Test five

Test fiveⅠ. Matching. (10%)Directions: match each of the following terms in Colume A with its explanation given in Colume B. write the corresponding letter to each pair on your answer sheet.A B1. psycholinguistics A. the minimal distinctive unit in the semantic systemof a language2. sense B. a minimal unit of meaning3.diacritics C. study of relationship between language and mind4. morpheme D. the basic element of vocabulary, in contrast tomorpheme in morphology5. overgeneralization E. a mark added to a symbol to alter its value, as in(?)or[~]6. IC F. the process whereby a child extends his use ofgrammatical feature to context beyond thosefound in the adult language7. acronyms G. the phenomenon referring to the same word with aset of different meanings8. polysemy H. members that can be grouped under the samesuperordinate9. co-hyponyms I. the two parts that are yielded after each cut10. lexeme J. words that are derived from the initials of severalwordsⅡ. Gap filling. (20%)Directions: in this part, you are given a passage with 20 blanks numbered 11-30. Choose the right word or phrase from the list given below to fill in each blank. Write your answer on the Answer Sheet.A. neverB. grammarC. cannotD. furtherE. unlimitedF. unlimitedG. potential H. system I. describing J. generative K. transformationalL. describing M. produce N. core O. rules P. sentencesQ. rules R. consists of S. generative grammar T. onlyA native speaker of a language has a ability to produce and understand not only those sentences he has actually heard before, but an _11_bumber of possible __12__which hr has __13__heard before. It is the function of __14__to account for all the possible, or __15__, sentences in a language, and __16__these, but it _17__do so by _18__all the potential sentences since these are __19__, or infinite, in number. A grammar, therefore, states a limited, or finite, number of _20__which represents the underlying __21__of the language and which can be applied to __22__, or generate the __23__number of sentences in the language. A grammar which _24__a set of generating, or __25__, rules of this kind is called a __26__. A grammar which __27__distinguishes between two types of __28__: one type which generates the sentences which make up the central __29__of a language, and the other which derives all other sentences from those of the “core”is called a_30__generative grammar.Ⅲ. Reading comprehension. (30%)Questions 31-19 are based on passage 1.If we compare a piece of written English with a piece of spoken English, regarding them simply as physical objects or events and forgetting for the moment the fact that they convey meaning to us, it is apparent at once that they bear no resemblance to each other whatever. The piece of written English consists of groups of small black marks arranged on a white surface, while the piece of spoken English consists of a succession of constantly varying noises. It would hardly be possible for two things to be more different. However, we have only to recall the fact that both of them convey meaning, to be in no doubt that, utterly dissimilar as they may be, they are both equally English. As soon as we make explicit this identity lying behind the complete difference, we have drawn a distinction between language and medium: we have recognized, in effect, that the piece of spoken English and the piece of written are the same language embodied in different mediums, one medium consisting of shapes, the other of noises.It is possible for the same language to be conveyed by different mediums because the language itself lies in the patterns which the mediums form, and not in the physical objects or events, as such, of which the mediums consist. When we distinguish language from medium, what we are doing is to distinguish a pattern from its material embodiment, of which, in a sense, it is independent. Language, we could say, is form, while the medium is substance.One thing all mediums have in common is that they mediate between the producer and the receiver of language. Thus every medium has associated with it two sorts of human activity: a producing activity from which the medium results, and a receiving activity by which the medium is apprehended. The first involves acts of mobile organs, the second involves acts of a perceiving sense…So far two language mediums have been mentioned, one for language in its normal spoken mode, and one for language in its normal written mode. Each is produced by a different sort of muscular activity and each is addressed to a different sense..The medium of language in its spoken mode is created by movement of lips, tongue, larynx, lungs, and other organs, and is addressed to the ear. The medium of language in its written mode is created by movements of hands, arms, and fingers, and is addressed to the eye. These two mediums (which may be called the aural medium and visual medium respectively, according to the sense to which each is addressed) are the best known and by far the most widely used; but other language mediums are possible. Theoretically there could be a language-medium addressed to any one of the human senses, though it is not very likely that either the sense of taste or the sense of smell could be put to much practical use for this purpose.31. according to the writer, a distinction can be made between language and medium. The means whereby language is conveyed is the _____.A．pattern B. medium C. form D. noise32. In line 15, “embodied in” means ______.A. expressed throughB. recognized asC. spoken inD. written on33. In the case of the two written sentences: “I am a student” and “Je suis etudianjt”, the _____is the same, but the _____is different.A. form…languageB. language…mediumC. medium…languageD. substance…medium34. A piece of spoken English and a piece of written English are _____from the point of view of language, but _____from the point of view of medium.A. the same…differentB. the forms…materialC. different…the sameD. material…the forms35. The medium perceived by the sense of sight is _____ while the one perceived by sense of hearing is ______.A. aural…visualB. visual…auralC. spoken…writtenD. written…spoken36. According to the author, “mode” generally refers to _____while “medium”, to _____.A. producing activity…communicating activityB. receiving activity…communicating activityC. receiving activity…producing activityD. producing activity…receiving activity37. According to the passage, a radio interview is in _____.A. spoken mode through visual mediumB. written mode through aural mediumC. spoken mode through aural mediumD. written mode through visual medium38. And a TV interview is in ____.A. spoken mode through visual mediumB. written mode through aural mediumC. spoken mode through aural mediumD. written mode through visual medium39. The best title for this passage would be _____.A. languages’ mediumsB. language and mediumC. English mediumD. modes and mediumsQuestions 40-45 are based on passage 2.Language varies as its function varies: it differs in different situations. The name given to a variety of language distinguished according to its use is “register”.The category of “register” is needed when we want to account for what people do with their language. When we observe language activity in the various contexts in which it takes place, we find different types of situation. There is no need to labor the point that a sport commentary, a church service and a school lesson are linguistically quite distinct. One sentence from any of these and many more situation types would enable us to identify it correctly. We know, for example, where “an early announcement is expected” comes from, and “apologies for absence were received”; these are not simply free variants of “we ought to hear soon” and “I was sorry he couldn’t make it”.It is not the event or state of affairs being talked about that determines the appropriate to a certain use. We should be surprised, for example, if it was announced on the carton of our toothpaste that the product was “just right for cleaning false teeth”instead of “ideal for cleansing artificial dentures”. We can often guess the source of a piece of English from familiarity with its use: “mix well”probably comes from a recipe, although the action of mixing is by no means limited to cookery-and “mixes well” is more likely to be found in a testimonial.The choice of items from the wrong register, and the mixing of items from different registers, are among the most frequent mistakes made by non-native speakers of a language…The crucial criteria of any given register are to be found in its grammar and its lexis. Probably lexical features are the most obvious. Some lexical items suffice almost by themselves to identify a certain register; “cleanse” puts us in the language of advertising, “probe” of newspapers, especially headlines, “tablespoonful”of recipes or prescriptions, “neckline”of fashion reporting or dress-making instructions. The clearest signals of a particular register are scientific technical terms except those that belong to more than one science, like “morphology” in biology and linguistics.Often it is not the lexical item alone but the collocation of two or more lexical items that is specific to one register. “Kick”is presumably neutral, but “free kick”is from the language of football. Compare the disc jockery’ s “top twenty”; “thinned right down” at the hairdresser’s (but “thinned out” in the garden); and the collocation of “heart” and “bid” by contrast with “heart” and “beat”.Purely grammatical distinctions between the different registers are less striking, yet there can be considerable variation in grammar also. Extreme cases are newspaper headlines and church service; but many other registers such as sports commentaries and popular songs, exhibit specific grammatical characteristics.40. What determines the choice of one language register as opposed to another?A. A certain event.B. An advertisementC. A kind of convention.D. A type of situation41. In line 14, “free variants of” means ______.A. interchangeable withB. interpretation ofC. in line withD. in opposition to42. In what class do you think you would be likely to use BOTH the lexical items: “phoneme” and “morpheme”?A. in a music classB. in a biologyC. in a linguistics classD. in a politics class43. According to this passage, usually the collocation of ____is specific to one register.A. one lexical itemB. two lexical itemsC. more than twoD. both B and C44. According to this author, we know that the grammatical features of ____are totally different.A. sports commentaries and church servicesB. sports commentaries and popular songsC. newspaper headlines and church servicesD. church services and school lessons45. Which of the following is not true?A. A lexical item can only be used as a register in one science.B. A lexical item alone is not often specific to one register.C. A lexical feature is more obvious for the criteria of any register.D. A lexical item may suffice almost by itself to identify a register.Ⅳ. Short answers. (20%)Directions: explain briefly each of the following in no more than 50 words.1.suprasegmental features:_______________________________________________________2.arbitrariness: ____________________________________________________。