02 NRNEM Spring 2011 following instructions and map game
西电11春学期《英语(二)(下)》离线作业
西电《英语(二)(下)》离线作业学习中心_________姓名_____________I. Vocabulary and Structure (30 points)Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this section. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose one answer that best completes the sentence and blacken the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.1. These figures are a ______. The real situation is much morecomplicated than this.A． complication B. simplificationC． diversification D. certification2. The man we are looking for is of ______ height or smaller, witha long hooked nose.A. middleB. coreC. mediumD. central3. My work is ______ to train people to help other people.A. basicallyB. accuratelyC. optimisticallyD. generously4. I will ______ if he is the right person for the post.A. check outB. check inC. check upD. check through5. The army has remained ______ to the government.A. elegantB. contributedC. cleverD. loyal6. Besides ability, the other essential ______ in political successis luck.A. elementB. portionC. roleD. percentage7. To my surprise, the Marvins' house ______ to be an old convertedbarn.A. turned downB. turned inC. turned asideD. turned out8. He is the ______ owner of the enterprise. He doesn't like to dealwith business partners.A. oneB. soleC. singleD. special9. Data can be presented in ways that are ______.A. substantialB. equalC. misleadingD. heavy10. They had ______ someone to watch me twenty-four hours a day.A. putB. givenC. assignedD. contributed11. Within two weeks of arrival, all foreigners had to ______ withthe local police.A. inquireB. consultC. registerD. resolve12. July 13, 2001 has become a ______ day for China--Beijing succeededin the 2008 Olympic bid.A. historyB. historicalC. historicD. historian13. I'm going to do all I can to ______ the unpleasant impressionsyou have of me.A. removeB. moveC. getD. leave14. Many retired British people are now ______ in Spain.A. residentsB. presidentsC. assistantsD. attendants15. The government ______ the existence of poverty among 16-and17-year-olds.A. refusedB. offeredC. regrettedD. denied16. The workmen ______ down the old house and built a new one in itsplace.A. putB. closedC. toreD. broke17. She clearly remembers the excitement she felt when they ______the train.A. aboardB. abroadC. boardD. broad18. It doesn't ______ to buy that expensive coat when these cheaperones are just as good.A. make senseB. make sureC. make clearD. make good19. I don't think John would ______ his friends if they were introuble.A. forgetB. abandonC. damageD. protest20. The lion is often used as a ______ of courage.A. signB. signalC. expressionD. symbol21. Women have fought long and hard ______ equally in language as wellas in society, because they know that changes in language can cause changes in attitudes.A. be treatedB. to be treatedC. being treatedD. treated22. Sometimes new words may seem ______ and silly, such as chair forchairman, fisher for fisherman, and drafter for draftsman.A. awkwardlyB. awkwardingC. awkwardD. awkwarded23. Do you want to look younger? Do you want to feel strong, avoidillness, and reduce ______?A. stressfulB. pressC. stressnessD. stress24. Physical exercise is really an effective way of ______ pressurefor most people.A. releaseB. releasedC. releasingD. being released25. Walking is a ________ form of exercise the old man can do to recoverfrom his operation.A. stressB. moderateC. intensiveD. modern26. I know nothing about that girl ______ the fact that she lives nextdoor.A. apart fromB. apartC. exceptD. expect27. His speech ______ the importance of attracting industry to thetown.A. being emphasizedB. emphasizedC. was emphasizedD. to emphasize28. If you ______ that novel last night, you wouldn't be sleepy now.A. haven't readB. didn't readC. hadn't readD. wouldn't have read29. The school started ______ three hundred pupils; now the numberis doubled.A. fromB. withC. offD. out30. If you had told her the truth, she ______, but she is now stillin the dark.A. will not be angryB. would not be angryC. had not been angryD. would not have been angryII. Reading Comprehension (40 points)Directions: There are three reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions. For each question there are four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose one best answer and blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.Passage OneIn the United States there are two major political parties, the Democratic and the Republican. The Democratic Party is the older of the two, tracing its history back to the time of Andrew Jackson in 1820s. The Republican Party, which followed the Federalist Party and the Whigs, was organized in the 1850s primarily as an antislavery party. Since antislavery sentiment was strongest in the manufacturing area of the North and East, the Republican Party logically adopted the protective tariff and other ideas furthering the growth of manufacturing in the United States. In 1860 the Democratic Party was split into two factions, the northern and the southern Democrats, each putting up its own candidate for president. While the two factions together polled more votes than did the Republican ticket, the Republicans received a total higher than that of either faction of the Democrats, and Abraham Lincoln was elected president.From 1860 to the present day, there have been many attempts to find new parties. But whenever a third party has had considerable appeal at the polls, one of both of the major parties in the next election has embraced the platform accounting for its appeal, and thethird party has faded away.Over the years, therefore, the positions of the two major parties have been changing and adapting themselves to the currently important problems of public policy. At one time the Democratic Party was considered to be a party standing up for state fights, and the Republican Party a party representing the interests of business and industry. A clear-cut difference between the two parties, however, has not existed for more than half a century. If one reads the platforms of the two parties, one finds that there is very little difference between them. Each party seems to be appealing to practically every group of voters. Unlike the political parties of Europe, and unlike the Conservatives and Laborites in England, the political parties in the United States are the collections of many disparate (不同的) elements.31. At first, the platform of the Republican Party was centered around______.A.antislavery policiesB. B. developing manufacturingC. settling the disputes between factionsD. solving social problems32. According to the passage, Lincoln was elected because ______.A.his antislavery policiesB. the Democratic Party was split upC. Iris penetrating speechesD. the Democratic Party was for him33. The third parties cannot survive in America because ______.A. they don't have appealing policiesB.the two major parties always adapt their policies to thepublic's interestC. they are lack of fundsD. they are not allowed to take part in the election34. Nowadays, the two major parties ______.A. have quite similar platformsB. don't' have any conflictsC. appeal to different groups of peopleD. have strayed away from the values they cherished in the past35. The two major parties in Britain are ______.A. similar with those in AmericaB. similar with those in EuropeC. the collection of many different elementsD. different from those in AmericaPassage TwoNot only politeness but an attitude of reverence(尊敬) is demanded in church. If one is not familiar with the service, he may maintain a respectful silence, standing when others stand, sitting when they sit, and bowing during prayer. On entering a church an usher will probably show you to a seat and it is polite to take the one indicated by him, though it is quite proper to whisper a suggestion that one does not want to sit too far to the front, or that one is a little deaf and would like to sit well forward.It is usual for anyone attending church to take some money along for the offering, as it is a regular part of every church service and is used for the work of the church. Good clothes, but never evening clothes, are worn to a church service. In some churches it is improper for a lady not to wear a hat. It is impolite and disrespectful to talk or whisper, to eat or chew anything, or to enteror leave during the service. One must come on time and stay till the service is over. When the service is over, one passes quietly out of the church with the other worshippers. In many churches it is considered irreverent to talk before one has reached the entrance hall.Sometimes the "Lord's Supper" or "Communion" is observed at the end of the service. This is a special service for the fellowship of Christians, and one is not supposed to participate unless he isa Christian. He may sit quietly and observe the service if he wishes.36. If you don't know the procedures quite well, you'd better ______.A.sit there silently all the timeB. stand by and observe the othersC. do as the others doD. sit in the front seats37. On entering a church, you ______.A. can speak loudly to your friendsB. may whisper to the usher where you prefer to be seatedC. must follow the usher's directionD. should always try to sit near to the front38. It is desirable to go to a church wearing ______.A. your best clothesB. your evening clothesC. clothes neat and formalD. a hat39. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. You'd take some money with you to the church.B. Women are allowed to wear a hat in some churches.C. You cannot be late for the service.D. You may start talking when the service is over.40. At the end of the service, ______ can take part in the "Communion".A. only ChristiansB. all the people presentC. only AmericansD. all the nativesPassage Three“I ask you to drink to his health as a young man full of the spirit of adventure who has lit up the world with a flash of courage.” With these words the British Minister of Air turned and raised his glass to the young man who sat beside him — a young man who, only a month before, was completely unknown. Yet on that summer day in 1927 his name was on the world’s lips —Charles Lindbergh, the first man to fly the Atlantic alone.He had been an airmail pilot, flying back and forth between Chicago and the city of St. Louis. Determined to win the $25,000 prize offered by a fellow-American for the first flight from New York to Paris, Lindbergh had persuaded a group of St. Louis businessmen to finance the building of a special plane for him.The news that Lindbergh intended to fly the Atlantic alone was received with disbelief. “The plane would never fly,” people said. It would run out of fuel. It had only a sin gle engine. Lloyd’s of London refused to insure the flight. Men called Lindbergh the “flying fool”.But on May 20th, 1927, just after ten to eight in the morning, Lindbergh’s “Spirit of St. Louis”,heavily laden with fuel, struggled into the air from a New York airfield. For several hours the weight to the petrol prevented the young pilot from flying more than a few feet above the wave-tops. Night came, and thick fog covered up the stars. Lindbergh flew steadily on, hoping that his course was the right one. He struggled to keep a wake, checking the fuel all the time to keep his mind active. Throughout the next d ay the “Spirit of St. Louis” flew on over the seemingly limitless sea. Then a fishing boat appeared, and an hour later, land. It was Ireland. Lindbergh set a compass course for Paris.By ten o’clock the lights of France’s capital were shining beneath him. Tired, unshaven, suddenly hungry, the “flying fool” came own to Le Bourget Airport, and landed in front of a huge crowd of wildly cheering people. After 34 hours of continuous piloting, the flight of 3,600 miles was over.41. The British Minister of Air ________.A.praised Lindbergh for his intelligenceB. encouraged Lindbergh to be adventurousC. congratulated Lindbergh for his braveryD. warned Lindbergh to be sensible42. “His name was on the world’s lips” means _________.A.everybody was drinking his healthB. everybody was jumping about because of himC. he became suddenly unpopularD. everybody was talking about him43. A group of St. Louis businessmen has been persuaded to _________the building of a special plane.A. arrange forB. organize withC. stop toD. pay for44. Which of the following statements is true?A. Nobody heard the news that Lindbergh was going to fly theAtlantic.B. Everybody believed that it was foolish for anybody to try tofly the Atlantic at all.C. Everybody knew that Lindbergh was very brave and adventurous.D. People didn’t believe tha t Lindbergh really meant to fly theAtlantic alone.45. The “Spirit of St. Louis” here refers to __________.A. the plane Lindbergh flew inB. the “flying fool”C. the British Minister of AirD. the city of St. LouisPassage FourSome people hate everything that is modern. They cannot imagine how anyone can really like modern music; they find it hard to accept the new fashions in clothing; they think that all modern painting is ugly; and they seldom have a good word for the new building that are being built everywhere in the world. Such people look for perfection in everything, and they take their standards of perfection from the past. They are usually impatient with anyone who is brave enough to experiment with new or to express himself or the age in materials original ways. It is, of course, true that many artists do not succeedin their work and instead produce works that can only be considered as failures. If the work of art is a painting, the artist's failure concerns himself alone, but if it is a building, his failure concerns others too, because it may damage the beauty of the whole place. This does sometimes happen, but it is completely untrue to say, as some people do, that modern architecture is noting.We can't judge every modern building by the standards of the ancient time, even though we admire the ancient buildings. Technologically, the modern buildings are more advanced, The modern architect knows he should learn from the ancient works, but with his greater resources of knowledge and materials, he will never be contentto imitate the past. He is too proud to do that.46. Some people hate everything that is modern because ______.A. they are agedB. they find it hard to accept modern thingsC. they take their standards of perfection from the GreekD. they look at things by the standards of the past47. The writer of the passage thinks that ______.A. it is true to say artists fail in their workB. it is untrue to say artists fail in their workC. it is true to say some artists fail in their workD. it is true to say only painters fail in their work48. The writer thinks the failure of a building _____,A. means nothingB. concerns othersC. concerns only the artistD. concerns all the people in the world49. The writer thinks that ______.A. we can't judge buildings by the ancient standardsB.we can't judge all the buildings by the ancient standardsC. we can't judge all the modern buildings by the ancientstandardsD. we can't judge modern buildings50. "Technologically, the modern buildings are more advanced. " Thesentence means ______.A. the ancient architects had no technologyB. the modern architects use more advanced technologyC. the modern buildings are advanced because they are completelydifferent from the ancient buildingsD. the modern buildings are more beautifulIII. Cloze (10 points)Directions. There are 10 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should choose the answer that BEST fits into the passage. Then blacken the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a pencil.In North America, the number of people who work for 10-12 hoursa day is increasing. More people are working night shifts( 夜班), from11 PM (51)________ 7 AM. But most adults need about 7-10 hours of sleepa day. On (52)________ , North Americans are only getting about 6-8 hours of sleep. In fact, over the past century, North Americans have reduced the number of nightly sleeping hours by about twenty percent. These lost hours of sleep have been (53)________ mainly by work and work-related activities.Some exports are worried that tired workers are becoming a danger in the workplace. A tired worker is (54)________ to forget important information and make mistakes. Mistakes can (55)________ to serious work accidents. Tiredness has been linked either (56)________ or indirectly to some of the worst accidents in history. Allowing workers to nap could be a (57)________ response(回应) to the problem. Studies have also shown that an afternoon nap(小睡、打盹) can significantly(58)________ mental abilities and improve mood. Research into allowing people in the airline industry to take short naps is (59)________ some interesting results. Researchers at NASA have studied the (60)________ of taking forty-minute naps for pilots on overseas international flights. They found that when pilots napped, they were more alert afterward and could function better.51. A. until B. to C. from D. for52. A. special B. abnormal C. normal D.average53. A. replace B. replaced C. to replace D. replacing54. A. like B. liking C. likely D. unlikely55. A. leading B. to lead C. leaded D.lead56. A. directly B. indirectly C. direct D. indirectly57. A. helpful B. helpless C. help D. helping58. A. increases B. increasing C. increase D. to increase59. A. produce B. produced C. producing D. to produce60. A. effect B. effects C. affect D. affectsIV. Translation from Chinese into English (20 points) Directions: Complete the sentences by translating the Chinese given in brackets into English. Your translation should be written clearly on the Answer Sheet.61. If _______________(我们精打细算)，we’ll be able to afford a newcar．62. In order to complete the project on time, ___________(全组人员必须严格遵守时间表)．63.It is not wise to expect that all your children will like drawing___________________(因为兴趣是因人而异的且每个人的选择都应该得到尊重)．64.______________(政府官员号召工厂企业尽量回收利用废料废水) soas to reduce production costs.65.Thanks to the open-door policy, our industrial production isgoing up steadily, ___________ (人民生活水平也在稳步提高).第页（共11 页）11。
Ultrahigh Interference Spatial Compression of Light Inside the Subwavelength Aperture of a
ULTRAHIGH INTERFERENCE SPATIAL COMPRESSION OF LIGHT INSIDE THE SUBWAVELENGTH APERTURE OF A NEAR-FIELD OPTICAL PROBEN.M.Arslanov, S.A.MoiseevZavoisky Physical-Technical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences,Sibirsky Trakt str. 10/7, Kazan, 420029, Russian FederationE-mail: narslan@mail.ru, samoi@yandex.ruABSTRACTSpatial effects of interference and interaction of light modes in the subwavelength part of the near-field optical microscopy probe have been theoretically studied. It was found that the mode interference can lead to higher spatial compression of light (λ = 500 nm in free space) within the transverse size of 25 nm inside the probe output aperture of 100 nm in diameter. The results principally demonstrate the possibility of increasing spatial resolution of the near-field optical microscopy technique.Keywords: near-field optics, light interference effects, ultrahigh spatial compression of light.PACS numbers: 07.79.Fc; 87.64xx; 42.25 –p.1. INTRODUCTIONThe near-field optical (NFO-) microscopy technique attracts a great attention in experimental investigations of the physical properties of material surfaces [1, 2, 3]. In a most well-known variant of NFO-microscopy technique the light propagates through the optical fiber to the probe with taper tip coated with metal. Diameter of the probe output aperture is significantly smaller than the wavelength λ, therefore, the light may be localized on the material surface within the area S << λ2. The narrowing part of the NFO-microscopy probe has transverse sizes much smaller than the cut-off radius of the majority modes [3] propagating in such optical fiber, thus only a small part of the light energy gets into the probe output aperture. The low energy throughput is the main factor limiting the spatial resolution of the technique and worsening the polarization characteristics of the output radiation. At present it is well known that presence of the evanescent field enables such spatial light localization in the probe. Experimental measurements of the output far-field parameters [4, 5, 6] show that the evanescent light acquires unusual spatial characteristics in the probe aperture [3].However, it is also well-known that the field scattering diagram has a spread diffuse character at the output aperture. Experimental investigations of the spatial structure of light are considerably restricted in the near-field zone of the subwavelength probe aperture. In addition we note that the influence of the spatial shape and physical parameters of the probe on the propagation and spatial structure of the light in the probe output aperture have still been insufficiently studied in spite of the theoretical works [7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]. Therefore, clear physical understanding of the spatial properties of the compressed light in the probe is still absent which significantly restricts development of the (NFO-) microscopy methods. In this paper we theoretically study the interaction and interference effects of the light modes in the subwavelength probe. In the first part of the paper an analytical method is developed on the basis of the B.Z.Katzenellenbaum’s cross-sections theory[13]. Using the developed theoretical approach we make a numerical analysis of the influence of the light interference effects on the spatial structure of the light in the probes with different geometry. Our results demonstrate that the light interference effects may play an important role in an sharper spatial compression of the light inside the subwavelength probe aperture.2. BASIC EQUATION OF THE CROSS-SECTION METHODThe B.Z. Katzenellenbaum’s method [13] enables one to study light propagation in the probe taking into account its real spatial and physical properties [14, 15]. In this method the light field in the arbitrary coordinate z of the narrowing probe is represented through the superposition of the light waves propagating in both (z, -z) directions:)z (E )z (P )z (E j j ∑∞∞−=G G , , (1)∑∞∞−=)z (H )z (P )z (H j j G G where the field components )(z E j G and )(z H j Gcorrespond to the j-th mode of the auxiliary comparison waveguide, which has the same spatial distribution in the probe cross-section at the point z.The total fields E(z) and H(z) satisfy the same boundary conditions in a certain surrounding of the tilted wall as the field modes Еj and Нj on the comparison waveguide wall [13]. The mode amplitudes at the beginning (z=0) and the end (z=L) of the irregular part of the waveguide are )z (P jequal to the appropriate mode amplitudes in the regular part of the probe. Spatial evolution of the amplitudes P j (z) in the probe is determined by the following system of equations:∑∞=−∞==−∂v v m jm j j j z )z (P )z (S )z (P )z (ih )z (P , (2)where S jm (z) is a coefficient coupling the modes on the probe wall:)(1))()()((2)()()(0m r j r m j m z j z C o m j j jm E E H H H H d z h z h z h z a z a z S εεεϕϕϕ+−⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛−−′=∫. (3) Here we have taken into account that the NFO-microscopy probes can be considered as nonmagneticmaterial with (where 10=μ=μμμ,0are the magnetic permeabilities of the probe core and the metallic coating). The probe narrowing is chosen uniform over the probe cross section; r, ϕ, z - are cylindrical coordinates; a(z) is a waveguide radius in z-coordinate, a`(z) is a corner tangent of the probe wall to the longitudinal axis z; h j (z) is a wavenumber of the mode j-th, which has the following analytical solution for the waveguide with an ideal metal wall:)()(22z k z h j o o j αε−=, (4)where is a wavenumber of the light; εc /k 0ω=o and ε are the dielectric permeabilities of the probe core and metallic coating. We assume that εo =2.16 and ε=-34.5+8i, which corresponds to the aluminum coating of the probe with thickness more than a skin-layer typically equal to 6 nm [16]; is the own number of ТМ)(/)(z a z j j να=j mode in the probe with the ideal wall (index j denotes two parameters (n,l): n= 0, 1, , l = 0,1, ), where ),(l n j =ν is l -th root of the n-th order Bessel function ; is the own number of ТE ()0j n x J x ν==)(/)(z a z j j μα=j mode, ),(l n j =μ is the j-th root of the derivative of n-th order Bessel function corresponding to the TE j mode (()0j n x x J x μ=∂∂=).Unlike regular waveguide, our calculations have shown that the rapid change of the boundary conditions in the NFO-probe causes effective energy redistribution of the light into several coupled light field modes, which interference results in the spatial compression of the light. The system of equations (2) describes the interaction between the forward spatial modes and the backward modes, which are reflected from the narrowing walls of the probe. Each light mode interacts with all forward and backward modes of the HE- or EH- types as well as each mode is absorbed in the probe walls. Description of the field modes evolution according to Eqs. (2) in the probe requires calculation of thevalues S jm and h j taking into account real physical parameters. We can calculate the coupling coefficient S jm using the fact that the magnetic part of the electric modes has the second order on wall wave resistance ξ (εμ=ξ <<1) in the Taylor’s decomposition on ξn [13, 17]. Similarly, the electric field component of the magnetic modes represents the second order magnitude on the wall wave resistance ξ.Therefore in order to find the expression for the coupling coefficient in the first order of ξ it is possible to use the modes of the ideal waveguide [16] and calculate the wavenumber of the modes in the first order of ξ. Thereby the coupling coefficients of the field modes can be found using solutions for the wavenumbers of the waveguide modes with the wall made of non-ideal metal. In a general case the wavenumbers are the roots of the complex transcendental equation obtained from the boundary conditions for the field modes on the metallic wall of the regular waveguide. The equation was solved numerically in [19]. We use Leontovich boundary condition [18] in order to determine the mode wavenumbers h j in the waveguide with non-ideal walls [13]. In the cylindrical coordinate system the condition has the following form of the series up to the first-order of ξ:z H E ξ=ϕ, . (5)ϕξ−=H E z Writing the expressions for the field modes in Eq.(5) through the well known Hertz potentials and using the Green integral (see Appendix A) we find the following expression for the wavenumber of TM modes:)(/2)()(00222z a ik z a v k z h j o o j εξε+−=, (6) and for the TE modes:⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛+−+−=222044220222)()()()()(2)()(z a n z h z a n k i z a z a k z h nj nj j o o j μμξμε, (7)The obtained analytical solutions (6), (7) are demonstrated on the Fig.1 and Fig.2, which with high accuracy coincide with the earlier numerical results of the work [19]. The solutions (6) and (7) allow us to significantly facilitate the numerical analysis of the field evolution in the near-field microscopy probe, studied below for a number of specific probe forms.3.SPATIAL INTERFERENCE OF LIGHT MODES IN THE PROBEThe total field energy decreases when the field propagates through the probe towards the output aperture. According to the Eq. (1) the field intensity in the arbitrary point with the coordinate z, r ⊥ is given by the expression:.}.)()()()({)(|)(|)('*'*'22скr E r E z P z P r E z P r I j j j j j j j j j ++=∑∑<G G G G G G G .(8)Below we study the situation where the main mode P j =δj,01 is excited at the probe entrance.The excited main mode has the least decay in the fiber among the modes propagating in the probe. In accordance with the calculation given below, the field propagation ( λ = 500 nm. in free space) starts to decrease rapidly after the probe cross-section radius reaches the critical value for the main mode )2/()(1o крv z a επλ=, (below 4/)(λ≈крz a ). The comparison of the coupling coefficients of the field modes (3) gives that , thus the interaction between the nearest modes plays a crucial role in the dynamics of the field propagation in the near-field optical probe. Particularly strong influence on the field mode propagation occurs in the small output domain of the probe where the mode wavenumbers become complex values and the most significant decay occurs for the modes. At the same time as it follows from the analysis of the equations system (2), the energy exchange between the field modes exceeds the decay of each mode in the probe. Therefore it is reasonable to estimate the possibility of efficient generation of the nearby light modes at the field propagation in the probe and analyze the appearance of the multimode light structure in the probe output.)()(2,1,z S z S j j j j ±±>>It is well-known that the light throughput increases, as the inclination of the probe wall does [3, 20, 21, 22]. Herewith in our opinion the probe shape variation should have a great impact on the field mode structure in the probe. Below in the Fig.3 we demonstrate the numerical calculation of the power ∫∫Σ=S d ]H E [Re 8c ),z (S *G G G G πλ of the excited TM 0m modes for the different inclination of the probe wall. The calculations have shown that the main light energy is carried in the probe by the three lowest field modes due to the small values of the coupling coefficients S 1j S 2j S 3j (j>3) comparing to the coefficients S 12 , S 13 and S 23. Increasing the probe wall inclination is accompanied by the growth of the coupling coefficients that causes a considerable equalization of the energy between the threemain modes at the probe output. The second field mode becomes comparable with the first main mode when the angle value α is close to 75о - 76о as shown in the Fig. 3. We shall note that the second light mode is excited more intensively than the third mode noticeably increasing only for angle α larger than 72о. Herewith the interaction of the third mode with the second mode fails to strongly influence upon the second mode energy. Under such condition, using the results of work[23] it is possible to show that the influence of the third mode on the spatial structure of light field in the probe output is also strongly suppressed by considerable reflection of the mode from the output aperture. Accordingly, it is possible to ignore the influence of the third mode on the light spatial structure of the output radiation (in Fig. 3.) for angles less than 80.Accomplished calculations of the total energy transferred by all field modes are in accordance with available results [3, 20, 21, 22]. Our calculation of the light spatial structure for the TM 11 modes are in good agreement with experimental data [5, 6] of the measurement of the far-field intensities. We have studied the interference peculiarities of the light modes in the probe and its influence upon the light field spatial structure at the probe output with the output aperture diameter )(2L z a D == = 100 nm. It turned out that the interference effects of the light modes are imperceptible for the inclination α< 45o , when the whole light energy is carried by first main mode. In this case the distinctive spatial structure of the light at the probe output aperture is shown in the Fig. 4, where the intensity of longitudinal field component and radial component . (where 201021)(|)(~|),,(r J z P z r I z αϕ201121)(|)(~|),,(r J z P z r I r αϕ)(01r J n αare Bessel functions of n-th order, which describe the field TM 0m modes in accordance with the boundary conditions [16]).Our numerical calculations have shown that the increasing of the angle α up to 65o leads to the amplification of the second field mode. Taking into account only the two lowest light modes, we obtain the intensities of the longitudinal ),,(z r I z ϕ and radial ),,(z r I r ϕ components at the probe output for the aperture radius 3/)/()(λε≈=<<=o o j kr k v a L z a :)cos()()(|)()(|2)(|)(|)(|)(~|),,(2102001021202022201021θθααααϕ−++r J r J z P z P r J z P r J z P z r I z , (9))cos()()(|)()(|2)(|)(|)(|)(~|),,(2102101121202122201121θθααααϕ−++r J r J z P z P r J z P r J z P z r I r , (10) where i θ is a phase of i-th mode.However, the transverse size of the light field (refer to. the Fig. 5) is still defined by spatial structure of the longitudinal component of the main mode with the thickness about d ≈ 80 nm on half intensity. New pattern of the light field behavior arises for larger inclinations of the probe wall: 65о < α< 80о, when the second mode energy significantly increases. Behaviour of the mode amplitudes is shown in the Fig. 6 depending on α. Interference terms in Eq. (9) and Eq. (10) are proportional to 2|)(|L P j |)}()(cos{)()(|22121L L L P L P θθ− and essentially influence the field characteristics in the probe output.The numerical calculations have shown that the phase difference between the two field modes is πθθ≈−)()(21L L for the angle α< 76о (see Fig. 7.) in accordance with the relation of the coupling coefficients between the modes: )(~))(/)()(()(21)(122112z S z h z h z S z S kr a z a −−=<<, which follows from Eq. (2) and Eq. (3). Due to such phase relation and comparability of the mode amplitudes and , their interference considerably influences the light field spatial structure. The interference leads to a sharp spatial compression of the light field for the angle α ≈ 75)(1L P )(2L P o (see Fig. 8).The additional consequence of the interference is that the main part of the light field at probe the output aperture is principally determined by longitudinal field component, which aquires a spatial toric structure with ring thickness d ≈ 25 nm. This ring thickness determines spatial limits of the light compression, which can be noticeably narrower than the output probe diameter D=100 nm. The spatial thickness of the longitudinal d z (z) and transverse d r (z) components of the field intensities on its half height are shown in Fig. 9 and Fig.10. As seen from Fig. 9 appearance of the spatial torus is the result of the two light modes interference, which dramatically changes the spatial width d z (z) at the angle α ≈ 55o . Therewith it seen from Fig. 10, Fig. 4, Fig. 5 and Fig.8 that the value of d r (z) decreases monotonous while the main energy of the transverse polarized field component is restricted by the probe walls.We note the main intensity peak would be only in the probe output centre with the spatial width about 80 nm (for D=100 nm) for other phase relation between the field modes (particularly for the phases 0)()(21≈−L L θθ). This behaviour would be also accompanied by additional weaker intensity peaks near the aperture boundary. Analytical and numerical analysis of the light propertiesbecomes too complicated for the angle α > 85o due to the reflection effects of the field modes from the probe output. We will study these effects elsewhere later.4. CONCLUSIONIn this work the affects of interaction and interference of the light modes on the spatial structure of the output field in near-field optical microscopy probe have been studied. The presented investigation have been performed for the real physical and spatial parameters of the probe with diameter of the output aperture D=100 nm, which is noticeably smaller than the light wavelength λ=500 nm. The investigation has shown that the change of the probe shape (increasing of the wall inclination α near the probe output aperture) considerably enhances the interaction and interference of the spatial light modes in the narrowing part of the probe, which in turn dramatically changes the spatial structure of the light field. Such effects already reveal itself via the presence of two mode structure of the light field at the wall inclinations α > 45о. The two mode interference effects are especially amplified for the angels 65о < α< 80о leading to the narrow spatial toric structure in the field intensity on the probe output. The toric structure demonstrates a stronger spatial compression of the light for the angle α= 75о where the toric wall has minimum thickness close to 25 nm. Such spatially compressed light contains areas with primarily longitudinal or transverse polarization. We note that spatial compression of the field from the diameter D 1=100 nm up to D 2=25 nm will decrease the light throughput to times [3, 7] if we use a usual direct reduction of the probe output aperture.256)/(~221=D D Modern experimental methods offer good opportunities to control distance δz with accuracy of nanometers between the medium surface and the plane of the output probe aperture [1]. For sufficiently small distances δz<<λ, the light field on the surface will coincide practically with the light field at the output probe aperture. Thus by choosing the proposed near field probe with the inclination α ≈ 76o one can considerably enhance the spatial resolution in the experiments with small objects (like single molecules and other nanoparticles) where the resolution will be determined by the narrow peaks of the field intensities d z (α). The predicted ultrahigh “interference” spatial compression of the light field offers a new attractive possibility for the experimental investigation ofsolid states surfaces with nanometer resolution. Detailed study of these problems represents an interesting subject for further investigations.This work was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grants No: 03-03-96214 and grant NIOKR Tatarstan №06-6.3-343/ 2005Ф (06).APPENDIX A: WAVENUMBER IN PROBE WITH NON-IDEAL METAL WALLHere we present the field components on the boundary using Hertz potentials [16] and find the condition, which couples these functions:m 21m00e Пr Пik r Пih ξα=∂∂μ−ϕ∂∂, (A.1) ⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛ϕ∂∂+∂∂εξ−=αr Пih r Пik Пm e 00e 2. (A.2) Hertz potentials satisfy the equation:ППn 2n n =α+Δ⊥ (A.3)and normalization condition:1ППdS TM n TM n 2n =⋅α∫, , (A.4)0TE n TE n 2n ППdS ε=⋅α∫where is the own numbers of TM 2n 0202n h k −ε=αj modes.Auxiliary function is introduced in order to determine the wavenumber of magnetic waves. Therefore we obtain the following system of equations:e e h ПФ=m 2m0e ПrПik r Фi ξα=∂∂−ϕ∂∂, (A.5) ⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛ϕ∂∂+∂∂εξ−=αr Пih r Фik Фm 2e 00e 2, (A.6) 0ФФe 2e =α+Δ,(A.7)0ППm 2m =α+Δ. (A.8)Expanding the own numbers and functions Ф and П into the Taylor series on ξ <<1...21202+ξα+α=α , . (A.9) ...h k h 212020202−ξα−=α−ε=...ФФФe 1e 0+ξ+=, ., (A.10) ...ПППm 1m 0m +ξ+=and solving the system of Egs. (21)-(24) using Green formula()⎟⎠⎞⎜⎝⎛∂∂−∂∂=Δ−Δ∫∫∫n V U n U V ds V U U V dS CS we find the following expression for parameter : 21α⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛ϕ∂∂⋅ϕ+⋅ϕα−μ=α∫∫22m 02m 0C 202m 0C 400021r ППrd h Пrd k i ⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛+α⋅−μ−=22204022nj 0a n h )n (k ai 2. (A.11)Performing similar calculations for electric waves we obtain the following result:2e0C 0021r Пrd ik ⎟⎟⎠⎞⎜⎜⎝⎛∂∂ϕε−=α∫a /ik 200ε−=.(A.12)Fig. 1. Dependence of the wave number real part Re h on radius a.-10Fig. 3. Results of the numerical calculations of the field mode powers TM0m (m =1,2,3) (wavelength of light λ=500 nm) in the probe output with aluminum coating. Length of the probe (L) was changed from L=1172 nm to L= 8 nm with initial radius a(z=0)=500 nm and output radius a(L)=50 nm., which correspond to the change inclination α of the probe.α= 250.IFig. 5 Light field spatial structure inside the probe output aperture with angle α= 550.Fig. 6 Field amplitudes in the Eq. (9), Eq. (10). - red line, - green line,| - yellow line. 21|)z (P |22|)z (P |)cos()z (P )z (P |22121θ−θFig. 7 Mode phases and their differences depending on the inclination α. It is seen that the phase relation between the two lowest light modes is beneficial for spatial compression at the inclination angle α≈ 75o, where the mode amplitudes became comparable on magnitude.Fig. 8 Light field spatial structure inside the output aperture of probe with inclination angle α= 750.Fig.9. Spatial width of d z(L) (green) and d r(L) (red). There are taken into account Raleigh criteria of line resolution. There is a minimum spatial width of longitudinal field intensity at the α≈750.REFERENCES1 D.W.Pohl, W.Denk, and nz, Appl.Phys.Lett. 44, 651, (1984).2 E.Betzig, R.J.Chichester, Science 262, 1422, (1993).3 B.Hecht, B.Sick, U.P.Wild, V.Deckert, R.Zenobi, O.J.F.Martin, D.W.Pohl, J.Chem.Phys. 112, 7761, (2000).4 E.Betzig, J.K.Trautman, Science 257, 189, (1992).5 E.Betzig, J.K. Trautman etc, Appl. Phys. Lett. 61, 142, (1992).6 coste, Th.Huser, R.Prioli, H.Heinzelmann, Ultramicroscopy 71, 333, (1998).7 H.A.Bethe, Phys. Rev. 66, 163, (1944).8 C.J.Bouwkamp,. Rep.Prog.Phys. 17, 35, (1954)9 A.Roberts, J.Appl.Phys. 65, 2896, (1989).10 L.Novotny, D.W.Pohl, P.Regli, J.Opt.Soc.Am. A 11, 1768 (1994).11 A.L.Gutman, Raditechnika 12, 20, (1957).12 T.I.Kuznetsova, V.S.Lebedev and A.M.Tsvelik, J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 6, 338 (2004).13 B.Z. Katzenellenbaum “Theory of non-uniform waveguides with slowly changing parameters”, (Moscow.: AN USSR), (1961)(in Russian); B.Z. Katzenellenbaum, Doklady AN USSR, 102, # 4, 711, (1955) (in Russian).14 N.M.Arslanov, S.A.Moiseev, Proceedings of SPIE, 5402, 25 (2003).15 N.M.Arslanov “Optimal form of scanning nearfield optical microscopy probe” (submitted to press); N.M.Arslanov “Interaction and propagarion light modes in taper probe of near-field optical microscopy” M.D. Dissertation, Kazan State University, Kazan, Russia, 78 p., (2003).16 M.Born, E.Wolf, “Principles of Optics”, Pergamon Press, 720 p., (1968).17 Ya.L.Alpert, Jurnal Tekhnicheskoi Fiziki, 10, 1358 (1940) (in Russian).18 M.A.Leontovich, sb. ”Investigations of spreading radiowave (microwave)”, Part.II, AN SSSR (1948) (in Russian).19 L.Novotny, C.Hafner, Phys. Rev. E 50, 4094 (1994).20 R.Stockle, C.Fokas, V.Deckert, R.Zenobi, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 160 (1999).21 J.A.Veerman, A.M.Otter, L.Kuipers, N.F.van Hulst, Appl. Phys. Lett. 72, 3115 (1998).22 D.Zeisel, tesheim, B.Dutoit, R.Zenobi, Appl.Phys.Lett. 68, 2491, (1996).23 L.A.Vainstein “The diffraction theory and method of factorization”, Soviet Radio, Moscow, 1966, p.432; L.A.Vainstein, Doklady AN SSSR, V LXXIV, №3 485, (1950) (in Russian).。
体育舞蹈与文化_大连理工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年
体育舞蹈与文化_大连理工大学中国大学mooc课后章节答案期末考试题库2023年1.左右摆荡是（）的转移，是由右脚到左侧左脚到右侧的U字形摆荡。
参考答案:重心2.体育舞蹈文化是在西方文化基础上衍生出来的体育舞蹈形式。
参考答案:正确3.舞蹈形体运动有规律包括。
参考答案:呼吸规律_节奏规律_步伐规律4.牛仔舞是由一种叫做吉特巴的舞蹈改变而来的。
吉特巴是美国水兵在休闲时所跳的舞。
所以，牛仔舞其实是由美国水兵在世界范围内传播的。
参考答案:正确5.体育舞蹈美的核心是什么（）参考答案:男女和谐6.男女生的手位配合要有互相挤压的过程。
（十五讲）参考答案:正确7.体育舞蹈作为体育与艺术的结合，从艺术性美来看具有自由性、个人性、情感性的特点。
参考答案:正确8.女生探戈架型右手掌心面向前方左手内侧，并拢后放在男生的腋下后方。
（十四讲）参考答案:正确9.结束时男生以谢礼的方式，女生转体360度。
女生引领男生还原。
参考答案:错误10.拉丁舞比赛中裤子允许使用肉色紧身及采用透明材料。
参考答案:错误11.探戈在做出脚时要求男生女生的位置是交叉位。
（十四讲）参考答案:正确12.探戈架型要求男同学脊柱垂直。
（十四讲）参考答案:正确13.标准舞舞蹈过程中有（）、（）、（）、谢舞这些程序。
参考答案:请舞_起舞_共舞14.初级铜牌套路中第2小节前进时男生的右脚在女生的（）参考答案:两脚之间15.体育舞蹈的节奏性对控制体育舞蹈动作、彰显体育舞蹈艺术风格和特性发挥着重要作用。
它是体育舞蹈的“审美载体”。
参考答案:正确16.标准舞中最轻松的舞步是？参考答案:快步17.探戈的音乐是（）拍参考答案:44##%_YZPRLFH_%##4/418.如果要在几个小时内进行大运动量的锻炼，____是最佳的食物，因为它们能迅速被消化吸收，立即为人体提供所需能量。
参考答案:糖##%_YZPRLFH_%##糖类19.舞蹈的风格和个性的体现，形与神以及动作的表现都是通过什么得以实现的？参考答案:韵律20.下面哪一种拉丁舞被称为“男人的舞蹈”？参考答案:斗牛舞21.华尔兹舞曲旋律优美抒情，节奏为（）拍。
2011年山东青岛大学英汉互译与汉语写作考研真题
2011年山东青岛大学英汉互译与汉语写作考研真题PartⅠ. Translate the following terms and passages into Chinese (60 points).A1.setting2.plot3.point of view4.flat character5.dramatic monologue6.black humor7.tragicomedy8.expressionism9.lost generation10.stream of consciousnessBThe speciality of the novel is that the writer can talk abouthis characters as well as through them, or can arrange for us to listen when they talk to themselves. He has access to self-communings, and from that level he can descend even deeper and peer into the subconscious. A man does not talk to himself quite truly－not even to himself; the happiness or misery that he secretly feels proceeds from causes that he cannot quite explain, because as soon as he raises them to the level of the explicable they lose their native quality. The novelist has a real pull here. He can show the subconscious short-circuiting straight into action (the dramatist can do this too); he can also show it in its relation to soliloquy. He commands all the secret life, and he must not be robbed of his privilege.C...There the meadows are all lawns with the lustrous green of spring even in August, and often over-shadowed by old, fruit-trees - cherry, or apple, or pear; and on Sundayafter the rain there was an April glory and freshness added to the quiet of the later summer. Nowhere and never in the world can there have been a deeper peace; and the bells from the little red church down by the river seemed to be the music of it, as the song of birds is the music of spring. There one saw how beautiful the life of man can be, and how men by the innocent labors of many generations can give to the earth a beauty it has never known in its wildness. And all this peace, one knew, was threatened; and the threat came into one's mind as if it were a soundless message from over the great eastward plain; and with it the beauty seemed unsubstantial and strange, as if it were sinking away into the past, as if it were only a memory of childhood.D“His pride,” said Miss Lucas, “does not offend me so much as pride often does, because there is an excuse for it. One cannot wonder that so very fine a young man, with family, fortune, everything in his favor, should think highly of himself. If I may so express it, he has a right to be proud.”“That is very true,” replied Elizabeth, “and I could easily forgive his pride, if he had not mortified mine.”“Pride,” observed Mary, who piqued herself upon the solidity of her reflections, “is a very common failing I believe. By all that I have ever read, I am convinced that it is very common indeed, that human nature is particularly prone to it, and that there are very few of us who do not cherish a feeling of self-complacency on the score of some quality or other, real or imaginary. Vanity and pride are different things, though the words are often used synonymously. A person may be proud without being vain. Pride relates more to our opinion of ourselves, vanity to what we would have others think of us.”Part Ⅱ . Translate the following passages into English (40 points).我对于海，好像着了魔似的一天比一天迷恋起来，我爱它，甚至一天也不能离开它。
2011英语二小作文
2011英语二小作文Dear Editor,I am writing to express my concerns regarding the current state of our school's English education and to propose some improvements.Firstly, it has been observed that the curriculum lacks practical application of language skills. Students are often more focused on rote memorization rather than engaging in meaningful conversations. To address this, I suggest incorporating more interactive activities into the lessons, such as role-plays and debates, which would encourage students to use English in real-life scenarios.Secondly, the current textbooks seem outdated and do not reflect the dynamic nature of the English language. Updating the materials to include contemporary topics and vocabulary would make learning more relevant and engaging for students.Thirdly, the assessment methods are too heavily reliant on written exams. Introducing oral assessments and project-based evaluations would provide a more comprehensive evaluation of a student's language proficiency.Lastly, I believe that encouraging cultural exchange through language learning is crucial. Organizing exchange programs or inviting native speakers to give talks could expose studentsto different accents and dialects, broadening their understanding of the English language.I hope that the school administration will consider these suggestions to enhance the quality of English education and prepare our students for the global community.Sincerely,[Your Name]This composition is a letter to the editor, where the writer is addressing concerns about the English curriculum and suggesting improvements to make it more effective and engaging for students.。
2011年12月份大学英语六级考试答案与解析
Part I WritingThe Way to SuccessAbraham Lincoln, a successful leader sparkling in American history, once put, “Give me six hours to chop down a tree, and I will spend the first four sharpening the axe.” Simple as his remark is, it subtly encapsulates a profound and enlightening notion that the path to success only lies under the feet of people who are well-prepared.Currently in this progressively competitive society, it is anything but uncommon for us to see people desperately in want of success. Taking a look around, not only can we easily find students staying up late with their homework, we can also notice that a multitude of clerks step into the mansion in the early morning, then go back home after overtime. However, success, as a matter of fact, only belongs to a few of them. For instance, there is no shortage of this kind of people—who participate in numerous interviews and get nothing but a rejection slip, then they start whining time after time, “why isn’t that me?”Just as an ancient Chinese proverb goes, “Sharp tools make good work.”Accumulation of ability and knowledge is the prerequisite of success, and once we are strong and powerful enough, the whole universe will come to assist us in chasing our dreams.The way to successSuccess, the one everyone desires, plays an essential role in our daily life, because it directly determines our daily behaviors. In other words, if there is no desire for success, there will be no individuals’ development and even no advance of our society. It is the aspiration of success that promotes our growth of our individuals and society. But throughout the whole human history, how to succeed is always the most concerned topic.Among all the factors of success, well preparation of knowledge, the basic requisition of success, should be placed on the first one. Without extensive and intensive knowledge, even if there are exterior opportunities to success, such as the parents’ assistance or friends’ recommendation, you will still never succeed, because you cannot qualify the job you have already had. The more preparation you do in advance, the more likely you will get success. As Lincoln has said, if I had six hours to chop down a tree, I would spend the first four hours sharpening the axe.Besides the well preparation of knowledge, the preparation of confidence and interpersonal skills is also indispensable on the way to success.[快速阅读]Google's plan for world's biggest online library: philanthropy or act of piracy?[1] Google has already scanned 10 million books in its bid to digitise thecontents of the world's major libraries, but a copyright battle now threatens the project, with Amazon and Microsoft joining authors and publishers opposed to the scheme.[2] In recent years the world's most venerable libraries have played hostto some incongruous visitors. In dusty nooks and far-flung stacks, teams of workers dispatched by Google have been beavering away to make digital copies of books. So far, Google has scanned more than 10 million titles from libraries in America and Europe – including half a million volumes held by the Bodleian in Oxford. The exact method it uses is unclear; the company does not allow outsiders to observe the process.[3] Why is Google undertaking such a venture, so seemingly out-of-kilterwith its snazzy, hi-tech image? Why is it even interested in all those out-of-print library books, most of which have been gathering dust on forgotten shelves for decades? company claims its motives areessentially public-spirited. Its overall mission, after all, is to"organise the world's information", so it would be odd if that information did not include books. Like the Ancient Egyptians who attempted to builda library at Alexandria containing all the known world's scrolls, Googleexecutives talk of constructing a universal online archive, a treasure trove of knowledge that will be freely available – or at least freely searchable – for all.[4] The company likes to present itself as having lofty, utopian aspirations."This really isn't about making money" is a mantra. "We are doing this for the good of society." As Santiago de la Mora, head of Google Books for Europe, puts it: "making it possible to search the millions of books that exist today, we hope to expand the frontiers of human knowledge."[5] Dan Clancy, the chief architect of Google Books, offers an analogy withthe invention of the Gutenberg press – Google's book project, he says, will have a similar democratising effect. He talks of people in far-flung parts being able to access knowledge as never before, of search queries leading them to the one, long out-of-print book they need.[6] And he does seem genuine in his conviction that this is primarily aphilanthropic exercise. "Google's core business is search and find, so obviously what helps improve Google's search engine is good for Google,"he says. "But we have never built a spreadsheet outlining the financial benefits of this, and I have never had to justify the amount I am spending to the company's founders."[7] It is easy, talking to Clancy and his colleagues, to be swept along bytheir missionary zeal. But Google's book-scanning project is proving controversial. Several opponents have recently emerged, ranging from rival tech giants such as Microsoft and Amazon to small bodiesrepresenting authors and publishers across the world. In broad terms, these opponents have levelled two sets of criticisms at Google.[8] First, they have questioned whether the primary responsibility fordigitally archiving the world's books should be allowed to fall to a commercial company. a recent essay in the New York Review of Books, Robert Darnton, the head of Harvard University's library, argued that because such books are a common resource – the possession of us all –only public, not-for-profit bodies should be given the power to control them.[9] The second, related criticism is that Google's scanning of books isactually illegal. This allegation has led to Google becoming mired in a legal battle whose scope and complexity makes the Jarndyce and Jarndyce case in Bleak House look straightforward.[10] its centre, however, is one simple issue: that of copyright. Theinconvenient fact about most books, to which Google has arguably paid insufficient attention, is that they are protected by copyright.Copyright laws differ from country to country, but in general protection extends for the duration of an author's life and for a substantial period afterwards, thus allowing the author's heirs to benefit. (In Britain and America, this post-death period is 70 years.) This means, of course, that almost all of the books published in the 20th century are still under copyright – and last century saw more books published than in allprevious centuries combined. Of the roughly 40 million books in USlibraries, for example, an estimated 32 million are in copyright. Of these, some 27 million are out of print.[11] Outside the US, Google has made sure only to scan books that are out ofcopyright and thus in the "public domain" (works such as the Bodleian's first edition of Middlemarch, which anyone can read for free on Google Books Search).[12] But, within the US, the company has scanned both in-copyright andout-of-copyright works. its defence, Google points out that it displays only snippets of books that are in copyright – arguing that such displays are "fair use". But critics allege that by making electronic copies of these books without first seeking the permission of copyright holders, Google has committed piracy.[13] "The key principle of copyright law has always been that works can becopied only once authors have expressly given their permission," says Piers Blofeld, of the Sheil Land literary agency in London. "Google has reversed this – it has simply copied all these works without bothering to ask."[14] 2005, the Authors Guild of America, together with a group of USpublishers and publishers, launched a class action suit against Google that, after more than two years of wrangling, ended with an announcement last October that Google and the claimants had reached an out-of-court settlement. The full details are staggeringly complicated – the text alone runs to 385 pages – and trying to summarise it is no easy task."Part of the problem is that it is basically incomprehensible," says Blofeld, one of the settlement's most vocal British critics.[15] Broadly, the deal provides a mechanism for Google to reimburse authorsand publishers whose rights it has breached (including giving them a share of any future revenue it generates from their works). In exchange for this, the rights holders agree not to sue Google in future.[16] The settlement stipulates that a body known as the Books Rights Registrywill represent the interests of US copyright holders. Authors andpublishers with a copyright interest in a book scanned by Google who make themselves known to the registry will be entitled to receive a payment – in the region of $60 per book – as compensation.[17] Additionally, the settlement hands Google the power – but only with theagreement of individual rights holders – to exploit its database of out-of-print books. It can include them in subscription deals sold to libraries or sell them individually under a consumer licence. is these commercial provisions that are proving the settlement's mostcontroversial aspect.[18] Critics point out that, by giving Google the right to commerciallyexploit its database, the settlement paves the way for a subtle shift in the company's role from provider of information to seller. "'s business model has always been to provide information for free, and selladvertising on the basis of the traffic this generates," points out JamesGrimmelmann, associate professor at New York Law School. Now, he says, because of the settlement's provisions, Google could become a significant force in bookselling.[19] in this aspect of the settlement has focused on "orphan" works, wherethere is no known copyright holder– these make up an estimated 5% to 10% of the books Google has scanned. Under the settlement, when no rights holders come forward and register their interest in a work, commercial control automatically reverts to Google. Google will be able to display up to 20% of orphan works for free, include them in its subscription deals to libraries and sell them to individual buyers under the consumerlicence.[20] "The deal has in effect handed Google a swath of intellectual copyright.It is a mammoth potential bookselling market," says Blofeld. He adds it is no surprise that Amazon, which currently controls 90% of the digital books market, is becoming worried.[21] But Dan Clancy of Google dismisses the idea that, by gaining control overout-of-print and orphan works, Google is securing for itself a significant future revenue stream. He points out that out-of-print books represent only a tiny fraction of the books market – between 1% and 2%. "This idea that we are gaining access to a vast market here – I really don't think that is true.[22] James Gleick, an American science writer and member of the Authors Guild,broadly agrees. He says that, although Google's initial scanning of in-copyright books made him uncomfortable, the settlement itself is a fair deal for authors.[23] "The thing that needs to be emphasised is that this so-called market overwhich Google is being given dominance – the market in out-of-print books – doesn't currently exist. That's why they're out of print. In real life,I can't see what the damage is – it's only good."[24] It is by no means certain that the settlement will be enacted – it isthe subject of a fairness hearing in the US courts. But if it is enacted, Google will in effect be off the hook as far as copyright violations in the US are concerned. Many people are seriously concerned by this – and the company is likely to face challenges in other courts around the world.[25] Over the coming months, we will hear a lot more about the Googlesettlement and its ramifications. Although it's a subject that may seem obscure and specialised, it concerns one of the biggest issues affectingpublishing and, indeed, other creative industries – the control of digital rights.[26] No one knows the precise use Google will make of the intellectual propertyit has gained by scanning the world's library books, and the truth, as Gleick points out, is that the company probably doesn't even know itself.what is certain is that, in some way or another, Google's entrance into digital bookselling will have a significant impact on the book world in years to come.题目：1. Google claims its plan for the world’s biggest online library is _____A. to save out-of-print books in libraries.B. to serve the interest of the general publicC. to encourage reading around the worldD. to promote its core business of searching【解析】该题问的是Google所声称的自己图书馆计划的目的。
2011英语二真题及参考答案(完美打印版)
精品文档2011年硕士研究生入学考试2011英语二真题及参考答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specificcomputer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1． A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden 2． A.for B.within C.while D.though 3． A.careless wless C.pointless D.helpless 4． A.reason B.reminder promise D.proposal 5． rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent 6． A.by B.into C.from D.over7． A.linked B.directed C.chained pared 8． A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve 9． A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize 10． A.relcased B.issued C.distributed D.delivered 11． A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in 12． A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast 13． A.trusted B.modernized c.thriving peting 14． A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience 15． A.on B.after C.beyond D.across 16． A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united 17． A.frequestly B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually 18． A.skepticism B.relerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm 19． A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible 20． A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forcedSection II Reading Comprehension精品文档Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for .[A]gaining excessive profits[B]failing to fulfill her duty[C]refusing to make compromises[D]leaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .[A]generous investors[B]unbiased executives[C]share price forecasters[D]independent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprisedeparture, the firm is likely to .[A]become more stable[B]report increased earnings[C]do less well in the stock market[D]perform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm[D]will decline incentives from the firm25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is .[A]permissive精品文档[B]positive[C]scornful[D]criticalText 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the authorindicates that newspaper .[A]neglected the sign of crisis[B]failed to get state subsidies[C]were not charitable corporations[D]were in a desperate situation27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because .[A]readers threatened to pay less[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs[C]journalists reported little about these areas[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stablebecause they .[A]have more sources of revenue[B]have more balanced newsrooms[C]are less dependent on advertising[D]are less affected by readership29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business?[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business.[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business精品文档[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless StoryText 3We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War IIand took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the early 20th century.The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life – few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers – but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared.31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’.[A]prosperity and growth[B]efficiency and practicality[C]restraint and confidence[D]pride and faithfulness32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus?[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .[A]was related to large space[B]was identified with emptiness[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration[D]was not associated with efficiency34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive?[A]They ignored details and proportions.[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”?[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.精品文档[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.Text 4Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominantpowers .[A] are competing for the leading position[B] are busy handling their own crises[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased[B] stricter regulations be imposed[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __.［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __.［A］pessimistic［B］desperate［C］conceited［D］hopefulPart BDirections:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)46．Direction：In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be wellair-conditioned, which uses even more energy.However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.1~5 ACBDD 6~10 BACCB 11~15 DBACA 16~20 ADACDTEXT 1 参考答案21．A。
2011年西班牙语专业四级笔试答案
2011年全国高校西班牙语专业四级水平测试笔试试卷答案（共100分）I. Pon en la hoja de respuesta preposiciones o artículos o formas contractas del artículo y preposiciones en casos necesarios: (10 puntos, 0.4×25)1.Había una vez tres princesas que eran muy altas, guapas y sanas.Siempre estaban muy alegres y con ganas de jugar y divertirse. Sus padres, los reyes, estaban muy contentos con sus tres hijas porque nunca se ponían enfermas. Pero de repente un día, sin que nadie pudiese explicar la causa, las tres princesas se hicieron muy delicadas.La princesa Susana, la mayor de todas, estaba paseando tranquilamente por/en el jardín del palacio, cuando unos pétalos (花瓣) de rosas le rozaron ligeramente en la cabeza. La princesa cayó al suelo desmayada con un enorme chichón (肿块). Los médicos pudieron curarla de aquel golpe pero la princesa Susana quedó delicada para siempre.2.El deporte ha evolucionado a lo largo del tiempo de maneratrascendental. Cada país se ha encargado de impulsar y fomentar el deporte haciendo que los ciudadanos se incorporen, ya sea en eventos mundiales y nacionales o como parte del colectivo de aficionados.Año tras año, nos encontramos con eventos que son creados exclusivamente para mostrar las habilidades que tienen los deportistas. Podemos hablar de las olimpiadas, los mundiales de fútbol, los torneos de tenis, y juegos locales, entre otros.Para muchos, actualmente el deporte se ha convertido en una industria, que puede impulsar el crecimiento económico de un país.Para tales efectos, es necesario contar con profesionales especializados en la administración del deporte.3.El turismo, a día de hoy, es una de las bases principales de laeconomía de España. En décadas anteriores se promocionaba casi exclusivamente el turismo de sol y playa, a lo que contribuía (y contribuye) un clima más cálido y soleado que el de otros países europeos. Las temperaturas en verano suelen variar entre los 20 y los40 grados y muchas regiones tienen más de 300 días de sol al año,con veranos generalmente secos. Muchas localidades costeras se encuentran llenas de hoteles, restaurantes y edificios de apartamentos al lado de la playa.II.Pon en la hoja de respuesta los infinitivos en tiempo y persona o formas no personales： (20 puntos, 0.5×40)1.—Me siento muy mal—exclamó el chico.—¿De qué? —le preguntó su compañero.—De que ayer le torturaran al chico de esa manera cuando no estabas.Si hubieras estado con el chico y los torturadores, habrías podido impedir semejante atrocidad.2.Cuando era un niño de pantalón corto, su padre le había regalado/regaló un libro sobre el descubrimiento y la conquista del Perú por los españoles, escrito por un señor llamado Prescott. Esa lectura había decidido/decidió su destino. Desde entonces vivió/vivía lleno de curiosidad por los hombres, las cosas y las historias de este país.Había pasado toda su vida estudiando las costumbres, los mitos y la historia del Perú. Y desde hacía treinta años pasaba todas sus vacaciones en las sierras del Perú. Los Andes eran como su casa.3.Luisa y Alberto eran novios. Ahora iban en un bus con destino aCuzco. Los dos eran los únicos extranjeros en el vehículo. Pero la altura de los Andes le sentaba mal a Luisa. Alberto, en cambio, se sentía magníficamente bien, como si se hubiera pasado la vida a tres o cuatro mil metros de altura.Un momento después, Luisa dijo en voz alta lo que Alberto también pensaba/había pensado: él había tenido/tenía razón, cuando los dos discutieron/discutían antes de viajar sobre si hacer el viaje a Cuzco por tierra o en avión. Ella se había empeñado en el avión, por los consejos del señor de la embajada, pero él insistió/había insistido tanto en elbus que Luisa cedió/había cedido. No lo lamentaba, al contrario.Hubiera sido/Habría sido una lástima perderse este viaje.Delante del bus era ya de noche y comenzaba a enfriar. Brillaban algunas estrellas en el cielo azul.—Este viaje será lo más importante que nos pasará en la vida, ya verás —dijo Alberto.—Cuando lleguemos a Cuzco, aprenderemos a bailar los huaynos.Oye, nunca te he visto tan contento—le sonrió ella.—Es el sueño de dos años—afirmó él.—Y no te has decepcionado—siguió su compañera—. Bueno, yo tampoco. Yo agradezco que el otro día me animaras a venir contigo.Un momento después, Alberto se durmió. De pronto, lo sacudían con brusquedad.— ¿Llegamos ya?—preguntó, desconcertado.—No sé qué pasa—dijo en voz baja Luisa, temblando de pies a cabeza.—No te asustes. No nos pasará nada.III.Selecciona la palabra apropiada y pon en la hoja de respuesta su forma adecuada: (6 puntos, 0.5×12)1.negó2.convencer, llevara3.se acostumbraron/se acostumbraban4.actuar, siguiendo5.fijamente, logró6.despertó7.tensas8.dudo9.asegurarmeIV.Hay un error en cada una de las oraciones. Subráyalo y pon la forma correcta en la hoja de respuesta: (9 puntos, 1×9)1.Últimamente el clima se ha cambiado mucho.ha cambiado2.¿Sabes que por la tarde habrá una reunión en la sala No.205? Creo quela asistirán todos los profesores.asistirán (a ella)3.Para recorrer en la Ciudad Prohibida, hace falta por lo menos un díaentero.recorrer4.No sé dónde está la secretaria. Pues acabé de llegar yo también.acabo batalla duraba quince días y terminó con la derrota de losinvasores.duró6.¿Conoces el pueblo que nació el escritor más prestigioso del país?en que/en el que/donde7.Según un estudio, cada dos semanas se desaparece una lengua en elmundo.desaparece8.Profesora Ana fue a ver el espectáculo con nosotros.La profesora9.El niño se convirtió cada vez más maduro.se volvió/se hizoV.Traduce al español en la hoja de respuesta las oraciones o párrafos dados: (22 puntos)1.—Mamá, ¿podré/puedo ir de excursión mañana con mi primo?—Depende. Si llueve, (vosotros dos) tendréis/tenéis que quedaros encasa. Podréis/Podéis leer Geografía de América Latina y Cien años de soledad que pedisteis prestados/habéis pedido prestados de/en la biblioteca.2.Era un día invernal de mucho frío. José y María coincidieron en elTeatro Nacional/José se encontró con María por casualidad en el Teatro Nacional. Quedaron en verse el fin de semana para charlar.Habían sido compañeros de universidad. No se habían vuelto a ver después de graduarse el año pasado.3.En el terremoto, se vinieron abajo/se derrumbaron/cayeron muchosedificios, la pérdida sumó/alcanzó/llegó a ser de cuatrocientos millones de yuanes. Hasta ahora, todavía no se sabe la cifra exacta de los muertos y heridos.4.Todos los días, unos jóvenes que viven en este edificio escuchanmúsica hasta muy tarde, además, ponen el volumen muy alto, sin hacer ningún caso a las quejas de los vecinos. Éstos/Estos, no pudiendo aguantar más los ruidos, no tuvieron/han tenido otro remedio que denunciarlos a la policía/llamar a la policía.5.Dijo que agradecía mucho que la editorial confiara en él encargándole/agradecía mucho a la editorial que le confiara la traducción de la última obra de Mario Vargas Llosa. Pero,/Pero que se sentía algo nervioso, porque desde que le dieron el premio Nobel a este escritor/ desde que ganó el premio Nobel este escritor, hay/había cada día más lectores chinos que se interesan por él, se fijan en él/se interesaban por él, se fijaban en él, los cuales están/estaban deseosos de leer una excelente traducción.VI.Lee el siguiente texto y pon en la hoja de respuesta las soluciones de los ejercicios que se dan: (33 puntos)1. Indica a qué se refieren las palabras subrayadas; si se trata de un verbo, cuál es el sujeto: (10 puntos, 0.5×20)1) Lo: Todo2) sea: esa locura de restauración de edificios de importanciahan quedado: algunos de estos edificios3) hubiera sido: que se nos hubiesen caído4) cuesta: la restauración5) el: el casoha levantado: la restauración de las estatuas de la catedral de Burgos 6) se encierra: oración impersonalla: (a)la catedralle: a la catedral7) tiene: encerrar a las estatuas ya deterioradas en el interior de un museofueron: las estatuaseso: (lo de) ser encerradas en el interior de un museo8) lo: indestructibles9) seguirán: las estatuas de plástico10) Ellas: Las estatuas de plástico11) se están haciendo: las excavaciones12) estaría: el dinero que los ciudadanos dan al Estado13) corresponde: lo que las autoridades nos ofrecen14) lo: que el tiempo pasa2. Selecciona la opción más adecuada según el texto: (5 puntos, 1×5) (1). C (2). A (3). C 4). C 5). B3. Interpreta en español las oraciones o la parte subrayada de las siguientes oraciones: ( 10 puntos, 2×5)1) Muchos Ayuntamientos están locos por restaurar edificios deimportancia con el dinero que han pagado los ciudadanos al Estado/ con los recursos públicos/con los impuestos.2) No puedo entender por qué algunas autoridades se empeñan/insistenen proteger unas figuras, que fueron creadas para exponerse al aire libre, de su destino de ser destruidas por la acción del tiempo.3) ..., porque se exhiben tantas cosas en los museos que uno apenas tienetiempo para contemplarlas con tranquilidad y mucha atención.4) Todavía tenemos la posibilidad/corremos el riesgo de sufrir la falta demateriales y de cosas indispensables.5) No hay que aceptar/Hay que rechazar el transcurrir del tiempo y hayque negarlo con toda firmeza y a toda costa/a costa de todo/sin importar cuánto nos cuesta.4. Traduce al chino la parte de letras en negrilla del texto: (8 puntos)有些与时间的抗争是无用的，不是因为它们会一无所获，而是因为这些抗争会制造一种虚假的幻象，从长远看可能会带来灾难性的影响。
外研社学术英语(第二版)综合Unit 2 (教师用书U2
Unit 2 EconomicsI Teaching ObjectivesAfter learning Unit 2, students (Ss) are expected to develop the following academic skills and knowledge:II Teaching Activities and ResourcesReadingText ALead-inTeaching StepsAsk Ss to work in pairs and do the task in Lead-in. Then invite several Ss to share their answers with the whole class.Answer Keys1.The invisible hand.2.Our economic life is made possible by the skill and labor of vast numbers of totalstrangers.The activities of countless far-flung men and women have to be intricately choreographed and precisely timed. However, no one coordinates it, and yet they do cooperate. It’s “the invisible hand” —the mysterious power that leads innumerable people, each working for his own gain, to promote ends that benefit many. Out of the seeming chaos of millions of uncoordinated private transactions emerges the spontaneousText AnalysisTeaching Steps1.OverviewAsk Ss to preview Text A before class. Or, allocate some time for Ss to read the text quickly in class. Then invite several Ss to summarize the main idea of Text A.2.In-Depth Analysis1)Show Ss the following words and ask them to contribute to the class as muchas possible with what they know about these words. Provide additional information in Supplementary Information when necessary.•the invisible hand•free-market economy•economic downturn•An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations2)Explain some important language points in Language Support to Ss.3)Discuss with Ss the invisible hand in the author’s eyes by doing Task 1 inCritical reading and thinking.4)Organize a group discussion about the questions from Task 2 in Criticalreading and thinking. Encourage Ss to think independently, critically and creatively and share their ideas with each other.Supplementary Information1.free-market economyIn a free market economy, the laws and forces of supply and demand, rather than a central government, regulate production and labor. The prices for goods and services are self-regulated by buyers and sellers negotiating in an open market.Most companies and resources are not owned by the state. Instead, they are owned by private individuals or entities who are free to trade contracts with each other. 2.economic downturnAn economic downturn is a general slowdown in economic activity over a sustained period of time. It occurs when the value of stocks, property, and commodities fall, productivity either grows more slowly or declines, and GDP shrinks, stands still or expands more slowly. It can happen in a specific region (e.g.the Asian financial crisis in the late 1990s) or on a global scale (e.g. the global financial crisis in the late 2000s). The main features of an economic downturn include rising unemployment, falling share and house prices, low consumer confidence and declining investment.4．An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations（《国富论》）An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is Adam Smith’s masterpiece. It was first published in 1776, and is widely considered to be the first modern work in economics. Through reflection over the economics at the beginning of theIndustrial Revolution, the book touches upon broad topics such as the division of labor, productivity and free markets.Language Support1.Individual buyers and sellers will act according to what is in their own bestinterests. (Para. 2)The phrase “in one’s interest” means “for one’s benefit or advantage”（为了……的利益；为……着想）. There are some relevant expressions, such as “in the interest of one”, “in one’s own interest”, and “in one’s best interest”.e.g. It’s obviously in their interest to increase profits.I suspect it’s in your own best interest to quit now.2.Customers are likewise typically looking out for their self-interests. (Para. 4)The word “likewise” is used to signal a comparison that explains how things are similar（同样的；此外）.e.g. In this episode, we will likewise deal with another extremely commonquestion.Just water these plants twice a week, and likewise the ones in the bedroom.Other special words and expressions are often used to signal the comparison of two or more people, places, things, ideas, etc. Here are some examples of these signposts for your reference:similarly, both, just as, and also, resemble, parallel, in the same manner, inthe same way, alike, equally3.The market becomes more efficient as buyers and sellers move in the samedirection—as if directed by an invisible hand. (Para. 5)这里的as if用于省略句。
2011法语专四真题(语法)
2011年法语专业四级考试语法题目Exercice 1 choissez la bonne réponse .1.Marie et Anne se sont rencontrées ____la rue hier soir.A.surB.enC.dansD.à2.Nous essayons de retrouver _____anciens camarades de classe.A.tousB.tous lesC.toutesD.toutes les3.Elle est la première _____arriver au but.A.parB.pourC.enD.à4.On m’a dit que vous vouliez faire construire une maison, où_____êtes-vous ?A.yB.enC.l’D./5.Oùsont les bouteilles ? Donne _____.A.les-moiB.moi-lesC.les moiD.moi les6. Dans ce restaurant, on est servi ____l’heure.A.durantB.parC.àD.pendant7.Souviens-toi de _____, je ne veux pas que tu rentres tard le soir.A.ceciB.celaC.çaD.ce8.Tout le monde connaît cette fille qui travaille _____serveuse au bar du quartier.A.pourmeC.parD.en9.Merci de nous résumer très ____ ce texte.A.longB.longuementC.brefD.brièvement10.Elle chante _____comme une casserole.A.fauxB.vraiC.fausseD.vraie11.Je vous présente ma collègue Laetitie _____je partage un bureau.A.dontB.avec quiC.quiD.que12.Avec l’argent que tu as gagné, tu peux acheter _____te plaît.A.quoi queB.celui quiC.ce quiD.ce que13.Ce sont des choses _____je ne pense jamais.A.queB.dontC.auxquellesD.àqui14.Sois courageux et ne prends pas en compte ____ pensent les autres.A.ce queB.ce quiC.lequelquelle15.L’île est située juste en face du continent ____elle est reliée par un pont.A.qu’B.dontC.par oùD.auquel16.Les motos polluent ____que les voitures.A.autantB.tantC.aussiD.également17.Les collégiens sont les enfants qui mangent _____de fruits et de légumes.A.moindreB.le moindreC.moinsD.le moins18.Ils s’en vont ____deux ans en Espagne.A.dansB.pendantC.pourD.en19._____qu’il en aura eu un, il en voudra deux!A.BienB. AprèsC. DepuisD. Avant20.L’année _____leur mariage, ils habitent au Maroc.A.précédantB.précédanteC.précédentD.précédente21.Il ne dit rien qui _____.A.vautB.vaudraC.vailleD.valait neige_____, nous ne skierons plus.A.fondB.fondueC.fondantD.en fondant23.Il est ____fatiguépour finir ce travail.A.assezB.beaucoupC.tellementD.trop24.Ne lui dis pas la vérité, _____le choquer.A.de peur deB.afin deC.de façon àD.àcondition de25.Il l’aime trop ____elle y aille risquer de sa vie.A.parce qu’B.pour queC.même siD.si bien qu’26.____est une très ancienne province de la Chine, dont le chef-lieu est Xi’an.A.ShanxiB. Les shanxiC. La shanxiD. Le shanxi27.____spécialisés qu’ils soient, il faut toujours respecter les collègues.A.QuelquesB. QuelqueC. Quel queD. Quels que28.On a ____interdire de stationner devant l’école, il faut prévenir immédiatement la police.A.bonB.bienC.beauD.mal29._____cas oùvous perdriez votre carte d’identité, il faut prévenir immédiatement la police.A. AuB. EnC. Par leD. Sous le30.Ne cherchons pas le pouvoir ni le prestige pour _____.A.nous mêmeB.nous mêmesC.nous-mêmeD.nous-mêmes31.Cette entreprise a résisté____la crise économique.A.àB.enC.deD.par32.Il a fait ____cette découverte scientifique.A.sienB.sienneC.le sien sienne33.Je viens d’arriver, j’ai seulement ____amis français.A.certainsB.plusieursC.différentsD.quelques34.Ce modèle en coton, c’est ____ se vend le mieux cette année.A.ce queB.ce quiC.celui queD.ceux qui35.--Cette maison est très difficile! --Oui, je ____pense aussi.A.j’(en)B.meC.le36.Nous n’avons plus vu Marie _____au moins deux semaines.A.pendantB.depuisC.il y aD.en37._____pages de ce roman ne sont pas très intéressantes.A.30 premièresB. Premières 30C. Les 30 premièresD. Les premières 3038._____le président n’est-ce pas pas venu, nous devons annuler la réunion.A.PuisqueB. PourtantC. Parce queD. Donc39.Il ne comprend pas que nous ____pris le bus au lieu de prendre le train.A.avonsB.avionsC.ayonsD.eûmes40.Lorsque ____mangé, je debarrasserai la table si vous le permettez.A.j’aiB.j’auraiC.j’auraisD.j’eus Exercice 2 Mettez les verbe au temps et au mode convenable : C’était le jour de la rentrée des classes au lycée, je me suis levée de bonne heure, je __1__(attendre )le bus sur la place de Fourmis, le village oùje __2__(habiter )et qui __3__(être ) àhuit kilomètres de la grande ville. En face, mon école primaire :《Ecole Pasteur 》;ce __4__(être )écrit en grosses lettres. Il __5__(faire )froid.Si je __6__(s’habiller )un peu plus.Soudain, la porte de l’école __7__(s’ouvrir )et le directeur me__8__(regarder ):《Bonjour Sophie!》et il __9__(sortir )après__10__(mettre )son chapeau, il __11__(ressembler )àun détective privé(私家侦探）surtout qu’il __12__(être )très grand. Il__13__(aller )vers sa grande voiture; il __14__(se garer )devant moi et me __15__(dire ):《__16__(montrer )!》__17__(arriver )au lycée, on __18__(se serrer )la main. Et je__19__(s’en aller ) vers les enfants qui __20__(attendre )devant la porte d’entrée de mon nouveau lycée.。
2011年英语专八真题参考答案
2011年英语专八真题参考答案(网友回忆完整版) 2011年专八真题答案（网友回忆版仅供参考）2011年专八Mini Lecture参考答案：1. and significance2. the context 或what is doing3. closeness to people4. body language5. polychronic6. in itself7. personal space8. monochrome9. lateness10. multicultural situation2011年专八听力参考答案：1-5 ACDCD 6-10 ABABD2011年专八阅读参考答案：11-15 ADDAB 16-20 DDBCA 21-25 DBCBA 26-30 DBACB2011年专八人文知识参考答案：31. B) 英国最北部：Scotland；32. D) 第一个到澳洲的人：Dutch；33. A) 枫叶之国：Canada；34. B) The Common Sense的作者：Thomas Paine35. D) Virginia Woolf：Novelist；36. C) 历史叙事诗：Epic37. A) 探讨20世纪American Myth的文学作品：The Great Gatsby38. C）探讨语言和思维的学科：Cognitive Lingusitics39. A) 元音和辅音的区别：Obstruction of the air stream;40. C) 推动多种语言使用：Multilingualism1. grew 后加up2. conscience 改成consciousness3. soon 改成sooner4. the 去掉5. disagreeing 改成disagreeable6. imaginative 改成imaginary7. literal 改成literary8. in 去掉9. which 前加in10. Therefore, 改成Nevertheless2011年专八英译汉参考答案：飞机飞越尼泊尔上空时。
2011考研英语二 作文
2011考研英语（二）写作真题详解与参考范文参考范文Dear Li Ming,Congratulations! I’m absolutely delighted to hear that you have just been admitted to Stanford University. I know there was a lot of competition this year but your hard work and perseverance certainly paid off.I’d like to give you several practical proposals on how to prepare for your university life. Firstly, it’s my hope that you will take advantage of the library in your university by reading books outside the college curriculum. Secondly, I believe that free-time should be divided into three main activities: physical exercise, relaxation, and communication with friends and family.Wish you further success in your continuing studies and hope you wil l invite me to your graduation ceremony in four years time. (115 words)Yours faithfully,Zhang Wei参考译文李明：祝贺你！得知你已被斯坦福大学录取，我由衷地高兴。
2011年真题讲解电子版
2011 年度全国职称英语等级考试真题讲解——张可华第1部分：词汇选项（第1—15题，每题1分，共15分）下面每个句子中均有1个词或短语划有底横线，请为每处划线部分确定1个意义最为接近的选项。
1. For some obscure reason, the simple game is becoming very popular.A unclearB obviousC majorD minor2. The sea turtle's natural habitat has been considerably reduced.A greatlyB suddenlyC generallyD slightly3. I got a note from Moira urging me to get in touch.A instructingB notifyingC pushingD inviting4. It is possible to approach the problem in a different way.A raiseB poseC experienceD handle5. The decision to invade provoked storms of protest.A ignoredB organizedC causedD received6. Jane said that she couldn't tolerate the long hours.A spendB takeC lastD stand7. At 80, Peck was still vigorous and living in Paris.A energeticB happyC aloneD busy8. Forester stared at his car, trembling with rage.A shakingB turningC jumpingD shouting9. A young man is being hailed a hero tonight after rescuing two children.A reportedB provedC praisedD caught10. I wanted to ask her out but was scared that she might refuse.A anxiousB sureC sadD afraid11. At that time, we did not fully grasp the significance of what had happened.A giveB attachC loseD understand12. Anderson left the table, remarking that he had some work to do.A doubtingB sayingC thinkingD knowing13. He asserted that nuclear power was a safe and non-polluting energy source.A maintainedB recommendedC consideredD acknowledged14. The study also notes a steady decline in the number of college students taking science courses.A relativeB generalC continuousD sharp15. She always finds fault with everything.A criticizesB simplifiesC evaluatesD examines第2部分：阅读判断(第16～22题，每题1分，共7分) （略）第3部分：概括大意与完成句子(第23～30题，每题1分，共8分)下面的短文后有2项测试任务：(1)第23～26题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2-5段每段选择1个最佳标题；(2)第27～30题要求从所给的6个选项中为每个句子确定1个最佳选项。
2011年英语二
2011年英语二The College English Test (CET) is a national English as a foreign language examination in China. It is one of the largest scale standardized English tests in the world. The CET is administered by the National College English Testing Committee under the authority of the Ministry of Education of China. There are two levels of the CET Band 4 and Band 6 which are designed to test the English proficiency of undergraduate students in China.The CET Band 2 is a test designed for students who have completed their first two years of college English study. It is a comprehensive test that assesses the students' abilities in listening comprehension reading comprehension vocabulary and grammar writing and translation. The test is administered twice a year in June and December. The CET Band 2 is an important milestone for many college students in China as it is often used as a graduation requirement and a criterion for postgraduate program admissions.The listening comprehension section of the CET Band 2 consists of three parts. Part I is short conversations where students need toanswer multiple-choice questions based on the dialogues. Part II is longer passages where students need to answer questions about the main idea details and the speakers attitudes. Part III is compound dictation where students need to fill in the blanks based on the recordings. The total time for the listening section is about 30 minutes.The reading comprehension section has three parts as well. Part I is reading for detail where students need to answer multiple-choice questions based on short passages. Part II is reading for main idea where students need to identify the main idea of longer passages. Part III is reading for inference where students need to answer questions that require logical reasoning and inferences. The total time for the reading section is 40 minutes.The vocabulary and grammar section tests students' knowledge of English vocabulary and grammar. It includes fill-in-the-blank questions and error correction questions. Students need to demonstrate their understanding of word usage collocations and grammatical structures. The total time for this section is 20 minutes.The writing section requires students to write a short essay of about 120-150 words based on a given prompt. The prompt is usually a real-world scenario or a statement that students need to respond to. Students are assessed on their ability to organize their thoughtscoherently use appropriate vocabulary and grammar and effectively convey their ideas. The total time for the writing section is 30 minutes.The translation section tests students' ability to translate a short Chinese passage into English. The passage is about 100 characters long and covers topics related to social cultural or educational issues. Students need to produce an English translation that is accurate clear and natural. The total time for the translation section is 20 minutes.The CET Band 2 is a comprehensive test that assesses a wide range of English language skills. It is designed to evaluate whether students have achieved the learning objectives set by the national curriculum for college English education. The test results are used by universities and employers as an indicator of the students' English proficiency.Preparing for the CET Band 2 requires a systematic and sustained effort from students. They need to develop a solid foundation in English vocabulary and grammar through consistent practice and review. They also need to hone their listening reading and writing skills through exposure to a variety of authentic materials and tasks.Many universities in China offer CET preparation courses and resources to help students get ready for the test. These include practice tests sample essays and feedback on writing assignments.Students can also take advantage of online learning platforms and mobile apps that provide personalized learning experiences and adaptive practice.Beyond just preparing for the test itself students should also cultivate a genuine interest in the English language and the cultures associated with it. This can be achieved through reading English literature watching English movies and TV shows and engaging in English discussions and debates. By developing a love for the language students will be more motivated to continue improving their English skills even after the CET.The CET Band 2 is not just a test it is also a valuable learning experience for college students in China. It pushes them to improve their English proficiency to a higher level and equips them with the language skills needed for academic and professional success. As China continues to play an increasingly important role on the global stage the ability to communicate effectively in English becomes ever more crucial.For many students the CET Band 2 is a stepping stone towards achieving their academic and career aspirations. A strong performance on the test can open doors to better educational and employment opportunities. It can also boost the students' confidence and self-esteem as they see the fruits of their hard work.In conclusion the CET Band 2 is a significant milestone in the educational journey of college students in China. It is a comprehensive test that assesses a wide range of English language skills. Preparing for and succeeding in the CET Band 2 requires dedication discipline and a genuine passion for the English language. By rising to the challenge students can not only improve their English proficiency but also cultivate valuable qualities such as perseverance resilience and a global mindset. The CET Band 2 is not just a test it is a transformative experience that can shape the future of many young people in China.。
体育英语I智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下华东师范大学
体育英语I智慧树知到课后章节答案2023年下华东师范大学华东师范大学绪论单元测试1.①Tennis ②Badminton ③Table Tennis ④Track and Field田径___ 乒乓球___ 网球___ 羽毛球___ （）A:③②①④ B:②①③④ C:①②③④ D:④③①②答案:④③①②2.①Baseball ② Basketball ③Volleyball ④Football足球___ 篮球___ 排球___ 棒球___（）A:④②③① B:②①③④ C:③②①④ D:④③①②答案:④②③①3.① Aerobics ②Swimming ③Fencing ④Skiing游泳___ 击剑___ 健美操___ 滑雪___（）A:②③①④ B:④②③① C:③②①④ D:④③①②答案:②③①④4.This course will last 12 weeks.（）A:对 B:错答案:错5.You can have a comprehensive understanding of Olympic Games by learningthe materials in the extensive reading part by yourself.（）A:错 B:对答案:对第一章测试1.助跑___ 起跳___ 腾空___ 落地___① takeoff ② approach ③ landing ④ flightMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:①②③④ B:②①③④ C:②①④③ D:④③②①答案:②①④③2.标枪___ 铅球___ 铁饼___ 链球___① javelin ② discus ③ shot put ④ hammerMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:③②④①B:①③②④ C:①②③④ D:①④③②答案:①③②④3.竞走___ 跨栏 ___ 障碍跑___ 接力___① race walking ② steeplechase ③ relay ④hurdleMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:④③②① B:①②③④ C:①④②③D:②①③④答案:①④②③4.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.Athletics is a sport based on the skills of running, jumping, throwing andwalking. （）A:错 B:对答案:对5.The results of track events are usually measured by time while the results offield events are judged by distance. （）A:对 B:错答案:错第二章测试1.球门线___ 边线___ 中线___ 中圈___① touchline ② center circle ③ halfway line ④ goal lineMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:④①②③ B:③②④①C:②④①③ D:④①③②答案:④①③②2.球门球___ 任意球___ 角球___ 点球___① corner kick ② penalty kick ③ goal kick ④ free kickMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:①③②④ B:③④①② C:④①②③ D:①②③④答案:③④①②3.加时赛___ 伤停补时___ 金球制___ 点球决胜___① extra time ② golden goal ③stoppage time ④ penalty shoot-outMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:④①③② B:②①④③ C:③④①② D:①③②④答案:①③②④4.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.According to historical materials, the very earliest form of footb all was“Cuju”dating back to the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC in China. （）A:错 B:对答案:对5.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.For futsal games, each team consists of 5 players, not including thegoalkeeper. （）A:对 B:错答案:错6.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.The basic compulsory equipment of a player comprises a jersey or shirtwithout sleeves, shorts, stockings, shinguards, and footwear. （）A:错 B:对答案:错第三章测试1.小前锋___ 大前锋___ 控球后卫___ 得分后卫___① shooting guard ② power forward ③ small forward ④ point guardMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:③②④① B:④①③② C:①③②④D:②①④③答案:③②④①2.扣篮___ 盖帽___ 上篮___ 跳投___① slam dunk ② block shot ③ jump shot ④ lay-upMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:①③②④B:③②④① C:①②③④ D:①②④③答案:①②④③3.勾手投篮___ 原地投篮___ 三分投篮___ 后仰投篮___① set shot ② fade-away shot ③ three-point shot ④ hook shotMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:①③②④ B:①②③④C:④①③② D:②④①③答案:④①③②4.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.The game of basketball was invented in 1891 by a Canadian American athlete in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA.（）A:错 B:对答案:错5.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foulis made. （）A:对 B:错答案:对第四章测试1.垫球___ 二传___ 扣球___ 拦网___① spike ② block ③ set ④ digMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:②④①③ B:①③②④ C:①②③④D:④③①②答案:④③①②2.滚翻救球___ 单手前扑救球___ 倒地救球___ 鱼跃救球___① pancake ② sprawl ③ roll ④ diveMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:①③②④ B:③①②④ C:③①④②D:①②③④答案:③①②④3.四次击球___ 持球___ 连击___ 触网___① double contact ② catch ③ touch the net ④ four hitsMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:④②①③ B:③①④②C:①②③④ D:①③②④答案:④②①③4.自由人___ 二传手___ 发球队员___ 拦网队员___① blocker ② libero ③ setter ④ serverMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:③④①②B:②③④① C:③①④② D:①③②④答案:②③④①5.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.During the game, each team may request a maximum of two time-outs and six substitutions per set.（）A:对 B:错答案:对6.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.The libero wears a different colored uniform from the rest of the team and can not substitute any players. （）A:对 B:错答案:错第五章测试1.单打___ 双打___ 混双___ 团体赛___① team competition ② mixed doubles ③ singles ④ doublesMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:③④②① B:①③②④ C:③①④②D:①②③④答案:③④②①2.正手握拍法___ 反手握拍法___ 直拍握拍法___ 横拍握拍法___① shakehand grip ② forehand grip ③ penhold grip ④ backhand gripMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:①②③④ B:③④②① C:②④③① D:④③①②答案:②④③①3.扣杀___ 台内快挑___ 快拨___ 摆短___① half volley ② smash ③drop shot ④ flipMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:②④①③ B:④③①②C:③①②④ D:③④②①答案:②④①③4.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.The events of table tennis competitions include singles, doubles and team competitions. （）A:对 B:错答案:错5.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.According to ITTF, players can not hide the ball during service and the ball must be tossed at least 16cm after leaving the palm of the free hand. （）A:对 B:错答案:对6.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.A table tennis match consists of the best of three games or the best of fivegames. （）A:对 B:错答案:错第六章测试1.单打边线___ 双打边线___ 前发球线___ 后发球线___① doubles side line ② short service line ③ long service line ④ singles sidelineMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:③④②① B:③①②④ C:④①②③D:②④①③答案:④①②③2.左发球区___ 右发球区___ 后场___ 前场___① backcourt ② right service court ③ left service court ④ forecourtMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings. （）A:①②③④ B:③①④②C:③②①④ D:①③②④答案:③②①④3.高远球___ 杀球___ 挑球___ 平抽球___① clear ② drive ③ lift ④ smashMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:①②③④ B:③①④②C:③②①④ D:①④③②答案:①④③②4.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.The origin of badminton dates back at least 2,000 years ago to a game named “Poona” in India. （）A:对 B:错答案:错5.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.The shuttlecock is generally made of fifteen feathers fastened firmly withthread and fixed in a cork base.（）A:对 B:错答案:错6.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.In a correct service, the server and the receiver shall stand within diagonally opposite service courts without touching the boundary lines.（）A:对 B:错答案:对第七章测试1.盘点___ 破发点___ 赛点___ 局点___① game point ② break point ③ set point ④match pointMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:①④③② B:③②④① C:③①④②D:①②③④答案:③②④①2.占先___ 发球得分___ 局末平分__ 零分___① deuce ② advantage ③ ace ④ loveMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:②③①④ B:①④③② C:③②④① D:③①④②答案:②③①④3.双手握拍___ 大陆式握拍___ 东方式握拍___ 西方式握拍___① western grip ② continental grip ③ eastern grip ④ double-handed gripMatch the English terms with its Chinese meanings.（）A:④②③①B:②③①④ C:③②④① D:①④③②答案:④②③①4.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.According to the scoring system, a standard tennis game is scored as 0, 10, 30 and 40. ( ）A:错 B:对答案:错5.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.The present world governing body for tennis is ITF, the International Tennis Federation. （）A:对 B:错答案:对6.Decide whether the following statements are True or False.During a tie-break, players change ends after every 5 points. ( )A:对 B:错答案:错。
2011考研英语二真题
2011考研英语二真题IntroductionIn this article, we will explore the 2011 national postgraduate entrance examination (commonly referred to as "考研" in Chinese) English II exam. We will analyze the different sections of the exam, discuss the format, and provide some tips to help candidates prepare for the test. Let's dive in!Section 1: Listening ComprehensionThe Listening Comprehension section is designed to assess the candidates' ability to understand spoken English in various contexts. It consists of four parts, each with multiple-choice questions. In this section, candidates are required to listen to recordings and answer questions based on the information they hear.Part A usually includes short conversations between two speakers, while Part B features longer conversations involving more speakers. Part C requires candidates to listen to a talk or lecture, and Part D involves listening to a longer talk or discussion. The difficulty level increases as the sections progress.To excel in this section, candidates should practice their listening skills by engaging in regular listening exercises. They can listen to English podcasts, watch English movies, or participate in conversation groups to improve their ability to understand spoken English.Section 2: Reading ComprehensionThe Reading Comprehension section aims to evaluate the candidates' reading abilities, including their understanding of both general and specific information. It consists of several passages, each followed by a set of multiple-choice questions.The passages cover a wide range of topics, such as social sciences, natural sciences, humanities, and current events. Candidates should focus on improving their reading speed and comprehension by regularly reading English materials, such as news articles, scientific papers, and literary works.Additionally, candidates can benefit from developing effective reading strategies, such as skimming and scanning, to quickly identify key information and answer the questions accurately within the given time limit.Section 3: TranslationThe Translation section assesses candidates' proficiency in both English to Chinese and Chinese to English translation. It commonly includes short sentences or paragraphs that need to be translated accurately and appropriately.To excel in this section, candidates should enhance their vocabulary by learning new words, idiomatic expressions, and grammatical structures. Additionally, practicing translation exercises regularly can help candidates improve their translation skills, such as retaining the original meaning while adjusting for cultural and linguistic differences.Section 4: WritingThe Writing section requires candidates to write an essay or an article on a given topic. It tests the candidates' ability to organize their thoughts, express their opinions, and use appropriate language structures effectively.To excel in this section, candidates should practice writing regularly by choosing topics related to current affairs, social issues, or academic subjects. By following a structured approach, including brainstorming, outlining, and proofreading, candidates can enhance their writing skills and effectively convey their ideas in a coherent and logical manner.ConclusionThe 2011 national postgraduate entrance examination English II exam is a comprehensive assessment of candidates' English language skills. By focusing on improving their listening, reading, translation, and writing abilities, candidates can increase their chances of success in the exam. Regular practice, exposure to English materials, and the use of effective test-taking strategies will pave the way for a successful performance in the examination. Good luck to all the candidates!。
2011年英语专业四级真题
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2011) -GRADE FOUR-TIME LIMIT: 135 MINPART I DICT ATION [15 MIN]Listen to the following passage. Altogether the passage will be read to you four times. During the first reading, which will be done at normal speed, listen and try to understand the meaning. For the second and third readings, the passage will be read sentence by sentence, or phrase by phrase, with intervals of 15 seconds. The last reading will be done at normal speed again and during this time you should check your work. Y ou will then be given 2 minutes to check through your work once more.Please write the whole passage on ANSWER SHEET ONE.PART II LISTENING COMPREHENSION [20 MIN]In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything ONCE ONLY Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on Answer Sheet T wo.SECTION A CONVERSATIONSIn this section you will hear several conversations. Listen to the conversations carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 1 to 3 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.1. Which of the statements about the auto show is INCORRECT?A. The show will have more stands this year.B. The show will have more visitors this year.C. The number of overseas visitors will be the same this year.D. The number of exhibition days will be the same this year.2. According to the conversation, the price for a stand would include _____.A. a catalogueB. a posterC. two desksD. four chairs3. During the conversation, the man seems to be more interested in _____.A. the size of the showB. the cost of the standC. the basic furnitureD. the visitor numberQuestions 4 to 7 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.4. What is Jim interested in?A. Investing in the company's product.B. Buying a new educational computer.C. Joining the computer company.D. Reading the campaign plan.5. The advertisements will be placed in all the following EXCEPT _____.A. family magazinesB. Sunday newspapersC. morning televisionD. teenage magazines6. The advertisements are intended to be seen by _____.A. parents onlyB. children onlyC. school teachersD. whole families7. Linda sounds _____ about the success of the campaign plan.A. confidentB. hesitantC. uncertainD. delightedQuestions 8 to 10 are based on the following conversation. At the end of the conversation, you will be given 15 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the conversation.8. John has worked in all the following places EXCEPT _____.A. a book shopB. a paper factoryC. a schoolD. a fast-food restaurant9. From the conversation, we learn that John _____.A. has no interestB. has only one interestC. has two interestsD. has quite a few interests10. Sue Green seems to be more interested in John's experience of ____.A. working in a paper factoryB. working in a youth clubC. looking after his brother and sisterD. looking after his young friendsSECTION B PASSAGESIn this section, you will hear several passages. Listen to the passages carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 11 to 13 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.11. According to the passage, the average age of the fleet of Delta/Northwest is _____.A. 10 yearsB. 14 yearsC. 16 yearsD. 20 years.12. It can be learned from the passage that _____.A. air journeys are quite often far from comfortableB. air travellers usually enjoy luxury during flightC. air travellers usually enjoy upgraded conditionsD. airlines always provide good in-flight entertainment13. Older planes can stay safe for more than 25 years because of the following EXCEPT _____.A. new enginesB. strong materialsC. proper maintenanceD. new interiorQuestions 14 to 17 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 20 s econd s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.14. Which job will involve supervising workers using dangerous equipment?A. Assistant site manager.B. Carpenter supervisor.C. Assembly supervisor.D. Automobile service station manager.15. Who will also decide on the prices of products and services?A. Airlines' flight service manager.B. Automobile service station manager.C. Assistant site manager.D. Carpenter supervisor.16. Who may also do some of the work he supervises?A. Assistant site manager.B. Airlines' flight service manager.C. Assembly supervisor.D. Carpenter supervisor.17. Which job offers the highest salary?A. Assistant site manager.B. Automobile service station manager.C. Carpenter supervisor.D. Airlines' flight service manager.Questions 18 to 20 are based on the following passage. At the end of the passage, you will be given 15 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the passage.18. Where were the two men filmed?A. In the jewelry shop.B. In the City Mall.C. Near the lorry.D. In the parking lot.19. Witnesses saw the two men _____.A. leave the lorry together.B. leave the lorry without hoods.C. run back to the lorry separately.D. run back to the lorry without hoods.20. Which of the following details is CORRECT?A. The lorry was originally painted white.B. The lorry had no registration plates.C. The shorter man was the passenger.D. The taller man was the driver.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section, you will hear several news items. Listen to them carefully and then answer the questions that follow.Questions 21 and 22 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.21. What did NASA's Constellation Programme originally plan to do?A. To set up a moon colony by 2020.B. To send astronauts again to the moon by 2020.C. To continue the current shuttle missions till 2020.D. To create more jobs for NASA till 2020.22. NASA's Constellation Programme would be cancelled mainly because _____.A. there were more important space missions.B. the space agency lacked funding for the programme.C. the current shuttle missions would continue.D. Congress failed to pass President Obama's budget.Questions 23 and 24 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.23. The Russian cargo ship was sinking. What was the direct cause?A. No explanation of the problem.B. Long distance away from land.C. Slow rescue efforts.D. Severe weather.24. Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a possible means of rescue?A. Aircraft.B. Tugboat.C. Nearby cargo ship.D. V essels at the oil rig.Questions 25 and 26 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.25. Why did the singers meet in Hollywood?A. To raise money for African humanitarian efforts.B. To raise money for Haitian earthquake victims.C. To sing in memory of Michael Jackson.D. To make a recording of the original version of the song.26. Which of the following details about the news is INCORRECT?A. The organizer is one of the co-writers of the first songB. Singers will use the same recording studio as in 1985.C. The recording session is expected to last long.D. Stars from the original version will take part.Questions 27 and 28 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.27. The additional 2 billion dollars will mainly be used to _____.A. upgrade its network capacityB. improve customer servicesC. develop new productsD. market more iPhones28. Where does A T&T face difficulties in particular?A. Nationwide.B. Overseas.C. In large cities.D. In remote towns.Questions 29 and 30 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 second s to answer the questions.Now, listen to the news.29. Where is the presence of security patrols most evident?A. Where matches take place.B. Where protests may take place.C. In downtown V ancouver.D. Around the athletes' village.30. What is this news item mainly about?A. Political protests during the Olympics.B. Security operations during the Olympics.C. Olympics' security forces.D. Security measures in buildings.PART III CLOZE [15 MIN]Decide which of the choices given below would best complete the passage if inserted in the corresponding blanks. Mark the best choice for each blank on Answer Sheet Two."Congratulations, Mr. Cooper. It's a girl."Fatherhood is going to have a different meaning and (31) _____ a different response from every man who hears these words. Some feel (32) _____ when they receive the news, (33) _____ others worry, wondering whether they will be good fathers. (34) _____ there are some men who like children and may have had (35) experience with them, others do not particularly (36) _____ children and spend little time with them. Many fathers and mothers have been planning and looking forward to children for some time. (37) _____ other couples, pregnancy was an accident that both husband and wife have (38) _____ willingly or unwillingly.Whatever the (39) _____ to the birth of a child, it is obvious the shift from the role of husband to (40) _____ of a father is a difficult task. (41) _____, unfortunately, few attempts have been made to (42) _____ fathers in this resocialization (43) _____. Although numerous books have been written about mothers, (44) _____ recently has literature focused on the (45) _____ of a father.It is argued that the transition to the father's role, although difficult, is not (46) _____ as great as the transition the wife must (47) _____ to the mother's role. The mother's role seems to require a complete (48) _____ in daily routine. (49) _____, the father's role is less demanding and (50) _____.31. A. bring down B. bring forth C. bring off D. bring in32. A. emotional B. sentimental C. bewildered D. proud33. A. while B. when C. if D. as34. A. When B. If C. Although D. Y et35. A. considerate B. considerable C. considering D. considered36. A. care about B. care of C. care with D. care for37. A. For B. Of C. From D. Upon38. A. received B. taken C. accepted D. obtained39. A. reply B. reaction C. readiness D. reality40. A. what B. this C. one D. that41 .A. As a result B. For example C. Y et D. Also42. A. educate B. cultivate C. inform D. convert43. A. step B. process C. point D. time44. A./ B. just C. quite D. only45. A. role B. work C. career D. position46. A. a little B. just C. nearly D. almost47. A. take B. make C. carry D. accept48. A. transformation B. realization C. socialization D. reception49. A. In addition B. Above all C. Generally D. However50. A. current B. immediate C. present D. quickPART IV GRAMMAR & VOCABULARY [15 MIN]There are thirty sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose one word or phrase that best completes the sentence.Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two.51. My uncle is quite worn out from years of hard work. He is no longer the man _____ he was fifteen years ago.A. whichB. whomC. whoD. that52. Which of the following sentences is a COMMAND?A. Beg your pardon.B. Have a good time.C. Never do that again!D. What noise you are making!53. Which of the following italicized phrases indicates purpose?A. She said it for fun, but others took her seriously.B. For all its effort, the team didn't win the match.C. Linda has worked for the firm for twenty years.D. He set out for Beijing yesterday.54. When you have finished with the book, don't forget to return it to Tim, _____?A. do youB. will youC. don't youD. won't you55. In phrases like freezing cold, burning hot, or soaking wet, the -ING participle is used _____.A. as a commandB. as a conditionC. for concessionD. for emphasis56. Which of the following italicized phrases is INCORRECT?A. The city is now ten times its original size.B. I wish I had two times his strength.C. The seller asked for double the usual price.D. They come here four times every year.57. It is not so much the language _____ the cultural background that makes the book difficult to understand.A. asB. norC. butD. like58. Which of the following italicized parts is used as an object?A. What do you think has happened to her?B. Who do you think the visiting professor is?C. How much do you think he earns every month?D. How quickly would you say he would come?59. The additional work will take _____ weeks.A. the otherB. another twoC. other twoD. the more60. Which of the following italicized parts is a subject clause (主语从句)?A. We are quite certain that we will get there in time.B. He has to face the fact that there will be no pay rise this year.C. She said that she had seen the man earlier that morning.D. It is sheer luck that the miners are still alive after ten days.61. It's getting late. I'd rather you _____ now.A. leftB. leaveC. are leavingD. will leave62. In the sentence "The manager interviewed Jim himself in the morning", the italicized word is used to modify _____.A. the objectB. the verbC. the subjectD. the prepositional phrase63. There is no doubt _____ the couple did the right thing in coming back home earlier than planned.A. whetherB. thatC. whyD. when64. The sentence that expresses OFFER is _____.A. I'll get some drinks. What'll you have?B. Does she need to book a ticket now?C. May I know your name?D. Can you return the book next week?65. Which of the following italicized phrases indicates a subject-predicate relation (主谓关系)?A. Mr. Smith's passport has been issued.B. The visitor's arrival was reported in the news.C. John's travel details have not been finalized.D. The new bookstore sells children's stories.66. Our office has recently _____ to a new computer system.A. alteredB. convertedC. transformedD. modified67. The crowd went _____ as soon as the singer stepped onto the stage.A. wildB. emotionalC. uncontrolledD. unrestricted68. Our school library is _____ closed for repairs.A. ShortlyB. quicklyC. temporarilyD. rapidly69. John is up to his eves in work at the moment. The underlined part means _____.A. very excitedB. very busyC. very tiredD. very efficient70. V ictoria bumped into her brother quite by chance in the supermarket. The underlined word means _____.A. riskB. opportunityC. possibilityD. luck71. "Look at those pretty girls' skirts" is _____, because it is not clear whether the girls or the skirts are "pretty".A. ambiguousB. hiddenC. indirectD. indistinct72. House repairs, holidays, school fees and other _____ have reduced his bank balance to almost nothing.A. amountB. paymentC. expensesD. figures73. It was really _____ of you to remember my birthday.A. gratefulB. thoughtfulC. considerableD. generous74. Y ou can go to a travel agency and ask for a holiday _____.A. introductionB. advertisementC. bookD. brochure75. The city government is building more roads to _____.A. accommodateB. receiveC. acceptD. hold76. They've lifted a two-year-long economic _____ on the country.A. enclosureB. restrictionC. blockadeD. prohibition77. Everyone is surprised that she has fallen out with her boy friend. The underlined part means _____.A. leftB. quarreledC. attackedD. defeated78. His plan is carefully prepared and full of details, so it is a very _____ one.A. elaborateB. refinedC. ambitiousD. complex79. The girl's voice was so low that we could ______ hear her.A. seldomB. almostC. onlyD. barely80. She must have been pretty _____ to fall for such an old trick.A. interestedB. gullibleC. enthusiasticD. shrewdPART V READING COMPREHENSION [25 MIN]In this section there are four passages followed by questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the best answer.Mark your answers on Answer Sheet Two.TEXT AWe have a crisis on our hands. Y ou mean global warming? The world economy? No, the decline of reading. People are just not doing it anymore, especially the young. Who's responsible? Actually, it's more like, What is responsible? The Internet, of course, and everything that comes with it – Facebook, Twitter (微博). Y ou can write your own list.There's been a warning about the imminent death of literate civilization for a long time. In the 20th century, fir st it was the movies, then radio, then television that seemed to spell doom for the written world. None did. Reading survived; in fact it not only survived, it has flourished. The world is more literate than ever before – there are more and more readers, and more and more books.The fact that we often get our reading material online today is not something we should worry over. The electronic and digital revolution of the last two decades has arguably shown the way forward for reading and for writing. Take thearrival of e-book readers as an example. Devices like Kindle make reading more convenient and are a lot more environmentally friendly than the traditional paper book.As technology makes new ways of writing possible, new ways of reading are possible. Interconnectivity allows for the possibility of a reading experience that was barely imaginable before. Where traditional books had to make do with photographs and illustrations, an e-book can provide readers with an unlimited number of links: to texts, pictures, and videos. In the future, the way people write novels, history, and philosophy will resemble nothing seen in the past.On the other hand, there is the danger of trivialization. One Twitter group is offering its followers single-sentence-long "digests" of the great novels. War and Peace in a sentence? Y ou must be joking. We should fear the fragmentation of reading. There is the danger that the high-speed connectivity of the Internet will reduce our attention span - that we will be incapable of reading anything of length or which requires deep concentration.In such a fast-changing world, in which reality seems to be remade each day, we need the ability to focus and understand what is happening to us. This has always been the function of literature and we should be careful not to let it disappear. Our society needs to be able to imagine the possibility of someone utterly in tune with modern technology but able to make sense of a dynamic, confusing world.In the 15th century, Johannes Guttenberg's invention of the printing press in Europe had a huge impact on civilization. Once upon a time the physical book was a challenging thing. We should remember this before we assume that technology is out to destroy traditional culture.81. Which of the following paragraphs briefly reviews the historical challenges for reading?A. Paragraph One.B. Paragraph Two.C. Paragraph Three.D. Paragraph Four.82. The following are all cited as advantages of e-books EXCEPT _____.A. multimodal contentB. environmental friendlinessC. convenience for readersD. imaginative design83. Which of the following can best describe how the author feels toward single-sentence-long novels?A. IronicB. Worried.C. Sarcastic.D. Doubtful.84. According to the passage, people need knowledge of modern technology and _____ to survive in the fast-changing society.A. good judgmentB. high sensitivityC. good imaginationD. the ability to focus85. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Technology pushes the way forward for reading and writing.B. Interconnectivity is a feature of new reading experience.C. Technology is an opportunity and a challenge for traditional reading.D. Technology offers a greater variety of reading practice.TEXT BI know when the snow melts and the first robins (知更鸟) come to call, when the laughter of children returns to the parks and playgrounds, something wonderful is about to happen.Spring cleaning.I'll admit spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp. Today's busy families hardly have time to load the dishwasher, much less clean the doormat. Asking the family to spend the weekend collecting winter dog piles from the melting snow in the backyard is like announcing there will be no more Wi-Fi. It interrupts the natural order. "Honey, what say we spend the weekend beating the rugs, sorting through the boxes in the basement and painting our bedroom a nice lemony yellow?" I say."Can we at least wait until the NBA matches are over?" my husband answers.But I tell my family, spring cleaning can't wait. The temperature has risen just enough to melt snow but not enough for Little League practice to start. Some flowers are peeking out of the thawing ground, but there is no lawn to seed, nor garden to tend. Newly wakened from our winter's hibernation (冬眠), yet still needing extra blankets at night, we open our windows to the first fresh air floating on the breeze and all of the natural world demanding "A wake and be clean!" Biologists offer a theory about this primal impulse to clean out every drawer and closet in the house at spring's first light,which has to do with melatonin, the sleepytime hormone (激素) our bodies produce when it's dark. When spring's light comes, the melatonin diminishes, and suddenly we are awakened to the dusty, virus-filled house we've been hibernating in for four months.I tell my family about the science and psychology of a good healthy cleaning at spring's arrival. I speak to them about life's greatest rewards waiting in the removal of soap scum from the bathtub, which hasn't been properly cleaned since the first snowfall."I'll do it," says the eldest child, a 21-year-old college student who lives at home."Y ou will? Wow!" I exclaim.Maybe after all these years, he's finally grasped the concept. Maybe he's expressing his rightful position as eldest child and role model. Or maybe he's going to Florida for a break in a couple of weeks and he's being nice to me who is the financial-aid officer.No matter. Seeing my adult son willingly cleaning that dirty bathtub gives me hope for the future of his 12-year-old brother who, instead of working, is found to be sleeping in the seat of the window he is supposed to be cleaning."A wake and be clean!" I say.86. According to the passage, "...spring cleaning is a difficult notion for modern families to grasp" means that spring cleaning _____.A. is no longer an easy practice to understand.B. is no longer part of modern family life.C. requires more family members to be involved.D. calls for more complicated skills and knowledge.87. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be included in family spring cleaning?A. Beating the rugs.B. Cleaning the window.C. Restoring Wi-Fi services.D. Cleaning the backyard.88. Why does the author say “spring cleaning can't wait”?A. Because there will be more activities when it gets warmer.B. Because the air is fresher and the breeze is lighter.C. Because the whole family is full of energy at spring time.D. Because the snow is melting and the ground is thawing.89. Which of the following interpretations of the biologists' theory about melatonin is INCORRECT?A. The production of melatonin in our bodies varies at different times.B. Melatonin is more likely to cause sleepiness in our bodies.C. The reduction of melatonin will cause wakefulness in our bodies.D. The amount of melatonin remains constant in our bodies.90. Which of the following can best sum up the author's overall reaction to her adult son's positive response to spring cleaning?A. Surprised and skeptical.B. Elated and hesitant.C. Relieved and optimistic.D. Optimistic and hesitant.TEXT CThese days lots of young Japanese do omiai, literally, "meet and look." Many of them do so willingly. In today's prosperous and increasingly conservative Japan, the traditional omiai kekkon, or arranged marriage, is thriving.But there is a difference. In the original omiai, the young Japanese couldn't reject the partner chosen by his parents and their middleman. After World War II, many Japanese abandoned the arranged marriage as part of their rush to adopt the more democratic ways of their American conquerors. The Western ren'ai kekkon, or love marriage, became popular; Japanese began picking their own mates by dating and falling in love.But the Western way was often found wanting in an important respect: it didn't necessarily produce a partner of the right economic, social, and educational qualifications. "Today's young people are quite calculating," says Chieko Akiyama, a social commentator.What seems to be happening now is a repetition of a familiar process in the country's history, the "Japanization" of anadopted foreign practice. The Western ideal of marrying for love is accommodated in a new omiai in which both parties are free to reject the match. "Omiai is evolving into a sort of stylized introduction," Mrs. Akiyama says.Many young Japanese now date in their early twenties, but with no thought of marriage. When they reach the age - in the middle twenties for women, the late twenties for men - they increasingly turn to omiai. Some studies suggest that as many as 40 % of marriages each year are omiai kekkon. It's hard to be sure, say those who study the matter, because many Japanese couples, when polled, describe their marriage as a love match even if it was arranged.These days, doing omiai often means going to a computer matching service rather than to a nakodo. The nakodo of tradition was an old woman who knew all the kids in the neighbourhood and went around trying to pair them off by speaking to their parents; a successful match would bring her a wedding invitation and a gift of money. But Japanese today find it's less awkward to reject a proposed partner if the nakodo is a computer.Japan has about five hundred computer matching services. Some big companies, including Mitsubishi, run one for their employees. At a typical commercial service, an applicant pays $80 to $125 to have his or her personal data stored in the computer for two years and $200 or so more if a marriage results. The stored information includes some obvious items, like education and hobbies, and some not-so-obvious ones, like whether a person is the oldest child. (First sons, and to some extent first daughters, face an obligation of caring for elderly parents.)91. According to the passage, today's young Japanese prefer _____.A. a traditional arranged marriage.B. a new type of arranged marriage.C. a Western love marriage.D. a more Westernized love marriage.92. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. A Western love marriage tends to miss some Japanese values.B. Less attention is paid to the partner's qualification in arranged marriages.C. Y oung Japanese would often calculate their partner's wealth.D. A new arranged marriage is a repetition of the older type.93. According to the passage, the figure 40% (Paragraph Five) is uncertain because _____.A. there has been a big increase in the number of arranged marriages.B. Western love marriage still remains popular among young Japanese.C. young Japanese start dating very early in their life in a Western tradition.D. the tendency for arranged marriages could be stronger than is indicated.94. One of the big differences between a traditional nakodo and its contemporary version lies in the way _____.A. wedding gifts are presented.B. a proposed partner is refused.C. formalities are arranged.D. the middleman/woman is chosen.95. What is the purpose of the last paragraph?A. To tell the differences between an old and modern nakodo.B. To provide some examples for the traditional nakodo.C. To offer more details of the computerized nakodo.D. To sum up the main ideas and provide a conclusion.TEXT DCordia Harrington was tired of standing up all day and smelling like French fries at night. She owned and operated three McDonald's shops in Illinois, but as a divorced mother of three boys, she yearned for a business that would provide for her children and let her spend more time with them.Her lucky moment came, strangely enough, after she was nominated in 1992 to be on the McDonald's bun committee. "The company picked me up in a corporate jet to see bakeries around the world," she recalls. "Every time I went to a meeting, I loved it. This was global!"The experience opened her eyes to business possibilities. When McDonald's decided it wanted a new bun supplier, Harrington became determined to win the contract, even though she had no experience running a bakery.Harrington studied the bakery business and made sure she was never off executives' radar. "If you have a dream, you can't wait for people to call you," she says. "So I'd visit a mill and send them photos of myself in a baker's hat and jacket, holding a sign that says 'I want to be your baker.'" After four years and 32 interviews, her persistence paid off.。
2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试英语试题(陕西卷)(精校版含试做答案)2011年普通高等学校招
2011年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试(陕西卷)英语第一部分：英语知识运用(共四节，满分55分)第一节语音知识(共5小题；每小题1分。
满分5分)从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，找出其划线部分与所给单词的划线部分读音相同的选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
1． a．gain [D]A. ca．bbageB. na．rrowC. fa．mousD. tra．dition2. cus．tom [C] A. meas．ure B. ups．tairs C. res．pectD. s．ugar3. twi．ce [B]A. machi．neB. invi．teC. terri．bleD. bi．tter4. dou．．bt [A]A. amou．．ntB. trou．．bleC. shou．．lderD. grou．．p5.north．． [A]A. th．．underB. worth．．yC. neith．．erD. cloth．．es第二节情景对话(共5小题；每小题l分，满分5分)根据对话情景和内容，从对话后所给的选项中选出能填人每一空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
选项中有两个为多余选项。
第三节语法和词汇知识(共15小题；每小题l分，满分l5分)从每小题的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
11. I walked up to the top of the hill with my friends, we enjoyeda splendid view of the lake. [B]A. whichB. whereC. whoD. that12. His first novel good reviews since it came out last month.[D]A. receivesB. is receivingC. will receiveD. has received13. As is known to all, People's Republic of China isbiggest developing country in the world. [C]A. the;不填B.不填；theC. the; theD. 不填;不填20. More highways have been built in China, _____ it much easier for peopleto travelFrom one place to another. [A]A. makingB. madeC. to makeD. having made21. --We can give you a ride into town.-- Thank you.[D]A. Yes, why not?B. Oh, it would be my pleasure.C. Yes, please.D. Oh, that would be great.22. I ____ through that bitter period without your generous help.[A]A. couldn't have goneB. didn't goC. wouldn't goD. hadn't gone第四节完形填空（共20小题；每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题的A,B,C,D四个选项中，选出合适填入对应空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该选项涂黑。
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Here are the slides I put up when I gave you your homework
Do they seem familiar?
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Homework
Send me an email. To: david@ Subject: News Reading NEM Spring 2011 assignment 1
And then you bring the assignment to the boss.
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But…
You weren’t listening to the instructions.
You do the assignment, but you do it the way you think it should be done, not the way the boss told you to do it.
If you do not so this much EXACTLY you will lose a mark.
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This is required.
Subject: News Reading NEM Spring 2011 assignment 1
I want this in the subject line because without the 2011 I won’t be able to separate your assignments for the assignments I got last term, or last year. I want this exactly, including capitalization and spacing.
Your name in Chinese characters Your name in pinyin Your English name (if you use one) Your complete student number
I want this to be the FIRST thing at the top of your message. I do not want to have to look for it. And obviously you will lose 29 marks if you forget to put this in.
After that, you will probably go out into the world and find a job.
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Let’s imagine…
You have found a better job than this one.
It’s a good job and you like it a lot. You like your fellow employees, and you like your boss. You are happy, because good jobs are hard to find and this job pays very well.
And then you bring the assignment to the boss.
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What will happen?
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That’s right.
The boss will wonder why you didn’t do what he told you to do. He may be angry. He may even fire you.
If you didn’t follow my instructions…..
please pay attention to what I’m going to tell you now…
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You are all in university now.
This means that you have had at least 14 years of formal education. In a very short time you will graduate.
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Some of you don’t need to hear this.
Some of you followed my instructions for sending in you homework PERFECTLY. But quite a few of you…. did not. As of 12:15 last night, well more than half the class, 22 out of 36 submissions, did not follow my instructions correctly.
The first thing at the top of the message: Your name in Chinese characters Your name in pinyin Your English name (optional) Your complete student number
Welcome to News Reading for NEM
英美报刊选读
Class 2 March 24, 2011
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Before we begin our class today I’d like to present you with a hypothetical situation.
Hypothetical adj. – imaginary, speculative. Not something that has actually happened, but something that could happen. An example used to illustrate a hypothesis (theory or principle).
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But…
You weren’t listening to the instructions.
You do the assignment, but you do it the way you think it should be done, not the way the boss told you to do it.
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You have now had at least 14 years of education.
One thing you should have learned by now is to follow instructions. Especially when the instructions are repeated and you are told to take notes.
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So there you are, settling into your the boss comes to you with a special assignment.
He gives you careful instructions.
He repeats his instructions to make sure you understand. He tells you to make notes of his instructions. Then he sends you away to do the assignment for him.
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In the body of the message:
First (at the top of your message)
Your: Chinese name in Chinese characters Chinese name in pinyin (essential) English name (optional) complete student number
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I’m going to repeat this.
Please make a note of the EXACT subject line information. Please make a note of EXACTLY how I want you to identify yourself.
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Email format
During this course, you will send me emails.
Email: david@ I will not open the email if you do not follow my formatting guidelines. Please make notes of this information.
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Do you remember this card?
I put it up during class last week.
It should be pretty easy for a university student who is has studied English for several years to understand it.
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The very first assignment that came in…
had nothing at all in the body of the email message and had the assignment as a Word document attached to the email.
Quite a few of you either did not take note of my instructions, or ignored them.