5 - Economics - interdependence
国际经济学英文题库（最全版附答案）
【国际经济学】英文题库Chapter 1: IntroductionMultiple-Choice Questions1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States?*A. Coffee, tea, cocoaB. steel, copper, aluminumC. petroleum, coal, natural gasD. typewriters, computers, airplanes2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of:A. the United States*B. SwitzerlandC. GermanyD. England3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has:*A. grownB. diminishedC. remained unchangedD. cannot say4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by:A. the size of the nations' populationB. the percentage of its population to its GDP*C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDPD. all of the above 5. Economic interdependence is greater for:*A. small nationsB. large nationsC. developed nationsD. developing nations6. The gravity model of international trade predicts that trade between two nations is larger A. the larger the two nationsB. the closer the nationsC. the more open are the two nations*D. all of the above7. International economics deals with:A. the flow of goods, services, and payments among nationsB. policies directed at regulating the flow of goods, services, and paymentsC. the effects of policies on the welfare of the nation*D. all of the above 8. International trade theory refers to:*A. the microeconomic aspects of international tradeB. the macroeconomic aspects of international tradeC. open economy macroeconomics or international financeD. all of the above 9. Which of the following is not the subject matter of international finance?A. foreign exchange marketsB. the balance of payments*C. the basis and the gains from tradeD. policies to adjust balance of payments disequilibria10. Economic theory:A. seeks to explain economic eventsB. seeks to predict economic eventsC. abstracts from the many detail that surrounds an economic event*D. all of the above11. Which of the following is not an assumption generally made in the study of inter national economics?A. two nationsB. two commodities*C. perfect international mobility of factorsD. two factors of production12. In the study of international economics:A. international trade policies are examined before the bases for tradeB. adjustment policies are discussed before the balance of paymentsC. the case of many nations is discussed before the two-nations case*D. none of the above13. International trade is similar to interregional trade in that both must overcome:*A. distance and spaceB. trade restrictionsC. differences in currenciesD. differences in monetary systems14. The opening or expansion of international trade usually affects all members of so ciety: A. positivelyB. negatively*C. most positively but some negativelyD. most negatively but some positively15. An increase in the dollar price of a foreign currency usually:A. benefit U.S. importers*B. benefits U.S. exportersC. benefit both U.S. importers and U.S. exportersD. harms both U.S. importers and U.S. exporters16. Which of the following statements with regard to international economics is true?A. It is a relatively new field*B. it is a relatively old fieldC. most of its contributors were not economistsD. none of the above思考题：1.为什么学习国际经济学非常重要？2.列举体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，它们为什么重要？3.当今世界面临的最重要的国家经济问题是什么？全球化的利弊各是什么？Chapter 2: The Law of Comparative Advantage Multiple-Choice Questions1. The Mercantilists did not advocate:*A.free tradeB. stimulating the nation's exportsC. restricting the nations' importsD. the accumulation of gold by the nation2. According to Adam Smith, international trade was based on:*A. absolute advantageB. comparative advantageC. both absolute and comparative advantageD. neither absolute nor comparative advantage3. What proportion of international trade is based on absolute advantage?A. AllB. most*C. someD. none4. The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodity of its:A. absolute disadvantageB. absolute advantageC. comparative disadvantage*D. comparative advantage5. If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is established tha t nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nation B must have:A. an absolute advantage in commodity YB. an absolute disadvantage in commodity YC. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*D. a comparative advantage in commodity Y6. If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while nation B can produce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input):A. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity XB. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*C. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity XD. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity7. With reference to the statement in Question 6:A. Px/Py=1 in nation AB. Px/Py=3 in nation BC. Py/Px=1/3 in nation B*D. all of the above8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y:A. nation A gains 2X*B. nation B gains 6YC. nation A gains 3YD. nation B gains 3Y9. With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually beneficial tra de between nation A and B is:A. 3Y < 3X < 5YB. 5Y < 3X < 9Y*C. 3Y < 3X < 9YD. 1Y < 3X < 3Y10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B:A. there will be no trade between the two nationsB. the relative price of X is the same in both nationsC. the relative price of Y is the same in both nations*D. all of the above11. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage on the basis of:*A. the labor theory of valueB. the opportunity cost theoryC. the law of diminishing returnsD. all of the above12. Which of the following statements is true?A. The combined demand for each commodity by the two nations is negatively slope dB. the combined supply for each commodity by the two nations is rising stepwiseC. the equilibrium relative commodity price for each commodity with trade is giv en by the intersection of the demand and supply of each commodity by the two nati ons*D. all of the above13. A difference in relative commodity prices between two nations can be based upo difference in:n a difference A. factor endowmentsB. technologyC. tastes*D. all of the above14. In the trade between a small and a large nation:A. the large nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade*B. the small nation is likely to receive all of the gains from tradeC. the gains from trade are likely to be equally sharedD. we cannot say15. The Ricardian trade model has been empirically*A. verifiedB. rejectedC. not testedD. tested but the results were inconclusive思考题：比较优势原理所带来的贸易所得是从何而来的？贸易利益又是如何分配的？现实世界中比较优势是如何度量的？你认为目前中国具有比较优势的商品有哪些？这意味着什么？比较优势会不会发生变化？什么样的原因可能会导致其变化？经济学家是如何验证比较优势原理的？Chapter 3: The Standard Theory of International TradeMultiple-Choice Questions1. A production frontier that is concave from the origin indicates that the nation incur s i ncreasing increasing opportunity costs in the production of:A. commodity X onlyB. commodity Y only*C. both commoditiesD. neither commodity2. The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to:A. the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of XB. the opportunity cost of XC. the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of production*D. all of the above3. Which of the following is not a reason for increasing opportunity costs:*A. technology differs among nationsB. factors of production are not homogeneousC. factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion in the production of all commoditiesD. for the nation to produce more of a commodity, it must use resources that are le ss and less suited in the production of the commodity4. Community indifference curves:A. are negatively slopedB. are convex to the originC. should not cross*D. all of the above5. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y in consumption refers to the:A. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y and still remain o n the same indifference curve*B. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X and still remain on the same indifference curveC. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y to reach a higher indifference curveD. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X to reach a higher indifference curve6. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the MRS of X for Y?A. It is given by the absolute slope of the indifference curveB. declines as the nation moves down an indifference curveC. rises as the nation moves up an indifference curve*D. all of the above 7. Which of the following statements about community indifference curves is true?A. They are entirely unrelated to individuals' community indifference curvesB. they cross, they cannot be used in the analysis*C. the problems arising from intersecting community indifference curves can be over come by the application of the compensation principleD. all of the above. 8. Which of the following is not true for a nation that is in equilibrium in isolation?*A. It consumes inside its production frontierB. it reaches the highest indifference curve possible with its production frontierC. the indifference curve is tangent to the nation's production frontierD. MRT of X for Y equals MRS of X for Y, and they are equal to Px/Py 9. If the internal Px/Py is lower in nation 1 than in nation 2 without trade:A. nation 1 has a comparative advantage in commodity YB. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity X*C. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity YD. none of the above10. Nation 1's share of the gains from trade will be greater:A. the greater is nation 1's demand for nation 2's exports*B. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 2's pretrade Px/PyC. the weaker is nation 2's demand for nation 1's exportsD. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 1's pretrade Px/Py11. If Px/Py exceeds the equilibrium relative Px/Py with tradeequilibr A. the nation exporting commodity X will want to export more of X than at e quilibr iumequilibri B. the nation importing commodity X will want to import less of X than at e quilibri umC. Px/Py will fall toward the equilibrium Px/Py*D. all of the above12. With free trade under increasing costs:A. neither nation will specialize completely in productionB. at least one nation will consume above its production frontierC. a small nation will always gain from trade*D. all of the above13. Which of the following statements is false?A.The gains from trade can be broken down into the gains from exchange and the gains from specializationB. gains from exchange result even without specialization*C. gains from specialization result even without exchangeD. none of the above14. The gains from exchange with respect to the gains from specialization are alway s:A. greaterB. smallerC. equal*D. we cannot say without additional information15. Mutually beneficial trade cannot occur if production frontiers are:A. equal but tastes are notB. different but tastes are the sameC. different and tastes are also different*D. the same and tastes are also the same.思考题：国际贸易的标准理论与大卫.李嘉图的比较优势原理有何异同？两国仅仅由于需求偏好不同可以进行市场分工和狐狸贸易吗？两国仅仅由于要素禀赋不同和/或生产技术不同可以进行分工和贸易吗?Chapter 4: Demand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the Terms of Trade Multiple Choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is correct? A. The demand for imports is given by the excess demand for the commodityB. the supply of exports is given by the excess supply of the commodityC. the supply curve of exports is flatter than the total supply curve of the commodity *D. all of the above2. At a relative commodity price above equilibriumA. the excess demand for a commodity exceeds the excess supply of the commodityB. the quantity demanded of imports exceeds the quantity supplied of exports*C. the commodity price will fallD. all of the above3. The offer curve of a nation shows:A. the supply of a nation's importsB. the demand for a nation's exportsC. the trade partner's demand for imports and supply of exports*D. the nation's demand for imports and supply of exports4. The offer curve of a nation bulges toward the axis measuring the nationsA. import commodity*B. export commodityC. export or import commodityD. nontraded commodity5. Export prices must rise for a nation to increase its exports because the nation:A. incurs increasing opportunity costs in export productionB. faces decreasing opportunity costs in producing import substitutesC. faces decreasing marginal rate of substitution in consumption*D. all of the above6. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is false?A. It relies on traditional demand and supply curvesB. it isolates for study one market*C. it can be used to determine the equilibrium relative commodity price but not the equilibrium quantity with tradeD. none of the above7. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is true?A. The demand and supply curve are derived from the nation's production frontier an d indifference mapB. It shows the same basic information as offer curvesC. It shows the same equilibrium relative commodity prices as with offer curves*D. all of the above 8. In what way does partial equilibrium analysis differ from general equilibrium analy sis?A. The former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium price with tradeB. the former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium quantity with tradeC. the former but not the latter takes into consideration the interaction among all ma rkets in the economy*D. the former gives only an approximation to the answer sought.9. If the terms of trade of a nation are 1.5 in a two-nation world, those of the tradepartner are:A. 3/4*B. 2/3C. 3/2D. 4/310. If the terms of trade increase in a two-nation world, those of the trade partner:*A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchangedD. any of the above11. If a nation does not affect world prices by its trading, its offer curve:A. is a straight lineB. bulges toward the axis measuring the import commodity*C. intersects the straight-line segment of the world's offer curveD. intersects the positively-sloped portion of the world's offer curve12. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:A. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodityB. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodity C. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodity *D. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodity13. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:A. the nation's terms of trade remain unchanged*B. the nation's terms of trade deteriorateC. the partner's terms of trade deteriorateD. any of the above14. If the tastes for a nation import commodity increases, trade volume:*A. increasesB. declinesC. remains unchangedD. any of the above15. A deterioration of a nation's terms of trade causes the nation's welfare to:A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchanged*D. any of the above思考题：提供曲线如何推导？有何用途？两国贸易时的均衡商品价格是如何决定的？受哪些因素影响？贸易条件的含义是？贸易条件的改善意味着什么？哪些因素可能导致贸易条件的改善？Chapter 5: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory Multiple-Choice Questions1. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:A. explaining the basis for comparative advantageB. examining the effect of trade on factor prices*C. both A and BD. neither A nor B2. Which is not an assumption of the H-O model:A. the same technology in both nationsB. constant returns to scale*C. complete specializationD. equal tastes in both nations3. With equal technology nations will have equal K/L in production if:*A. factor prices are the sameB. tastes are the sameC. production functions are the sameD. all of the above4. We say that commodity Y is K-intensive with respect to X when:A. more K is used in the production of Y than XB. less L is used in the production of Y than X*C. a lower L/K ratio is used in the production of Y than XD. a higher K/L is used in the production of X than Y5. When w/r falls, L/KA. falls in the production of both commodities*B. rises in the production of both commoditiesC. can rise or fallD. is not affected6. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:A. greater absolute amount of KB. smaller absolute amount of LC. higher L/K ratio*D. lower r/w 7. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based on a diffe rence in:A. technologyB. factor endowmentsC. tastes*D. all of the above 8. In the H-O model, international trade is based mostly on a difference in:A. technology*B. factor endowmentsC. economies of scaleD. tastes 9. According to the H-O model, trade reduces international differences in:A. relative but not absolute factor pricesB. absolute but not relative factor prices*C. both relative and absolute factor pricesD. neither relative nor absolute factor prices10. According to the H-O model, international trade will:A. reduce international differences in per capita incomesB. increases international differences in per capita incomes*C. may increase or reduce international differences in per capita incomes D. lead to complete specialization11. The H-O model is a general equilibrium model because it deals with:A. production in both nationsB. consumption in both nationsC. trade between the two nations*D. all of the above12. The H-O model is a simplification of the a truly general equilibrium model b ecause because it deals with:A. two nationsB. two commoditiesC. two factors of production*D. all of the above13. The Leontief paradox refers to the empirical finding that U.S.*A. import substitutes are more K-intensive than exportsB. imports are more K-intensive than exportsC. exports are more L-intensive than importsD. exports are more K-intensive than import substitutes14. From empirical studies, we conclude that the H-O theory:A. must be rejectedB. must be accepted without reservations*C. can be accepted while awaiting further testingD. explains all international trade15. For factor reversal to occur, two commodities must be produced with:*A. sufficiently different elasticity of substitution of factors B. the same K/L ratioC. technologically-fixed factor proportionsD. equal elasticity of substitution of factors思考题：H-O理论有哪些假设？各假设的含义是什么？为什么要做出这些假设？如何检验H-O理论的正确性？H-O-S定理的假设条件又是什么？他与生产要素国际间的流动有何关系？如何检验H-O-S定理在现实中的可靠性？Chapter 6: Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International T radeMultiple-Choice Questions:1. Relaxing the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory rests:A. leads to rejection of the theoryB. leaves the theory unaffected*C. requires complementary trade theoriesD. any of the above.Which of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed, leav ethe theory unaffected? t he A. Two nations, two commodities, and two factorsB. both nations use the same technologyC. the same commodity is L-intensive in both nations*D. all of the aboveWhich of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed, require new trade theories? r equire *A. Economies of scaleB. incomplete specializationC. similar tastes in both nationsD. the existence of transportation costsInternational trade can be based on economies of scale even if both nations have ide ntical:A. factor endowmentsB. tastesC. technology*D. all of the above5. A great deal of international trade:A. is intra-industry tradeB. involves differentiated productsC. is based on monopolistic competition*D. all of the above6. The Heckscher-Ohlin and new trade theories explains most of the trade:A. among industrial countriesB. between developed and developing countriesC. in industrial goods*D. all of the aboveThe theory that a nation exports those products for which a large domestic market e xistswas advanced by: w as *A. LinderB. VernonC. LeontiefD. Ohlin8. Intra-industry trade takes place:A. because products are homogeneous*B. in order to take advantage of economies of scaleC. because perfect competition is the prevalent form of market organizationD. all of the aboveIf a nation exports twice as much of a differentiated product that it imports, its intra- i ndustry industry (T) index is equal to:A. 1.00B. 0.75*C. 0.50D. 0.2510. Trade based on technological gaps is closely related to:A. the H-O theory*B. the product-cycle theoryC. Linder's theoryD. all of the above11. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the product-cycle theor y?A. It depends on differences in technological changes over time among countriesB. it depends on the opening and the closing of technological gaps among countriesC. it postulates that industrial countries export more advanced products to less advanced countries*D. all of the above12. Transport costs:A. increase the price in the importing countryB. reduces the price in the exporting country*C. both of the aboveD. neither A nor B.13. Transport costs can be analyzed:A. with demand and supply curvesB. production frontiersC. offer curves*D. all of the above14. The share of transport costs will fall less heavily on the nation:*A. with the more elastic demand and supply of the traded commodityB. with the less elastic demand and supply of the traded commodityC. exporting agricultural productsD. with the largest domestic market15. A footloose industry is one in which the product:A. gains weight in processingB. loses weight in processingC. both of the above*D. neither A nor B.思考题：本章的贸易理论与基于比较优势的贸易理论有哪些不同？这两类贸易理论是互相排斥的吗？H-O理论与心贸易理论之间有什么经验关联？运输成本对H-O定理和H-O-S定理有何影响？不同的环保标准时如何影响产业选址及国际贸易的？2009年底联合国哥本哈根气候大会中的议题与国际贸易有何关系？这对我国经贸发展有何影响？Chapter 7: Economic Growth and International Trade Multiple-Choice Questions1. Dynamic factors in trade theory refer to changes in:A. factor endowmentsB. technologyC. tastes*D. all of the above2. Doubling the amount of L and K under constant returns to scale:A. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityB. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityC. leaves the shape of the production frontier unchanged*D. all of the above.3. Doubling only the amount of L available under constant returns to scale:A. less than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*B. more than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityC. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityD. leaves the output of the K-intensive commodity unchanged4. The Rybczynski theorem postulates that doubling L at constant relative commodity prices:A. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*B. reduces the output of the K-intensive commodityC. increases the output of both commoditiesD. any of the above5. Doubling L is likely to:A. increases the relative price of the L-intensive commodityB. reduces the relative price of the K-intensive commodity*C. reduces the relative price of the L-intensive commodityD. any of the aboveTechnical progress that increases the productivity of L proportionately more than the productivity of K is called: p roductivity *A. capital savingB. labor savingC. neutralD. any of the above7. A 50 percent productivity increase in the production of commodity Y:A. increases the output of commodity Y by 50 percentB. does not affect the output of XC. shifts the production frontier in the Y direction only*D. any of the above8. Doubling L with trade in a small L-abundant nation:*A. reduces the nation's social welfareB. reduces the nation's terms of tradeC. reduces the volume of tradeD. all of the above 9. Doubling L with trade in a large L-abundant nation:A. reduces the nation's social welfareB. reduces the nation's terms of tradeC. reduces the volume of trade*D. all of the aboveIf, at unchanged terms of trade, a nation wants to trade more after growth, then the n ation's nation's terms of trade can be expected to:*A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchangedD. any of the above A proportionately greater increase in the nation's supply of labor than of capital is lik ely to result in a deterioration in the nation's terms of trade if the nation exports: to A. the K-intensive commodity*B. the L-intensive commodityC. either commodityD. both commodities12. Technical progress in the nation's export commodity:*A. may reduce the nation's welfareB. will reduce the nation's welfareC. will increase the nation's welfareD. leaves the nation's welfare unchanged13. Doubling K with trade in a large L-abundant nation:A. increases the nation's welfareB. improves the nation's terms of tradeC. reduces the volume of trade*D. all of the above14. An increase in tastes for the import commodity in both nations:A. reduces the volume of trade*B. increases the volume of tradeC. leaves the volume of trade unchangedD. any of the above15. An increase in tastes of the import commodity of Nation A and export in B:*A. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation AB. will increase the terms of trade of Nation AC. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation BD. any of the above思考题：要素积累和技术进步如何影响一国的生产可能性曲线的形状和位置？何种类型的经济增长最可恩能够导致国家福利的下降？那种类型的经济增长最可能导致国家福利的改善？Chapter 8: Trade Restrictions: TariffsMultiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?A. An ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the value of the traded com modityB. A specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.C. Export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*D. The U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff 2. A small nation is one:A. which does not affect world price by its tradingB. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityC. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of t he tariff*D. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:A. consumption of the commodity increasesB. production of the commodity decreasesC. imports of the commodity increase*D. none of the aboveThe increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured by the area:*A. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without th e tariffB. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffC. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffD. none of the above.。
经济学英语词汇
经济学英语词汇在研究和学习经济学的过程中，掌握相关的英语词汇是非常重要的。
以下是一些经济学中常用的英语词汇及其含义：1、Economic：经济的，与经济相关的。
2、Finance：金融，财政。
3、Accounting：会计，会计学。
4、Market：市场，市场营销。
5、Price：价格，价值。
6、Currency：货币，通货。
7、Interest Rate：利率。
8、Exchange Rate：汇率。
9、Stock：股票，股份。
10、Bond：债券。
11、Futures：期货。
12、Options：期权。
13、Commodity：商品，大宗商品。
14、Price Index：价格指数。
15、Economy Growth：经济增长。
16、Unemployment Rate：失业率。
17、Inflation：通货膨胀。
18、Interest Rate Policy：利率政策。
19、Monetary Policy：货币政策。
20、Fiscal Policy：财政政策。
21、Supply-Side Economics：供给侧经济学。
22、Demand-Side Economics：需求侧经济学。
23、Comparative Advantage：比较优势。
24、Gains from Trade：贸易收益。
25、Barriers to Trade：贸易壁垒。
26、Dumping：倾销。
27、DumpingMargin：倾销差价。
28、Economic Liberalization：经济自由化。
29、Privatization：私有化。
30、Liberalization：自由化。
31、Globalization：全球化。
32、Protectionism：保护主义。
33、Stagflation：滞胀，即经济停滞与高通货膨胀、失业以及不景气并存的经济现象。
34、Recession：经济衰退，经济连续两个季度出现负增长。
罗莫高级宏观经济学第5版英文资源
罗莫高级宏观经济学第5版英文资源Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Fusce vulputate metus sed finibus interdum. Quisque tempus justo vel mi consequat, in ornare felis gravida. Suspendisse vel sapien et metus condimentum dignissim ut vel quam. Donec semper mi vitae orci ultrices, nec lacinia dolor placerat. Sed id condimentum elit. Aliquam id arcu eleifend, sollicitudin lectus eu, volutpat nulla.1. IntroductionThe fifth edition of Romer's Advanced Macroeconomics provides comprehensive resources for students studying macroeconomics at an advanced level. This article aims to summarize the English resources available in this edition.2. TextbookThe textbook serves as the foundation for understanding macroeconomics concepts. Romer's Advanced Macroeconomics provides clear explanations and in-depth analysis of various macroeconomic theories and models. It covers topics such as economic growth, business cycles, inflation, and monetary policy. The book includes numerous examples, charts, and graphs to enhance understanding.3. Lecture SlidesTo complement the textbook, Romer's Advanced Macroeconomics offers lecture slides that can be used by instructors during classroom or online sessions. These slides highlight key points from each chapter and providevisual aids to support student learning. The slides can be downloaded and customized to suit the instructor's teaching style.4. Practice QuestionsTo reinforce learning, the fifth edition includes a collection of practice questions. These questions cover a wide range of topics and difficulty levels, allowing students to test their understanding of macroeconomic concepts. Solutions to the practice questions are provided at the end of the book, enabling self-assessment and further learning.5. Case StudiesThe case studies in the textbook provide real-world applications of macroeconomic theories. These studies analyze economic events and policies, offering students a chance to apply their knowledge to practical situations. The case studies encourage critical thinking and help students develop a deeper understanding of macroeconomics.6. Online ResourcesIn addition to the textbook, Romer's Advanced Macroeconomics offers online resources. The official website provides supplementary materials, including data sets, additional readings, and interactive quizzes. Students can access these resources to further enhance their learning experience and deepen their understanding of macroeconomics.7. Instructor's ManualFor instructors, the fifth edition includes an instructor's manual. This manual provides guidance on teaching the course and offers suggestions forclassroom activities and assessments. It also contains additional resources, such as sample syllabi and lecture notes, to assist instructors in delivering the course effectively.8. ConclusionOverall, Romer's Advanced Macroeconomics, 5th edition, offers comprehensive English resources for students and instructors studying macroeconomics. The textbook, lecture slides, practice questions, case studies, online resources, and instructor's manual combine to create a rich learning experience. Whether used in a classroom or for self-study, these resources contribute to a thorough understanding of macroeconomic principles and their applications.Please note that the above content reflects a fictional article and does not provide actual resources for Romer's Advanced Macroeconomics, 5th edition.。
经济学研究范式的英文
经济学研究范式的英文Economic research paradigms have evolved significantlyover the years, reflecting the complexity and dynamism of the field. The paradigms serve as frameworks that guideeconomists in their quest to understand and explain economic phenomena.One of the earliest and most influential paradigms is the Classical Economics paradigm, which emerged during the Industrial Revolution. It was characterized by a belief inthe self-regulating market and the 'invisible hand' that guides economic activity towards societal welfare. This paradigm emphasized the importance of laissez-faire policies and minimal government intervention.In contrast, the Keynesian Economics paradigm, which gained prominence in the mid-20th century, shifted the focus towards the role of government in managing economic cyclesand addressing unemployment. Keynes argued that aggregate demand, rather than market forces alone, determined the level of economic activity.The Neoclassical Economics paradigm, which emerged in the late 19th century, introduced the concept of marginal utility and the importance of individual choice in economic decisions. This paradigm also emphasized the role of equilibrium in markets and the efficiency of market outcomes.Behavioral Economics, a more recent paradigm, challenges the traditional assumptions of rationality in economic agents. It incorporates insights from psychology to explain anomalies in decision-making that deviate from the predictions of standard economic models.Another significant development is the Post-Keynesian Economics paradigm, which extends Keynes' insights to include issues of income distribution, financial instability, and the role of money and credit in the economy.The Institutional Economics paradigm, meanwhile, focuses on the role of social institutions and their impact on economic behavior and outcomes. It emphasizes the importanceof historical context and the evolution of economic systems.Finally, the Ecological Economics paradigm addresses the interdependence of economic systems with the environment, advocating for sustainable development and the integration of ecological concerns into economic policy.Each of these paradigms offers a unique lens throughwhich to view and interpret economic events and trends. The diversity of these paradigms reflects the multifaceted nature of economics as a discipline and the ongoing quest for a more comprehensive understanding of economic processes.。
国际贸易导论-比较优势理论资料
19
联合国国际贸易标准分类
10个大类（1位数） 63章（2位数） 233组（3位数） 786个分组（4位数） 1924个基本项目（5位数）
2020/6/13
International Trade
20
国际贸易标准分类 Rew.3
0
FOOD & LIVE ANIMALS
00 LIVE ANIMALS EXCEPT FISH
2020/6/13
International Trade
11
知识准备
生产理论
(Production theory)
等产量线(isoquant)
等成本线(Isocost lines)
生产者均衡(Producer equilibrium)
生产可能性边界（Production Possibility
技术差异 (劳动生产率的差异) 决定贸易模式：李 嘉图模型（Ricardian Model）
要素禀赋的差异决定贸易模式：赫克谢尔－俄林 模型（Heckesher-Ohlin Model）
规模经济（Economies of Scale）和不完全竞争 （Imperfect Competition）
需求相似理论（Theory of Demand Similarity） 跨国公司的相关理论(Theory of MNC)
国际贸易政策措施（International trade policy & measure）
----考察贸易保护的原因及其影响 国际贸易发展中的重大现实问题和前沿问题
2020/6/13
International Trade
4
国际贸易理论的主要研究内容
贸易模式
Pattern of Trade: who sells what to whom?
国际经济学英文题库(最全版附答案)
【国际经济学】英文题库Chapter 1: IntroductionMultiple-Choice Questions1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States?*A. Coffee, tea, cocoaB. steel, copper, aluminumC. petroleum, coal, natural gasD. typewriters, computers, airplanes2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of:A. the United States*B. SwitzerlandC. GermanyD. England3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has:*A. grownB. diminishedC. remained unchangedD. cannot say4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by:A. the size of the nations' populationB. the percentage of its population to its GDP*C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDPD. all of the above5. Economic interdependence is greater for:*A. small nationsB. large nationsC. developed nationsD. developing nations6. The gravity model of international trade predicts that trade between two nations is largerA. the larger the two nationsB. the closer the nationsC. the more open are the two nations*D. all of the above7. International economics deals with:A. the flow of goods, services, and payments among nationsB. policies directed at regulating the flow of goods, services, and paymentsC. the effects of policies on the welfare of the nation*D. all of the above8. International trade theory refers to:*A. the microeconomic aspects of international tradeB. the macroeconomic aspects of international tradeC. open economy macroeconomics or international financeD. all of the above9. Which of the following is not the subject matter of international finance?A. foreign exchange marketsB. the balance of payments*C. the basis and the gains from tradeD. policies to adjust balance of payments disequilibria10. Economic theory:A. seeks to explain economic eventsB. seeks to predict economic eventsC. abstracts from the many detail that surrounds an economic event*D. all of the above11. Which of the following is not an assumption generally made in the study of inter national economics?A. two nationsB. two commodities*C. perfect international mobility of factorsD. two factors of production12. In the study of international economics:A. international trade policies are examined before the bases for tradeB. adjustment policies are discussed before the balance of paymentsC. the case of many nations is discussed before the two-nations case*D. none of the above13. International trade is similar to interregional trade in that both must overcome: *A. distance and spaceB. trade restrictionsC. differences in currenciesD. differences in monetary systems14. The opening or expansion of international trade usually affects all members of so ciety:A. positivelyB. negatively*C. most positively but some negativelyD. most negatively but some positively15. An increase in the dollar price of a foreign currency usually:A. benefit U.S. importers*B. benefits U.S. exportersC. benefit both U.S. importers and U.S. exportersD. harms both U.S. importers and U.S. exporters16. Which of the following statements with regard to international economics is true?A. It is a relatively new field*B. it is a relatively old fieldC. most of its contributors were not economistsD. none of the above思考题：1.为什么学习国际经济学非常重要？2.列举表达当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，它们为什么重要？3.当今世界面临的最重要的国家经济问题是什么？全球化的利弊各是什么？Chapter 2: The Law of Comparative AdvantageMultiple-Choice Questions1. The Mercantilists did not advocate:*A.free tradeB. stimulating the nation's exportsC. restricting the nations' importsD. the accumulation of gold by the nation2. According to Adam Smith, international trade was based on:*A. absolute advantageB. comparative advantageC. both absolute and comparative advantageD. neither absolute nor comparative advantage3. What proportion of international trade is based on absolute advantage?A. AllB. most*C. someD. none4. The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodity of its:A. absolute disadvantageB. absolute advantageC. comparative disadvantage*D. comparative advantage5. If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is established tha t nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nation B must have:A. an absolute advantage in commodity YB. an absolute disadvantage in commodity YC. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*D. a comparative advantage in commodity Y6. If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while nationB can produce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input):A. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity XB. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*C. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity XD. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity7. With reference to the statement in Question 6:A. Px/Py=1 in nation AB. Px/Py=3 in nation BC. Py/Px=1/3 in nation B*D. all of the above8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y:A. nation A gains 2X*B. nation B gains 6YC. nation A gains 3YD. nation B gains 3Y9. With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually beneficial tra de between nation A and B is:A. 3Y < 3X < 5YB. 5Y < 3X < 9Y*C. 3Y < 3X < 9YD. 1Y < 3X < 3Y10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B:A. there will be no trade between the two nationsB. the relative price of X is the same in both nationsC. the relative price of Y is the same in both nations*D. all of the above11. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage on the basis of:*A. the labor theory of valueB. the opportunity cost theoryC. the law of diminishing returnsD. all of the above12. Which of the following statements is true?A. The combined demand for each commodity by the two nations is negatively slope dB. the combined supply for each commodity by the two nations is rising stepwiseC. the equilibrium relative commodity price for each commodity with trade is giv en by the intersection of the demand and supply of each commodity by the two nati ons*D. all of the above13. A difference in relative commodity prices between two nations can be based upo n a difference in:A. factor endowmentsB. technologyC. tastes*D. all of the above14. In the trade between a small and a large nation:A. the large nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade*B. the small nation is likely to receive all of the gains from tradeC. the gains from trade are likely to be equally sharedD. we cannot say15. The Ricardian trade model has been empirically*A. verifiedB. rejectedC. not testedD. tested but the results were inconclusive思考题：比拟优势原理所带来的贸易所得是从何而来的？贸易利益又是如何分配的？现实世界中比拟优势是如何度量的？你认为目前中国具有比拟优势的商品有哪些？这意味着什么？比拟优势会不会发生变化？什么样的原因可能会导致其变化？经济学家是如何验证比拟优势原理的？Chapter 3: The Standard Theory of International TradeMultiple-Choice Questions1. A production frontier that is concave from the origin indicates that the nation incur s increasing opportunity costs in the production of:A. commodity X onlyB. commodity Y only*C. both commoditiesD. neither commodity2. The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to:A. the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of XB. the opportunity cost of XC. the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of production*D. all of the above3. Which of the following is not a reason for increasing opportunity costs:*A. technology differs among nationsB. factors of production are not homogeneousC. factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion in the production of all commoditiesD. for the nation to produce more of a commodity, it must use resources that are le ss and less suited in the production of the commodity4. Community indifference curves:A. are negatively slopedB. are convex to the originC. should not cross*D. all of the above5. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y in consumption refers to the:A. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y and still remain o n the same indifference curve*B. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X and still remain on the same indifference curveC. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y to reach a higher indifference curveD. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X to reach a higher indifference curve6. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the MRS of X for Y?A. It is given by the absolute slope of the indifference curveB. declines as the nation moves down an indifference curveC. rises as the nation moves up an indifference curve*D. all of the above7. Which of the following statements about community indifference curves is true?A. They are entirely unrelated to individuals' community indifference curvesB. they cross, they cannot be used in the analysis*C. the problems arising from intersecting community indifference curves can be over come by the application of the compensation principleD. all of the above.8. Which of the following is not true for a nation that is in equilibrium in isolation? *A. It consumes inside its production frontierB. it reaches the highest indifference curve possible with its production frontierC. the indifference curve is tangent to the nation's production frontierD. MRT of X for Y equals MRS of X for Y, and they are equal to Px/Py9. If the internal Px/Py is lower in nation 1 than in nation 2 without trade:A. nation 1 has a comparative advantage in commodity YB. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity X*C. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity YD. none of the above10. Nation 1's share of the gains from trade will be greater:A. the greater is nation 1's demand for nation 2's exports*B. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 2's pretrade Px/PyC. the weaker is nation 2's demand for nation 1's exportsD. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 1's pretrade Px/Py11. If Px/Py exceeds the equilibrium relative Px/Py with tradeA. the nation exporting commodity X will want to export more of X than at equilibr iumB. the nation importing commodity X will want to import less of X than at equilibri umC. Px/Py will fall toward the equilibrium Px/Py*D. all of the above12. With free trade under increasing costs:A. neither nation will specialize completely in productionB. at least one nation will consume above its production frontierC. a small nation will always gain from trade*D. all of the above13. Which of the following statements is false?A.The gains from trade can be broken down into the gains from exchange and the gains from specializationB. gains from exchange result even without specialization*C. gains from specialization result even without exchangeD. none of the above14. The gains from exchange with respect to the gains from specialization are alway s:A. greaterB. smallerC. equal*D. we cannot say without additional information15. Mutually beneficial trade cannot occur if production frontiers are:A. equal but tastes are notB. different but tastes are the sameC. different and tastes are also different*D. the same and tastes are also the same.思考题：国际贸易的标准理论与大卫.李嘉图的比拟优势原理有何异同？两国仅仅由于需求偏好不同可以进行市场分工和狐狸贸易吗？两国仅仅由于要素禀赋不同和/或生产技术不同可以进行分工和贸易吗?Chapter 4: Demand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the Terms of TradeMultiple Choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is correct?A. The demand for imports is given by the excess demand for the commodityB. the supply of exports is given by the excess supply of the commodityC. the supply curve of exports is flatter than the total supply curve of the commodity *D. all of the above2. At a relative commodity price above equilibriumA. the excess demand for a commodity exceeds the excess supply of the commodityB. the quantity demanded of imports exceeds the quantity supplied of exports*C. the commodity price will fallD. all of the above3. The offer curve of a nation shows:A. the supply of a nation's importsB. the demand for a nation's exportsC. the trade partner's demand for imports and supply of exports*D. the nation's demand for imports and supply of exports4. The offer curve of a nation bulges toward the axis measuring the nationsA. import commodity*B. export commodityC. export or import commodityD. nontraded commodity5. Export prices must rise for a nation to increase its exports because the nation:A. incurs increasing opportunity costs in export productionB. faces decreasing opportunity costs in producing import substitutesC. faces decreasing marginal rate of substitution in consumption*D. all of the above6. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is false?A. It relies on traditional demand and supply curvesB. it isolates for study one market*C. it can be used to determine the equilibrium relative commodity price but not the equilibrium quantity with tradeD. none of the above7. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is true?A. The demand and supply curve are derived from the nation's production frontier an d indifference mapB. It shows the same basic information as offer curvesC. It shows the same equilibrium relative commodity prices as with offer curves*D. all of the above8. In what way does partial equilibrium analysis differ from general equilibrium analy sis?A. The former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium price withtradeB. the former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium quantity with tradeC. the former but not the latter takes into consideration the interaction among all ma rkets in the economy*D. the former gives only an approximation to the answer sought.9. If the terms of trade of a nation are 1.5 in a two-nation world, those of the trade partner are:A. 3/4*B. 2/3C. 3/2D. 4/310. If the terms of trade increase in a two-nation world, those of the trade partner: *A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchangedD. any of the above11. If a nation does not affect world prices by its trading, its offer curve:A. is a straight lineB. bulges toward the axis measuring the import commodity*C. intersects the straight-line segment of the world's offer curveD. intersects the positively-sloped portion of the world's offer curve12. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:A. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodityB. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodit yC. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodity *D. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodity13. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:A. the nation's terms of trade remain unchanged*B. the nation's terms of trade deteriorateC. the partner's terms of trade deteriorateD. any of the above14. If the tastes for a nation import commodity increases, trade volume:*A. increasesB. declinesC. remains unchangedD. any of the above15. A deterioration of a nation's terms of trade causes the nation's welfare to:A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchanged*D. any of the above思考题：提供曲线如何推导？有何用途？两国贸易时的均衡商品价格是如何决定的？受哪些因素影响？贸易条件的含义是？贸易条件的改善意味着什么？哪些因素可能导致贸易条件的改善？Chapter 5: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin TheoryMultiple-Choice Questions1. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:A. explaining the basis for comparative advantageB. examining the effect of trade on factor prices*C. both A and BD. neither A nor B2. Which is not an assumption of the H-O model:A. the same technology in both nationsB. constant returns to scale*C. complete specializationD. equal tastes in both nations3. With equal technology nations will have equal K/L in production if:*A. factor prices are the sameB. tastes are the sameC. production functions are the sameD. all of the above4. We say that commodity Y is K-intensive with respect to X when:A. more K is used in the production of Y than XB. less L is used in the production of Y than X*C. a lower L/K ratio is used in the production of Y than XD. a higher K/L is used in the production of X than Y5. When w/r falls, L/KA. falls in the production of both commodities*B. rises in the production of both commoditiesC. can rise or fallD. is not affected6. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:A. greater absolute amount of KB. smaller absolute amount of LC. higher L/K ratio*D. lower r/w7. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based on a diffe rence in:A. technologyB. factor endowmentsC. tastes*D. all of the above8. In the H-O model, international trade is based mostly on a difference in:A. technology*B. factor endowmentsC. economies of scaleD. tastes9. According to the H-O model, trade reduces international differences in:A. relative but not absolute factor pricesB. absolute but not relative factor prices*C. both relative and absolute factor pricesD. neither relative nor absolute factor prices10. According to the H-O model, international trade will:A. reduce international differences in per capita incomesB. increases international differences in per capita incomes*C. may increase or reduce international differences in per capita incomes D. lead to complete specialization11. The H-O model is a general equilibrium model because it deals with:A. production in both nationsB. consumption in both nationsC. trade between the two nations*D. all of the above12. The H-O model is a simplification of the a truly general equilibrium model because it deals with:A. two nationsB. two commoditiesC. two factors of production*D. all of the above13. The Leontief paradox refers to the empirical finding that U.S.*A. import substitutes are more K-intensive than exportsB. imports are more K-intensive than exportsC. exports are more L-intensive than importsD. exports are more K-intensive than import substitutes14. From empirical studies, we conclude that the H-O theory:A. must be rejectedB. must be accepted without reservations*C. can be accepted while awaiting further testingD. explains all international trade15. For factor reversal to occur, two commodities must be produced with:*A. sufficiently different elasticity of substitution of factorsB. the same K/L ratioC. technologically-fixed factor proportionsD. equal elasticity of substitution of factors思考题：H-O理论有哪些假设？各假设的含义是什么？为什么要做出这些假设？如何检验H-O理论的正确性？H-O-S定理的假设条件又是什么？他与生产要素国际间的流动有何关系？如何检验H-O-S定理在现实中的可靠性？Chapter 6: Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International T radeMultiple-Choice Questions:1. Relaxing the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory rests:A. leads to rejection of the theoryB. leaves the theory unaffected*C. requires complementary trade theoriesD. any of the above.Which of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed, leav ethe theory unaffected?A. Two nations, two commodities, and two factorsB. both nations use the same technologyC. the same commodity is L-intensive in both nations*D. all of the aboveWhich of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed, require new trade theories?*A. Economies of scaleB. incomplete specializationC. similar tastes in both nationsD. the existence of transportation costsInternational trade can be based on economies of scale even if both nations have ide ntical:A. factor endowmentsB. tastesC. technology*D. all of the above5. A great deal of international trade:A. is intra-industry tradeB. involves differentiated productsC. is based on monopolistic competition*D. all of the above6. The Heckscher-Ohlin and new trade theories explains most of the trade:A. among industrial countriesB. between developed and developing countriesC. in industrial goods*D. all of the aboveThe theory that a nation exports those products for which a large domestic market e xistswas advanced by:*A. LinderB. VernonC. LeontiefD. Ohlin8. Intra-industry trade takes place:A. because products are homogeneous*B. in order to take advantage of economies of scaleC. because perfect competition is the prevalent form of market organizationD. all of the aboveIf a nation exports twice as much of a differentiated product that it imports, its intra-industry (T) index is equal to:A. 1.00B. 0.75*C. 0.50D. 0.2510. Trade based on technological gaps is closely related to:A. the H-O theory*B. the product-cycle theoryC. Linder's theoryD. all of the above11. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the product-cycle theor y?A. It depends on differences in technological changes over time among countriesB. it depends on the opening and the closing of technological gaps among countriesC. it postulates that industrial countries export more advanced products to less advan ced countries*D. all of the above12. Transport costs:A. increase the price in the importing countryB. reduces the price in the exporting country*C. both of the aboveD. neither A nor B.13. Transport costs can be analyzed:A. with demand and supply curvesB. production frontiersC. offer curves*D. all of the above14. The share of transport costs will fall less heavily on the nation:*A. with the more elastic demand and supply of the traded commodityB. with the less elastic demand and supply of the traded commodityC. exporting agricultural productsD. with the largest domestic market15. A footloose industry is one in which the product:A. gains weight in processingB. loses weight in processingC. both of the above*D. neither A nor B.思考题：本章的贸易理论与基于比拟优势的贸易理论有哪些不同？这两类贸易理论是互相排斥的吗？H-O理论与心贸易理论之间有什么经验关联？运输本钱对H-O定理和H-O-S定理有何影响？不同的环保标准时如何影响产业选址及国际贸易的？2021年底联合国哥本哈根气候大会中的议题与国际贸易有何关系？这对我国经贸开展有何影响？Chapter 7: Economic Growth and International TradeMultiple-Choice Questions1. Dynamic factors in trade theory refer to changes in:A. factor endowmentsB. technologyC. tastes*D. all of the above2. Doubling the amount of L and K under constant returns to scale:A. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityB. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityC. leaves the shape of the production frontier unchanged*D. all of the above.3. Doubling only the amount of L available under constant returns to scale:A. less than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*B. more than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityC. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityD. leaves the output of the K-intensive commodity unchanged4. The Rybczynski theorem postulates that doubling L at constant relative commodity prices:A. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*B. reduces the output of the K-intensive commodityC. increases the output of both commoditiesD. any of the above5. Doubling L is likely to:A. increases the relative price of the L-intensive commodityB. reduces the relative price of the K-intensive commodity*C. reduces the relative price of the L-intensive commodityD. any of the aboveTechnical progress that increases the productivity of L proportionately more than the productivity of K is called:*A. capital savingB. labor savingC. neutralD. any of the above7. A 50 percent productivity increase in the production of commodity Y:A. increases the output of commodity Y by 50 percentB. does not affect the output of XC. shifts the production frontier in the Y direction only*D. any of the above8. Doubling L with trade in a small L-abundant nation:*A. reduces the nation's social welfareB. reduces the nation's terms of tradeC. reduces the volume of tradeD. all of the above9. Doubling L with trade in a large L-abundant nation:A. reduces the nation's social welfareB. reduces the nation's terms of tradeC. reduces the volume of trade*D. all of the aboveIf, at unchanged terms of trade, a nation wants to trade more after growth, then the nation's terms of trade can be expected to:*A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchangedD. any of the aboveA proportionately greater increase in the nation's supply of labor than of capital is lik elyto result in a deterioration in the nation's terms of trade if the nation exports: A. the K-intensive commodity*B. the L-intensive commodityC. either commodityD. both commodities12. Technical progress in the nation's export commodity:*A. may reduce the nation's welfareB. will reduce the nation's welfareC. will increase the nation's welfareD. leaves the nation's welfare unchanged13. Doubling K with trade in a large L-abundant nation:A. increases the nation's welfareB. improves the nation's terms of tradeC. reduces the volume of trade*D. all of the above14. An increase in tastes for the import commodity in both nations:A. reduces the volume of trade*B. increases the volume of tradeC. leaves the volume of trade unchangedD. any of the above15. An increase in tastes of the import commodity of Nation A and export in B:*A. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation AB. will increase the terms of trade of Nation AC. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation BD. any of the above思考题：要素积累和技术进步如何影响一国的生产可能性曲线的形状和位置？何种类型的经济增长最可恩能够导致国家福利的下降？那种类型的经济增长最可能导致国家福利的改善？Chapter 8: Trade Restrictions: TariffsMultiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?A. An ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the value of the traded com modityB. A specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.C. Export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*D. The U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff2. A small nation is one:A. which does not affect world price by its tradingB. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityC. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of t he tariff*D. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:A. consumption of the commodity increasesB. production of the commodity decreasesC. imports of the commodity increase*D. none of the aboveThe increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured by the area:*A. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without th e tariffB. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffC. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffD. none of the above.。
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade 相互依存性与贸易的好处
do not gain from trade because they are more or less productive than others.
People
gain from trade because of diversity in their opportunity cost.
Prepared by XuYongguo, Antai School of Economics&Management
比较优势与贸易
谁拥有有绝对优势?
农场主还是牧场主?
谁拥有比较优势?
农场主还是牧场主?
Prepared by XuYongguo, Antai School of Economics&Management
生产量和消费量
有贸易时的生产量
4盎司
0盎司 +5盎司 5盎司
16盎司
32盎司 -15盎司 17盎司
12盎司
18盎司 -5盎司 13盎司
24盎司
12盎司 +15盎司 27盎司
交易量
消费量
贸易的好处：
消费量的增加 1盎司 1盎司 1盎司 3盎司
The Principle of Comparative Advantage 比较优势原理
描述一个人、一个厂商或者一个国家相对于
其他个人、厂商和国家的生产能力。
能够以更少的投入量生产出一个单位的相同
商品的生产者在生产此物品上有绝对优势。
Prepared by XuYongguo, Antai School of Economics&Management
绝对优势
牧场主生产一盎司土豆只需要10分钟，
对中美关系的认识和理解英文
对中美关系的认识和理解英文对中美关系的认识和理解英文China and the United States have a complex and multifaceted relationship, shaped by historical, cultural, economic, and political factors. While the two countries share some common interests and values, they also have significant differences and disagreements on various issues. In this article, we will explore some of the key aspects of the China-US relationship and how they affect global politics and economics.Economic InterdependenceOne of the defining features of the China-US relationship is economic interdependence. The two countries are the world's largest economies, with China being the largest importer of US goods and the US being the largest foreign investor in China. The two countries also have close ties in areas such as finance, education, and technology. However, this interdependence has also led to tensions, particularly in the areas of trade and intellectual property rights. The US has accused China of unfair trade practices and intellectual property theft, while China has accused the US of protectionism and interference in its internal affairs.Strategic CompetitionAnother key aspect of the China-US relationship is strategic competition. The US sees China as a potential rival in the global balance of power, with concerns over China's military modernization, its territorial claims in the South China Sea, and its growing influence in developing countries. China, in turn, sees the US as a hegemonic power that seeks to contain its rise and interfere in its domestic affairs. This strategic competition has led to tensions in areas such as military-to-military relations, arms sales to Taiwan, and regional security issues.Cultural ExchangeDespite the differences and disagreements, there have also been efforts to promote cultural exchange and understanding between China and the US. The two countries have a long history of cultural interaction, with Chinese immigrants contributing to American society and American movies, music, and popular culture influencing Chinese society. In recent years, there have been initiatives such as the US-China People-to-People Exchange Program, which aims to promote mutual understanding and cooperation in areas such as education, science, and culture.ConclusionThe China-US relationship is a complex and dynamic one, shaped by a range of economic, political, and cultural factors. While the two countries have significant differences and disagreements, there are also areas of common interest and opportunities for cooperation. As the world's two largest economies and major global powers, their relationship will continue to have a significant impact on international politics and economics in the years to come.。
国际贸易英文专业术语
关键术语1.相互依赖Interdependence: The (economic) relationships among nations, is given by the ratio of their imports and exports of goods and services.2.国际贸易理论International Trade Theory: Analyzes the basis and the gains from trade.3.国际贸易政策International Trade Policy: Examines the reasons for and effects of trade restrictions英文阅读材料1.Gains from Trade LiberalizationFive major kinds of gains from free trade can be identified; however, there is considerable overlap among them. These gains come from unilateral policy shifts as well as from the liberalization that takes place through regional and multilateral negotiations. Quantitative estimates and further elaboration of the gains from liberalization will be found in a recent OECD book (1998b).Static GainFree trade allows countries to export those goods and services that the, can make efficiently, and to import those goods and services that they. make inefficiently. ‘Efficiency’is measured in relative terms, not in absolute terms. For example, while the United States has an absolute advantage in the production ofboth aircraft and apparel by comparison with China-in the sense that the United States requires fewer man years to produce either a civilian airplane or a container load of blue jeans than China--both countries gain when the United States concentrates its higher-skilled workforce on producing and exporting aircraft, and China specializes in producing and exporting apparel.The static gains from free trade--the gains that would come from the free exchange of goods and services when each country uses the same techn010gv before and after free trade-are typically estimated at less than two percent of GNP. In the context of the Uruguay Round, it was roughly calculated that the static gains from the negotiated reduction in industrial tariffs and agricultural barriers would grow the global economy by about $ 40 billion, of which about $ 30 billion would be realized by advanced countries and $ 10 billion by developing countries. While they are not trivial. static gains a10ne do not measure the full benefits of liberalization.Consumer SavingsTrade results in lower prices, enabling consumers to buy more with their Paychecks. Estimates published by the Institute for International Economics suggest that totally freemerchandise trade would save American consumers about 1.2% of U.S. GNP; Japanese consumers about 5% of Japanese GNP; and Korean consumers about 4% of Korean GNP (Herbier and Elliott, 1994, Sazana-mi et al,1995,Kim,1996). These savings occur even when markets are com. petitive without free trade. These measures are another way of computing static gains.Trade also introduces more competition into domestic markets. Undermining anticompetitive practices that usually prevail when domestic producers face few foreign challenges. Industries shielded from foreign competition often charge higher prices, have little incentive to hold down costs and often indulge slack management style. By injecting greater competition into sheltered domestic markets, international commerce forces national producers to live up to their potential. In recent years, the most dramatic example has been the fast-paced drop in international telecom rates as erstwhile monopolies have faced new competition. Simulation exercises carried out by Atje and Herbier (1996) suggest that when free trade converts a monopoly industry into a competitive industry, the efficiency gains are several times larger than the static gains resulting from the free trade among competitive industries.Higher Wages and More Stable EmploymentOver the last decade, jobs supported by US exports rose four times faster than overall private-industry job creation.Consequently,12 million Americans now owe their jobs to exports, out of a civilian labor force of 67 million people. The research of Richardson and Rindal (1 995,1 996)shows that both production and non-production workers in US exporting firms receive on average about 14 percent higher pay than workers in firms that do not export. Export-oriented firms tend to have more stable employment patterns. Similar stories can probably be told for other countries that have increased the trade share of their economies.Gains in Total Factor ProductivityFree trade exposes countries to new production and management technologies that foster higher productivity at both the firm and industry. level. Twenty years ago, American auto firms began learning from Japan how to produce cars more cheaply. Today, financial institutions in Tokyo are learning from the United States how to run banks and pension funds. These gains are closely linked to cross-border direct investment(foreign direct investment, or FDI).In fact, a major purpose of trade agreements is to promote investment, thereby simultaneously encouraging intra-firm trade by multinational corporations (MNCs) and higher productivity among au local firms that compete with MNCs.Catch-up BenefitsOne of the biggest gains from free trade in goods, services and capital is the opportunityfor poorer countries to raise their productivity and income toward the levels already reached by richer countries. Research by Barro (1991,1994), Sala-I-Martin (1991), Ben-David (1995), and others cited later suggest that free trade helps close the income gap between poor and rich countries at a rate of about one-half of one percentage point per year faster than might otherwise occur. The catch-up largely reflects the acquisition of better technology, and improved management, and the spur to productivity that accompanieskeen competition and foreign direct investment.2.The Relative Importance of Regional Versus Multilateral Trade AgreementsThere are now more than 100 viable regional groups and bilateral free trade agreements. These are not going to wither away. The debate between the ‘multilateralism-only’ school, led by Jagdish Bhagwati, and: he more pragmatic ‘regionalism plus unilateralism’school.1ed by C. Fred Bergsten and Lawrence Summers, will be won by. the pragmatists. To the extent negotiations are important for liberalization. some will be done in regional groups, some in multilateral groups. In twenty years. the obligations in the various groups will over. 1ap and merge. just like the overlapping jurisdiction of state and federal coups in the United States. The distinctions will concern lawyers. not economists. Meanwhile. the negotiating work carried out in multiple venues will preserve and sharpen the skills of career civil servants and business lobbyists. This ‘training’function is important to maintain a professional constituency for liberalization.That said, regional groups could play two special roles among developing countries. One role would be the acceleration of liberalization and enhancement of policy credibility among developing countries that both choose to, and are in. vited to, associate with one of the super-regional groups(European Union, NAFTA or Mercosur), or with the Australia-New Zealand CER f a relevant option for ASEAN countries).Developing countries that follow this route will sharply diminish the trade barriers portrayed in Table 8 and rapidly open them. selves to foreign investment in all sectors.A second role could come from regional groups between developing countries themselves. Admittedly, as we have already described, the obstacles are, formidable and the historical record is short on successes. However. there is one example of a successful group of developing countries, Mercosur, anchored on Brazil. Conceivably, similar groups could be anchored on India, Egypt, South Africa, Russia, China or even Nigeria. Although we do not have the data at hand to support this guess, we believe that there is considerable scope for enlarging bilateral trade between many developing countries in several of these neighborhoods. The countries in question often have a long record of political antagonism that has soured commercial relations, leading to very high barriers; in addition, their communications and transportation links are often weak or non-existent. We believe thatgravity model contrasts between actual and predicted trade flows would forecast a very sharp increase in bilateral commerce if meaningful FTAs were put in place between neighboring countries. Frankel’s estimates(1997,83)suggest that the typical member of the European Community in 1990 may have traded as much as 65 percent more with its partners on account of the EC. We think the pro-trade effects between developing countries could be much larger, because their starting barriers are often higher than Europe faced in the 1960s. Nevertheless, we conclude with a reminder about the obstacles to meaningful FTAs among small and medium·-sized developing countries. It would be remarkable if more than two new regional groups emerge with the same vitality as Mercosur in the next twenty years.关键术语1.重商主义Mercantilism: A system of government policies and institutions aimed at increasing exports and decreasing imports. The mercantilists maintained that the way for a nation to become rich and powerful was to export more than it imported. The resulting export surplus would then be settled by an inflow of bullion, or precious metals,primarily gold and silver. The more gold and silver a nation Had, the richer and more powerful it was.2.国际分工International Division of Labor: Specialization by nations in the production of only a few goods.3.绝对优势Absolute Advantage: The ability of a country to produce a good using fewer productive inputs than is possible anywhere else in the world.4.劳动价值论Labor Theory of Value: The value or price of a commodity depends exclusively on the amount of labor going into the production of the commodity.5.比较优势Comparative Advantage: The nation should specialize in the production of and export the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is smaller (this is the commodity of its comparative advantage)and import the commodity in which its absolute disadvantage is greater(this is the commodity of its comparative disadvantage).6.生产可能性边界The production Possibility Frontier: A curve that shows the alternative combinations of the two commodities that a nation can produce by fully utilizing all of its resources with the best technology available to it.7.机会成本Opportunity Cost: The cost of a commodity is the amount of a second commodity that must be given up to release just enough resources to produce one additional unit of the first commodity.英文阅读材料1. The Central Belief 0f MercantilismMercantilists viewed international trade as a source of major benefits to a nation. Merchants engaged in trade, especially those selling exports, were good hence the name mercantilism. But mercantilists also maintained that government regulation of trade was necessary to provide the largest national benefits. Trade merchants would serve their own interests and not the national interest, in the absence of government guidance.A central belief of mercantilism was that national well-being or wealth was based on national holdings of gold and silver (specie or bullion). Given this view of national wealth, exports were viewed as good and imports(except for raw materials not produced at home)were seen as bad. If a country sells (exports) more to foreign buyers than the foreigners sell to the country (the country’s imports), then the foreigners have to pay for the excess of their purchases by shipping gold and silver to the country. The gain in gold and silver increases the country’s well-being, according to the mercantilist belief. Imports are undesirable because they reduce the country’s ability to accumulate these precious metals. Imports were also feared because they might not be available to the country in time. In addition, gold and silver accruing to the national rulers could be especially valuable in helping to maintain a large military for the country. Based on mercantilist thinking, governments imposed an array of taxes and prohibitions designed to limit imports and subsidized and encouraged exports.Because of its peculiar emphasis on gold and silver, mercantilism viewed trade as a zero-sum activity-one country’s gains come at the expense of some other countries, since a surplus in international trade for one country must be a deficit for some other(s).The focus on promoting exports and limiting imports also provided major benefits for domestic producer interests(jn both exporting and import-competing industries).Although the propositions of the mercantilists have been refuted, and countries no 10nger focus on piling gold and silver, Mercantilist thinking is still very much alive today. It now has sharp focus on employment. Neo-mercantilists believe that exports are good because they create jobs in the country. Imports are bad because they take jobs from the country and give them to foreigners: once again trade is depicted as a zero-sum activity. There is no recognition that trade can bring gains to all countries(including mutual gains in employment as prosperity rises throughout the world). Although it does not always win the policy debates. mercantilist thinking pervades discussions of international trade in countriesall over the world.2. Poor Country Gains from Trade Greatly OverstatedThe Bush administration announced plans this week to move forward with bilateral and regional trade agreements in President Bush’s second term. But the W0rld Bank has cast doubt on the benefits to developing countries from these agreements in its Global Economic Prospects 2005. A new report from the Center for Economic and P0licv Research (CEPR) entitled Poor Numbers. The Impact of Trade Liberalization on World Poverty’’by Mark Weisbrot, David Rosnick, and Dean Baker, similarly finds that gains to developing countries from trade liberalization are smaller in reality than the numbers that have been widely cited in the public debate. The authors’ calculations show that the impact of trade liberalization on poverty reduction-while not inconsequential-will be to lift less than 100 million people from a per capita income just below the international poverty line of $ 2 per day to just above $2 per day.”“The gains from trade liberalization for poor people in developing countries have been overstated,” said CEPR Economist and Co-Director Mark Weisbrot, a co-author of the report. At the same time, the costs to developing countries of complying with commercial agreements such as the WTO are often ignored. This leads to a 10t of misunderstanding regarding the potential impact of trade liberalization and the conditions that are attached to it.Cline (2004), a leading reference on this subject, projects that rich country trade liberalization would lift 540 million people out of poverty. This new CEPR study shows that the projections in Cline (2004) substantially overstate the likely benefits for three reasons. First, a calculation error led to an overstatement of approximately 17 percent in the number of people who would be lifted out of poverty. Second, the methodology used in the book-fitting the income distribution using the Gini coefficient-is arbitrary and often quite inaccurate. An equally plausible alternative methodology-fitting the income distribution using the poverty rate-yields projections that are less than a fifth as large. Third, calculating the combined impact of the economic growth projected for a period in which any trade liberalization process takes place and trade liberalization itself, shows that the impact of trade liberalization on poverty reduction is approximately 20 percent as large as the corrected Cline projections.Further, the typical person raised above the poverty line in these projections is someone with an income just below the international poverty level of $ 2 per day. Trade liberalization is projected to raise their income just above this $ 2 per day poverty level. While this gain can mean a significant improvement in the lives of some poor people, most of the people who are commonly described as being ‘pulled out of poverty’ as they cross the $ 2 per day threshold would still be seen as impoverished. Though any reduction in poverty is desirable,since poor countries are being forced to make concessions in exchange for trade liberalization in rich countries, it is important that they approach trade negotiations with a clear assessment of the size of the potential benefits. Many of these concessions, such as the enforcement of rich country patent and copyrights, impose substantial costs on developing countries. In addition, trade agreements often limit the ability of developing countries to pursue the same sort of industrial policies that rich countries used in order to develop. It is entirely possible that the cost to developing countries from paying copyright--and patent-protected prices to rich countries will equal or exceed the gains from rich country trade liberalization, as suggested by the World Bank’s preliminary research. It is only by comparing the estimated costs and benefits of international commercial agreements to developing countries that we can say whether these will benefit poor people in developing countries.关键术语1. 机会成本递增Increasing Opportunity Costs: The nation must give up more and more of one community to release just enough resources to produce each additional unit of another commodity.2. 社会无差异曲线Community Indifference Curves: Show the various combinations 0f two commodities that yield equal satisfaction to the community or nation.3. 不完全的专业化Incomplete Specialization: The continued production of both commodities in both nations with increasing costs, even in a small nation with trade.4. 交换的利益Gains from Exchange: The increase in consumption resulting from exchange alone and with the nation continuing to produce at the autarky point.5. 专业化的利益Gains from Specialization: The increase in consumption resulting from specialization in production.6.相互需求原理Reciprocal Demand Theorem: The actual price at which trade takes place depends on the trading partners’ interacting demands.7.贸易条件Trade Terms: Defined as the ratio of the price of its export commodity to the price of its import commodity.8.提供曲线Offer Curve: A curve that shows how much of its import commodity a nation demands to be willing to supply various amounts of its export commodity, or the willingness of the nation. to import and export at various relative commodity prices.英文阅读材料1.Why Protectionism Cannot Cure the Trade DeficitThe causal link between investment flows, exchange rates, and the bal ance of trade explains why protectionism cannot core a trade deficit. In his 1997 book. one World, Ready or Not, Washington journalist William Greider proposes an ‘emergency tariff ‘ of 10 or 15 percent to reduce the U.S. trade deficit. If Congress were to implement that awful idea, American imports would probably decline as intended. But fewer imports would mean fewer dollars flowing into the international currency markets, raising the value of the dollar relative to other currencies. The stronger dollar would make U.S. exports more expensive for foreign consumers and imports more attractive to Americans. Exports would fall and imports would rise until the trade balance matched the savings and investment balance.Without a change in aggregate levels of savings and investment, the trade deficit would remain largely unaffected. All the new tariff barriers would be to reduce the volume of both imports and exports, leaving Americans poorer by depriving them of additional gains from the specialization that accompanies expanding international trade.Government export subsidies would be equally ineffective in reducing the trade deficit. Partly in response to the Asian financial crisis, President Clinton proposed in his 1999 federal budget an increase in subsidies to U.S. exporters through the Export-Import Bank. By allowing certain exporters to lower their prices on sales abroad, the subsidies would stimulate foreign demand, but the greater demand for dollars needed to buy U.S. goods would bid up the dollar's value in foreign exchange markets. The stronger dollar, in turn, would raise the effective price of U.S. exports generally, offsetting any price advantage gained by the subsidies. Total exports, and hence the trade deficit, would remain unchanged. Subsidies only divert exports from less favored to more favored sectors.In theory, trade policy can indirectly affect the trade deficit by influencing a nation’s level of savings and investment. For example, a higher tariff would presumably raise government revenue through additional customs duties, thus reducing the budget deficit (or increasing the surplus) and reducing the need to borrow from abroad-resulting in a smaller trade deficit. But a tariff can also stimulate investment in the protected industry, increasing demand for foreign capital and leading to a larger trade deficit. After surveying the various theories, Labor Department economist Robert C. Shelburne concluded, ‘Trade policy islikely to have a marginal impact on savings or investment and thus only a marginal impact on the trade balance.’ Even Morenci concurs, noting that ‘changes in trade policies have had minimal effects on aggregate net exports in recent years’.Another temptation is to intervene by intentionally devaluing the national currency in the foreign exchange market. A nation’s central bank can put downward pressure on the value of its own currency by creating an excess amount of that currency and using the excess to purchase foreign currencies. A falling currency can stimulate exports and dampen demand for imports, thus reducing a trade deficit. However, a cheaper currency also means that asset values in that country drop in foreign currency terms, attracting foreign investment flows that increase the capital account(and the corresponding current account deficit). And eventually the weaker currency feeds back into the domestic economy in the form of higher overall prices, that is, inflation. In the long run, higher domestic prices will offset any price advantage gained in the international market. place by a ‘competitive devaluation’Proven Trade-Deficit Cutter: A RecessionOne way to reduce the trade deficit would be for Americans to save more. A larger pool of national savings would reduce demand for foreign capital; with less foreign capital flowing into the country, the gap between what we buy from abroad and what we sell would shrink.A related way to cut the trade deficit is for the government to borrow less. Reducing the government deficit (a form of ‘disserving’) releases more funds for domestic investment, reducing the demand for foreign capital. That explains the’twin deficits’ phenomenon of the 1980s, when huge federal budget deficits claimed a rising share of national savings, requiring the importation of savings from abroad to meet domestic demand for investment. The inflow of foreign capital prompted by the budget deficit allowed Americans to buy even more goods and services than they sold in the international marketplace. As the federal budget deficit declined in the late 1980s, so too did America’s trade deficit.Figure 1The Trade Balance and U.S. RecessionsAnother, less appealing way to reduce the trade deficit is to reduce invest. ment. That occurs more or less naturally during times of recession, when business confidence falls and companies cut back on expansion plans. As Americans consume and invest less, demand for imports and foreign c印ital falls a10ng with the trade deficit. That explains why the smallest U.S. trade deficit since the early 1980s occurred in 1991, in the midst of the most recent recession. In tact, the U.S. current account balance tends to shrink during times of recession and grow during economic expansions. If the trade deficit really is one of our nat’0n s most pressing problems, the surest and swiftest way to tackle it would be to engineer a deep recession.That is exactly what happened to Mexico in 1995. In the aftershock of the Peso crisis, Mexico’s real GDP shrank in 1995 by 6.2 percent. Because of falling domestic demand, fleeing capital, and a plunging peso. Mexico’s overall trade balance flipped from a deficit in 1994 to a surplus in 1995. Mexico’s bilateral balance with the United States did the same, going from a deficit to a surplus. That supposed ‘trade debacle’ for the United States had nothing to do with NAFTA or any other change in trade policy. It was caused by mismanagement on the part of Mexico’s monetary authorities, and the chief victims of that mismanagement were Mexican workers. Perhaps NAFTA critics who believe our bilateral trade deficit with Mexico is such a terrible development would have preferred that the U.S. economy, not the Mexican economy, contract 6.2 percent in one year. of course, American workers would have suffered, but it would have done wonders for our bilateral trade balance.An understanding of the all-important role of investment flows should liberate trade policy from its obsessive focus on the current account balance. The trade deficit is not a function of trade policy, and therefore trade policy cannot be a tool for reducing the tradedeficit.2. Myth: ‘U.S. Exporters Face Unfair Trade Barriers’Many Americans are convinced that a bilateral trade deficit proves that the foreign country’s market is relatively closed to U.S. exports compared with the ‘open’ U.S. market. America’s large bilateral deficit with Japan is almost unanimously seen as a problem by U.S. policymakers who share that view, with blame for the deficits placed squarely on ‘unfair’foreign trade barriers. A survey of America’s major trading partners challenges that assumption. Countries with which the United States runs large deficits are not characteristically more protectionist toward U.S. exports than are those with which we run asurplus. Canada and Mexico, two countries that are very open to U.S. exports thanks in part to NAFTA, are both among the five countries with which the United States has the largest bilateral trade deficits. on the other side, America’s third largest bilateral trade surplus is with Brazil, a country whose barriers to imports remain relatively high. Americans face a common external tariff when exporting to members of the European Union, yet some EU members (the Netherlands and Belgium)are among the top surplus trade partners, and Others (Germany and Italy)are among the top deficit partners. Trade policy cannot explain those differences (Table 1).Table 1America’s Top 10 Bilateral Deficits and Surpluses t997(billions of U.S. $)Source: U. S Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Foreign Trade Division, at www. census. Gov/foreign trade.Blaming bilateral deficits exclusively on differences in trade policy once again misses the reality of investment flows. In Japan, high domestic savings rates provide a pool of capital that far exceeds domestic investment opportunities. Japan ‘exports’capital to the United States, which allows Americans to import more goods from Japan than we export. The main reason that America’s bilateral trade deficit with Japan exploded in the 1 980s isthat the Japanese government lifted many of its capital controls with the passage of the Foreign Exchange and Foreign Trade Control Law in December 1 980.That allowed Japanese savings to flow across the Pacific to the United States, where it could draw a more favorable rate of return.Despite the common perception, Japan was actually more open to U. S. exports in the 1980s than in the 1960s and 1970s, when American bilateral trade deficits with Japan were much smaller. As Robert T. Parry, president and chief executive officer of the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco. explained:Of all the U. S. trading partners, Japan continues to be singled out for having the most unfair trading practices. But it's doubtful that such policies have been a major cause of U.S. trade deficits. First of all, the Japanese market has become somewhat more open-not more closed-over the past decade. Second, Japan’s share of changes in the total U.S. non-oil merchandise trade deficit has been proportional to its U.S. trade share. For example, in 1 98 1.about 9 percent of our exports went to Japan, and about 20 percent of our imports came from Japan. That left US with a bilateral deficit of $ 16 billion. If the same shares prevailed in 1992. we would have had a bilateral deficit of $ 57 billion-which is in fact a little larger than the actual deficit of $ 51 billion. So I think there’s not much evidence to say that restrictive trade practices have been the driving force behind changes in the U.S. trade deficit.The same cannot be said for our bilateral deficit with China. Despite substantial progress in the last 10 years, its barriers to imports remain relatively high. Those barriers partly explain the bilateral surplus China runs with the United States, but the primary explanation is more benign: We like to consume the products China sells. In 1995 the Council of Economic Advisers concluded, ‘China’s persistent surplus with the United States in part reflects its specialization in inexpensive mass. market consumer goods. China similarly runs bilateral surpluses with Japan and Europe for this reason.’If China were to further open its market. America’s bilateral deficit with China would probably shrink, but our overall trade deficit--determined by aggregate savings and investment--would remain largely unaffected. A rising dollar caused by increased demand for U.S. exports to China would lead to larger bilateral deficits (or smaller surpluses) with other U.S. trading partners. If the United States were to impose higher tariffs aimed at imports from China (say, by revoking its Most Favored Nation status), that too might reduce the bilateral deficit, but not the overall U.S. trade deficit. Higher tariffs against Chinese imports would merely shift some of the bilateral trade deficit to other countries while raising prices for American consumers.。
国际贸易术语词汇表
术语词汇表英汉对照Autarky 自给自足经济ad valorem tariff 从价关税antidumping duty 反倾销税advanced nations 发达国家Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) 亚太经济合作组织appreciation 升值arbitrage 套汇asset-markets approach 资产市场分析法adjustment mechanism 调整机制automatic adjustment 自动调整absorption approach 吸收分析法adjustable pegged exchange rates 可调整的钉住汇率制auction price 拍卖价格aggressive protective trade policy 侵略性保护贸易政策alternative duty 选择税absolute quota 绝对配额autonomous quota 自主配额agreement quota 协议配额American Selling Price ,ASP 美国售价制Anti-dumping Code 反倾销守则Arms trade 军火贸易Association of South East Asian Nations , ASEAN 东南亚国家联盟Basis for trade 贸易基础Business services 商业服务Beggar-thy-neighbor policy 以邻为壑政策Bonded warehouse 保税仓库Buy-national policies 购买国货政策Buffer stock 缓冲存货Benelux 比卢荷(比利时\荷兰\卢森堡)Brain drain 人才外流Balance of international indebtedness 国际债务平衡表Balance of payments 国际收支Bid rate 买价Bretton woods system 布雷顿森林体系Bank for international settlements (BIS) 国际结算银行Basket valuation 一篮子定价法Buffer-stock facility 缓冲存货贷款Bilateral trade 双边贸易Balance of trade 贸易差额Barter trade 易货贸易Buyer’s credit买方信贷Blockade 封锁Bilateral trade agreement 双边贸易协定Bonds 债券Complete specialization 完全专业化Constant opportunity costs 机会成本不变Commodity terms of trade 商品贸易条件Community indifference curve 社会无差曲线Compound tariff 混合关税Consumer surplus 消费者剩余Consumption effect 消费效应Cost-insurance-freight (CIF) valuation 到岸价格估价Customs valuation 海关估价Corporate average fuel economy standards (CAFE) 公司平均燃料经济标准Cost-based definition of dumping 倾销的成本定义Commodity Credit Corporation 商品信用公司Countervailing duty 反补贴税Cartel 卡特尔Common agricultural policy 共同农业政策Common market 共同市场Convergence criteria 趋同标准Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA COMECON) 经济互助委员会Customs union 关税同盟Counter-trade 补偿贸易Conglomerate integration 混合一体化Capital account 资本账户Credit transaction 贷方交易Current account 经常账户Call option 看涨期权Covered interest arbitrage 抛补套利Cross exchange rate 交叉汇率Currency swap 货币掉期交易Currency pass-through 货币转嫁Clean float 清洁浮动Crawling peg 爬行钉住汇率制Currency board 货币局制Compensatory financing facility 补偿性融资贷款Conditionality 附加条件Country risk 国家风险Credit risk 信用风险Currency risk 货币风险Distribution of income 收入分配Dynamic comparative advantage 动态比较优势Deadweight loss 无谓损失Domestic revenue effect 国内收入效应Domestic content requirement 国内含量条件Dumping 倾销Development nations 发展中国家Dynamic effects of economic integration 经济一体化的动态效应Debit transaction 借方交易Double-entry accounting 复式记账Depreciation 贬值Destabilizing speculation 破坏稳定的投机Discount 贴水Devaluation 法定贬值Dirty float 肮脏浮动Dollarization 美元化Dual exchange rates 二元汇率制Demand-pull inflation 需求拉动的通货膨胀Direct controls 直接控制Debt /equity swap 债权/股权转换Debt reduction 债务削减Debt forgiveness 债务豁免Debt service/export ratio 债务清偿/出口比率Demand for international reserves 国际储备需求Debt-to-export ratio 债务出口比率Demonetization of gold 黄金的非货币化Economic interdependence 经济相互依存性Exit barriers 退出壁垒Economics of scale 经济规模Environment regulation 环境管制Effective tariff rate 有效关税率Export credit subsidy 出口信贷补贴Export quota 出口配额Export-revenue effect 出口收入效应Economic sanctions 经济制裁Escape clause 豁免条款Export –Import bank 进出口银行East Asian tigers东亚老虎Export controls 出口控制Export-oriented policy 出口导向型政策Export-led growth 出口带动型增长Economic integration 经济一体化Economic union 经济同盟Euro 欧元European economic Area 欧洲经济区European Monetary Union (EMU) 欧元货币联盟European Union (EU) 欧洲联盟Export subsidies 出口补贴Effective exchange rate 有效汇率Exchange arbitrage 套汇Exchange rate 汇率Elasticity approach 弹性方法分析法Exchange controls 外汇管制Exchange-stabilization fund 外汇稳定基金Expenditure-changing policies 支出变动政策Expenditure-switching policies 支出转移政策External balance 外部均衡Eurocurrency market 欧洲货币市场Free trade 自由贸易Factor-endowment theory 要素禀赋论Factor-price equalization 要素价格均等化Foreign-trade zone (FTZ) 对外贸易区Free-on-board (FOB) valuation 离岸价格估价Free-trade argument 自由贸易理论Free-trade-biased sector 赞成自由贸易的部门Foreign sourcing 国外外包Fast-track authority 快速通道权力Flying-geese pattern of economic growth 经济增长的飞鹅模式Free-trade area 自由贸易区Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) 美洲自由贸易区Foreign direct investment 对外直接投资Foreign-exchange market 外汇市场Forward market 远期市场Foreign-currency options 外汇期权Forward rate 远期汇率Forward transaction 远期交易Futures market 期货市场Forecasting exchange rates 汇率的预测Fundamental analysis 基本面分析法Foreign-trade multiplier 对外贸易乘数Fixed exchange rates 固定汇率制Foreign repercussion effect 外国反应效应Floating exchange rates 浮动汇率制Fundamental disequilibrium 根本性失衡Fiscal policy 财政政策Gains from international trade 国际贸易收益Global quota 全球配额General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 关税与贸易总协定Generalized system of preferences (GSP) 普惠制Guest workers 客座工人Goods and services balance 货物和服务贸易差额Gold standard 金本位制Group of Five (G-5) 五国集团Group of Seven G-7) 七国集团General Arrangements to Borrow 一般借款协定Gold exchange standard 金汇兑本位制Heckscher –Ohlin theory 赫克歇尔-俄林理论Horizontal integration 横向一体化Hedging 套期保值Increasing opportunity costs 机会成本递增Immiserizing growth 贫困化增长Importance of being unimportant 充当不重要角色的重要性Indifference curve 无差异曲线Indifference map 无差异图Industrial policy 产业政策Inter-industry specialization 产业间专业化Inter-industry trade 产业间贸易Intra-industry trade 产业内贸易Intra-industry specialization 产业内专业化Infant-industry argument 幼稚产业保护论Import quota 进口配额Intellectual property rights (IPRs) 知识产权Import substitution 进口替代International commodity agreements 国际商品协定International joint ventures 国际合资企业Inter-bank market 银行同业市场Interest arbitrage 套利International Monetary Market (IMM) 国际货币市场International capital movements 国际资本移动Income determination 收入决定Institutional constraints 制度约束Internal balance 内部均衡International economic policy 国际经济政策International economic –policy coordination 国际经济政策协调IMF drawings IMF提款International reserves 国际储备International monetary fund 国际货币基金组织Judgmental forecasts 判断预测法J-curve effect J-曲线效应Kennedy Round 肯尼迪回合Knowledge-based growth policy 基于知识的增长政策Key currency 关键货币Law of comparative advantage 比较优势原理Labor theory of value 劳动价值论Leontief paradox 里昂惕夫之迷Large nation 大国Level playing field 公平的竞技场Labor mobility 劳动力流动性Long position 多头Law of one price 一价定律Leaning against the wind 逆势干预Louver Accord 卢孚协定Liquidity problem 流动性问题Marginal rate of transformation (MRT) 边际转换率Mercantilists 重商主义Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) 边际替代率Margin of dumping 倾销利润Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) 国际贸易和产业部Most-favored –nation (MFN) clause 最惠国条款Multilateral contract 多边合同Maastricht Treaty 马斯特里赫特条约Market economy 市场经济Monetary economy 货币经济Monetary union 货币联盟Maquiladoras 工业园Migration 移民Multinational enterprise (MNE) 跨国企业Merchandise trade balance 商品贸易差额Market fundamentals 市场基本因素Market expectations 市场预期Monetary approach 货币分析法Multiplier process 乘数过程Marshall-Lerner condition 马歇尔-特纳条件Managed floating system 管理浮动汇率制Multiple exchange rates 复式汇率制Monetary policy 货币政策No-trade boundary 不贸易边界Nominal tariff rate 名义关税率Non-restrained suppliers 非限制性供货商Non-tariff trade harriers (NTBs) 非关税贸易壁垒Normal trade relations 正常贸易关系New international economic order 国际经济新秩序Non-market ecomomy 非市场经济North American Free Trade ( NAFTA) 北美自由贸易协定Net creditor 贷方净额Net debtor 借方净额Net foreign investment 国外投资净额Nominal interest rate 名义利率Offer curve 提供曲线Outer limits for the equilibrium terms of trade 贸易均衡条件的外部限制Offshore-assembly provision (OAP) 境外装备条款Optimum tariff 最优关税Orderly marketing agreement (OMA) 有序销售协定Organization of petroleum exporting countries (OPEC) 石油输出国组织Optimum currency area 最优货币区Official reserve assets 官方储备资产Official settlements transactions 官方结算交易Offer rate 卖价Option 期权Option market 期权市场Overshooting 超调Official exchange rate 官方汇率Operation twist 经营办法Overall balance 总收支差额Oil facility 石油贷款Partial specialization 部分专业化Price-specie-flow doctrine 价格流转学说Principle of absolute advantage 绝对优势原理Principle of comparative advantage 比较优势原理Production gains from specialization 专业化的生产收益Production possibilities schedule 生产可能性曲线Polluter-pays principle 污染者付费原则Product life cycle theory产品生命周期理论Producer surplus 生产者剩余Production sharing 生产分工Protection-biased sector 赞成贸易保护的部门Protective effect 保护效应Protective tariff 保护关税Persistent dumping 持续性倾销Predatory dumping 掠夺性倾销Price-based definition of dumping 倾销的价格定义Primary products 初级产品Production controls 生产控制Premium 升水Put option 看跌期权Purchasing –power –parity approach 购买力平价分析法Par value 平价Policy agreement 政策协调Policy conflict 政策冲突Quantity theory of money 货币数量理论Region of mutually beneficial 互惠贸易区Redistributive effect 再分配效应Revenue effect 收入效应Revenue tariff 财政关税Reciprocal trade agreement act 互惠贸易协定法案Regional trading arrangement 区域贸易协定Real interest rate 实际利率Relative purchasing power parity 相对购买力平价Rules of the game 游戏规则Revaluation 法定升值Specific-factors theory 特定要素理论Scientific tariff 科学关税Small nation 小国Specific tariff 从量关税Selective quota 选择性配额Social regulation 社会管制Sporadic dumping 偶发性倾销Subsidies 补贴Section 301 301条款Smoot-hawley act 斯母特-赫利法案Strategic trade policy 战略性贸易政策Static effects of economic integration 经济一体化的静态效应Statistical discrepancy 统计差异Short position 空头Speculation 投机Spot market 即期市场Spot transaction 即期交易Spread 价差Stabilizing speculation 促进稳定的投机Strike price 协定价格Speculative bubble 投机泡沫Seigniorage 铸造利差Special drawing right (SDR) 特别提款权Special drawing rights特别提款权Supply of international reserves 国际储备供给Swap arrangements 货币互换协议Terms of trade 贸易条件Trade triangle 贸易三角Trading possibilities line 贸易可能性曲线Theory of reciprocal demands 相互需求理论Theory of overlapping demands 需求重叠理论Transportation costs 运输成本Tariff 关税Tariff escalation 关税升级Terms-of-trade effect 贸易条件效应Tariff-rate quota 关税税率配额Trade-diversion effect 贸易转移效应Tokyo round 东京回合Trade adjustment assistance 贸易调整援助Trade-creation effect 贸易创造效应Trade-diversion effect 贸易转移效应Transition economies 转性经济Technology transfer 技术转移Transfer pricing 转移定价Transplants 跨国工厂Trade balance 贸易差额Three-point arbitrage 三角套汇Trade-weighted dollar 美元的贸易加权价值Two-point arbitrage 两角套汇Technical analysis 技术分析预测法Target exchange rates 目标汇率Uruguay round 乌拉圭回合United national conference on trade and development (UNCTAD) 联合国贸易与发展会议U.S-Canada free trade Agreement 美加自由贸易协定Unilateral transfers 单方转移Uncovered interest arbitrage 无抛补套利Voluntary export restraints (VER) 自愿出口限制Variable levies 差价税Vertical integration 纵向一体化World trade Organization (WTO) 世界贸易组织Wage and price controls 工资和价格控制Foreign trade 对外贸易Oversea(s) trade 海外贸易International trade 国际贸易World trade 世界贸易Tradable goods 可贸易商品Tangible goods 有形商品Visible trade 有形商品Intangible goods 无形商品Invisible trade 无形商品Trade in services 服务贸易Technology trade 技术贸易Value of foreign trade 对外贸易额Value of imports 进口贸易额Value of exports 出口贸易额Commodity composition of foreign trade 对外贸易商品结构Commodity composition of international trade 国际贸易商品结构Manufactured goods 工业制成品Semi-manufactured goods 半制成品Direction of foreign trade 对外贸易地理方向International trade by regions 国际贸易地区分布Stagflation 滞胀Developed country 发达国家Developing country 发展中国家Quantum of export trade 出口贸易量Quantum of international trade 国际贸易量Economics of scale 规模经济Trade as an engine of growth 对外是经济增长的发动机Carrying trade 贩运贸易International division of labor 国际分工World market 世界市场Territorial division of labor 地域分工Plantation 种植园Triangular trade 三角贸易Market capacity 市场容量Industrial revolution 产业革命Multilateral trade 多边贸易Favorable balance of trade 贸易顺差Trade surplus 贸易盈余Unfavorable balance of trade 贸易逆差Trade deficit 贸易赤字Theory of absolute cost 绝对成本论Theory of comparative advantage 比较成本论Principle of comparative advantage 比较优势原则Theory of factor endowments 要素禀赋论Heckscher-Ohlin model , H-O model 赫-俄模式Labor intensive product 劳动密集型产品Capital intensive product 资本密集型产品Technology intensive product 技术密集型产品Specialization of product 专业化生产Degree of dependence on foreign trade 对外贸易依存度Foreign trade coefficient 对外贸易系数Intermediate product 中间产品Capital goods 资本货物Horizontal division of labor 水平分工Vertical division of labor 垂直分工International value 国际价值Exchange of unequal values 不等价交换Law of reciprocal demand 相互需求原理Net barter terms of trade 纯易货贸易条件Income terms of trade 收入贸易条件International market price 国际市场价格World market price 世界市场价格Free market price 自由市场价格Tender price 开标价格Reference price 参考价格Monopolistic price 垄断价格Managed price 管理价格Support price 支持价格Transfer price 转移价格Strategic stockpiling 战略屯储Foreign trade policy 对外贸易政策Free trade policy 自由贸易政策Protective trade policy 保护贸易政策Ultra protective trade policy 超保护贸易政策Protectionism 贸易保护主义Infant industry 幼稚工业Trade liberalization 贸易自由化Trade war 贸易战Corn law 谷物法Tariff ,customs duty 关税Customs frontier 关境Protective tariff 保护关税Import duty进口税Export duty 出口税Transit duty 过境税Tariff barrier 关税壁垒Surtax 附加税Normal tariff正税Preferential duty 特惠税Imperial preferential system 帝国特惠税Commonwealth preferential system 英联邦特惠税Lome convention 洛美协定Dutiable price ,customs value 完税价格Net weight 净重Gross weight 毛重Legal weight 法定重量Customs tariffs 海关税则Tariff no./heading no./tariff item 税则号列Rate of duty, tariff rate 税率Single tariffs 单式税则Complex tariffs 复式税则National tariffs 国定税则Conventional tariffs , agreement tariffs 协定税则Customs cooperation council nomenclature ,CCCN 海关合作理事会商品目录Standard international trade classification ,SITC 国际贸易标准分类Harmonized commodity description and coding system, harmonized system, HS 协调商品名称与编码制度Nominal rate of protection 名义保护率Effective rate of protection 有效保护率Added value 增加价值Trade barriers 贸易壁垒Quantitative restrictions 出口限制Import quota system 进口配额制Global quota , unallocated quota 全球配额Country quota国别配额Tariff quota 关税配额‘voluntary’ export restraint, VER 自动出口配额制Market disruption 市场扰乱Import license system 进口许可证Open general license 公开一般许可证Special license, validated license 特种许可证Multiple exchange rate 复汇率Internal tax 国内税Trigger price system 启动价格制Import deposit scheme 进口押金制Customs valuation 海关估价Tariff war 关税战Export credit 出口信贷Supplier’s credit 卖方信贷Export-import bank 进出口银行（美国）Export credit guarantee system 出口信贷国家担保制Tied loan约束性贷款Commodity credit corporation ,CCC商品信贷公司Intermittent dumping 间歇性倾销Long-run dumping 长期性倾销Hidden dumping隐蔽性倾销Foreign exchange dumping外汇倾销Coordinating committee, COCOM巴黎统筹委员会Embargo禁运Economic sanction 经济制裁Free economic zone自由经济区Free port 自由港Bonded area 保税区Export processing zone 出口加工区Free frontier 自由边境区Multilateral trade agreement 多边贸易协定Plurilateral trade agreement 诸边贸易协定Commercial treaty贸易条约Treaty of commerce and navigation 通商航海条约Trade agreement 贸易协定Payment agreement 支付协定Most-favored-nation treatment , MFN最惠国待遇National treatment 国民待遇Multinational corporation, MNC多国公司International capital movement国际资本移动Foreign direct investment, FDI对外直接投资International cartel 国际卡特尔Restrictive business practice, RBP 限制性商业惯例Host country 东道国Mother country母国Parent company母公司Subsidiary company子公司Export of capital资本输出Portfolio investment 证券投资Stocks 股票Foreign aid 对外援助Loans贷款Sole enterprises独资企业Joint venture合资企业Reinvestment 再投资European payment union欧洲支付同盟Frontier trade边境贸易International trade organization, ITO国际贸易组织Havana charter哈瓦那宪章CONTRACTING PARTIES缔约国全体Contracting party 缔约方Trade liberalization贸易自由化Enabling clause授权条款Market access市场准入Cairns group 凯恩斯集团Multi-fibre arrangement, MFA多种纤维协定Fair value 正常价值Material injury 实质性损害Constructed price 结构价格Counter-vailing duty 反补贴税General agreement on trade in services, GATS服务贸易总协定Trade related investment measures, TRIMs与贸易有关的投资措施Trade related intellectual properties, TRIPs 与贸易有关的知识产权Intellectual property 知识产权Industrial property 工业产权Copyright著作权Patent专利Trademark商标World bank世界银行International bank for reconstruction and development ,IBRD 国际复兴开发银行Non-discrimination非歧视原则Tariff concession negotiation关税减让谈判Multilateral trade negotiation, MTN多边贸易谈判Primary industry第一产业Secondary industry第二产业Tertiary industry第三产业Transparency透明度General trade总贸易Special trade专门贸易Export drawback出口退税Certificate of origin原产地证书Staple commodity大宗商品Re-export再出口Gains from trade贸易利益Dumping margin倾销幅度East-west trade东西贸易South-south cooperation 南南合作Collective self-reliance集体自力更生Posted price 标价International economic integration国际经济一体化Complete economic integration完全经济一体化Preferential trade arrangement优惠贸易安排Council for mutual economic assistance ,CMEA经济互助委员会European economic community, EEC欧洲经济共同体European community, EC欧洲共同体Rome treaty罗马条约European free trade association, EFTA欧洲自由贸易联盟Trade creation贸易创立Trade diversion贸易转向Variable levy差价税General tariff rate 普通税率Conventional tariff rate协定税率Common agricultural policy, CAP共同农业政策Intra-regional trade区内贸易Mutual trade相互贸易European monetary system, EMS欧洲货币体系Single market统一大市场Pacific rim economic cooperation环太平洋经济合作Pacific economic cooperation council ,PECC 太平洋经济合作理事会World economic pattern 世界经济格局“super 301” clause “超级301”条款Least developed countries, LDCs 最不发达国家Export orientation 出口导向Group of 77 77国集团Research and development ,R&D研究与开发International commodity agreement 国际商品协定Newly industrialized countries (economies) , NICs/NIEs新兴工业化国家International debt crisis 国际债务危机。
经济学的学科分类及专业代码
经济学的学科分类及专业代码
经济学被认为是社会科学中最重要的学科之一，主要研究人类社会中的生产、分配、交换和消费等经济现象。
在学术界，经济学被分为多个子学科，每个子学科都有其专业代码。
1. 宏观经济学（JEL代码：E）
宏观经济学研究整体经济活动，如国民经济总体水平、经济增长、通货膨胀、就业和国际贸易等。
2. 微观经济学（JEL代码：D）
微观经济学主要研究个体经济单位，如企业、家庭和个人等，以及它们的决策、行为和交换等。
3. 金融学（JEL代码：G）
金融学主要研究货币、金融市场和金融机构等方面的经济现象，如股票、债券、汇率和利率等。
4. 国际经济学（JEL代码：F）
国际经济学研究国际贸易和跨国投资等经济活动，以及它们对各国经济的影响和政策的影响等。
5. 发展经济学（JEL代码：O）
发展经济学研究发展中国家和地区的经济增长、贫困、资源分配和社会变迁等问题，以及如何实现可持续发展。
6. 经济史（JEL代码：N）
经济史研究经济活动的历史演变，如工业革命、农业革命、货币制度和经济制度等。
7. 实证经济学（JEL代码：C）
实证经济学主要关注经济数据的收集、分析和解释，以及经济政策和经济理论的检验和评估等。
以上是经济学的主要学科分类及其专业代码。
每个专业代码包含多个子领域和研究方向，为经济学家们提供了更多的研究选择和发展机会。
新发展研究生英语综合教程1词汇
1. Academic: university, college, professor, student, degree, diploma, curriculum, lecture, seminar, laboratory, library, textbook, syllabus, examination, assignment, research, thesis, dissertation, degree program, postgraduate, undergraduate, alumni, faculty, faculty member, dean, tutor, mentor, supervisor, advisor, graduate, postdoc, doctoral, Ph.D., master’s, bachelor’s, associate’s, certificate, honors, grade, GPA, transcript, credit, accreditation, enrollment, course, major, minor, elective, prerequisite, core, concentration, semester, quarter, summer, winter, spring, fall.2. Business: business, corporation,enterprise, industry, market, finance, investment, banking, accounting, management, advertising, consulting, customer, customer service, sales, marketing, strategy, production, supply chain, logistics, distribution, inventory, negotiation, human resources, payroll, labor, employee, job, career, salary, wages, tax, budget, audit, financial analysis, venture capital, merger, acquisition, startup, IPO, dividend, stock, bond, commodity, foreign exchange, venture, portfolio, risk management, venture capital, venture fund, private equity, hedge fund.3. Technology: computer, software, hardware, technology, internet, website, app, mobile, tablet, cloud, network, security, programming, coding, system, algorithm, artificial intelligence, machine learning,data, analytics, automation, robotics, virtual reality, augmented reality, blockchain, cryptocurrency, quantum computing.4. Communication: communication, message, conversation, dialogue, talk, language, writing, reading, listening, speaking, grammar, pronunciation, accent, vocabulary, phrase, idiom, slang, dialect, accent, intonation, tone, register, discourse, rhetoric, media, broadcasting, journalism, presentation, public speaking, speech.5. Education: education, teaching, learning, instruction, school, kindergarten, primary, secondary, high school, college, university, curriculum, pedagogy, lesson, class, student, teacher, professor, tutor, mentor,supervisor, advisor, mentor, mentor-mentee, mentor-protégé, pupil, school board, administrator, parent, guardian, classmate, peer, colleague, student-teacher ratio, student-faculty ratio, student-faculty interaction, student-faculty exchange, student-faculty collaboration.6. Politics: politics, government, policy, law, legislation, regulation, democracy, freedom, liberty, rights, justice, equality, democracy, constitution, nation, state, executive, legislative, judiciary, election, vote, campaign, candidate, party, coalition, diplomat, embassy, ambassador, foreign, international, treaty, alliance, agreement, treaty, protocol, dispute, conflict, war, terrorism, security, defense, military, navy, army, air force, intelligence, espionage, surveillance, investigation.7. Economics: economics, economy, market, finance, investment, banking, stock, bond, commodity, foreign exchange, venture, portfolio, risk management, venture capital, venture fund, private equity, hedge fund, budget, tax, trade, export, import, currency, inflation, deflation, recession, depression, economic growth, economic development, supply, demand, production, consumption, labor, unemployment, poverty, wealth, income, wealth distribution, inequality, competition, monopoly, oligopoly, business cycle.8. Society: society, culture, civilization, community, population, family, gender, race, ethnicity, religion, belief, tradition, custom, value, norm, lifestyle, behavior,attitude, lifestyle, trend, fashion, generation, youth, elderly, generation gap, social class, social status, social mobility, social network, social media, social issue, social problem, social justice, human rights, civil rights, disability rights, animal rights, environmental protection, sustainability, conservation, pollution, climate change.9. Health: health, medicine, doctor, nurse, hospital, clinic, disease, illness, infection, symptom, treatment, surgery, medication, prescription, vaccine, nutrition, diet, exercise, fitness, lifestyle, obesity, mental health, psychology, counseling, therapy, stress, depression, anxiety, addiction, recovery, rehabilitation, wellness, hygiene, safety, prevention, diagnosis, prognosis.10. Science: science, research, experiment, technology, engineering, mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, astronomy, geology, ecology, environment, natural, climate, evolution, genetics, biochemistry, nanotechnology, quantum mechanics, astrophysics, cosmology, neuroscience, paleontology, archaeology, anthropology, zoology, botany, meteorology, geophysics, oceanography, hydrology.。
经济学原理-教学大纲
《经济学原理（英语）》教学大纲“Principles of Economics” Course Outline课程编号：151103A课程类型：专业必修课总学时：48 讲课学时：48 实验（上机）学时：0学分：3适用对象：经济学、金融学、管理学等先修课程：大学英文Course Code: 151103ACourse Type: Compulsory CourseTotal Hours: 48 Lecture Hours: 48 Lab Hours: 0Credits: 3Applicable Majors: Economics, Finance, Management, etc.Prerequisites: University English一、课程的教学目标(Course Objectives)经济学原理是经济、金融类等专业的本科生的专业必修课程，旨在为学生提供基础的经济学理论以及经济学家的思维模式。
通过课堂上对经济学相关原理的学习和掌握，学生可以运用所学的概念和工具对现实生活中发生的各种经济现象进行更专业和理论的分析，并且为后续课程的学习打下坚实的基础。
Principles of Economics is a compulsory course for undergraduate students majoring in Economics, Finance etc. This course is designed to provide students with a fundamental understanding of the principles of economics and the way how an economist thinks. Upon successful completion, students will be able to use the concepts and tools discussed throughout the course to better perceive and analyze issues that confront us in the real world. At the end of the term, students will be familiar with the terminologies and basic concepts in economics in preparing for the higher level economics courses.二、教学基本要求(Course Requirements)经济学是一门对生产、分配，以及对商品货物和服务的消费的一种学习--经济。
国际经济学专业词汇(中英文对照)
国际经济学专业词汇（中英文对照）目录1. 绪论 (2)2. 比较优势原理 (2)3. 国际贸易标准理论 (3)4. 需求、供给、提供曲线与贸易条件 (3)5. 要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论 (3)6. 规模经济、不完全竞争与国际贸易 (4)7. 经济增长与国际贸易 (5)8. 贸易壁垒:关税 (6)9. 非关税贸易壁垒和新保护主义 (7)10. 经济一体化:关税同盟和自由贸易区 (8)11. 国际贸易与经济发展 (8)12. 国际资源流动与跨国公司 (9)13. 国际收支平衡表 (9)14. 外汇市场与汇率 (10)15. 汇率决定 (11)16. 汇率调节机制 (12)17. 收入调节机制与自动调节 (12)18. 宏观经济调控 (13)19. 价格与产出 (14)20. 浮动与固定汇率和宏观政策协调 (14)21. 国际货币体系 (14)精选文档1.绪论国际收支的调节:(adjustment in balance of payments)反全球化运动:(antiglobalization movement)国际收支:(balance of payments)外汇市场:(foreign exchange markrt)全球化:(globalization)贸易引力模型:(gravity model)相互依存:(interdependence)国际金融:(international finance)国际贸易政策:(international trade policy)国际贸易理论:(international trade theory)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)微观经济学:(microeconomics)开发经济宏观经济学:(open-economy macroeconomics)2.比较优势原理绝对优势:(absolute advantage)贸易基础:(basis for trade)完全专业化:(complete specialization)固定机会成本:(constant opportunity cost)贸易所得:(gains from trade)劳动价值论:(labor theory of value)自由放任:(laissez-faire)比较优势原理:(law of comparative advantage)重商主义:(mercantilism)小国情况:(small-country case)相对商品价格:(relative commandity prices)生产可能性曲线:(production possibility frontier)精选文档贸易模式:(pattern of trade)机会成本理论:(opportunity cost theory)3.国际贸易标准理论自给自足:(autarky)社会无差异曲线:(community indiffernnce curve)去工业化:(deindustrialization)孤立均衡相对价格:(equilibrium-relative commodity price in isolation)贸易均衡相对价格:(equilibrium-relative commodity price with trade)交易所得:(gains from exchange)专业化所得:(gains from specialization)不完全专业化:(incomplete specialization)机会成本递增:(increasing opportunity costs)边际替代率:(marginal rate of snbstitution,MRS)边际转化率:(marginal rate of transformation,MRT)4.需求、供给、提供曲线与贸易条件商品或易货贸易条件:(commodity or net barter terms of trade)一般均衡模型:(general equilibrium model)相互需求法则:(law of reciprocal demand)提供曲线:(offer curves)相互需求曲线:(reciprocal demand curves)贸易条件:(terms of trade)贸易无差异曲线:(trade indifference curve)5.要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论资本密集型商品:(capital-intensive commodity)资本/劳动比率:(capital-labor ratio)精选文档柯布-道格拉斯生产函数:(Cobb-Douglas Porduction)固定替代弹性生产函数:(constant elasticity of substitution(CES) production)规模报酬不变:(constant returns to scale)派生需求:(derived demand)替代弹性:(elasticity of substitution)尤拉定理:(Euler’s theorem)要素充裕度:(factor abundance)要素密集度颠倒:(factor-intensity reversal)要素价格均等定理:(factor-price equalization(H-O-S)Theorem)要素禀赋理论:(factor-proporitions or factor-endowment theory)赫克歇尔-俄林定理:(Hechscher-Ohlin(H-O) theorem)赫克歇尔-俄林理论:(Hechscher-Ohlin(H-O) theory)人力资本:(human capital)进口替代品:(import substitutes)投入产出表:(input-output table)国内要素流动:(internal factor mobility)国际要素流动:(international factor mobility)劳动资本比率:(labor-capital ratio)劳动密集型商品:(labor-intensive commodity)里昂惕夫之谜:(leontief paradox)完全竞争:(perfect competition)相对要素价格:(relative-factor prices)特定要素模型:(specific-factor model)6.规模经济、不完全竞争与国际贸易差别产品:(differertiated products)动态外部经济:(dynamic external economies)环保标准:(environment standards)精选文档外部经济:(external economics)流动性产业:(footloose industries)一般均衡分析:(general equilibrium analysis)规模报酬递增:(increasing returns to scale)幼稚产业观点:(infant industry arguement)国际规模经济:(international economics of scale)产业内贸易指数:(intra-industry trade index)学习曲线:(learning curve)市场定向型企业:(market-oriented industries)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition)非贸易商品与服务:(montraded goods and services)离岸外包:(offshoring)寡头垄断:(oligopoly)外包:(outsourcing)局部均衡分析:(partical equilibrium analysis)产品生命周期模型:(product cycle model)资源定向型企业:(resource-oriented industries)技术差距模型:(technological gap model)运输成本或物流成本:(transport or logistics costs)7.经济增长与国际贸易反贸易的生产和消费:(antitrade production and consumption)平衡增长:(balanced growth)资本节约型技术进步:(capital-saving technical progress)比较静态:(comparative statics)动态分析:(dynamic analysis)不幸的增长:(immiserizy growth)劣等品:(inferior goods)劳动节约型技术进步:(labor-saving technical progress)精选文档中性的生产和消费:(neutral production)中性技术进步:(neutral technical progress)正常品:(normal goods)产生贸易的生产和消费:(protrade production and consumption)雷布津斯基理论:(Rybczynski theorem)贸易条件效应:(terms-of-trade effect)福利效应:(wealth effect)8.贸易壁垒:关税从价关税:(ad valorem tariff)混合关税:(compound tariff)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)关税消费效应:(consumption effect of a tariff)国内增加值:(domestic value added)出口关税:(export tariff)进口关税:(import tariff)梅茨勒悖论:(Metzler paradox)名义关税:(nominal tariff)最优关税:(optimum tariff)关税生产效应:(production effect of a tariff)关税保护成本或称重负损失:(protection cost or deadweight loss of a tariff)禁止性关税:(prohibitive tariff)有效保护率:(rate of effective protection)租金或生产者剩余:(rent or producer surplus)关税收入效应:(revenue effect of a tariff)从量关税:(specific tariff)斯托尔帕-塞缪尔森定理:(Stolper-Samuelson theorem)关税贸易效应:(trade or commercial policies)贸易或商业政策:(trade or commercial policies)9.非关税贸易壁垒和新保护主义双边贸易:(bilateral trade)集中化的卡特尔:(centralized cartel)反补贴税:(countervailing duties,CVSs)倾销:(dumping)豁免条款:(escape clause)进出口银行:(export-import bank)出口补贴:(export subsides)外国销售公司:(Foerign sales corporations,FSC)博弈理论:(game theory)产业政策:(industrial policy)幼稚产业观点:(infront-industry arguement)国际卡特尔:(international cartel)最惠国原则:(most-favored-nation principle)多边贸易谈判:(multilateral trade negotiations)国家安全条款:(national security clause)新保护主义:(new protectionism)非关税贸易壁垒:(nontariff trade barriers,NTBs)危险点条款:(peril-point provisions)持续性倾销:(persistent dumping)掠夺性倾销:(predatory dumping)配额:(quota)科学关税:(scientific tariff)偶然性倾销:(sporadic dumping)战略性贸易政策:(strategic trade policy)技术的、行政的和其他法规:(technical,administrative and other regulations) 触发价格机制:(trigger-price mechanism)贸易调整援助:(Trade Adjustment Assistance,TAA)贸易保护授权:(trade promotion authority or fast track)自动出口限制:(Voluntary Export Restraints,VERS)10.经济一体化:关税同盟和自由贸易区双边协议:(bilateral agreements)大量采购:(bulk purchasing)中央计划经济:(centrally planned economies)共同市场:(common market)关税同盟:(customs union)免税区或自由经济区:(duty-free zones or free economic zones)经济一体化:(economic integration)经济同盟:(economic union)自贸区:(free trade area)特惠贸易协定:(preferential trade arrangements)国家贸易公司:(state trading companies)关税工厂:(tariff factories)次优理论:(theory of the second best)贸易创造关税同盟:(trade-creation custom union)贸易偏差:(trade deflection)贸易转移关税同盟:(trade-diversion customs union)可变进口税额:(variable import levies)11.国际贸易与经济发展缓冲库存储备:(buffer stocks)商品或纯物物交换贸易条件:(commodity or net barter terms of trade)双边要素贸易条件:(double factoral terms of trade)内生性增长理论:(ecdogenous groeth theory)增长动力:(engine of growth)出口管制:(export controls)精选文档出口波动:(export instability)出口导向工业化:(export-oriented industrialization)出口悲观论:(export pessinism)外债:(foreign debt)进口代替工业化:(import-substitution industrialization,ISI)贸易收入条件:(income terms of trade)国际商品协定:(international commodity)市场委员会:(marketing boards)国际经济新秩序:(New International Economic Order,NIEO)新兴工业化国家:(Newly Industrialized Economies,NIEs)购货合约:(purchase contract)新定居区:(regions of recent settlement)单边要素贸易条件:(single factoral terms of trade)剩余出口:(vent for surplus)12.国际资源流动与跨国公司脑力流失:(brain drain)直接投资:(direct investments)横向一体化:(horizontal integration)跨国公司:(multinational)组合投资:(portfolio investments)资产组合理论:(portfolio theory)风险分散化:(risk diversification)转移定价:(transfer pricing)纵向一体化:(vertical integration)13.国际收支平衡表调节性交易:(acconnmous transactions)精选文档自主性交易:(autonomous transactions)国际收支平衡表:(balance of transactions)资本项目:(capital account)贷方交易:(credit transactions)经常项目:(current account)借方交易:(debit transactions)国际收支中的逆差:(deficit in the balance of payments)复式薄记:(double-entry bookkeeping)金融项目:(financial account)金融性资本流入:(financial inflows)金融性资本流出:(financial outflows)国际投资头寸:(international investment position)官方结算余额:(official settlements balance)官方储备账户:(official reserve account)统计误差:(statistical discrepancy)国际收支中的盈余:(surplus in the balance of patments)单方面转移支付:(unilateral transfers)14.外汇市场与汇率升值:(appreciation)套利:(arbitrage)套利交易:(carry trade)抛补套利利润率:(covered interest arbitrage margin ,CIAM)抛补套利平价:(covered interest arbitrage parity,CIAP)交叉汇率:(cross-exchange rate)贬值:(depreciation)不稳定性投机:(destabilizing speculation)有效汇率:(effecitive exchange rate)外汇市场有效性:(efficiency of foreign exchange markets)精选文档外汇期货:(foreign exchange futures)外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)外汇期权:(foreign exchange option)外汇风险:(foreign exchange risk)远期贴水:(forward discount)远期升水:(forward premium)远期汇率:(forward rate)套期保值:(hedging)套利:(interest arbitrage)离岸存款:(offshore deposits)铸造利差:(seignorage)投机:(speculation)即期汇率:(spot rate)稳定性投机:(stabilizing speculation)无抛补套利:(uncovered interest arbitrage)国际支付货币:(vehicle currency)15.汇率决定绝对购买力平价理论:(absolute purchasing-power parity theory)巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应:(Balassa-Samuelson effect)货币需求:(demand for money)汇率超调理论:(exchange rate overshooting)预期的即期汇率变化:(expected change in the spot rate)一价法则:(law of one price)国际收支的货币分析法:(monetary approach to the balance of payments)基础货币:(monetary base)资产组合平衡法:(portfolio balance approach)实际汇率:(real exchange rate)相对购买力平价理论:(relative purchasing-power parity theory)精选文档风险溢价:(risk premium ,RP)货币供给:(supply of money)16.汇率调节机制贬值:(devaluation)荷兰病:(Dutch disease)弹性悲观主义:(elasticity pessimism)黄金输入点:(gold export point)黄金输出点:(gold import point)金本位制:(gold standard)识别问题:(identification problem)J曲线效应:(J-curve effect)铸币评价:(mint parity)传递:(paee-through)价格黄金流动机制:(price-specie-flow mechanism)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)金本位制的博弈原则:(rules of the game of the gold standard)稳定的外汇市场:(stable foreign exchange market)贸易或弹性方法:(trade or elasticity approach)不稳定外汇市场:(unstable foreign exchange market)17.收入调节机制与自动调节吸收法:(absorption approach)平均进口倾向:(average propensity to import,APM)封闭经济:(closed economy)消费函数:(consumption function)预期或计划的投资:(desired or planned investment)均衡国民收入水平:(equilibrium level of national income)精选文档出口函数:(export function)国外反馈效应:(foreign repercussion)对外贸易乘数:(foreign trade multiplier)进口函数:(import function)进口收入需求弹性:(income elasticity of demand for import)投资函数:(investment function)边际消费倾向:(marginal propensity to consume,MPC)边际储蓄倾向:(marginal propensity to save,MPS)边际进口倾向:(marginal propensity to import,MPM)储蓄函数:(saving function)自动调节的综合:(synthesis of automatic adjustments)18.宏观经济调控BP曲线:(BP curve)直接控制:(direct control)外汇控制:(exchange controls)支出-改变政策:(expenditure-changing policies)支出-转换政策:(expenditure-switching policies)外部均衡:(external balance)内部均衡:(internal balance)IS曲线:(IS-curve)LM曲线:(LM-curve)多重汇率:(multiple exchange rates)蒙代尔-弗莱明模型:(Mundell-Fleming model)菲利普斯曲线:(Phillips curve)市场有效分割理论:(principle of effective market classification)货币投机需求:(speculative demand for money)货币交易需求:(transaction demand for money)贸易控制:(trade control)精选文档19.价格与产出总需求曲线:(aggregate demand(AD) curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate supply(AS) curve)预期价格:(expected prices)通货膨胀目标值:(inflation targeting)长期总供给曲线:(long-run aggregate supply(LRAS) curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)短期总供给曲线:(short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve)滞胀:(stagflation)20.浮动与固定汇率和宏观政策协调可调整盯住汇率体系:(adjustable peg system)爬行钉住汇率体系:(crawling peg system)货币发行局制:(currency board arrangement,CBAs)肮脏浮动:(dirty floating)美元化:(dallarization)汇率机制:(exchange rate mechanism,ERM)自由浮动汇率体系:(freely floating exchange rate system)逆风而上:(leaning against the wind)有管制的浮动汇率体系:(managed floating exchange rate system)最佳货币区域国家货币集团:(optimum currency area or bloc)稳定和增长协议:(stabality and growth pact,SGP)21.国际货币体系调整:(adjustment)善意忽视:(benign nelect)布雷顿森林体系:(Bretton Woods System)可靠性:(confidence)精选文档信用份额:(credit tranches)货币自由兑换:(currency convertibility)美元过剩:(dollar glut)美元泛滥:(dollar overhang)美元短缺:(dollar shortage)美元本位制:(dollar standard)第一信用份额:(first-credit trade)货款安排总协定:(General Arrangements to Borrow,GAB)黄金份额:(gold tranche)国际货币基金组织条件:(IMF conditionality)国际开发协会:(International Development Association)国际金融公司:(International Finance Corporation,IFC)国际基金组织:(International Monetary Fund,IMF)国际货币体系:(International monetary system)干预货币:(intervention currency)流动性:(liquidity)国际货币基金组织净头寸:(net IMF position)借款新安排:(New Arrangement to Borrow,NAB)原罪:(original sin)铸币利差:(seigniorage)特别提款权:(Special Drawing Rights,SDRS)备用协议:(standby arrangements)次贷危机:(subprime mortgage crisis)替代账户:(substitution account)超黄金份额:(super gold tranche)互换协议:(swap arrangements)。
国际经济学英文版(internationaleconomics)PPT课件
▪ Growth of emerging markets ▪ international capital movements regain importance
6
Economic interdependence
Exports of goods and services as percent of Gross Domestic Product, 2001
Ch 16 Exchange-Rate Systems
Ch 17 Macroeconomic Policy in an Open Economy
Ch18 International Banking: Reserves, Debt and Risk
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 9th Edition
8
Economic interdependence
Interdependence: Impact
Overall standard of living is higher
▪ Access to raw materials & energy not availo goods & components made less expensively elsewhere
International Economics
By Robert J. Carbaugh 9th Edition
Ch 1 The International Economy Ch 2 Foundations of Modern
Trade Theory
Ch 3 International Equilibrium
微观经济学讲义(平狄克)-英文版3 interdependence
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A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .
production:
• The number of hours required to produce a unit of output (for example, one pound of potatoes).
• The opportunity cost of sacrificing one good for another.
The farmer should produce potatoes. The rancher should produce meat.
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Table 2 The Gains from Trade: A Summary
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York on your TV made in Japan. • You drive to class in a car made of parts
manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.
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Table 1 The Production Opportunities of the Farmer and Rancher
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英语一翻译2010-1 Translation
2- When one of these non-economic categories is threatened and, if we happen to love it, we invert excuses to give it economic importance.
5- Some species of tree have been “read out of the party” by economics-minded foresters because they grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to pay as timber crops.
The evidence had to be economic in order to be valid.
3- It is painful to read these round about accounts today.
We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.
有关经济词汇英语
ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้
Definition of Economic Growth and Development
The Definition and Impact of Globalization
Globalization refers to the phenomenon of mutual exchange and interdependence among countries in the world in terms of economy, politics, culture, and other aspects. It promotes the cross-border flow of production factors such as goods, capital, information, technology, etc., and deepens the connections and interactions between countries.
Economic development usually requires the joint efforts of the government, market, and society, including formulating reasonable economic policies, strengthening infrastructure construction, promoting technological innovation, and talent cultivation.
Commercial banks
Provide advice and services related to capital markets transactions, such as underwriting securities issuance and advising on merchants and acquisitions
经济对我们生活的影响英语作文
经济对我们生活的影响英语作文In the intricate web of human existence, economics plays a pivotal role, shaping our lives in ways bothvisible and subtle. The influence of economics extends far beyond the realm of currency and trade, touching every facet of our daily lives, from the food we eat to the clothes we wear, from the homes we live in to the education we pursue.At the most basic level, economics affects our livelihoods. The state of the economy directly impacts employment opportunities, income levels, and the overall quality of life. In prosperous economic times, job opportunities abound, and people enjoy higher incomes, which in turn leads to increased consumption and higher standards of living. Conversely, during economic downturns, job losses and reduced income levels can lead to decreased consumption and a general decline in the quality of life. Moreover, economics shapes our consumer choices. The prices of goods and services are determined by economic factors such as supply and demand, inflation, and interest rates. These prices, in turn, influence what we buy, howmuch we buy, and when we buy. For instance, when the priceof a commodity rises, we may choose to buy less of it or look for alternatives. Similarly, economic factors also influence our investment decisions, determining where we park our savings and how we diversify our portfolios.The impact of economics on our lives is also evident in the realm of education. The availability and affordabilityof education are closely linked to economic factors such as government spending on education and the overall economic health of a society. In countries with strong economies, education is often more accessible and affordable, leadingto higher literacy rates and more opportunities forpersonal and professional growth.Furthermore, the built environment around us is a testament to the influence of economics. The types of houses we live in, the infrastructure we use, and the amenities available to us are all shaped by economic considerations. In developed economies, for instance, infrastructure such as roads, bridges, and public transportation systems is often more advanced and extensive,providing greater convenience and connectivity to the residents.Moreover, the globalized world we live in today is a direct result of economic interdependence. Trade agreements, foreign investments, and the movement of capital across borders are all examples of how economics has broken down barriers and brought people and cultures closer together. This interdependence has led to the exchange of ideas, technologies, and goods, enriching our lives and broadening our horizons.However, it is important to note that the impact of economics on our lives is not always positive. Economic crises such as recessions and financial meltdowns can have devastating effects on individuals and communities, leading to job losses, reduced income levels, and increased social tensions. These crises often暴露the fragility of our economic systems and the need for more sustainable and equitable economic policies.In conclusion, the influence of economics on our daily lives is profound and multifaceted. It shapes our livelihoods, consumer choices, education, built environment,and global interactions. As we navigate the complexities of the modern world, it is crucial that we have a fundamental understanding of economics and its impact on our lives.This understanding will help us make informed decisions, shape our futures, and contribute to the overall well-being of our communities and society.**经济学对我们日常生活的影响**在人类错综复杂的生存状态中，经济学发挥着至关重要的作用，它以前所未有的方式塑造着我们的生活，从我们吃的食物到我们穿的衣服，从我们所住的房子到我们追求的教育，无处不在。
关于国际政治的英语作文
关于国际政治的英语作文International politics is an intricate and complex web of relationships and interactions between nations and states. The dynamics of international politics are driven by a multitude of factors including, but not limited to, power, ideology, economics, culture, and security. One of the most important elements of international politics is the interplay of power among nations and the quest for influence, control, and dominance on the global stage.Geopolitical dynamics play a crucial role in shaping international politics. The distribution of power among major nations, the rise and fall of superpowers, and the emergence of new centers of power all contribute to the evolving landscape of international politics. The competition for power and influence often results in conflicts, both overtand covert, as nations seek to protect their interests and assert their authority.Ideological differences also significantly impact international politics. The clash of ideologies, such as democracy versus authoritarianism, capitalism versus socialism, and nationalism versus globalism, frequently leads to tensions and conflicts between nations. Ideological rivalries often manifest in the form of proxy wars, trade disputes, and diplomatic standoffs, as countries strive to promote and protect their respective ideologies.Economic considerations are another key driver of international politics. The pursuit of economic interests, access to markets and resources, and the desire to establish economic dominance all factor into the decision-making of nations. Economic interdependence, trade relationships, and global supply chains further complicate the dynamics ofinternational politics, as the economic interests of nations become increasingly interconnected and interdependent.Cultural factors also play a significant role in shaping international politics. Differences in language, religion,and values can create both barriers and bonds between nations. Cultural diplomacy and soft power strategies are often employed to foster understanding and cooperation, whilecultural misunderstandings and conflicts can fuel tensionsand hostility between nations.Security concerns are perhaps the most pressing issue in international politics. The pursuit of national security, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the managementof global terrorism, and the resolution of regional conflicts all demand the attention and resources of nations. The quest for security often leads to alliances, military interventions, and peacekeeping efforts, as nations seek to maintainstability and protect their citizens from external threats.In conclusion, international politics is a multifaceted and dynamic arena where nations interact and compete on a global scale. The complexities of international politics are driven by power, ideology, economics, culture, and security, and navigating this intricate web of relationships requires strategic foresight, effective diplomacy, and a deep understanding of the forces at play. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected and interdependent, the study and practice of international politics will continue to be of paramount importance in shaping the future of our global community.。
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1 - Absolute Advantages
We see that the Farmer has an absolute advantage in producing potatoes (higher productivity), while the Rancher has an absolute advantage in producing meat (higher productivity).
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Interdependence
• You put on some clothes made of cotton grown in Georgia (USA) and sewn in factories in Thailand.
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1 - Absolute Advantages
-If they do not trade and spilt their work evenly between meat (4 hours) and potatoes (4 hours), at the end of the day; - the Farmer will produce and consume 4 kg of potatoes and 2 kg of meat, - and the Rancher will produce 2 kg of potatoes and 4 kg of meat.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
1 - Absolute Advantages
Now the Farmer and the Rancher trade with each other;
-the Farmer will consume 4 kg of potatoes and 4 kg of meat, -the Rancher will consume 4 kg of potatoes and 4 kg of meat.
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Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
•Individuals and nations rely on specialized production and exchange as a way to address problems caused by scarcity.
Interdependence
You watch the morning news broadcast from York on your TV made in Japan.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Interdependence
•You drive to school in a car made of parts manufactured in a half-dozen different countries.
1 – Absolute Advantages
The theory of absolute advantages was first developed by Adam Smith and refers to differences in productivity between nations (people). In our example, we will use labor hours to determine productivity.
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
Higher Productivity
What country is more productive? Country A Country B
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1 - Absolute Advantages
The Farmer and the Rancher are better off when they specialize in the product where they have an ABSOLUTE ADVANTAGE.
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2 – Comparative Advantages
Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
• How do we satisfy our wants and needs in a global economy?
• We can be economically self-sufficient. (We do not trade with other countries) • We can specialize and trade with others, leading to economic interdependence.
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Interdependence
• . . . and you haven’t been up for more than two hours yet!
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Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
•Why is interdependence the norm?
• Interdependence occurs because people are better off when they specialize and trade with others.
•What determines the pattern of production and trade?
The theory of comparative advantages was developed by David Ricardo and refers to differences in opportunity costs between nations (people). In our example, we will again use labor hours to determine the different opportunity costs.
• What determines production and trade? (Why do countries produce certain goods)
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Interdependence and the Gains from Trade
Copyright © 2004 South-Western
1 - Absolute Advantages
At the end of the day, the Farmer will produce 8 kg of potatoes, 1 kg per hour * 8 hours = 8 kg of potatoes and the Rancher will produce 8 kg of meat 1 kg per hour * 8 hours = 8 kg of meat
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1 - Absolute Advantages Review
Before trade, the Rancher and Farmer each produced and consumed 6 kg of food.
With trade, the Rancher and the Farmer each produce and consume 8 kg of food.
• Remember, economics is the study of how societies produce and distribute goods in an attempt to satisfy the wants and needs of its members.
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• Patterns of production and trade are based upon differences in opportunity costs.
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A PARABLE FOR THE MODERN ECONOMY
• Imagine . . .
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2 – Comparative Advantages
The opportunity cost for the Farmer to produce 1 kg of meat is 2 kg of potatoes. OC = 2 kg of potatoes The opportunity cost for the Rancher to produce 1 kg of meat is 1/2 kg of potatoes. OC = ½ kg of potatoes. The Rancher has the lowest opportunity cost, so he will produce MEAT.
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1 - Absolute Advantages
If the Farmer and the Rancher decide to trade and specialize in the product where he has an absolute advantage, the Farmer will produce potatoes 8 hours a day while the Rancher will produce meat 8 hours a day.