, the nature of such mental representations is largely innate, so if a grammatical theory has explanatory adequacy it must be able to explain the various grammatical nuances of the languages of the world as relatively minor variations in the universal pattern of human language. Chomsky argued that, even though linguists were still a long way from constructing descriptively adequate grammars, progress in terms of descriptive adequacy will only come if linguists hold explanatory adequacy as their goal. In other words, real insight into the structure of individual languages can only be gained through comparative study of a wide range of languages, on the assumption that they are all cut from the same cloth."I-Language" and "E-Language"In 1986, Chomsky proposed a distinction between I-Language and E-Language, similar but not identical to the competence/performance distinction.[7] (I-language) refers to Internal language and is contrasted with External Language (or E-language). I-Language is taken to be the object of study in linguistic theory; it is the mentally represented linguistic knowledge that a native speaker of a language has, and is therefore a mental object — from this perspective, most of theoretical linguistics is a branch of psychology. E-Language encompasses all other notions of what a language is, for example that it is a body of knowledge or behavioural habits shared by a community. Thus, E-Language is not itself a coherent concept,[8] and Chomsky argues that such notions of language are not useful in the study of innate linguistic knowledge, i.e., competence, even though they may seem sensible and intuitive, and useful in other areas of study. Competence, he argues, can only be studied if languages are treated as mental objects.MinimalismMain article: Minimalist programFrom the mid-1990s onwards, much research in transformational grammar has been inspired by Chomsky's Minimalist Program.[10] The "Minimalist Program" aims at the further development of ideas involving economy of derivation and economy of representation, which had started to become significant in the early 1990s, but were still rather peripheral aspects of Transformational-generative grammar theory.∙Economy of derivation is a principle stating that movements (i.e., transformations) only occur in order to match interpretable features withuninterpretable features. An example of an interpretable feature is the pluralinflection on regular English nouns, e.g., dog s. The word dogs can only beused to refer to several dogs, not a single dog, and so this inflectioncontributes to meaning, making it interpretable. English verbs are inflectedaccording to the number of their subject (e.g., "Dogs bite" vs "A dog bite s"),but in most sentences this inflection just duplicates the information aboutnumber that the subject noun already has, and it is therefore uninterpretable.∙Economy of representation is the principle that grammatical structures must exist for a purpose, i.e., the structure of a sentence should be no larger or more complex than required to satisfy constraints on grammaticality.Both notions, as described here, are somewhat vague, and indeed the precise formulation of these principles is controversial.[11][12] An additional aspect of minimalist thought is the idea that the derivation of syntactic structures should be uniform; that is, rules should not be stipulated as applying at arbitrary points in a derivation, but instead apply throughout derivations. Minimalist approaches to phrase structure have resulted in "Bare Phrase Structure," an attempt to eliminate X-bar theory. In 1998, Chomsky suggested that derivations proceed in phases. The distinction of Deep Structure vs. Surface Structure is not present in Minimalist theories of syntax, and the most recent phase-based theories also eliminate LF and PF as unitary levels of representation.TransformationsThe usual usage of the term 'transformation' in linguistics refers to a rule that takes an input typically called the Deep Structure (in the Standard Theory) or D-structure (in the extended standard theory or government and binding theory) and changes it in some restricted way to result in a Surface Structure (or S-structure). In TGG, Deep structures were generated by a set of phrase structure rules.For example, a typical transformation in TG is the operation of subject-auxiliary inversion (SAI). This rule takes as its input a declarative sentence with an auxiliary: "John has eaten all the heirloom tomatoes." and transforms it into "Has John eaten all the heirloom tomatoes?" In their original formulation (Chomsky 1957), these rules were stated as rules that held over strings of either terminals or constituent symbols or both.X NP AUX Y X AUX NP Y(where NP = Noun Phrase and AUX = Auxiliary)In the 1970s, by the time of the Extended Standard Theory, following the work of Joseph Emonds on structure preservation, transformations came to be viewed as holding over trees. By the end of government and binding theory in the late 1980s, transformations are no longer structure changing operations at all; instead they add information to already existing trees by copying constituents.The earliest conceptions of transformations were that they were construction-specific devices. For example, there was a transformation that turned active sentences into passive ones. A different transformation raised embedded subjects into main clause subject position in sentences such as "John seems to have gone"; and yet a third reordered arguments in the dative alternation. With the shift from rules to principles and constraints that was found in the 1970s, these construction-specific transformations morphed into general rules (all the examples just mentioned being instances of NP movement), which eventually changed into the single general rule of move alpha or Move.Transformations actually come of two types: (i) the post-Deep structure kind mentioned above, which are string or structure changing, and (ii) Generalized Transformations (GTs). Generalized transformations were originally proposed in the earliest forms of generative grammar (e.g., Chomsky 1957). They take small structures, either atomic or generated by other rules, and combine them. For example, the generalized transformation of embedding would take the kernel "Dave said X" and the kernel "Dan likes smoking" and combine them into "Dave said Dan likes smoking." GTs are thus structure building rather than structure changing. In the Extended Standard Theory and government and binding theory, GTs were abandoned in favor of recursive phrase structure rules. However, they are still present intree-adjoining grammar as the Substitution and Adjunction operations, and they have recently re-emerged in mainstream generative grammar in Minimalism, as the operations Merge and Move.In generative phonology, another form of transformation is the phonological rule, which describes a mapping between an underlying representation (the phoneme) and the surface form that is articulated during natural speech.[17]Transformational syntaxFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaIn linguistics, transformational syntax is a theory of syntax that developed from the extended standard theory of generative grammar originally proposed by Noam Chomsky in his books Syntactic Structures and Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.[1] It emerged from a need to improve on approaches to grammar in structural linguistics. Transformational syntax states that the combination of phrase structure grammar and transformational grammar must be able to generate all expressions that are part of the language.OverviewMain article: Transformational grammarAccording to the Chomskyan tradition, language acquisition is easy for children because they are born with a universal grammar in their minds. The tradition also distinguishes between linguistic competence, what a person knows of a language, and linguistic performance, how a person uses it. Finally, grammars and metagrammars are ranked by t hree levels of adequacy: observational, descriptive, and explanatory. A core aspect of the original Standard Theory is a distinction between two different representations of a sentence, called deep structure and surface structure. The two representations are linked to each other by a set of transformation rules, the totality of these rules is what constitute grammar, and what a grammatical description of a language should present. Under this theory, a speaker must have access to both structures to interpret an expression.Under this model, syntax was placed in the center of linguistic research and sought to go beyond description. Scholars explored the formalism of syntax and psychology of grammar under this model. This led to more systematic research on linguistic data such as native speaker judgments and distinctions in grammaticality.Many notable linguists have written on the topic, including Andrew Radford,[2] Rodney Huddleston,[3] and Roger Fowler.[4] Aspects of transformational syntax were revised or replaced under the Minimalist program.[5]观察的充分性：不仅需要要观察那些合法的句子中存在的语法事实，更要关注那些不合法的句子中所能反映出的带有普遍性的制约因素。

语言学补充练习(1-3)教学提纲

语言学补充练习(1-3)第一章语言学入门知识：I. 名词解释1．cultural transmission (as a defining property of language) Answer: While human capacity for language has a genetic basis, the details of any language system are not genetically transmitted, but instead have to be taught and learned. An English speaker and a Chinese speaker are both able to use a language, but they are not mutually intelligible. This shows that language is culturally transmitted. It is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by instinct. In contrast, animal call systems are genetically transmitted. They are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.2． descriptive linguistics vs. prescriptive linguisticsAnswer: A linguistic study is descriptive if it describes and analyses facts observed; it is prescriptive if it tries to lay down rules for "correct" behavior. Linguistic studies before the 204 century are largely prescriptive whereas modem linguistic is mostly descriptive.II. 判断正误（T for True and F for False）1. When language is used to get information, it serves an informative function.Answer: F (It serves an interrogative function).2． Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.Answer: F (The primary units in these systems cannot be further divided into elements. So what they lack is the secondary level of articulation.) 3． Descriptive linguistics are concerned with how languages work, not with how they can be improved.Answer: TIII. 填空题1．By saying that "language is arbitrary", we mean that there is no logical connection between meaning and _______.Answer: sounds2． The distinction between langue and parole is made by the Swiss linguist E de Saussure. The distinction between competence and performance is made by the American linguist__________.Answer: Noam Chomsky3． An approach to linguistic study which attempts to lay down rules of correctness as to how language should be used is _______.Answer: prescriptiveIV. 选择题1．Unlike animal communication system, human language is ______.A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interestAnswer：A2. ____ has been widely accepted as the forefather of modem linguistics.a. Chomskyb. Saussurec. Bloomfieldd. John LyonAnswer: bV. 问答题l. Is language productive or not? Why?Answer: Firstly, Language is productive or creative. This means that language users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Secondly, Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems have a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Thirdly, The productivity or creativity of human language originates from its duality. Because of duality, the speaker can combine the basiclinguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. This is made possible by the recursive nature of language.2. Comment on the following statement: “In linguistics, ‘language’ only means what a person says or said in a given situation”.Answer: This statement is incorrect. In linguistics, "language" has several layers of meaning: firstly, the whole of a person’s language, e.g. Shakespeare’s language; secondly, a particular variety or level of speech or writing, e.g. scientific language, literary language, colloquial language; thirdly, an abstract system underlying the totality of the speech/writing behavior of a community, e.g. the English language, the Chinese language; lastly, there is an even more abstract sense of "language", referring to the common features of all human languages that distinguish them from animal communication systems or any artificial language.3. Point out three ways in which linguistics differs from traditional grammar.Answer: Firstly, most linguistic analyses today focus on speech rather than writing. Secondly, modem linguistics is mostly descriptive while traditional grammar is largely prescriptive. Thirdly, a third difference is the priority of synchronic description over the traditional diachronic studies.4. What is the major difference between Saussure' s distinction between langue and parole and Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance?Answer: Saussure’s langue is social product, a set of conventions for a speech community. Chomsky regards competence as a property of the mind of each individual. Saussure studies language more from a sociological point of view while Chomsky studies it more from a psychological point of view.第二章语音学和音位学I. 名词解释1．narrow transcriptionAnswer: There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is the “broad transcription”----the transcription with letter-symbols only, and the other is “narrow transcription”---the transcription with letter-symbols accompanied by the diacritics which can help bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.2. Illustrate the term “allophone” with at least one appropriate example. Answer: Allophones are the different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word different from another in meaning. For example, in English, the phoneme /l/ is pronounced differently in "let", "play" and "tell". The first /l/ is made byraising the front of the tongue to the hard palate, while the vocal cords are vibrating; the second /l/ is made with the same tongue position as the first, but the vocal cords are not vibrating; and the third /l/ is made by raising not only the front by also the back of the tongue while the vocal cords are vibrating.II 判断正误（T for True and F for False）1. /o/ is a mid-high front rounded vowel.Answer: F. (/o/ is a mid-high BACK rounded vowel.)2. A phoneme in one language or one dialect may be an allophone in another language or dialect.Answer: T.III. 填空题：1. The three cavities in the articulatory apparatus are _____, _______, and _____.Answer: pharynx, the nasal cavity, the oral cavity2. By the position of the ____ part of the tongue, vowels and classified as front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.Answer: highest.3. ____refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Answer: Assimilation.4. You are required to fill in the blanks below abiding by the instance given beforehand.Example: /p/: voiced bilabial stop/s/: ________________/g/:_______________/tʃ/:______________/t/: _______________/f /: _______________Answer:/s/: voiceless alveolar fricative/g/: voiced velar stop/tʃ/: voiceless alveo-palatal/post-alveolar affricate/ t /: voiced dental fricative/f /: voiceless labiodental fricative5. Which of the following words would be treated as minimal pairs and minimal sets?pat, pen more, heat, tape, bun, fat, ban, chain, tale, bell, far, meal, vote, bet, heel, ten, men, pit, main, hit, eat, manAnswer:pat, fat; pat, pit; pit, hit;pen, ten; ten, men;heat, eat; heat, heel;tape, tale;bun, ban;chain, main;bell, bet;meal, heel;man, men, main.IV. 选择题1. All syllables contain a(n) _______.a. nucleusb. codac. onsetAnswer: a2. _____is one of the supersegmental features.a. Stopb. Voicingc. Deletiond. ToneAnswer: d3. Which of the following consonants does not exist in English?a. dental stopb. bilabial stopc. alveolar stopd. velar stopAnswer: a4. _____is not an English consonant.a. Labiodental plosiveb. Alveolar nasalc. Velar stopd. Dental fricativeAnswer: aV. 辨音选择1. What are the distinctive features that group the following sounds in these sets?1) /f, v ,s/2) /p, f, b/3) /g, z, b/4) /k, g, w/5) /m, n, ŋ/Answer: 1) fricative 2) obstruent 3) voiced 4) velar5) nasal2. There is one segment that does not belong to the natural class in each of the following groups of speech sounds. You are required to identify that segment and label the natural class, using a descriptive term as specific as possible.a) /m/, /n/, /w/, / ŋ /b) /v/, /w/, /z/, /t/c) /n/, /f/, /l/, /s/, /t/, /d/, /z/Answer:1) /w/ is a semi-vowel, and the others are all nasals.2) /t/ is voiceless, and the others are voiced.3) /f/ is labiodental, and the rest are alveolarVI. 问答题1．Circle the words that contain a sound as required:1) a low vowel: pipe, gather, article, leave, cook2) a bilabial consonant: cool, lad, leap, bomb, push3) an approximant: luck, boots, word, once, table4) a front vowel: god, neat, pit, lush, cook5) a velar: god, fast, chat, lake, quick2．Exemplify the relationship between phone, phoneme and allophone. Answer: Firstly, a “phone” is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones may or may not distinguish meaning. Secondly, a "phoneme" is a phonological unit that is of distinctive value. As an abstract unit, a phoneme is not any particular sound. It is represented or realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context. Thirdly, thephones representing a phoneme are called its "allophones". How a phoneme is represented by a phone, or which allophone is to be used, is determined by the phonetic context in which it occurs. But the choice of an allophone is not random but rule-governed in most cases.3．When we are pronouncing the following phrases, how do we actually articulate the "n" sound in the word "ten"? Do we still pronounce it as /n/?1) ten houses 2) ten teachers 3) ten colleges 4) ten pupils 5) ten buildings 6) ten classesAnswer: 1) /n/2) /n/3) / ŋ /4) /m/5) /m/6) / ŋ /4．How many functions do the vocal cords have in the production of speech sounds?Answer: They have three functions: to make a glottal stop, to produce a voiced sound and to produce a voiceless sound.第三章形态学I. 名词解释1．morphemeAnswer: The morpheme is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering its meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical. For instance, the word "barks" in "The dog barks" consists of two morphemes ― "bark" and "-s", neither of which can be further divided into other smaller meaningful units.2．lexemeAnswer: The term "lexeme" is postulated to reduce the ambiguity of the term "word". It is the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts. For example, "write" is the lexeme of the following set of words: "writes", "wrote", "writing", "written".3．inflectional morphemesAnswer: Inflectional morphemes are also called inflectional affixes. They manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such asnumber, tense, degree and case. In English, all inflectional morphemes are suffixes, e.g. -(e)s, -ing, -(e)d, -est.II. 判断正误1． A root is not always a free form.Answer: T (There are such bound roots as “-ceive”.)III. 填空题1．Polymorphemic words other than compounds have two parts: the roots and the ____.Answer: affixes2．On, before and together are_____words ― they are words which do not take inflectional endings.Answer: grammatical (functional/form)IV．选择题1．"Radar" is a/an____.a. acronymb. blendingc. coinaged. clippingAnswer: a2．Compound words consist of______ morphemes.a. boundb. freec. both bound and freeAnswer: bV. 匹配题Match each expression under A with the one statement under B that characterizes it.A B1. a noisy crow a. compound noun2. eat crow b. root morpheme plus derivational prefix3. scarecrow c. phrase consisting of an adjective plus noun4. the crow d. root morpheme plus inflection affix5. crowlike e. root morpheme plus derivational suffix6. crows f. grammatical morpheme followed by lexical morphemeg. idiomAnswer: 1. c 2. g 3. a 4. f 5. e 6. dVI. 问答题1. Divide the following words into Roots, IA (inflectional affix) and/or DA (derivational affix).1) transformations 2) looseleaves3) destructive 4) geese 5) misledAnswer:1) trans- (DA) form (Root) -ation (DA) s (IA)2) loose (Root) leave (Root) s (IA)3) de- (DA) struct (Root) -ive (DA)4) geese (IA)5) mis- (DA) led (IA)2. Label the morphological category of the morphemes underlined in each of the English expressions.a) I' ve been here.b) transformc) oxend) recurAnswer: a) bound morpheme b) derivational prefix c) inflectional suffix d) bound root3. Each of the following Persian words is poly-morphemic. You are required to match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian. (Note that xar means "buy" and -id designates the past tense). xaridiYou (singular) bought.naxaridamI did not buy.namixaridandThey were not buying.xaridHe bought.naxaridimWe did not buy.mixaridHe was buying.mixarididYou (plural) were buying.xaridamI bought.Match each of the notions given below with a morpheme in Persian:a) Ib) you (singular)c) notd) was/were V-ing (continuous)Answer: a) amb) ic) nad) miVid4．It is a fact that morphological processes may be sensitive to certain phonological context. The English data given below illustrate this fact. You are required to state the phonological contexts where the addition of -en is possible.a bwhiten *bluenmadden *stupidenredden *greenenFatten *fartheren quicken *slowendeafen *difficultenLiven *abstractenharden *shallowensoften *angryendeepen *vividenAnswer: The suffix -en, which attaches to adjectives to form verbs, can only attach to monosyllabic bases ending in oral stops or fricatives. VerbAdjective-en if Adjective ends in an obstruent (oral stop or fricative).- <Φ> if Adjective ends in a sonorant (nasal, approximant, vowel) Meaning: to make (more) Adjectives5．The word uneasiness may be analyzed in either of the two ways below. You are required to find an argument to support one of the two analyses.a)NPrefixNoununAdjectiveSuffixeasinessb)NAdjectiveSuffixPrefixAdjectivenessuneasiAnswer: b) is the correct analysis, because un- only attaches to adjectives to form other adjectives. Un- cannot be attached to a noun.。

语言学补充课后题

An utterance may have more than one entailment. For instance, the sentence “My daughter broke the glass.” entails:1) My daughter did something.2) My daughter did something to the glass.3) Someone did something to the glass.4) Someone broke the glass.5) Someone’s daughter broke the glass.Presupposition can be distinguished from entailment in the negation test.When the presupposing sentence is negated, the presupposition is not affected. For example, when we negate Mary’s dog is barking.the truth value of Mary has a dog.is not affected. In contrast, negating an entailing sentence destroys the entailment relationship. For instance, if we negate (a) in the following example, the truth of the entailment (b) is destroyed.(a) The anarchist assassinated the emperor.(b) The emperor died.1. Try to identify the presuppositions that lie behind each of the following utterances:a) John has stopped smoking.b) She regretted having told him the secret.c) The boy opened the door himself.d) The paper turned red when it was dipped into the liquid.2. What does each of the following utterances entail?a) He lost his bike yesterday.b) They went to the Great Wall.c) Mary’s computer is terrific.d) We met two of our friends at the party.3. Decide whether each of the following utterances is performative. If it is not, please explain why.1. He asserts that this is feasible.2. I convince everyone with my arguments.3. I was required to get everything ready for the parade.4. I will fire you.5. Do it again, please!4. Explain how the maxims of the cooperative principle are flouted for the sake of politeness.1) The following dialogue took place outside the flat of a lady after she had been invited to dinner by a young man and escorted home.Man: Would you like to invite me up for a coffee?Woman: Oh… I’m afraid the place is in a terrible mess…2) A: What is she, small?B: Yes, yes, she’s small, smallish, um, not really small but certainly not very big.3) A: Do you want some coffee?B: Coffee would make me awake.4) A: We’ll miss Bill and Agatha, won’t we?B: Well, we’ll all miss Bill.5) A: Where does Miss Rosebery live?B: Somewhere in the suburbs of the city.6) Teacher: (towards the end of a lecture) What time is it now?Student: It’s 10:44 and 35.6 seconds.7) A: What do you think of Cathy’s singing?B: Well, she has produced a series of sounds that correspond closely to the score of “Home sweet home”.8) Host: Would you like a cocktail? It’s my own invention.Guest: Well, mmm uh it’s not that we don’t not drink.5. Someone stands between you and the TV set you were watching, so you decide to say one of the following. Identify which would be direct and which would be indirect speech acts.1) Move!2) You’re in the way.3) Could you sit down?4) I can’t see anything.5) Please get out of the way.6. Explain how coherence is achieved in the following dialogue.a) A: That’s the phone.B: I’m in the bathroom.A: Okay.b) Son: I need a ten-speed bicycle.Mother: I’m sure you do.。

英语语言学linian试题及答案

英语语言学linian试题及答案英语语言学试题及答案1. 语言学的主要分支有哪些？答案：语言学的主要分支包括语音学、音系学、形态学、句法学、语义学、语用学、社会语言学、心理语言学、神经语言学、计算语言学等。

2. 请解释“语言习得”和“语言学习”的区别。

答案：语言习得是指儿童在成长过程中自然掌握母语的能力，而语言学习则是指在学校或其他正式环境中有意识地学习第二语言或外语。

3. 什么是语言的“深层结构”和“表层结构”？答案：深层结构是指句子的内在意义和逻辑关系，而表层结构则是指句子的外在形式，即我们实际听到或说出的句子。

4. 请列举至少三种不同的语言变异现象。

答案：语言变异现象包括地域变异（方言）、社会变异（社会方言）、时间变异（历史方言）等。

5. 什么是转换生成语法？答案：转换生成语法是由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出的语言学理论，它认为所有人类语言都遵循一套普遍的语法规则，而这些规则可以通过转换规则从深层结构转换到表层结构。

6. 请解释“语码转换”和“语码混合”的概念。

答案：语码转换是指在不同语言或方言之间切换使用，而语码混合则是指在同一句话中混合使用两种或两种以上的语言或方言。

7. 语言学中“语料库”的作用是什么？答案：语料库是语言学研究中用来收集和分析自然语言数据的大型数据库，它可以帮助研究者进行语言模式、语言变化和语言使用等方面的研究。

8. 请简述“语言相对性假设”。

答案：语言相对性假设，也称为萨丕尔-沃尔夫假设，认为一个人的思维方式受到其母语的影响，即语言的结构决定了思维的结构。

9. 什么是“语言的普遍语法”？答案：语言的普遍语法是指所有人类语言共有的一套基本语法规则，这些规则是语言能力的基础，由诺姆·乔姆斯基提出。

10. 请解释“语境”在语言交际中的作用。

答案：语境是指语言交际发生的环境，包括物理环境、社会环境和心理环境等。

语境对语言的理解和使用有重要影响，它可以帮助解释语言的模糊性，提供语言交流的背景信息。

语言学习题(完全版)

精品课程《英语语言学》综合习题集I.Write out a single sentence for each of the follow technical termsin linguistic(定义题)；1.arbitrariness2. a linguist3.creativity4.displacement5.culturally-transmitted6.yo-he-ho theoryrmative function of language8.phatic communion9.recreational function of language10.metalingual function of language11.phonology12.morphology13.syntax14.semantics15.pragmatics16.psycholinguistics17.sociolinguistics18.applied linguisticsputational linguistics20.descriptive vs. prescriptive21.synchronic vs. diachronicngue & parolepetence and performance24.articulatory phonetice25.narrow transcription of IPA26.manners of articulation of consonants27.alveolar sounds28.nasal sounds29.voicelessness30.bilabial sounds31.high vowels32.rounded vowelsx vowels34.minimal pairs35.allophones36.free variation37.assimilation38.distinctive features39.onset of a syllable40.sonority scale of English speech sounds41.primary stress of words42.lexeme43.open-class words44.function words45.free morpheme vs. bound morpheme46.a stem47.inflectional suffixes48.allomorphs49.blending50.clipping51.back-formation52.tense vs.aspect53.concord and government54.syntagmatic and paradigmatic55.signified and signifier56.immediate constituent analysis57.endocentric vs. exocentric constructions58.deep structure and surface structure59.transformational rules60.binding61.anaphor62.theme and rhememunicative dynamism64.textual function65.denotative meaning66.social meaning67.thematic meaning68.the referential theory69.synonymy70.gradable antonymy71.hyponymy72.superordinate73.semantic components74.propositional logic75.syllogism76.psychology of language77.recency effect78.semantic association network79.garden path sentences80.minimal attachment theoryII. Short-answer Questions (简答题)：Directions: Explain each of the following linguistic views in no more than 50 words. .1. What is Displacement of language？2. How to understand that language is productive?3. How to understand language is dually-structured?4. Why linguists say “All the languages are equal”?5. Comment on the saying “Language is culturally-transmitted”。

语言学全部习题

语言学全部习题1. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言学？语言学是研究语言的科学，包括语音学、词法学、句法学、语义学、语用学等不同的分支。

它关注语言的结构、用法、演变以及和思维、社会和文化之间的关系。

2) 语言的基本要素包括哪些？语言的基本要素包括语音、词汇、句法、语义和语用。

语音研究发音和音系，词汇研究词的形态和词义，句法研究语言的句子结构，语义研究词和句的含义，语用研究语言的使用和交际。

3) 语音学和音系学有何区别？语音学研究语言中的语音现象，包括语音的产生、传播和感知等方面。

音系学研究语言中的音素系统，即语言中所有可能出现的音位和它们的组合规则。

2. 选择题（每题10分，共40分）1) 下列哪个不属于语言的基本要素？A. 语音B. 词汇C. 句法D. 语文答案：D2) 以下哪个学科不是语言学的分支？A. 语音学B. 语用学C. 数学D. 词法学答案：C3) 语音学主要研究哪方面的内容？A. 词义B. 词形C. 词语的使用D. 语音的产生和感知答案：D4) 以下哪个不是语言学的研究对象？A. 词汇表B. 句子结构C. 语言和思维的关系D. 社会语言规范答案：A3. 简答题（每题10分，共30分）1) 什么是语言的演变？语言的演变是指语言在使用过程中，由于多种因素的影响，其语音、词汇、句法等方面发生变化和发展。

语言的演变是一个长期的、渐进的过程，涉及到语言交流者的语言习惯、语音产生的方式、语法规则的改变等方面的变化。

2) 语言和思维之间有何关系？语言和思维之间有密切的关系。

一方面，语言是人类思维的表达工具，通过语言的运用，人们能够将思维中的概念、情感和意图等传递给他人。

另一方面，语言也影响思维的方式和内容。

语言结构和词汇的差异会影响人们的思维方式，不同语言对概念的划分和认知方式可能会有所不同。

3) 什么是语言交际？语言交际指的是人们通过语言进行沟通和交流的过程。

语言交际包括语言的使用、理解和解释，以及交流中的非语言行为和语境等因素。

英语语言学补充练习

Additional ExercisesI. Study these two quotations again, carefully. Make sure you 1) understand what is meant by each one of them, and 2) are able to say why they say them.1. The question ‗What is language?‘ is comparable with –and, some would say, hardly less profound than –‗What is life?‘, the presuppositions of which circumscribe and unify the biological sciences... it is not so much the question itself as the particular interpretation that the biologist puts upon it and the unravelling of its more detailed implications within some currently accepted theoretical framework that nourish the biologist's day-to-day speculations and research. So it is for the linguist in relation to the question ‗What is language?‘ (John Lyons, Language and Linguistics, Cambridge University Press, 1981, p. 1)2. ... in a sense all definitions [of language] are, by themselves, inadequate, since, if they are to be more than trivial and uninformative, they must presuppose ... some general theory of language and of linguistic analysis. (R. H. Robins, General Linguistics, Longman, 1989, p. 12)II. Onomatopoeia is a word that imitates the sound it represents.•For example, this sentence: ―The fly buzzed past‖, the word ―buzzed‖ is a word which sounds like a fly flying. So it is an example of onomatopoeia.•Another example of the onomatopoeia is this: ―He clattered and clanged as he washed the dishes‖, where ―clattered‖ and ―clanged‖ are onomatopoeic since they imitate the actual sounds. (Source: /abiator/rdg/onomatopoeiahelp.html)1. Match the following sentences to the onomatopoeia that describes them.A plate being dropped on the floor.A balloon being burst.A gun being shot.Someone eating crisps.A light being switched on.A fierce dog.A small bell being rung. TINKLE BANG SMASH GROWL POP CRUNCH CLICK2. Put each of the onomatopoeias into a sentence.3. Can you think of any more onomatopoeias? List them.(Source: /english/onomat.htm)4. Read the following poem and underline words that are examples of onomatopoeia. When Carly Eats SpaghettiWhen Carly eats spaghetti,She chomps and gobbles and slurps,The spaghetti disappears with a whooshSauce slapping and smackingRound her chops.She scrapes the toast round the plateCrunching, grinding every mouthful.She burps, gurgles and leaves the table!(Source: /literacy/PC_on.htm)III. Fricatives in Spanish.In many varieties of Spanish [s] and [h] are in complementary distribution. State the rule.casa ―house‖casah ―houses‖cahco ―helmet‖censo ―census‖seso ―brain‖sesoh ―brains‖sehgo ―slant‖ehtoh ―these‖toh ―cough‖toseh ―coughs‖(Source: Iggy Roca & Wyn Johnson, A Course in Phonology, Blackwell, 1999, p. 259)IV. Study the f ollowing definitions of “word”. Discuss in what ways they adequate and inadequate.1. a speech sound or series of speech sounds that symbolizes and communicates a meaning without being divisible into smaller units capable of independent use. (Merriam-Webst er‘s Collegiate Dictionary)2. a unit of language, consisting of one or more spoken sounds or their written representation, that functions as a principal carrier of meaning, is typically seen as the smallest such unit capable of independent use, is separated from other such units by spaces in writing, and is often distinguished phonologically, as by accent or pause. (Random House Webster‘s College Dictionary)3. (a) a speech sound, or series of them, serving to communicate meaning and consisting of at least one base morpheme with or without prefixes or suffixes; unit of language between the morpheme and the sentence.(b) a letter or group of letters representing such a unit of language, written or printed usually in solid or hyphenated form. (Webster‘s New World College Dictionary)4. a sound or combination of sounds forming a meaningful element of speech, usu. shown with a space on either side of it when written or printed, used as part (or sometimes as the whole) of a sentence. (The Oxford English Reference Dictionary)5. the smallest unit of language that can be used independently; such a unit represented in writing or printing, usu separated off by spaces. (The Chambers Dictionary)6. a meaningful unit of speech which is normally uninterruptable, and which when written or printed has spaces on either side. (Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar)V. Find out how these abbreviations are formed.1. Acronyms: ASCII, NASA, WAC, SHAPE, NATO, laser, sonar, FORTRAN2. Initialisms/Alphabetisms: UFO, BBC, CPU, PC, AIVI. In the following sentences, underline the subject once and the verb twice.1. The lack of student support has had an effect on the team‘s performance.2. Ms. Swenson‘s impatience with our group‘s ineptness is certainly understandable.3. These evidences of student unrest deserve careful study.4. The hurricane had leveled three small sheds on one farm.5. Neither of the two typewriters proved satisfactory.6. Not one of the rookie linemen survived the final cut to forty-nine players.7. On the chairman‘s desk were several framed pictures of his grandchildren.8. She has been one of our most consistent performers in the high jump.9. A swarm of wasps hovered over the damp lawn.10. The cut in the appropriations will virtually eliminate our entire project.11. The logical place for our new distribution center is Omaha.12. The first of the batches of crabgrass appeared in my lawn this week.13. From the depths of the dark pool emerged a grotesque sea monster.14. From far away came the mournful howl of a coyote.15. One of my cousins from Peoria studied art in Paris last year.16. No one in that troubled country is ever completely free from danger of persecution.17. This was only the first of a long series of interruptions.18. There will very likely be another session.19. Close to the summer camp is a drive-in theater.20. There was room for only four of us on the bus.(Source: /jc/writing/traditional_grammar.htm)VII. Underline all the subordinate clauses in the following sentences, indicating the role which each subordinate clause performs (NOM for nominal, ADJL for adjectival, ADV for adverbial, and COMP for comparative).1. The North Haven fair, which is held every September, is a lot of fun.2. If I argue with you now, I'll be admitting that I am wrong.3. She is as sorry as she can be.4. I fear that if you try to help me, you will criticize my slowness.(Source: /richman/Eng393/exercise9.htm)VIII. Structural grammarians criticize traditional grammar as “subjective” and “unscientific.” What is “subjective” and “unscientific” about the following traditional definitions?1. A noun is the name of a person, place, or thing.2. An adjective modifies a noun or some other substantive.3. A verb expresses action or state of being.4. A sentence is a group of words expressing a complete thought, and containing a subject and a predicate.5. A subject is that about which something is said.6. A predicate is whatever is said about the subject.(Source: /richman/Eng393/exercise9.htm)IX. Human language is characterized by structural ambiguity.There are two important types of ambiguity in human language: lexical ambiguity and structural ambiguity. Lexical ambiguity is due to the fact that a particular lexical item has two distinct meanings. For instance, in They parked the car near the bank, the word bank might refer either to the edge of a river or to a financial institution. Structural ambiguity, on the other hand, arises because a particular sequence of lexical items can be given two distinct syntactic structures.For instance, the phrase in (1) can be used in connection with two quite distinct states of affairs, as indicated in (2).(1) the house on the corner with a sign(2) a. There is a house on the corner, and that house has a sign.b. There is a corner with a sign, and a house is on that corner.Give paraphrases for any structurally ambiguous sentences in (3) (your paraphrases should themselves be unambiguous!).(3) a. He put the letter into the envelope on the table.b. He put the letter in the envelope onto the table.c. He put the letter in the envelope on the table.d. He put the letter in the envelope in a hurry.(Source: /courses/Spring_1998/ling150/ass3.html)X. Each of the following sentences contains at least one conventionalized expression of some sort. Attempt a classification of these under the following headings: (a) true idioms; (b) frozen metaphors; (c) collocations; (d) clichés.(1) You have to hand it to him—he‘s got guts.(2) You are completely up the creek on this one.(3) Why don‘t you just wait and see?(4) The affair was blown up out of all proportion.(5) He took it in good part.(6) Use your loaf!(7) The situation went from bad to worse.(8) He swallowed it lock, stock and barrel.(9) They beat the living daylights out of him.(10) Well, you live and learn, don‘t you?(Source: Alan Cruse, Meaning in Language, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 78)XI. Consider how many distinct meanings of collect are represented in the following. How would you organize them in a dictionary entry? Compare your results with the treatment given in one or more standard dictionaries.(1) The books collected dust.(2) He collects stamps.(3) The postman collects the mail every day.(4) She collected her things and left.(5) She sat down to collect her thoughts.(6) She collects the children from school at 4 o‘clock.(7) Dust collects on the books.(8) The students collected in front of the notice board.(9) They are collecting for Oxfam.(10) He collects his pension on Thursdays.(11) The dustmen collect the garbage on Wednesdays.(12) She collected two gold medals in Sydney.(13) They collected rainwater in a bucket.(14) They collect the rent once a fortnight.(15) He will collect quite a lot on his accident insurance.(Source: Alan Cruse, Meaning in Language, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 121)XII. …Semantics concentrates on the meaning that comes from linguistic knowledge, while pragmatics concentrates on those aspects of meaning that cannot be predicted by linguistic knowledge alone and takes into account our knowledge about the physical and social world.‟ Discuss whether semantic paraphrasing or pragmatic paraphrasing is involved in the following conversations.(1) Mike: What happened to that bowl of cream?Annie: Cats drink cream.(2) Mike: That‘s an interesting hat.Annie: What do you mean by that?(3) Ed: Lugubrious?Faye: You know, sort of mournful, not very cheerful.(4) Parent: Where are your shoes, young man?Child: Under my bed.Parent: When I asked where your shoes were, I wanted you to put them on.(5) Dave: What did Macbeth mean when he said that life was a tale told by an idiot?Sarah: I guess he thought that life didn‘t make any sense.(6) Steve: Listen to this. ―No animal bird or reptile shall be kept in the Flat or any other partof the building without the prior written consent of the Lessor which (if given) shallbe deemed to be by way of licence revocable at will.‖Jane: That just means tenants can‘t have pets without the landlord‘s written permission and that even if he does give permission, he can take it back any time he wants to.XIII. Each of the following conversational fragments is to some degree odd. To what extent can the oddness be explained by reference to Grice‟s CP?(1) A: Have you seen Peter today?B: Well, if I didn‘t deny seeing him I wouldn‘t be telling a lie.(2) A: Are you there?B: No, I‘m here.(3) A: What did you do yesterday?B: I had a swim, changed into my swimming trunks, and went to the beach.(4) A: Thank you for your help, you‘ve been most kind.B: Yes, I have.(5) A: Can you tell me where Mr Smith‘s office is?B: Yes, not here.(6) A: We‘re off to Mallorca tomorrow.B: I was wondering if you wouldn‘t mind enjoying your holiday.(7) A: Would you like some coffee?B: Mary‘s a beautiful dancer.(8) A: Would you like some more dessert, or coffee, perhaps?B: I‘d like to go to the lavatory.(9) A: Thank you for a wonderful evening. The meal was delicious.B: No, it wasn‘t.A: Yes, really, we enjoyed it enormously.B: It was disgusting, and I was pathetic.(10) A: Has the postman been?B: He leant his bicycle against the fence, opened the gate, strode briskly down the path, stopped to stroke the cat, reached into his bag, pulled out a bundle of letters and pushed them through our letter box.(Source: Alan Cruse, Meaning in Language, 2nd ed., Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 393)XIV. The following excerpt is taken from Bridget Jones: The Edge of Reason, written by Helen Fielding, published in 1999. Use the guidelines for analyzing the language of fiction to analyze the excerpt.9.15 a.m. Office. Rushed into work, hysterical at being five minutes late, to find bloody Richard Finch nowhere to be seen. Though actually is good as have time to further plan my defence. Weird thing is: office is completely empty! So, clearly most days, when I am panicking about being late and thinking everyone else is already here reading the papers they are all being late as well, though just not quite as late as me.Right, am going to write down my key points for meeting. Get it clear in my head like Mark says. ‗Richard, to compromise my journalistic integrity by …‘‗Richard, as you know, I take my profession as a TV journalist very seriously …‘‗Why don‘t you just go fucking fuck yourself, you fat …‘No, no. As Mark says, think what you want, and what he wants, and also think win-win as instructed in The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. Gaaaaah!XV. Make a stylistic analysis of the following poem by Michael Drayton (1563-1631).Since there‘s no help, come let us kiss and part;Nay, I have done, you get no more of me;And I am glad, yea, glad with all my heartThat thus so cleanly I myself can free;Shake hands for ever, cancel all our vows,And when we meet at any time again,Be it not seen on either of our browsThat we one jot of former love retain.Now at the la st gasp of Love‘s latest breathWhen, his pulse failing, Passion speechless lies,When Faith is kneeling by his bed of death,And Innocence is closing up his eyes,Now, if thou wouldst, when all have given him o‘er,From death to life thou might‘st him yet recover.XVI. In The Study of Social Dialects in American English (1974), W. A. Wolfram & R. W. Fasold gave the following comment on the concept of …standard language‟:If his reaction to the form (not the content) of the utterance is neutral and he can devote full attention to the meaning, then the form is standard for him. If his attention is diverted from the meaning of the utterance because it sounds ‗snooty‘, then the utterance is super-standard. If his attention is diverted from the message because the utterance sounds like poor English, then the form is substandard.Discuss how the following utterances comply with their ideas of standard, super-standard and substandard language.•Am I not?•He ain‘t got none.•May I leave now?•Most everyone says that.•It is I.•It was pretty awful.•Lay down, Fido!•He wanted to know whom we met.•Between you and I, …•I seen him.•Are you absolutely sure?•Who did you mention it to?XVII. Below are personal ads from a weekly newspaper published in Los Angeles. Examine their linguistic characteristics and answer the questions that follow.1. Aquarius SWM, 33, strong build, blue eyes. You: marriage-minded, bilingual Latin Female 23-30, children ok.2. Busty, brilliant, stunning entrepreneur, 40s (looks 30). Seeks possibly younger, tall, handsome, caring SWM, who respects individuality. Someone who lives the impossible dream, financially secure, good conversation, for relationship, n/s.3. SWM, 28, attractive college student, works for major US airlines, enjoys traveling. Seeks Female, 23-32, humorous and intelligent for world-class romance and possibly marriage.4. English vegetarian. SWM, 31. Sincere, sensitive, original, thinking, untypical, amusing, shy, playful, affectionate professional. Seeking warm, witty, open-minded WF, under 29, to share my life with.5. Slim, young, GWM, very straight appearance, masculine, athletic, healthy, clean-shaven, discreet. Seeks similar good-looking WM, under 25, for monogamous relationship.6. Very romantic SBM, 24, college educated. Seeks wealthy, healthy and beautiful Lady for friendship and maybe romance. Phonies and pranksters need not apply.7. Hispanic DF, petite but full of life, likes sports, dancing, traveling, looking for someone with same interests, 30+, race unimportant.8. Evolved, positive thinking, spiritual, affectionate, honest, handsome, healthy, secure, 36, 6‘, 160#, blue-eyed, unpretentious, unencumbered, professional. Seeking counterpart, soul mate,marriage, family.Questions:A. Compared to conversation, which word classes are very frequent in the ads? Which ones are particularly rare?B. Identify eight characteristic linguistic features of personal ads. They may be features of syntax, morphology, vocabulary, abbreviation conventions, and so on.C. List the verbs in all the ads, and identify their grammatical person (first, second, third) and number (singular, plural) where possible.D. Choose one of the ads and attempt to write it out fully in conversational English solely by supplying additional words; keep the word order and word forms of the original ad.(Source: Edward Finegan, Language: Its Structure and Use, 4th ed., Thomson/Wadsworth, 2004, p. 356)XVIII. Consider the following ambiguous sentences. Explain the ambiguity and give the most likely interpretation.1. For those of you who have children and don‘t know it, we have a nursery downstairs. (Sign in a church)2. The police were asked to stop drinking in public places.3. Our bikinis are exciting; they are simply the tops. (Bathing suit ad in newspaper)4. It‘s time we made smoking history. (Antismoking campaign slogan)5. Do you know the time?6. Concerned with spreading violence, the president called a press conference.7. The ladies of the church have cast off clothing of every kind and they may be seen in the church basement Friday. (Announcement in a church bulletin)The following three items are newspaper headlines:8. Red Tape Holds Up New Bridge9. Kids Make Nutritious Snacks10. Sex Education Delayed, Teachers Request Training(Source: Victoria Fromkin, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams, An Introduction to Language, 7th ed., Thomson/Heinle, 2003, p. 439)XIX. Below are some commonly used Netspeak in Chinese. Are there any regularities in their formation?闪纯净水或水蒸气弓虽口合PFPP很SRYBT8749494 离开无任何内容的灌水强的缩写！感叹词！哈哈佩服请批评指正很拐弯抹角人妖，网络上很流行的词汇，含称赞、讽刺等多重的意思。

《英语语言学概论》配套习题(三)(填空题)

《英语语言学概论》配套习题（三）（填空题）Chapter 1 Introduction to Linguisticsnguage, broadly speaking, is a means of _________ communicaiton.2.In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___________.nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. Thisfunction is _______.4.Linguistics is the scientific study of ______.5.Modern linguistcs is _________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discoverwhat language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.6.The description of a language as it changes through time is a _______ study.7.Saussure put forward two important concepts. _________ refrs to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.8.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s _______. Chapter 2 Phonology1.__________ phonetics studies the movement of the vocal organs of producing thesounds of speech.2.Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound.These movemnts have an effect on the ______ coming from the lungs.3.Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth arebrought close together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing ______.4.The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the _____ and the lips.5.consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without _______.6.In phonological analysis the words fail-veil are distinguishable simply because ofthe two phonemes /f/-/v/. This is an example for illustrating ________.7.In English there are a number of ______, which are produced by moving from onevowel position to another through intervening positions.8.________ is the smallest linguistic unit.Chapter 3 Morphology1.Bound morphemes are classified into two types: ______ and ______ root.2.An _________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an ________ is pronounced asa word.3.Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with _______.4.All words may be said to contain a root ________.5.______ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.6.________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of itsinflectional endings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of words interchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa. 7.words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the _______level.8. A word formed by derivation is called a _______, and a word formed bycompounding is called a ________.Chapter 4 Syntax1. A _________ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number ofwords to form a complete statement, question or command.2.Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called _____ rules, whoseoperation may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.3. A clause that takes a subject and a finite verb, and at the same time standsstrucutrally alone is known as a ______ clause.4.The level of syntactic representation that exists before movement takes place iscommonly termed ________ structure.5._______ construciton refers to two or more words, phrases or clauses havingquivalent syntactic status.6.IC analysis emphasizes the _____ structure of a sentence, seeing it as consisting ofword groups first.7.XP may contain more than just X. e.g. the “NP”the girl who is watering theflowers” consists of Det, N and S, with Det being the ____, N the head, and s the complement.8._____ relaitons refers to the strucutreal and logical funcitonal relations betweenevery noun phrase and sentence.Chapter 5 Semantics1._________ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.2.“Charge” and “accuse” are said to be _____ synonyms.3._______ opposites may be een in terms of degrees of quality involved.4.Predication analysis is to break down predicaitons into their constituents:_____and _____.5.______ sentences express judgment.6.we call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as ______.7.We call the relation between “animal” and “cow” as ______.8.The hyponyms under the same superordinate are called _____.Chapter 6 Pragmatics1.In making conversation, the genral principle that all participants are expected toobserve is called the ______ Principle proposed by J. Grice.2. A ____ act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.3._______ were statements that either state or describe, and were thus verifiable.4.______ are those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to somefuture course of action.5. A _____ act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something.6.________ is the study of how speakers of a language use sentences to effectsuccessful communication.7._________ were sentences that did not state a fact or describe a state, and werenot verifiable.8.All the acts that belong to the same category share the same purpose or the same______ point, but they differ in their strength or force.Chapter 8 Language and Society1. A speech _________ is a group of people who share the same language or aparticular variety of language.2.3.The ______ language is a superposed, socially prestigious dialect of language.4. A _________ language is originally a pidgin that has become established as anative language in some speech community.5. A linguistic ________ refer to a word or expression that is prohibited by the“polite” society from general use.6.Taboo and ______ are two faces of the same communication coin.7.Whorf proposed that all higher levels of thinking are dependent on _______.8.In terms of sociolinguistics, ________ is sometimes used to refer to the whole of aperson’s language.9.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak morethan one language. As a characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Chapter 10-11 Language Acquisition1.In learning a second language, a learner will subconsciously use his L1 knowledge.This process is called lanugage _______.2.Such errors as “teached” and “womans” are caused by _____.3.The __ of the learner’s interlanguage is believed to be a major source of incorrectforms resistant to further instruction.4.In second language learning, instrucmental motivation occurs when the learner;sgoal is functional, and _____ motivation occurs when the learner’s goal is social.5.The description of a language development at some point in time is _____ study.6.______ holds that where two languages are similar, positive transfer would occur;where they are diffferent, negative transfer, or interference, would result.7._________ Denativization an d____ are both thought to be the causes for theinterlanguage variation.8.____ holds L1 can be viewed as a kind of “input from the inside”, thus transfer isnot “interference” but a cognitive preocess.Chapter 12 Language and Brain1.The localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular hemisphere ofthe brain is called ___________.2.The most important part of the brain is the outside surface of the brain, called the______ cortex.3.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nervecells called _________.4.Psychological research suggests that the two hemispheres difer in the manner inwhich they treat incoming stimuli, the right hemisphere processing stimuli ______ (as wholes) and the left _____ (by parts).5.The acts of comprehending and producing language are performed within theconstraints of our information processing system. This system consists of three structural components: sensory stores, _____ memory, and ______ memory, along with a set of contro processes that govern the flow of information within the system.6.Of particualr importance to speech and language funciton is the massivetransverse fiber tract called the _____, by means of which the two hemispheres are able to communicate with each other in the form of electrical impulses.7.When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we mayregard thought as “_________ speech,” and speech as “over thought.” In such a case speaking and thingking take place simultaneously.8.The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two thrusts: linguistic ______ and linguistic____________.。

语言学习题答案

1. Q: What is the scope of linguistics?The scope of linguistics can be illustrated as:1) General linguistics: the study of language as whole. It deals with the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.2) Phonetics: the study of sounds used in communication.3) Phonology: the study about how sounds are put together and used to convey meaning in communication.4) Morphology: the study of the way in which symbols/morphemes are arranged to form words.5) Syntax: the study of the rules about the combination of words to form permisible sentences.6) Semantics: the study of meaning.7) Pragmatics: the study of meaning in the context of use.And the Interdisciplinary branches.1) Sociolinguistics2) Psycholingu istics ……………2. Q: What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar in several basic ways: firstly, modern linguistics is descriptive, it describes the language as it is; while traditional grammar is prescriptive, it prescribes the way language should be used. Secondly, modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written. Then, modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar also in that it does not force languages into a latin-based framework.3. Q: What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophones related to a phoneme?A phone is a phonetic unit or segment.A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. It is not any particular sound.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.4. Q:Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule and the deletion rule? 1) Sequential rules form the letters as ―k, h ,l ,j‖ into all possible words in English. We might order them as: blik, klib, bilk, kilb. without other orders. So it indicates that there are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. One special sequential rule that……2) Assimilation rule: it assimilates one sound to another by copying a feather of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example: ―illegal‖, inlegal3) Deletion rule: It can be stated as: delete a [g] when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. for example: ―designation‖,the [g] represented by the letter ―g‖ is pronounced, while in the word ―sign‖. /g/ sound is deleted, because it is followed by and ended with the nasal consonant /n/.5. Q: What are the major types of synonyms in English?There are five types of synonyms in English. They are dialectal synonyms--synonyms used in different regional dialects; stylistics synonyms –synonyms differing in style; synonyms that differ in their emotive or evaluative meaning; collocational synonyms; semantically different synonyms.6. Q: Explain with examples ―H omonymy‖, ―P olysemy‖, and ―H yponymy‖?Homonymy (定义) … . It includes homophones(定义) (piece\peace) , homographs (定义) (bow v.\ bow n.) and complete homonyms (定义) (scale n.\scale v.) .Polysemy means that the same one word may have more that one meaning. For example: ―table‖, has at least seven meanings.Hyponymy means that the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. For example: ―furniture‖ is super-ordinate, its hyponyms are bed, table, desk, dresser, wardrobe, settee……7. Q: How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairs of antonyms belong?There are three types oppositions in meaning. They are gradable antonyms, complementary antonyms and relational opposites.―north\south‖, ―wide\narrow‖ and ―poor\rich‖ belong to gradable antonyms; ―vacant\occupied‖ and ―literate\illiterate‖ belong to complementary antonyms; ―above\below‖, ―doctor\patient‖ and ―father\daughter‖ belong to relational opposites.8. Q: How are sentence meaning and utterance meaning related, and how do they differ? The meaning of a sentence is abstract, and de-contextualized, that of an utterance is concrete, and context-dependent. The meaning of an utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstract meaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication, or simply in a context.Difference: Sentence meaning includes locutionary act, but it doesn’t include illocutionary act and perlocutionary act.9. Q: According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example?They are locutionary act, illocutionary act and perlocutionary act. For example: someone utters ―you‖ ―have‖ ―door‖ ―open‖! The locutionary act expresses what the words literally mean. The illocutionary act expresses the speaker’s intention: asking someone to close the door. T he hearer gets the speaker’s message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, and then the hearer closes the door. Therefore, the utterance gets the effect of losing the door. And this is the perlocutionary act.10. Q: What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?They are the maxim of quantity(具体说明其内容)…the maxim of quality…the maxim of relation…and the maxim of manner….For example:A: When is J erry’s birthday party?B: Sometime next month.So, B doesn’t wish to tell you when J erry’s birthday party is going to be held.A: Would you like to attend our traveling at weekend?B: I’m afraid I have got an invitation at weekend.So, B doesn’t want to attend your traveling.A: Shall we get something for our brother?B: Yes. But I veto G-U-N.So, B doesn’t want their brother to know they are talking about getting them a gun.11. Q: Cite with examples the changes in English Language?1) s ound change: ―mouse‖[mu:s]—[maus];2) morphological change: greenen—green;3) syntactic change: you can speak, can’t you?You speak, speak not you ?4) lexical change: wot—to know, ASPCA, math—mathematics;5) semantic change: ―silly‖ means hap py in old E nglish, but today it means foolish; ―aunt‖ means father’s sister before, but today it also means mother’s sister.12. Q: What are the main social dialects? How do they jointly determine idiolect?They are Gender variation, Age variation, Ethnic dialect, Stylistic variation, Register. Idiolectal variation is determined by many factors. The different backgrounds of different people influence their choice of linguistic forms, and the linguistic features of the language they use reveal their indentities.13. Q: What peticuliar features does a Pidgin have?Any dialects have native speakers, except pidgin.Two parties didn’t know each other, so in order to do trade, they have to use pidgin. Withmore understandings of each other’s cultures, less peopl e would use pidgin.14. Q: Among the language acquisition theories, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why?There are three language acquisition theories, they are the behaviorist view, the innatist view and the interactionist view.I tend to the behaviorist much more, in my opinion, to do is better than doing nothing, practice and intimation are the best way to learn a language. For the innatist, sedulity can make up every natural facultiy, and for the interactionist, not everyone can go aboard to have a language environment, at home, there are still many scholarships study different languages well.15. Q: What is Language Acquisition?It refers to the child’s acqu isition of his mother tongue, it means how the child comes to understand and speak the language of his community.16. Q: What is Language Acquisition Devices?It also known as LAD, it claims that human beings are biologically programmed for language and that the language develops in the child just as other biological functions such as walking . it was des cribed as an imaginary ―black box‖ existing somewhere in the human brain, the ―black box‖ is said to contain principles that are universal to all human languages.17. Q:What is the Critical Period Hypothesis?The critical period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.18. Q: What is Register?Language varies as its function varies, it differs in different situations, it is selected as appropriate to the type of situation.19. Q: What is Idiolect?Idiolect is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender, and age variations.20. Q: What is Pidgin?Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.21. Q: What is Creole?It is originally a Pidgin that has become established as a native language in some speech community. That is, when a pidgin come to be adopted by a population as its primary language, and children learn it as their first language, then the pidgin language is called a Creole.22. Q: What is CP?It is stand of the cooperative Principle. ….It requires that the speaker and the hearer should make conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which the speaker and the hearer are engaged.23. Q: What is Homonymy?It refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form, different words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.It includes Homophones, Homograghs, Complete Homonyms.24. Q: What is Polysemy?It means that the same one word having more than one meaning.25. Q: What is Sense?It is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de-contextualized. It is the meaning in the dictionary. It does not refer to any particular individual that exists in the real word, but applies to any individual that meets the features described in the definition.26.Q: What is Syntax?It is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentences and the rules that govern the formation of sentences.。

（完整版）语言学练习题（附答案）Chapter1Language

（完整版）语⾔学练习题（附答案）Chapter1Language Chapter One Language1. Define the following terms1) discreteness 2) design features3) arbitrariness 4) duality5) displacement 6) cultural transmission7) the imaginative function of language 8) the personal function of language9) the heuristic function of language 10) language2. Multiple ChoiceDirections: In each question there are four choices. Decide which one would be the best answer to the question or to complete the sentence best.1) Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. crashC. typewriterD. bang2) The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade” is ________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative3) In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present arelikely to say sui sui ping an (every year be safe and happy) as a means of controlling theforces which the believers feel might affect their lives. Which function does itperform?A. Interpersonal.B. Emotive. C Performative. D. Recreational.4) Which of the following properties of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers causedby time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a languageare free to talk about anything in any situation?A. interchangeability.B. Duality.C. Displacement.D. Arbitrariness.5) Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?—A nice day, isn’t it?—Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. Phatic.C. Peformative.D. Interpersonal.6) Unlike animal communication systems, human language is .A. stimulus freeB. stimulus boundC. under immediate stimulus controlD. stimulated by some occurrence of communal interest.7) Which of the following is the most important function of language?A. interpersonal functionB. performative functionC. informative functionD. recreational function8) In different languages, different terms are used to express the animal “狗”, this shows the nature of --- of human language.A arbitrarinessB cultural transmissionC displacementD discreteness9) Which of the following disciplines are related to applied linguistics?A. statisticsB. psycholinguisticsC. physicsD. philosophy10) has been widely accepted as the father of modem linguistics.A. ChomskyB. SaussureC. BloomfieldD. John Lyons3. Word CompletionDirections: Fill in the blanks with the most suitable words.1) Design features, a framework proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett, referto the ________ properties of human language that distinguishes it from any animalsystem of communication.2) ________ refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfullydistinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually verygreat, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such away that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful.3) In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can becombined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usuallytermed p_______ or c________.4) Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about language itself. Thisfunction is m________ function.5) Cultural transmission refers to the fact that language is c________ transmitted. It ispassed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than byi_________.6) One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of ________ over writing.7) The ________ function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge aboutthe world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on.8) The ________ function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phaticcommunion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologistBronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere ormaintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts.9) Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for human Communication.10) Language has two levels. They are ______ level and ______ level.11) Language is a ________ because every language consists of a set of rules whichunderlie people’s actual speech or writing.12) The _function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once theyhappen.13) The design features of language are (1) (2) (3)(4) (5) (6) and (7) _______.14) By saying “language is arbitrary”, we mean that there is no logical connection be tweenmeaning and .15) The four principles in the linguistic study are (1) (2) (3)and (4) .4. True or False QuestionsDirections: Decide whether the following statements are true or false. Write T for true and F for false in the bracket before each of them.1) ( ) The relation between form and meaning in human language is natural.2) ( ) When language is used to get information from others, it serves an informative function.3) ( ) The reason for French to use cheval and for English to use horse to refer to the same animal is inexplicable.4) ( ) Most animal communication systems lack the primary level of articulation.5) ( ) Language change is universal,ongoing and arbitrary.6) ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary, written signs which permit all the people in a given culture, or other people who have learned the system of that culture, to communicate or interact.7) ( ) In theory, the length of sentences is limited.8) ( ) The relationship between the sounds and their meaning is arbitrary.9) ( ) Linguistic symbols are a kind of visual symbols, which include vocal symbols.10) ( ) Linguistic symbols are produced by human speech organs.11) ( ) Every language has two levels: grammatically —meaningless and sound —meaningful.12) ( ) Such features of language as being creative, vocal, and arbitrary can differentiate human languages from animal communicative systems.13) ( ) Duality is one of the characteristics of human language. It refers to the fact that language has two levels of structures: the system of sounds and the system of meanings.14) ( ) Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used by the deaf-mute is not language.15) ( ) Arbitrariness of language makes it potentially creative, and conventionality of language makes a language be passed from generation to generation. As a foreign language learner, the latter is more important for us.5. Glossary translation1)personal function2)heauristic function3)ideational function4)interchangeability5)控制功能6)表现功能7)⽂化传递性8)分离性9)区别性特征10)不受时空限制的属性11)Interactional function12)instrumentational function13)imaginative function14)寒暄功能15)元语⾔功能16)Personal function17)performative function18)娱乐功能19)信息功能20)⼈际功能6. Short Essay Questions1)What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.2)Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.3)Is language productive or not? Why?4)What is language?5)What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of them withexamples.Key to Chapter One1. Define the followina terms1) Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct. For instance, the difference between the sounds /p/ and /b/ is not actually very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pad and bad leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds/p/ and /b/in English. Each sound in the language is thought of as discrete. It is possible to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the sounds /p/ and /b/.2) “Design features” refer to the defining properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication. They are arbitrariness, duality, productivity, displacement, cultural transmission and interchangeability. (3分)3) “Arbitrariness” means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. A dog might be a pig if only the first person or group of persons had used it for a pig.Language is therefore largely arbitrary. But language is not absolutely arbitrary, because there are cases where there are or at least seem to be some sound-meaning association, if we think of echo Words, like “bang”, “crash”,”roar”,’ which are motivated in a certain sense. Secondly, some compounds are not entirely arbitrary eit her. “Snow” and “storm” are arbitrary or unmotivated words, while “snowstorm” is less so. So we can say “arbitrariness” is a matter of degree.4) Linguists refer “duality” of structure to the fact that in all languages so far investigated, one finds two levels of structure or patterning. At the first, higher level, language is analyzed in terms of combinations of meaningful units (such as morphemes, words etc.); at the second, lower level, it is seen as a sequence of segments which lack any meaning in themselves, but which combine to form units of meaning. According to Hu Zhuanglin et al., language is a system of two sets of structures, one of sounds and the other of meaning. This is important for the workings of language. A small number of sounds can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of semantic units (words), and these units of meaning can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. (For example, we have dictionaries of words, but no dictionary ofsentences!) Duality makes it possible for a person to talk about anything within his knowledge. No animal communication system enjoys this duality, or even approaches this honor.5) “Displacement”, as one of the design features of the human language, refers to the fact that one can talk about things that are not present, as easily as he does things present. In other words,one can refer to real and unreal things, things of the past, of the present, of the future. Language itself can be talked about too. People can use language’ to d escribe something that had occurred, is occurring, or is to occur. But a dog could not bark for a bone to be lost. The bee’s System has a small share of “displacement”, but it is an unspeakable tiny share.6) Language is not biologically transmitted from generation to generation, but the details of the linguistic system must be learned anew by each speaker. It is true that the capacity for language in human beings (N. Chomsky called it “language acquisition device”, or LAD) has a geneticbasis, but the particular language a person learns to speak is a cultural one rather than a genetic one like the dog’s barking system. If a human being is brought up in isolation he cannot acquire language. The wolf-child reared by the wolves turned out to speak the wolf’s roaring “tongue” when he was saved. And it was difficult for him to acquire human language.7) The imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. It is also language used for sheer joy of using language, such as a baby’s babbling, a chanter’s chanting, a poet’s pleasuring.8) The personal function refers to language used to express the indi vidual’s feelings, emotions and personality.9) The heuristic function of language refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Language allows people to ask questions about the nature of the world they live in and to construct possible answers.10) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2. Multiple Choice1) – 5): A C C C B 6) – 10): A C C B B3. Word Completion.1) defining 2) Descreteness 3）productivity or creativity 4) metalingual 5) culturally, instinct or inheritance 6) speech 7) representational 8) interactional; 9) vocal;10) gramatically meaningful, sound meaningless; 11) system; 12) regulatory 13) arbitrariness, duality, productivity, cultural transmission, interchangeability, discreteness, displacement. 14) sound; 15) exhaustiveness, economy, objectivity, consistency4. True or False Questions1 – 5: FFTFF 6 – 10: FFTFT 11 – 15: FFTFT5. Glossary Translation1)personal function: ⼈际功能2)heauristic function：启发功能3)ideational function：概念功能4)interchangeability：互换性5)控制功能：regulatory function6)表现功能: representational functin7)⽂化传递性: cultural transmisssion8)分离性: discreteness9)区别性特征: design features10)不受时空限制的属性: displacement11)Interactional function: 互动功能12)instrumentational function：⼯具功能13)imaginative function：想象功能14)寒暄功能：phatic function15)元语⾔功能: metalingual function or metafunction of language16)personal function: ⾃指性功能17)performative function: 表达功能18)娱乐功能: recreational function19)信息功能: informative function20)⼈际功能: interpersonal function6. Short Essay Questions1) What are the functions of language? Exemplify each function.According to Wang Gang (1988: 11), the functions of language can be mainly embodied in three aspects. i) Language is a tool of human communication; ii) Language is a tool whereby people learn about the world; iii) Language is a tool by which people create art.As a matter of fact, different linguists have different terms for the various functions of language. The British linguist M. A. K. Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language:(1) InstrumentalThe instrumental function of language refers to the fact that language allows speakers to get things done. It allows them to control things in the environment. People can cause things to be done and to happen through the use of words alone. An immediate contrast here is with the animal world in which sounds are hardly used in this way, and, when they are, they are used in an extremely limited degree. The instrumental function can be primitive too in human interaction. Performative utterances such as the words which name a ship at a launching ceremony clearly have instrumental functions if the right circumstances exist；they are acts, e.g. I name this ship Liberty Bell.(2) RegulatoryThe regulatory function refers to language used in an attempt to control events once they happen. Those events may involve the self as well as others. People do try to control themselves through language, e.g. Why did I say that?/ Steady! / And Let me think about that again. Language helps to regulate encounters among people. Language provides devices for regulating specific kinds of encounters and contains words for approving or disapproving and for controlling or disrupting the behavior of others. It allows us to establish complex patterns of organization in order to try to regulate behavior, from game playing to political organization, from answering the telephone to addressing in foreign affairs. It is the regulatory function of language that allows people some measure of control over events that occur in their lives.(3)RepresentationalThe representational function refers to the use of language to communicate knowledge about the world, to report events, to make statements, to give accounts, to explain relationships, to relay messages and so on. This function of language is represented by all kinds of record-keeping, such as historical records, geographical surveys, business accounts, scientific reports, government acts, and public data banks. It is an essential domain of language use, for the availability of this material guarantees the knowledge-base of subsequent generations, which is a prerequisite of social development.(4) InteractionalThe interactional function refers to language used to ensure social maintenance. Phatic communion is part of it. The term phatic communion introduced by the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski refers to language used for establishing an atmosphere or maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging facts. A greeting such as how are you?is relatively empty of content, and answers like fine or very well, thank you are equally empty, because the speaker is not interested in the hearer’s health, but rather to demonstrate his politeness and general attitude toward the other person when he gives a conversational greeting.(5) PersonalThe personal function refers to language used to express the individual’s feelings, emotions and personali ty. A person’s individuality is usually characterized by his or her use of personal function of communication. Each individual has a “voice” in what happens to him. He is free to speak or not to speak, to say, as much or as little as he pleases, and to choose how to say what he says. The use of language can tell the listener or reader a great deal about the speaker or writer — in particular, about his regional origin, social background, level of education, occupation, age, sex, and personality.Language also provides the individual with a means to express feelings, whether outright in the form of exclamations, endorsements, or curse, or much more subtly through a careful choice of words. Many social situations display language used to foster a sense of identity: the shouting of a crowd at a football match, the shouting of names or slogans at public meetings, the reactions of the audience to television game shows, the shouts of affirmation at some religious meetings. For example, the crowds attending Pres ident Regan’s pre-election meetings in 1984 repeatedly shouted “Four more years!”which united among those who shared the same political views.(6) HeuristicThe heuristic function refers to language used in order to acquire knowledge and understanding the world. The heuristic functioning provides a basis for the structure of knowledge in the different disciplines. Insofar as the inquiry into language itself, a necessary result is the creation of a metalanguage, i.e. a language used to refer to language, containing terms such as sound, syllable, word, structure, sentence, meaning and so on.(7) ImaginativeThe imaginative function refers to language used to create imaginary system, whether these are literary works, philosophical systems or utopian visions on the one hand, or daydreams and idle musings on the other hand. The imaginative function also allows people to consider not just the real world but all possible worlds — and many impossible ones. Much literature is the most obvious example to serve this function as an account of Robinson Crusoe in the deserted island. The imaginative function enables life to be lived vicariously and helps satisfy numerous deep artistic urges.2) Explain what the term duality means as it is used to describe a property of humanlanguage.Language is organized at two levels or layers-- sounds and meaning-- simultaneously. This property is called duality, or “double articulation”. In terms of speech production, we have the physical level at which we can produce individual sounds, like n, b, and i. As individual sound, none of these discrete forms has any intrinsic meaning. When we produce those sounds in a particular combination, as in bin, we have another level producing a meaning, which is differentfrom the meaning of the combination in nib. So, at one level, we have distinct sounds, and at another level, we have distinct meanings. This duality of levels is, in fact,: one of the most economical features of human language, since with a limited set of distinct sounds we are capable of producing a very large number of sound combinations (relatively finite words and infinite number of sentences) which are distinct in meaning. No animal communication system has duality, or ever comes near to possessing it.3) Is language productive or not? Why?(1) Language is productive or creative. (233) This means that users can understand and produce sentences they have never heard before. Every day we send messages that have never been sent before, and we understand novel messages. Much of them we say and hear for the first time; yet there seems no problem of understanding. For example, the sentence” A red-eyed elephant is dancing on the hotel bed” must be new to you and it does not describe a common happening in the world. Nevertheless, nobody has any difficulty in understanding it.(2) Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. For example, gibbon calls are not productive, for they draw all their calls from a limited repertoire, which is rapidly exhausted, making any novelty impossible. Bee dancing is used only to indicate food sources, which is the only message that can be sent through the dancing.(3) The productivity or creativity of language partially. originates from its duality, because of which the speaker is able to combine the basic linguistic units to form an infinite set of sentences, most of which are never before produced or heard. The productivity of language also means its potential to create endless sentences. It is the recursive nature of language that provides a theoretical basis for this possibility.4) What is language?(1) It is very difficult to give this question a satisfactory definition. However, most linguists would accept a tentative definition like this: language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. (2) Language must be a system,since elements in it are arranged according to certain rules; they cannot be combined at will. If language were not systematic, it could not be learned or used consistently. (3) Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the word pen and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for it (钢笔in Chinese for instance) speaks strongly for the arbitrary nature of language. (4) This also explains the symbolic nature of language: words are associated with objects, actions, ideas by convention. (5) We say language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed are their writing systems. All evidence shows that writing systems came much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper (6) The term “human”in the definition is meant to specify that language is human.specific; that is, it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess.5) What are the major design features of language? Please explain three of themwith examples.(1) Displacement is one of the defining properties of human language, which refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are present or not present, real or not real, and about matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of its users. This phenomenon is thought of as “displacement”, which can provide its users with an opportunity to communicate about a wide range of subjects, free from any barriers caused by separation in time and space. That is, the feature of displacement can enable us to talk about things and places whose existence we cannot even be sure of. We can refer to mythical creatures, demons, fairies, angels, Santa Claus, and recently invented characters such as superman. This feature is unique to human language. No animal communication system possesses it. Some animal calls are often uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. For instance, during the mating season, in the present of danger or pain, animals will make calls. Once the danger or pain is missing, their calls stop.(2) Discreteness The sounds used in language are meaningfully distinct. For example, the difference between the sounds b andp is actually not very great, but when these sounds are part of a language like English, they are used in such a way that the occurrence of one rather than the other is meaningful. The fact that the pronunciation of the forms pack and back leads to a distinction in meaning can only be due to the difference between the sounds p and b in English. This property of language is described as discreteness. Each sound in the language is treated as discrete. It is possible; in fact, to produce a range of sounds in a continuous stream which are all generally like the p and b sounds. However, that continuous stream will only be interpreted as being either a p sound, or a b sound (or, possibly, as a non-sound) in the language. We have a very discrete view of the sounds of our language and wherever a pronunciation falls within the physically possible range of sounds, it will be interpreted as a linguistically specific and meaningfully distinct sound(3) Language is a system. It is organized into two levels simultaneously. We have distinct sounds at the lower level (sound level), which is seen as a sequence of segments which have no meaning in themselves. At the higher level, we have distinct meanings (meaningful level). Language is analyzed in terms of combination of meaningful units. Then the meaningful units (such as morphemes, words, etc.) at the higher level can be arranged and rearranged into an infinite number of sentences. The organization of language into levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality or double articulation. This unique feature of language enables its users to talk about anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system possesses the feature of duality.。

语言学课外单元补充习题及答案4

语⾔学课外单元补充习题及答案4语⾔学课外单元补充习题及答案编写说明本练习是基于《英语语⾔学》课程⽽设置，通过教师讲解、学⽣⾃学与练习，加深学⽣对⼈类语⾔的理性认识，初步具备运⽤理论解释语⾔现象、解决具体语⾔问题的能⼒，从⽽提⾼学⽣的语⾔素养和学习语⾔的能⼒，为以后⼯作和科研奠定基础。

为此，我们特编写本练习的答案，仅供参考。

Language1.State the nature of language briefly with examples.2.Why is it said that the language system is unique to human beings?3.What are the characteristics of human language?4.What are the social functions of language?5.Do animals other than humans have their own languages?6.Exemplify how animals communicate with each other.7.Can language be viewed only as a system of communication? Why not?8.How did language come into being? What is the relationship between the origin of language and theorigin of human beings?9.Rewrite each of the following lists of words into natural order.（1）Five /the /fresh /potatoes（2）Pretty /American /girls /the two（3）Airlines /brand /France-made /new /the two（4）Fashions /Chinese /the /latest /three（5）Beginning /hardworking /two /the /workers10.Fill in the blanks with the proper words.（1）_______ function means language can be used to ―do‖ things.（2）_______ function means the use of language to reveal something about the feelings and attitudes of the speaker.（3）Most imperative sentences are associated with _______ function.（4）The sentence ―What‘s it like?‖ sho ws ______ function.（5）Greetings shows _______ function.（6）“We are most grateful for this.”shows______ function.（7）Propaganda shows ________ function.（8）________ refers to contexts removed from the immediate of the speaker.（9）For________, reference is not the only, not even the primary goal of communication.（10）Halliday‘s metafunctions include ________, ___________, _____________.（11）Linguistics should include at least five parameters:_________ __________ ___________ _____________________________..11.Say the following are true or false. If it is false correct it（1）Language distinguishes us from animals because it is far more sophisticated than any animals communication system.（2）There is not a certain degree of correspondence between the sequence of clauses and the actual happenings.（3）The theories discussed in the textbook about the origins of language are not at most a speculation.（4）The definition,― Language is a tool for human communication.‖ has no problem.（5）The definition, ―language is a set of rules‖, tells nothing about its functions.（6）Hall, like Sapir, treats language as a purely human institution.（7）Chomsky‘s definition about language is the same as Sapir‘s.Linguistics1.Explain the following definition of linguistics: Linguistics is the scientific study of language.2.What are the major branches of linguistics? What does each of them study? What makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar? Point out three aspects .3.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? Why?4.Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?5.How is Saussure‘s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky‘s distinction between competence and performance?6.What characteristics of language do you think should be included in a good, comprehensive definition of language?7.What features of human language have been specified by C. Hockett to show that it is essentially different from any animal communication system?8.What is the main task for a linguist? State the importance of linguistics.9.Why is ―duality‖ regarded as an important feature of human language?10.Fill in the right word according to the explanations.（1）_____________ the scientific study of language.（2）_____________ the study of the interlinguistic relationships among different linguistic elements of language.（3）____________the study of universal features of language（4）____________ the study of a particular language at the particular point of time.（5）____________ the study of the structure and both the syntactic and semantic rules of a language （6）the study of the rules or principles prescribed for people to follow when they use a language.（7）___________the study of language is relation to other sciences（8）the study of the nature of human language and the human mind through the study of the U.G. 11.Say the following are true or false. If it is false correct it.（1）Sociolinguistics relates the study of language to Psychology.（2）In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study.（3）In the past, traditional grammarians tended to over-emphasize the importance of the written word. （4）Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently.（5）Performance is the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.（6）Saussure‘s distinction took a sociological view of language and his notion of langue is a matter of social conventions.（7）Early grammars were based on ―high‖（religious, literary）written language.（8）The study of language as a whole is often called applied linguistics.（9）Language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facets.（10）To explain what language is seems to be a na?ve and simple question.（11）Language bears certain features distinguishing it from means of communication other forms of life may possess, such as bird songs and bee dances.Phonetics1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and why?2.What are the three branches of phonetics? How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds?3.Draw a picture for the speech organs of human beings.4.Where are the articulatory apparatus of a human being contained?5.What is voicing and how is it caused?6.What criteria are used to classify English vowels?7.What is the function of the nasal cavity ? How does it perform the function?8.Describe the various parts in the oral cavity which are involved in the production of speech sounds?9.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differ?10.How are the English consonants and vowels classified?11.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:（1）voiced palatal affricate（2）voiceless labiodental fricative（3）voiced alveolar stop（4）front close short（5）back semi-open long（6）voiceless bilabial stop（7）tense front mid vowel（8）lateral liquid（9）lax high back vowel（10）voiced bilabial oral stop（11）mid central lax vowel（12）low front vowel（13）palatal glide（14）voiced interdental fricative（15）voiced affricate（16）velar nasal consonant（17）low back vowel（18）high back tense vowel（19）mid back lax vowel（20）voiceless interdental fricative12.Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:［d］［l］［t∫］［w］［u］［?］［b］［v］［a:］［m］［r］［i:］13. Draw a tongue chart for the basic English vowels.Phonology1.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study?2.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme ? How are allophones related to the phoneme?3.What is a minimal pair and what is a minimal set ? Why is it important to identify the minimal set in alanguage?4.Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.5.State the functions of stress in a language with examples.6.What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function inconveying meaning?7. A phonetic symbol is actually a ―cover term‖ for a composit e of distinct phonetic properties or features.Define each of the symbols below by marking a ―+‖ or a ―---‖ for each given feature: a ―+‖, if the property is present, a ―---‖ , if it is absent:Sound segments: u э a: i ? u: i: ou eiPhonetic features:HighLowBackTenseRoundSound segments: f n g θ z t lPhonetic features:StopNasalV oicedLabialAlveolarVelarLiquidfricative8.Distinguish and transcribe the following sounds in groups.（1）【p】in pit , tip and spit（2）【l】in lesson and people（3）【n】in ten and tenth（4）【k】in key and scheme（5）【t】in team and steam9.Fill in the proper word according to the explanations.（1）the frequency of vibration in the musical sound of the voice.（）.（2）a special emphasis on a sound or a sound group.（）.（3）the length of silence between parts of utterance.（）.（4）the smallest structured sound unit made up of a rule-governed sequence of phonemes.（）. （5）the phonetic process in which two phonemes ,adjacent to each other, become identical.（） .Morphology1.What does morphology study? How do we define morphology?2.Distinguish between phonologically and morphologically conditioned allomorphs, and betweeninflectional and derivational affixes, and between free and bound morphemes. Give examples.3.Dissect the following words into morphemes:Description/ underdevelopment/ photosynthetic /anatomy /radiation/ geography /philharmonic defrosted/ refreshment/demobilized /conducting/ suppression /circumspect/ dialogue deformed /combination4.Try to find out the meaning of the following roots in English and give two or three words that containeach of them:hydro chron demo dur agr kilo nym ped rupt gress poly syn5.State the morphological rules that govern the use of the given derivational affixesExample: --er This suffix is added to a verb to form a noun indicating the agent that carries out the action, e. g. writer---writer --ant --ment --sub --en --en --ee --ful --some --wise --un6.Explain the formation and meaning of the following compounds:Example: nightcap------ noun formed by combining two nouns, meaning a drink one takes before going to bed.cat‘s paw tablecloth green-eyed green born update jet lag bootleg built-in cockpit good-for-nothing7.Write out the proper word or words according to the explanations:（1）the smallest meaningful unit which can be used independently.（）（2）each of the phonetic forms or variants.（）（3）the different morphs of one morpheme.（）（4）the smallest linguistic unit that carries meaning.（）（5）words whose membership can be regularly expanded.（）（6）all the words of a given language.（）（7）the way how morphemes are combined to form new words.（）8.Point out the derivational and inflectional morphemes in the following words and give their meanings:teacher shorter breaks books girl‘s careless usefulness irregular Marxist readers wanted loved houses buses studied business9.divide the following words into separate morphemes by placing a ―+‖ between each two morphemes:reconstruction sociolinguistics tourists readings morphophonemic predetermination endearment girls independentreplacement grandparents generalization derivational television retroactive psycholinguistic befriended unpalatable10.Think of five English suffixes, give their meanings and explain what bases or stems they may besuffixed to.Example: --er meaning ―doer of ‖, making an agentive noun, is added to verbs, as shown in the following: reader, ―one who reads‖, speaker ―one who speaks‖Syntax1.Examine each of the following sentences and indicate if it is a simple, coordinate, complex orcompound complex sentences:（1）Jane did it because she was asked to.（2）The soldiers were warned to remain hidden and not to expose themselves.（3）David was never there, but his brother was. （4）She leads a tranquil life in the country. （5）Unless I hear from her, I won‘t leave this town../doc/23376b19ac02de80d4d8d15abe23482fb4da0297.html e the appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for eachof the following sentences:（1）A clever magician fooled the audience.（2）The tower on the hill collapsed in the wind.（3）They knew that the senator would win the election.3.For each of the following two sentences , draw a tree diagram of its underlying structure that willreveal the difference in the relationship between John/Mary and the verb ―see ‖:（1）Mary advised John to see the dentist.（2）Mary promised John to see the doctor.4.The formation of many sentences involves the operation of syntactic movement. The followingsentences are believed to have derived from their D—structure representations. Show the D—structure for each of these sentences.（1）The leader of the majority party was severely criticized by the media.（2）The man threw the rake away in the yard..（3）What can robot do for us?（4）Will the new shop owner hire her?5.Draw on your linguistic knowledge of English and paraphrase each of the following sentences in twodifferent ways to show how syntactic rules account for the ambiguity of sentences:（1）Smoking cigarettes can be nauseating.（2）Tony is a dirty street fighter.（3）After a two-day debate, they finally decided on the helicopter.（4）The man is too heavy to move.（5）The little girl saw the big man with the telescope.6.Because languages have recursive properties, there is no limit to the potential length of sentences, andthe set of sentences of any language is infinite. Give two examples to show the recursive properties of sentences.7.Write down the embedded sentences below:（1）The girls pleaded for Mary to leave them alone.（2）I found my wife writing a letter to her friend.（3）Who told the teacher that I wouldn‘t attend his lecture?（4）I know the man who is standing there.（5）For us to master a foreign language is very useful.（6）Give this book to the students whom we were just talking about.8.Explain the deep structure and surface structure, and account for the relations between the two kinds of structures> Semantics1.What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?2.What is sense and what is reference? How are they related?3.How can words opposite in meaning be classified? To which category does each of the following pairsof antonyms belong?Left/right far/near vacant/occupied father/daughter north /south doctor/patient dark/bright ugly/beautiful4.Identify the relations between the following pairs of sentences:（1）Tom‘s wife is pregnant. / Tom has a wife.（2）He likes swimming. / He likes sports.（3）My sister will soon be divorced. / My sister is a married woman.（4）He speaks English. / He speaks a foreign language.5.Try to analyze the following sentences in terms of predication analysis:（1）The man sells ice-cream.（2）Is the baby sleeping?（3）It is snowing（4）The tree grows well.6.Write out the proper word or words according to the explanations:（1）a sense relation between a pair of words, in which the meaning of a word is included in the meaning of the other.（）（2）the symbol refers to the linguistic elements.（）（3）an approach adopted by structural semantists in describing the meaning of words and phrases（4）the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents—arguments and predication.（）8.Pick out from the following pairs the homonyms and the homophones:Style/stile hear/here bank/bank know/no hare/hair ear/ear tale/tail bear/bear soul/sole one/won tear/tare dear/deer9.Indicate which among the following are complementary pairs, which are gradable pairs, and which arerelational pairs:Larger/smaller asleep/awake parents/children legal/illegal false/true start/end fail/pass strong/weak beautiful /uglytrainer/trainee pregnant/sterile rude/polite ask/answer for/against.10.Which of the following sentences belong to illustrative language and which to metalanguage?（1）Yellow is the color of my true lover‘s hair.（2）―Yellow‖ is a color word.（3） A horse is an animal.（4）―Horse‖ contains the semantic property of ―animal‖.（5）Everybody likes flowers.（6）―Flowers‖ is spelled f-l-o-w-e-r-s.。

语言学补充习题

Language and Linguistics 之蔡仲巾千创作1.The important distinction in linguistics proposed byChomsky is _____.A.Synchronic and diachronicngue and paroleC.Signifier and signifiedpetence and performance2.According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstractlinguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community.A.paroleB.performancenguenguage3.The term _________ linguistics may be defined as a wayof referring to the approach which studies language change over the various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativenguage is ____ in the sense that there is nointrinsic connection between a word and the object it refers to.A.systematicB.symbolicC.arbitraryD.ambiguous5.What function are most imperative sentences associatedwith?rmativeB.InterrogativeC.PhaticD.Directive6. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade.”i s _________A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative6.Everyday we send messages that have never been sentand understand novel messages; in this sense, our language is ____.A.productiveB.interchangeableC.genetically transmittedD.rule-governednguage can refer to contexts removed from theimmediate situations of the speaker. This is what we mean by _____.A.cultural transmissionB.displacementC.dualityD.productivity8.By duality we mean that language has two sets ofstructures, one of _______ and the other of ______.A.surface structure, deep structureB.phonemes, morphemesC.sounds, meaningsD.production, reception9.According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user’sinternalized knowledge of his language.petenceB.paroleC.performancengue10.General linguistics is the scientific study of_________.nguage of a certain individualB.the German languageC.human languages in generalD.the system of a particular languagePhonetics and Phonology11.The study of how sounds are put together are used toconvey meaning in communication is _________.A.morphologyB.general linguisticsC.phonologyD.phonetics12.A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. Itis an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A.phoneB.soundC.allophoneD.phoneme13./m, n / are ________.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals14./w, j / belong to _____.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals15.Which of the following vowel is the rounded one?A./i:/B./u:/C./i/D./a:/16.The vowel /u:/ in /fu:d/(food) is a _________vowel.A.backB.frontC.unroundedD.centralMORPHOLOGY17._______ is the smallest unit of language in terms ofrelationship between expression and content.A.WordB.MorphemeC.AllomorphD.Root18._______are those that cannot be used independently buthave to be combined with other morphemes to form a word.A.Free morphemesB.Bound morphemesC.Bound wordsD.Words19._______modify the meaning of the stem, but usually donot change the part of speech of the original wordA.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.Affixes20.“-s” in the word books is ____.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC.an inflectional affixD. a rootNote: root（词根）/ affix（词缀）,都属于 bound morpheme (粘着词素)1. root(词根): a part of a word; it can never stand byitself although it bears a clear, definitemeaning; it must be combined with another rootor an affix to form a word.(一个不克不及再分，再分就会失去其转义的基本形式)词根词素可以分为自由词根词素（free root morpheme, e.g.rain rainy raincoat粘着词根词素(bound root morpheme)e.g. geo(the earth) + ology (a branch of learning)ge ology, psych ology, physi ologytele (distant, far) + vision tele vision, tele graph trans mit, per mit, sub mit ‘main tain, con tain, de tain2. Affix 词缀1) inflectional（曲折）: 语法关系的标记grammaticalrelations(number, tense, degree, case) -s,-er,不改变词性2) derivational(派生):在词干上加上一个词缀得到一个新词，与词性和意义有关3. stem 词干The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.It refers to the left morpheme or combination of morphemes when one affix is removed for one time.e.g. carelessness21.Which of the following words is a derivational one?A.BlackboardB.TeachesC.ConsiderationD.Books22.Which of the following words is created through theprocess of acronym?A.adB.editC.AIDSD.Bobo23.The word “lab” is formed through ____.A.back formationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation24.Which of the following is NOT a compound word ?A. LandladyB. GreenhouseC. UpliftD. Unacceptable20. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ________.A.lexical wordsB.grammatical wordsC.function wordsD.form words21. Open class of words can consist of the following categories EXCEPT _________A. nounsB. verbsC. adjectivesD. articles22. Which one of the following most possibly belongs to the closed class?A. FlowerB. Treacherous.C. WeD. Whack23. Inflectional morphemes manifest the followingmeanings EXCEPT_________A. toneB. tenseC. numberD. case24. Which of the following contains at least an inflectional morpheme?A. PossibilityB. DecisionC. HersD. Enable25. ________ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds26. The word “irresistible” is ______________A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one27. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful28. The word “Kung-fu” is _____.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compound on eD. a borrowed oneSemantics25.A word with several meanings is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC.an abnormalD. a multiple26.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are___.A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms27.The relationship between ‘fruit’and ‘apple’is_______.A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.synonymy28.“Alive” and “dead” are ______ antonyms.A.relationalB.gradableC.symmetricplementary29.“Big” and “small” are a pair of _____ opposites.plementaryB.gradablepleteD.converse6. The word “luggage” and “baggage” are _________A. emotive synonymsB. dialectal synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. stylistic7. The relation between“begin”and “commence”is _________A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. semantically different synonyms8. “Fall ” and “autumn” are _________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive9. _________ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. rain and reignB. flea and fleeC. lead [li:d] and lead [led]D. compliment and complement10. In the semantic triangle, “referent”refers to _______A. conceptB. the real worldC. the thoughtD. meaning11. “Wise”and “cunning”are a pair of _________ synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive12. “Wide”and “broad”are a pair of __________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive13. Which of the followings can be the same form shared by two homonyms?A. BallB. CanC. BarkD. North14. “See” and “sea” are ___________A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. polysenmic words15. What is the sense relation between “learn”and“teach”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms16. What is the sense relation between “pass”and “fail”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms17. : X: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child.The relationship of X and Y is ________A. synonymousB. inconsistentC. X entailing YD : X presupposing Y18. “Tommy’s hen laid an egg yesterday.”presupposes __________A. Tommy had a henB. Tommy had a big henC. An egg was laid by Tommy’s henD. The egg is not a stone.19. “He has been to Tokyo”entails“_________”.A. He has been to JapanB. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.C. He has never been to Japan.D. He is not a Japanese.Pragmatics1.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whosepoint is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _____.missivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives2._______ is defined as the study of language in use andlinguistic communication.A.PragmaticsB.SociolinguisticsC.NeurolinguisticsD.Contextual linguistics3.“We can do things with words”--- this is the mainidea of ______.A.the Speech Act TheoryB.the Co-operative PrincipleC.the Polite PrinciplesD.pragmatics4._________ refer to the utterance of a sentence withdeterminate sense and reference.A.Locutionary actB.Illocutionary actC.Perlocutionary actD.Speech act5.The branch of linguistics that studies meaning oflanguage in context is called _______.A.semanticsB.sociolinguisticsC.pragmaticsD.psycholinguistics6.Which of the following is NOT the specific instance ofdirectives?A.InvitingB.AdvisingC.WarningD.Swearing7. _________ acts expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech8. “I didn’t steal that ring” is a _________.A. directiveB. expressiveC. commissiveD. representatives9. “I’m so sad about your wrong doings”is a __________A. declarationB. expressivesC. representativesD. commissives10. “Hands up!” is a ________.A. directiveB. representativeC. commissiveD. declaration11. “I’ll be with you!” is a _________.A. directiveB. commissiveC. expressiveD. representativeSociolinguistics1.In areas which are populated by people speakingdifferent languages, one language is often used by common agreement; such a language is called ________.A.pidginB.lingua francaC.CreoleD.slang2. The dialect which is caused by social status is ________.A. regional dialectB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia3. Standard dialect is ______A. designated as the official or national language of a country.B. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectC. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposeD. used by people who belong to the higher social status.4. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is _______.A. bilingualismB. diglossiaC. pidginD. creole5 The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called _______A. styleB. dialectC. registerD. pidginLanguage Acquisition1.According to Krashen, ________ refers to the gradualand subconscious development of ability in the firstlanguage by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A.learningpetenceC.performanceD.acquisition。

英语语言学补充练习

Supplementary exercisesChapter 1 IntroductionⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2. Linguistics studies particular language, not languages in general.3. A scientific study of language is based on what the linguist thinks.4. In the study of linguistics, hypotheses formed should be based on language facts and checked against the observed facts.5. General linguistics is generally the study of language as a whole.6. General linguistics, which relates itself to the research of other areas, studies the basic concepts, theories, descriptions, models and methods applicable in any linguistic study.7. Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in communication.8. Morphology studies how words can be formed to produce meaningful sentences.9. The study of the ways in which morphemes can be combined to form words is called morphology.10. Syntax is different from morphology in that the former not only studies the morphemes, but also the combination of morphemes into words and words into sentences.11. The study of meaning in language is known as semantics.12. Both semantics and pragmatics study meanings.13. Pragmatics is different from semantics in that pragmatics studies meaning not in isolation, but in context.14. Social changes can often bring about language changes.15. Sociolinguistics is the study of language in relation to society.16. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.17. Modern linguistics is different from traditional grammar.18. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.19. Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the written language.20. The distinction between competence and performance was proposed by F. de Saussure.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. Chomsky defines “competence” as the ideal user’s k__________ of the rules of his language.22. Langue refers to the a__________ linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while the parole is the concrete use of the conventions and application of the rules.23. D_________ is one of the design features of human language which refers to the phenomenon that language consists of two levels: a lower level of meaningless individual sounds and a higher level of meaningful units.24. Language is a system of a_________ vocal symbols used for human communication.25. The discipline that studies the rules governing the formation of words into permissible sentences in languages is called s________.26. Human capacity for language has a g_______ basis, but the details of language have to be taught and learned.27. P _______ refers to the realization of langue in actual use.28. Findings in linguistic studies can often be applied to the settlement of some practical problems. The study of such applications is generally known as a________ linguistics.29. Language is p___________ in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users. In other words, they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences which they have never heard before.30. Linguistics is generally defined as the s _______ study of language.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:31. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be _______.A. PrescriptiveB. AnalyticC. DescriptiveD. Linguistic32. Which of the following is not a design feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. DisplacementC. DualityD. Meaningfulness33. Modern linguistics regards the written language as _______.A. PrimaryB. CorrectC. SecondaryD. stable34. In modern linguistics, speech is regarded as more basic than writing, because _______.A. in linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writingB. speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyedC. speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongueD. All of the above35. A historical study of language is a _______ study of language.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. prescriptiveD. comparative36. Saussure took a(n) _______ view of language, while Chomsky looks at language from a ________ point of view.A. sociological…psychologicalB. psychological…sociologicalC. applied…pragmaticD.semantic…linguistic37. According to F. de Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the mem- bers of a speech community.A. paroleB. performanceC. langueD. Language38. Language is said to be arbitrary because there is no logical connection between _______ and meanings.A. senseB. soundsC. objectsD. ideas39. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called _______,A. displacementB. dualityC. flexibilityD. cultural transmission40. The details of any language system is passed on from one generation to the next through _______, rather than by instinct.A. learningB. teachingC. booksD. both A and B Ⅳ. Define the following terms:41. Linguistics 42. Phonology 43. Syntax44. Pragmatics 45. Psycholinguistics 46. Language47. Phonetics 48. Morphology 49. Semantics50. Sociolinguistics 51. Applied Linguistics 52. Arbitrariness53. Productivity 54. Displacement 55. Duality56. Design Features 57. Competence 58. Performance59. Langue 60. ParoleⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:61. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human commu- nication. Explain it in detail.62. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples.63. How is modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?64. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?65. Why does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written?66. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole?67. How do you understand competence and performance?68. Saussure’s distinction between langue and parole seems similar to Chomsky’s distinction between competence and performance. What do you think are their major differences?69. Do you think human language is entirely arbitrary? Why?Chapter 2 PhonologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. V oicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. V owel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels,semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21. A_______ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22. A_______ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23. The four sounds /p/, /b/, /m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______ sounds.24. Of all the speech organs, the t_______ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25. English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26. When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27. S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments. They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.28. The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s_______ rules.29. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called n_________ transcription.30. When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i_________.31. P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language and how sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.32. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important cavities: the pharyngeal cavity, the o_______ cavity and the nasal cavity.33. T_______ are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords and which can distinguish meaning just like phonemes.34. Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: word stress and s_________ stress.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:35 Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords36. The sounds produced without the vocal cords vibrating are ____ sounds.A. voicelessB. voicedC. vowelD. consonantal37. __________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/38. The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones ____________.A. identicalB. sameC. exactly alikeD. similar39. Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair40. The sound /f/ is _________________.A. voiced palatal affricateB. voiced alveolar stopC. voiceless velar fricativeD. voiceless labiodental fricative41.A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highest position.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle42. Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called _______.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features43. A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme 44．The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that phoneme.A. phonesB. soundsC. phonemesD. allophonesⅣ. Define the terms below:45. phonology 46. phoneme 47. allophone48. international phonetic alphabet 49. intonation 50. phonetics51. auditory phonetics 52. acoustic phonetics 53. phone54. phonemic contrast 55. tone 56. minimal pairⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary:57. Of the two media of language, why do you think speech is more basic than writing?58. What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying vowels?59. What are the major differences between phonology and phonetics?60. Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features can affect meaning.61. In what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?Chapter 3 MorphologyⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Morphology studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.5. Bound morphemes include two types: roots and affixes.6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.7. The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added is called a stem, which can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.8. Prefixes usually modify the part of speech of the original word, not the meaning of it.9. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules are acceptable words.10. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.Ⅱ. Fill in each blank below with one word which begins with the letter given:11. M _______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language.12. The affix “-ish” in the word boyish conveys a g_______ meaning.13. B___________ morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.14. Affixes are of two types: inflectional affixes and d__________ affixes.15. D________ affixes are added to an existing form to create words.16. A s______ is added to the end of stems to modify the meaning of the original word and it may case change its part of speech.17. C__________ is the combination of two or sometimes more than two words to create new words.18. The rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to form a new word are called m___________ rules.19. In terms of morphemic analysis, d_______________ can be viewed as the addition of affixes to stems to form new words.20. A s______ can be a bound root, a free morpheme, or a derived form itself to which a derivational affix can be added.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The morpheme “vision”in the common word “television” is a(n) ______.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme22. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.23. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements24. _______ are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word.A. Free morphemesB. Bound morphemesC. Bound wordsD. Words25. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB. GrammarC. MorphologyD. Morpheme26. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semantic27. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. have to be combined with other morphemes28. _______ modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. Affixes29. _________ are often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. Sentences30. “-s”in the word “books” is _______.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC. an inflectional affixD. a rootⅣ. Define the following terms:31. morphology 32. inflectional morphology 33. derivational morphology 34. morpheme 35. free morpheme 36. bound morpheme37. root 38. affix 39. prefix40. suffix 41. derivation 42. CompoundingⅤ. Answer the following questions:43. What are the main features of the English compounds?44. Discuss the types of morphemes with examples.Chapter 4 SyntaxⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Syntax is a subfied of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language, including the combination of morphemes into words.2. Grammatical sentences are formed following a set of syntactic rules.3. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.4. Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic competence.5. The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number, but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.6. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal status, one subordinating the other.7. Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.8. Minor lexical categories are open because these categories are not fixed and new members are allowed for.9. In English syntactic analysis, four phrasal categories are commonly recognized and discussed, namely, noun phrase, verb phrase, infinitive phrase, and auxiliary phrase.10. In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually follows the verb.11. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than grammatical knowledge.12. A noun phrase must contain a noun, but other elements are optional.13. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.14. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a sentence from affirmative to interrogative. Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:15. A s________ sentence consists of a single clause which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.16. A s______ is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words to form a complete statement, question or command.17. A s______ may be a noun or a noun phrase in a sentence that usually precedes the predicate.18. The part of a sentence which comprises a finite verb or a verb phrase and which says something about the subject is grammatically called p_________.19. A c_________ sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.20. In the complex sentence, the incorporated or subordinate clause is normally called an e_______ clause.21. Major lexical categories are o_______ categories in the sense that new words are constantly added.22. A _____ Condition on case assignment states that a case assignor and a case recipient should stay adjacent to each other.23. P_______ are syntactic options of UG that allow general principles to operate in one way or another and contribute to significant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.24. The theory of C_______ condition explains the fact that noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:25. A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to the grammati-cal knowledge in the mind of native speakers.A. rightB. wrongC. grammaticalD. ungrammatical26. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator27. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.A. recursiveB. grammaticalC. socialD. functional28. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand _____________.A. how words and phrases form sentences.B. what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of wordsC. how people produce and recognize possible sentencesD. All of the above.29. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called ________.A. transformational rulesB. generative rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. x-bar theory30. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that __________.A. noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.B. noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phraseC. noun phrase can be used in adverbial positionsD. noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.31. The sentence structure is ________.A. only linearB. Only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchical32. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.A. largeB. smallC. finiteD. infinite33. The ________ rules are the rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sen-tences.A. lexicalB. morphologicalC. linguisticD. combinational34._______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a sentence.A. GenerativeB. TransformationalC. X-barD. Phrase structureⅣ. Define the following terms:35. syntax 36. Sentence 37. coordinate sentence38. syntactic categories 39. grammatical relations 40. linguistic competence 41. transformational rules 42. D-structureⅤ. Answer the following questions:43. What are the basic components of a sentence?44. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them with examples.45. Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?46. What are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the analysis of sentence structures?47. What is NP movement. Illustrate it with examples.Chapter 5 SemanticsⅠ. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1. Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American English but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American English.2. Sense is concerned with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic worldof experience, while the reference deals with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.3. Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.4. In semantics, meaning of language is considered as the intrinsic and inherent relation to the physical world of experience.5. Contextualism is based on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.6. Behaviourists attempted to define the meaning of a language form as the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.7. The meaning of a sentence is the sum total of the meanings of all its components.8. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of formality.9. “It is hot.” is a no-place predication because it contains no argument.10. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis of a sentence, the basic unit is predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.Ⅱ. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:11. S________ can be defined as the study of meaning.12. The conceptualist view holds that there is no d_______ link between a linguistic form and what it refers to.13. R______ means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.14. Words that are close in meaning are called s________.15. When two words are identical in sound, but different in spelling and meaning, they are called h__________.16. R_________ opposites are pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items.17. C ____ analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.18. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called s________ restrictions, which are constraints on what lexical items can go with what others.19. An a______ is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal element(s) ina sentence.20. According to the n______ theory of meaning, the words in a lan-guage are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.Ⅲ. There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:21. The naming theory is advanced by ________.A. PlatoB. BloomfieldC. Geoffrey LeechD. Firth22. “We shall know a word by the company it keeps.” This statement represents _______.A. the conceptualist viewB. contexutalismC. the naming theoryD. behaviourism23. Which of the following is not true?A. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.B. Sense is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.C. Sense is abstract and decontextualized.D. Sense is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are not interested in.24. “Can I borrow your bike?”_______ “You have a bike.”A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes25. ___________ is a way in which the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.A. Predication analysisB. Componential analysisC. Phonemic analysisD. Grammatical analysis26. “Alive”and “dead” are ______________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational oppositesC. complementary antonymsD. None of the above27. _________ deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.A. ReferenceB. ConceptC. SemanticsD. Sense28. ___________ refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form.A. PolysemyB. SynonymyC. HomonymyD. Hyponymy29. Words that are close in meaning are called ______________.A. homonymsB. polysemyC. hyponymsD. synonyms。

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Language and Linguistics1.The important distinction in linguistics proposed by Chomsky is _____.A.Synchronic and diachronicngue and paroleC.Signifier and signifiedpetence and performance2.According to Saussure, _______ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared byall the members of a speech community.A.paroleB.performancenguenguage3.The term _________ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to theapproach which studies language change over the various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparativenguage is ____ in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between aword and the object it refers to.A.systematicB.symbolicC.arbitraryD.ambiguous5.What function are most imperative sentences associated with?rmativeB.InterrogativeC.PhaticD.Directive6. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degree centigrade.” is _________A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative6.Everyday we send messages that have never been sent and understand novelmessages; in this sense, our language is ____.A.productiveB.interchangeableC.genetically transmittedD.rule-governednguage can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of thespeaker. This is what we mean by _____.A.cultural transmissionB.displacementC.dualityD.productivity8.By duality we mean that language has two sets of structures, one of _______ andthe other of ______.A.surface structure, deep structureB.phonemes, morphemesC.sounds, meaningsD.production, reception9.According to Chomsky, ________ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge ofhis language.petenceB.paroleC.performancengue10.General linguistics is the scientific study of _________.nguage of a certain individualB.the German languageC.human languages in generalD.the system of a particular languagePhonetics and Phonology11.The study of how sounds are put together are used to convey meaning incommunication is _________.A.morphologyB.general linguisticsC.phonologyD.phonetics12.A(n) ______ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collectionof distinctive phonetic features.A.phoneB.soundC.allophoneD.phoneme13./m, n / are ________.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals14./w, j / belong to _____.A.fricativesB.dentalsC.glidesD.nasals15.Which of the following vowel is the rounded one?A./i:/B./u:/C./i/D./a:/16.The vowel /u:/ in /fu:d/(food) is a _________vowel.A.backB.frontC.unroundedD.centralMORPHOLOGY17._______ is the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship betweenexpression and content.A.WordB.MorphemeC.AllomorphD.Root18._______are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combinedwith other morphemes to form a word.A.Free morphemesB.Bound morphemesC.Bound wordsD.Words19._______modify the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part ofspeech of the original wordA.PrefixesB.SuffixesC.RootsD.Affixes20.“-s” in the word books is ____.A. a derivative affixB. a stemC.an inflectional affixD. a rootNote: root（词根）/ affix（词缀）, 都属于bound morpheme (粘着词素)1. root(词根): a part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it bears a clear,definite meaning; it must be combined with another root or an affix toform a word.(一个不能再分，再分就会失去其本义的基本形式)词根词素可以分为自由词根词素（free root morpheme, e.g. rain→ rainy → raincoat粘着词根词素(bound root morpheme)e.g. geo(the earth) + ology (a branch of learning)→ ge ology, psych ology, physi ologytele (distant, far) + vision →tele vision, tele graphtrans mit, per mit, sub mit ‘main tain, con tain, de tain2. Affix 词缀1) inflectional（曲折）: 语法关系的标志grammatical relations(number, tense, degree, case) -s, -er,不改变词性2) derivational(派生):在词干上加上一个词缀得到一个新词，与词性和意义有关3. stem 词干The existing form to which a derivational affix can be added.It refers to the left morpheme or combination of morphemes when one affix is removed for one time.e.g. care less ness21.Which of the following words is a derivational one?A.BlackboardB.TeachesC.ConsiderationD.Books22.Which of the following words is created through the process of acronym?A.adB.editC.AIDSD.Bobo23.The word “lab” is formed through ____.A.back formationB.blendingC.clippingD.derivation24.Which of the following is NOT a compound word ?A. LandladyB. GreenhouseC. UpliftD. Unacceptable20. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as ________.A.lexical wordsB.grammatical wordsC.function wordsD.form words21. Open class of words can consist of the following categories EXCEPT _________A. nounsB. verbsC. adjectivesD. articles22. Which one of the following most possibly belongs to the closed class?A. FlowerB. Treacherous.C. WeD. Whack23. Inflectional morphemes manifest the following meanings EXCEPT_________A. toneB. tenseC. numberD. case24. Which of the following contains at least an inflectional morpheme?A. PossibilityB. DecisionC. HersD. Enable25. ________ are bound morphemes because they cannot be used as separate words.A. RootsB. StemsC. AffixesD. Compounds26. The word “irresistible” is ______________A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one27. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful28. The word “Kung-fu” is _____.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compound on eD. a borrowed oneSemantics25. A word with several meanings is called ______ word.A. a polysemousB. a synonymousC.an abnormalD. a multiple26.The pair of words “lend” and “borrow” are___.A.gradable oppositesB.relational oppositesC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms27.The relationship between ‘fruit’ and ‘apple’ is _______.A.homonymyB.hyponymyC.polysemyD.synonymy28.“Alive” and “dead” are ______ antonyms.A.relationalB.gradableC.symmetricplementary29.“Big” and “small” are a pair of _____ opposites.plementaryB.gradablepleteD.converse6. The word “luggage” and “baggage” are _________A. emotive synonymsB. dialectal synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. stylistic7. The relation between “begin” and “commence” is _________A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. collocational synonymsD. semantically different synonyms8. “Fall ” and “autumn” are _________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive9. _________ is NOT a pair of homophones.A. rain and reignB. flea and fleeC. lead [li:d] and lead [led]D. compliment and complement10. In the semantic triangle, “referent” refers to _______A. conceptB. the real worldC. the thoughtD. meaning11. “Wise” and “cunning” are a pair of _________ synonyms.A. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive12. “Wide” and “broad” are a pair of __________ synonymsA. dialectalB. stylisticC. collocationalD. emotive13. Which of the followings can be the same form shared by two homonyms?A. BallB. CanC. BarkD. North14. “See” and “sea” are ___________A. homophonesB. homographsC. complete homonymsD. polysenmic words15. What is the sense relation between “learn” and “teach”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms16. What is the sense relation between “pass” and “fail”?A. Relational antonymsB. Complementary antonymsC. Gradable anonymsD. Absolute antonyms17. : X: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child.The relationship of X and Y is ________A. synonymousB. inconsistentC. X entailing YD : X presupposing Y18. “Tommy’s hen laid an egg yesterday.” presupposes __________A. Tommy had a henB. Tommy had a big henC. An egg was laid by Tommy’s henD. The egg is not a stone.19. “He has been to Tokyo” entails “_________”.A. He has been to JapanB. Tokyo is the capital of Japan.C. He has never been to Japan.D. He is not a Japanese.Pragmatics1.According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit thespeaker to some future course of action are called _____.missivesB.directivesC.expressivesD.declaratives2._______ is defined as the study of language in use and linguistic communication.A.PragmaticsB.SociolinguisticsC.NeurolinguisticsD.Contextual linguistics3.“We can do things with words”--- this is the main idea of ______.A.the Speech Act TheoryB.the Co-operative PrincipleC.the Polite PrinciplesD.pragmatics4._________ refer to the utterance of a sentence with determinate sense andreference.A.Locutionary actB.Illocutionary actC.Perlocutionary actD.Speech act5.The branch of linguistics that studies meaning of language in context is called_______.A.semanticsB.sociolinguisticsC.pragmaticsD.psycholinguistics6.Which of the following is NOT the specific instance of directives?A.InvitingB.AdvisingC.WarningD.Swearing7. _________ acts expresses the intention of the speaker.A. LocutionaryB. IllocutionaryC. PerlocutionaryD. Speech8. “I didn’t steal that ring” is a _________.A. directiveB. expressiveC. commissiveD. representatives9. “I’m so sad about your wrong doings” is a __________A. declarationB. expressivesC. representativesD. commissives10. “Hands up!” is a ________.A. directiveB. representativeC. commissiveD. declaration11. “I’ll be with you!” is a _________.A. directiveB. commissiveC. expressiveD. representativeSociolinguistics1.In areas which are populated by people speaking different languages, onelanguage is often used by common agreement; such a language is called ________.A.pidginB.lingua francaC.CreoleD.slang2. The dialect which is caused by social status is ________.A. regional dialectB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia3. Standard dialect is ______A. designated as the official or national language of a country.B. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectC. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposeD. used by people who belong to the higher social status.4. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is _______.A. bilingualismB. diglossiaC. pidginD. creole5 The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called _______A. styleB. dialectC. registerD. pidginLanguage Acquisition1.According to Krashen, ________ refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.A.learningpetenceC.performanceD.acquisition。

语言学补充习题

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