03_behavior
行为树讲解
行为树讲解行为树（BehaviorTree，简称BT）是一种用于描述和管理智能体（如机器人、游戏角色或自动驾驶车辆）行为的数学模型。
它起源于游戏产业，现已广泛应用于机器人技术、人工智能和自动驾驶等领域。
行为树提供了一种模块化、易于理解和扩展的方法来设计、实现和调试复杂的行为序列。
行为树的基本组成：1.节点（Nodes）：行为树由不同类型的节点组成，每种节点代表一种特定的行为或控制逻辑。
控制节点（Control Nodes）：用于控制子节点的执行顺序和逻辑，如选择器（Selector）、序列（Sequence）和并行（Parallel）节点。
执行节点（Execution Nodes）：表示实际执行的行为，如移动、攻击或等待。
条件节点（Condition Nodes）：用于基于特定条件判断是否执行某个子树。
2.树结构（Tree Structure）：节点之间的关系形成了一个树状结构，其中根节点是行为的起点，叶子节点通常是执行节点。
3.运行机制（Execution Mechanism）：行为树从根节点开始，根据节点的类型和当前状态来决定下一个要执行的节点。
行为树的工作流程：1.初始化（Initialization）：在行为树开始运行之前，会进行必要的初始化工作，如设置节点的初始状态。
2.选点（Tick）：从根节点开始，根据节点的类型和逻辑来选择下一个要执行的节点。
这个过程会递归地遍历整个树，直到找到一个可以执行的叶子节点。
3.执行（Execution）：执行选定的叶子节点所代表的行为。
这可能会改变智能体的状态或与其环境进行交互。
4.反馈（Feedback）：执行节点会返回一个状态，表示行为是否成功、失败或仍在进行中。
这个状态会沿着树结构向上传播，影响控制节点的决策。
5.循环（Looping）：行为树会不断重复选点、执行和反馈的过程，直到达到某个终止条件（如任务完成、失败或中断）。
行为树的优点：1.模块化（Modularity）：行为树允许将复杂的行为分解成更小、更易于管理的模块。
新概念第二册课文学习笔记03（推荐）
新概念第二册课文学习笔记03（推荐）第一篇：新概念第二册课文学习笔记03（推荐）上海洛基国际英语单词真功夫免费试听 QQ群§ Lesson 3 Please Send Me a Card 请给我寄张明信片更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【Text】Lesson 3Please send me a card请给我寄一张明信片First listen and then answer the question.听录音, 然后回答以下问题.How many cards did the writer send?Postcards always spoil my st summer, I went to Italy.I visited museums and sat in public gardens.A friendly waiter taught me a few words of Italian.Then he lent me a book.I read a few lines, but I did not understand a word.Everyday I thought about postcards.My holidays passed quickly, but I did not send cards to my friends.On the last day I made a big decision.I got up early and bought thirty-seven cards.I spent the whole day in my room, but I did not write a single card!参考译文明信片总搅得我假日不得安宁.去年夏天, 我去了意大利.我参观了博物馆, 还去了公园.一位好客的服务员教了我几句意大利语, 之后还借给我一本书.我读了几行, 但一个字也不懂.我每天都想着明信片的事.假期过得真快, 可我还没有给我的朋友们寄过一张明信片.到了最后一天, 我作出了一项重大决定.我早早起了床, 买来了37张明信片.我在房间里关了整整一天.然而竟连一张明信片也没写成!更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【New words and expressions】生词和短语★sendv.寄, 送寄信 : send a letter用法 : send sth to sb/send sb sth类似的用法还有give,take,pass,read,sell...send/take children to school区别 : take : 强调某人亲自送;take flowers to his wife 自己送send则是通过第三人去送, 如美国的校车send flowers to his wife 叫店里的人送postcardn.明信片[注意]/t/和/k/前者失去爆破音send him a card简写为card, 由此引申出 :namecard/visiting card : 名片Here is my namecard.(口语常用, 同时伴随着递出的动作)ID card:身份证;ID : 身分, 身份(identification, identity)credit card:信用卡cash card 现金卡, 储蓄卡, 工资卡(不能透支的那种)★spoil(spoiled or spoilt)v.使索然无味, 损坏(重点词)几种破坏 :break: 打破;break the windows 打破玻璃上海洛基国际英语单词真功夫网络课程免费试听damage: 破坏, 程度不一定很重destroy : 破坏, 彻底摧毁以上三个是指物理上的破坏, 而spoil主要指精神上spoil: 把东西的质量变得不好;生活中不顺心的事;宠坏, 溺爱1、宠坏His parents spoiled the boy.2、毁了某人心情.This spoiled my day.What you said spoiled me.His arrival spoiled my hoilday.★museumn.博物馆Palace Museum:故宫★publicadj.公共的这个词我们在第一课见过了, 基本用法和private一起记.下面再说两点 :public house简称pub : 酒吧;public place 公共场所in public:公开的;in private:私下里的(介词短语在英语中往往充当状语)Let’s have a conversation in private.让我们私下谈谈?Why not have a conversation in public? 为什么不公开谈呢?(当面说呢?)★friendlyadj.友好的以-ly结尾是形容词, 同样的还有lovely adj.friendly单独用, 形容词, 一般做定语来用作为状语表示这个人做什么事情很友好, 用短语in a friendly way waitern.服务员, 招待员waiter(男服务员), waitress(女服务员), 只出现在餐馆里领班 : chief waiter商店里的店员 : shop assistant其他公共场所的服务员:attendant★lendv.借给 lend to / lend sth.to sb/ lend sb.sth.借进 : borrow: borrow from;但borrow不能用borrow sb sth.★decisionn.决定v.decidemake a big/great dicision(重大/伟大, 更重大)★wholeadj.整个的all the...: all the day(the可省略)the whole..: the whole day.all of后面如果加代词, 代词前面不需要修饰词一旦要加名词, 前面一定要加theall of us;all of the students★singleadj.唯一的, 单一的反义词 : double 双倍的更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【课文讲解】The baby spoilded my night.Italian[ι5τAλϕEν]于Italy[5ιτEλι] : 注意读音不同and 先后往往是对等的概念, but也是如此teach sb.sth.He teaches our English.(错)He teacher us English.(对)语言不可数, 所以要用a little Italian或a few words of ItalianI can speak a little English/a few words of Englishthink about/of 考虑, 思考, think of还可指想到think over:仔细考虑last summer里的last表示“上一个”last:表示“上一个” 或“最后一个” , 表示“最后一个” 时要加冠词the具体到一天及一天的早中晚都要用onI spend the whole day in my room.spend+时间+地点 : 在什么地点我花费/度过了多少时间I spend three hours in the sea.I spend my weekend at my mother's.I spend three hours in the classroom everyday.I spend a lot of time in traffic jam.(交通堵塞)Review回顾 :spoilsend/lend/teach sb.sth.send/lend/teach sth.to sb更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【Special Difficulties】难点双宾语 : 直接宾语(表示动作结果)和间接宾语(动作目标)give sb.sth./give sth to sbsb: 间接宾语sth: 直接宾语间接宾语在后面时, 其前必须加to(对……而言)或for(为……而做)give a book to me.I buy a book for youtake flowers to my wife.order soup for you.可以翻译为“给”、“替”、“为” 的, 就用for;如果只能翻译为“给” 的, 就用to 与for相连的buy,order,make,findfind sth.for sb.do sb.a favor 帮某人一个忙Do me a favor please./Do a favor for me.帮我一个忙Exercise1.He paid some money to the shop-keeper.3.The writerbrought the man a bottle of beer.在日常生活中, 碰到熟人 : Can I buy you a bottle of beer ? 意为我请你喝杯酒的概念.What do you think of?What do you think of the weather today? 你觉得天气怎么样?cold,chilly,freeze, I'll freeze.我要冻僵了What do you think of TV program last night?send somebody somethingsend something to somebodygive, take, pass, read, sell, buyfind something for somebodymake buyDo a favor for me.Can I order something for you?更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【Multiple choice questions】多项选择题4______ him a few words of Italian? The waiter.a.Who taughtb.Who did teachc.What did he teachd.Whom did he teach 找特殊疑问词的时候一定要根据答案来决定who whom人做主语提问——who对宾语提问——whom如果对主语提问, 则句子的的语序和陈述句语序一样如果对非主语来提问, 则句子要使用特殊疑问词+一般疑问句的语序A 正确who既可以对主语提问也可以对宾语提问, 而whom只能对宾语提问Who/Whom did the waiter teach a few words of Italian?5He was a friendly waiter.He spoke to the writer ______.a.friendb.as friendsc.like friendsd.in a friendly way He spoke to the writer like a friend.in...way :以...方式D正确friendly单独用, 形容词, 一般做定语来用作为状语表示这个人做什么事情很友好, 用短语in a friendly way7He spent the whole day in his room.He was in his room ______ day.a.the holeb.the allc.alld.all ofwholeall the day;all of usC正确all of 后面如果加代词, 代词前面不需要修修饰词一旦要加名词, 前面一定要加theall of the friendsall of my friendsall of the students10On the last day he made a big decision.It was the ______ day of his testd.bottomthe last day, final——形容词end——名词/动词bottom——名词形容词修饰 daylatest:最新的latest newslatest style 新款11He made a big decision.He ______.a.thought about itb.made up his mind.changed his mindd.made a wish think about:考虑、思考、想make up one's mind:下定决心change one's mind:改变主意make a wish : 许个心愿, 愿望, 许愿B正确更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【Key structures】关键句型Exercise BMy friend, Roy, ______(die)last year.He ______(leave)me his CD player and his collection of CDs.Roy ______(spend)a lot of money on CDs.He ______(buy)one or two new CDs every week.He never ______(go)to the cinema or to the theatre.He ______(stay)at home every evening and ______(listen)to music.He often ______(lend)CDs to his friends.Sometimes they ______(keep)them.He ______(lose)many CDs in this way.died有具体的过去时间一定是具体的过去式一般现在时bought kept lent...更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068 第二篇：新概念第二册课文学习笔记11上海洛基国际英语单词真功夫免费试听 QQ群§ Lesson 11 One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068I was having dinner at a restaurant when Tony Steele came in.Tony worked in a lawyer's office years ago, but he is now working at a bank.He gets a good salary, but he always borrows money from his friends and never pays it back.T ony saw me and came and sat at the same table.He has never borrowed money from me.While he was eating, I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.To my surprise, he gave me the money immediately.'I have never borrowed any money from you,' Tony said, 'so now you can pay for my dinner!'参考译文我正在一家饭馆吃饭, 托尼.斯蒂尔走了进来.托尼曾在一家律师事务所工作, 而现在正在一家银行上班.他的薪水很高, 但他却总是向朋友借钱, 并且从来不还.托尼看见了我, 就走过来和我坐到一张桌子前.他从未向我借过钱.当他吃饭时, 我提出向他借20英镑.令我惊奇的是, 他立刻把钱给了我.“我还从未向你借过钱, “托尼说道, “所以现在你可以替我付饭钱了!”更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【New words and expressions】生词和短语★turnn.行为, 举止behavior : 行为, 举止pay attention to your behaviorturn : 对人有影响力的行为★deservev.应得到, 值得He deserves praise.他应该得到表扬Yor deserve the best.你应该得到最好的1、deserve + n.promotion : 提升He deserved a promotion.2、deserve to do: 应该...She deserved to be punished.Good work deserves good pay.★lawyern.律师lawyer's office : 律师事务所★bankn.银行rob the bank : 抢银行★salaryn.工资pay : 工资(salary+wage)通用salary:工资(月薪, 年薪)……有固定工作或管理阶层wage:工资(按小时, 周计算的)……不稳定的工作上海洛基国际英语单词真功夫网络课程免费试听bonus : 奖金, 分红collet:搜集, 领取collect salary/wage : 领工资★immediatelyadv.立刻at once : 立刻, 马上right now : 现在right away : ＝at once,immediately 立刻, 马上更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【课文讲解】One good turn deserves another 礼尚往来, 善有善报One bad turn deserves another 恶有恶报restaurant[ ]:注意读音work for……强调工作work in……强调in后面的地点some/several years ago名词-s,前面省略了someworking at a bank 比较稳定He gets a good salary.薪水不错The teachers in the new oriental school can get goodsalary.borrow from : 从...借never=not 前面不需要加助动词pay back : 还钱and连接三个并列的动词at the same table : 坐在同一张桌子旁边at table : 吃饭at the table:坐在桌子旁边Would you like to join us?has never borrowed 潜台词perhaps,this time he would borrow from meask sb.to do请求某人做...to my surprise:真让我惊讶pay for : 为...而付钱ask for:问...要I have paid for you a dinner.I have paid 20 dollars for the book.(强调)It's my treat.我请客Let's go dutch.AA制This timeis your treat.next time is my turn.更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【Key structures】关键句型Exercises Aa.what is happening now……进行时态b.what always happens……一般时态c.what happened……过去时态d.what has happened……现在完成时态e.what was happening……过去进行时态a.He is now working at a bank.(现阶段)We are learning English.b.(现在、过去、将来)习惯、反复He always lent his CD to the others.(过去)I will visit you.(将来)I visit you(无论现在, 过去, 还是将来)c.在过去的时间里, 发生的事情, 不强调对现在的影响和跟其它时间的比较, 叫一般过去式.过去的过去……过去完成时有过去发生的动作, 但是还强调对现在的影响……现在完成时有(yesterday,last night)以前的事情, 没有强调对现在的影响……一般过去时d.过去的行为对现在产生的影响或者过去的行为一直延续到现在……现在完成时e.过去某一特定时间发生的动作……过去进行时更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068Exercises C1He usually ______(get)up at 7o'clock, but this morning he ______(get)up at 6o'clock.2So far, we not ______(have)a reply.3While he ______(write)on the blackboard, the children ______(talk).4I can't come now.At the moment I ______(type)a letter.5As the royal visitors ______(pass), the people cheered.DSupply the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.1.gets...got2.have not had(have-have had)so far:up to now 到目前为止现在完成时3.was writingwere talking4.I'm typingat the moment……标志着现在进行时;now5.were passingExercises DThe Taj Mahal ______(build)in the seventeenth century for the emperor Shah Jehan.A few years after he______(become)ruler, his wife, Mumtaz-i-Mahal, ______(die).The TajMahal ______(build)in her honour.Experts ______(call)in from many parts of the world to construct the domes and to decorate the walls.The T aj Mahal which ______(begin)in 1632and______(complete)in 1654______(cost)a fortune.Up to the present day, it ______(visit)by millions of people....动词的正确语态填空, 时态先确定主被动, 然后确定时态in the seventeenth century……一般过去时的标志The Taj Mahal……泰姬陵was built;became;died;was builtin one's honour: 为了纪念某人were called(call in:召集)was begun;was completed;cost;has been visited;(up to the present day=up to now)更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【Multiple choice questions】多项选择题4Tony is working at a bank ______.a.at the moment b.a year ago c.since last year d.for a year4.aat the moment:现在进行时since:自从点时间for:一段(+段时间)for three hours;since yesterday;for a day;for three dayssince three days ago8He gets a good salary.His salary is very ______.a.good b.wellc.fined.beautiful8.agood salarywell:表示好的时候一般用作副词He is well.(一般指身体好)fine……天气好, 质量好beautiful美丽漂亮的10Tony must pay the money back.He must ______.a.pay it again b.pay it c.repay it d.pay it once more10.cpay back:还钱pay something:付钱pay again;再次付钱pay it :付钱once more=againrepay it =pay back11There aren't enough chairs here for us all.Please bring ______ one.a.other b.another c.extra d.a different11.one……代词, 指代上文的名词The red one.a different oneo ne……指代单数可数名词,可数名词单数前一定要加’a/an’如: He is a boyan other更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068【Special Difficulties】难点I asked him to lend me twenty pounds.ask somebody to do something.want to do somethingwant somebody to do 会用sb to do sth的动词 :ask;want;tell;order;expect;wish;allow;advise;like;teach;prefer...一定不能说 hope somebody to do 正确用法 : hope to do(希望自己)或hope that(希望别人)Exercises A(将括弧内的词按正确的语序排好.)1The officer ordered(to fire, at the enemy, the men).2He wants(his wife, this dress, to wear).3She wants(us, it, to explain).4I cannot allow(the room, him, to enter).BWrite similar sentences using the following.1.order somebody to do...the man to fire at the enemy.........更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068Exercises B(模仿以上例句完成以下句子)1He asked ______2We prefer ______3He taught ______4My mother wished ______5Do you want ______ ?1.He ask somebody to do somethingHe asked his wife to let him in.2.prefer : 宁可I prefer him to die...........b.salary wagesc.borrow fromlend toExercises:1He is a bank manager and he gets a good ______.2I ______ him some money and he said he would give it back to me when he got his 3Yesterday he ______ my laptop.I hope he returns it soon.4The postmen are on strike again.They want higher ______.5Workmen's ______ have gone up a lot in the last year.1.salary;2.lendslary/wages3.borrowed(laptop:手提电脑)4.wages.5.wages.难点 :...somebody to do something更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068第三篇：新概念第二册课文学习笔记02上海洛基国际英语单词真功夫免费试听 QQ群§ Lesson 2 Breakfast or lunch? 早餐还是午餐?更多学习请加入，学习QQ群：192777068It was Sunday.I never get up early on Sundays.I sometimes stay in bed until lunch st Sunday I got up very late.I looked out of the window.It was dark outside.'What a day!' I thought.'It's raining again.' Just then, the telephone rang.It was my aunt Lucy.' I've just arrived by train,' she said.'I'm coming to see you.' 'But I'm still having breakfast,' I said.'What are you doing?' sheasked.…I‟m having breakfast,' I repeated.'Dear me,' she said.'Do you always get up so late? It's one o'clock!''那是个星期天，而在星期天我是从来不早起的，有时我要一直躺到吃午饭的时候。
专题03 预防欺凌 从身边小事做起-备战2023年中考英语阅读理解时文爆点专题训练(解析版)
专题03 预防欺凌从身边小事做起备战2022-2023年中考英语阅读理解时文爆点专题训练A（2022·重庆开州·统考一模）Alisha is a 12-year -old girl and she feels upset these days. She doesn’t want to go to school or talk with anyone else. That’s probably because she was suffering the school bully (校园欺凌). Just like Alisha, many young Chinese students are having the same problems. They may feel lonely and worried. What’s worse, they may even want to kill themselves to get away from the bad situation.School bully often happens between students aged from 8 to 18 in their daily life. And it has become a serious social problem all over the country. School bullies may come in many different reasons: they may happen just because someone is searching for “fresh and new” feelings; or THEY may just come out of no reasons; or big guys just want to do it.After a large number of reports and a carful research on the further reasons of school bully, many experts say that being short of (缺乏) parents’ love and guidance may be the main cause for this social problem.How can we deal with school bully? Many other developed countries, including the US and the UK, have made very strict laws to stop school bully. After reported by the local TVs and radios, three Chinese girls, studying in the US, who bullied one of their classmates very seriously, have paid an enormous (巨大的) price for their behavior.1．According to the passage, Alisha ________.A．is 13 years old B．wants to go to schoolC．feels upset these days D．wants to talk with others2．The word “THEY” in paragraph 2 means ________.A．Chinese students B．school bullies C．reports D．school bully reasons3．If you bully your classmate seriously in the US, you ________.A．may feel lonelyB．lose your parents’ loveC．may be bullied by this classmateD．may pay an enormous price for the behavior4．The passage is mainly about ________.A．a girl called Alisha B．the school bully C．three Chinese girls D．the school life【答案】1．C2．B3．D4．B【导语】本文是一篇说明文。
专题03非谓语动词(原卷版)
专题03 非谓语动词(期中重点语法)知识串讲作为动词考点中的一大走向，非谓语动词是每年高考的必考点与重难点。
作为英语所独有的一种语法现象，非谓语动词在看重语言能力素养的时代，更有着不可替代的重要位置。
例如高考写作的比例增加了，而优秀的叙述性写作少不了非谓语动词的应用。
因此，高考对非谓语动词的考查力度不会减弱，只会加强。
非谓语动词是在句子中充当除谓语以外的句子成分的动词形式。
是动词的非谓语形式.动词一般在句子中充当谓语.在句中可起名词,形容词,副词的作用,在句中充当主语,宾语,表语,补语,定语或状语.即动词的非谓语形式除了不能独立作谓语外,可以承担句子的任何成分高考考哪些？分析历年的高考真题，和近两年的真题的出题趋势，以及各省市的模拟试题，最后结合高考难度设定，可以得到下面这张图的范围。
如果你想拿高分，就记住张图。
如果你基础不好，就记住下面这张图。
一共5个，其中的to be done，being done，分别是to do 和doing 的被动形式。
用法基本没区别，只是在含义上多一层被动含义考点1不定式1.作主语(1)含义：表示某一次的具体动作或表示一般情况(2)谓语动词的数：动词不定式作主语时谓语动词通常用单数形式(3)位置：动词不定式作主语时，可位于句首，也可位于句末(it作形式主语)To hesitate means failure.犹豫不决就意味着失败。
It is against my principles to do such a thing.做这样的事是违反我的原则的。
2.作宾语(1)常见的可接不定式作宾语的动词：afford，agree，arrange，ask，attempt，choose，decide，demand，determine，expect，fail,，help，hope，learn，manage，offer，plan，pretend(假装)，promise，prove，refuse，resolve(解决)，want，wish等。
考点03 高考高频考点名词(原卷版)
考点03 高考高频考点名词（核心考点精讲精练）1. 高考真题考点分布题型名词语法填空考查方向考频考点2023 名词变复数 1 (city) ---cities 2022 ----- 0 _______2021 名词变复数 1 （idea）---ideas2. 命题规律及备考策略【命题规律】①高考语法填空对名词的考查主要集中在给出词根进行此类转化，根据习惯用法和固定短语确定名词、以及根据有数量词、形容词等确定名词的名词的复数变化。
②高考短文改错对名词的考查则集中于名词的单复数、不可数名词，少数涉及名词所有格。
近3年高考卷对于名词的考查主要侧重名词复数的变化。
【备考策略】①根据名词前所修饰的限定词，all，both，several，various，different等以及表达复数含义的短语，其后名词都必须使用复数形式。
②需要表达泛指含义的名词必须使用名词复数形式。
【命题预测】2025年语法填空对名词的考查仍然是重点，主要集中考查名词复数形式以及动词转换名词。
名词是用来表示人、事物、地点、现象等其他抽象概念的名称。
名词的主要分为专有名词和普通名词。
专有名词主要是指人名、地名或某类人或事物的名称，如Beijing，China等。
普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。
（本专题重点讲解的是普通名词。
）考点一：名词的数 （重点）1. 可数名词单复数变化可数名词有单复数之分，当其数量大于1时，则该使用复数形式。
可数名词的复数变化有以下几种情况。
（1）规则变化① 一般的名词词尾加-s 如：book → books ；house → houses（包括以元音字母+y 的名词 如：day → days ）② 以 s ，x ，ch ，sh 结尾的名词，在词尾加 -es如： glass → glasses ； watch → watches ； dish → dishes③ 以"辅音字母+y"结尾的名词要先将y 改为i 再加 -es 如：city → citiesbody → bodies factory → factories④ 以 f/fe 结尾的名词，要将 f/fe 改为 v 再加-es如：self→selves life→lives thief→thieves wife → wives leaf → leaves knife → knives wolf → wolves half→halves❖ 巧记：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子拿着刀子和树叶把狼劈成了两半。
组织行为学03(价值观、态度和工作满意度)
罗克奇的终极价值观和工具价值观（ ） 罗克奇的终极价值观和工具价值观（2）
终极价值观 成熟的爱（性与精神上亲密） 成熟的爱（性与精神上亲密） 国家的安全（免受攻击） 国家的安全（免受攻击） 快乐（享受的、闲暇的生活） 快乐（享受的、闲暇的生活） 救世（得救的、永恒的生活） 救世（得救的、永恒的生活） 自尊（自敬） 自尊（自敬） 社会承认（尊重、赞赏） 社会承认（尊重、赞赏） 真挚的友谊（亲密关系） 真挚的友谊（亲密关系） 睿智（对生活有成熟的理解） 睿智（对生活有成熟的理解） 工具价值观 独立（自立、自足） 独立（自立、自足） 富有知识（善思考） 富有知识（善思考） 合乎逻辑（理性） 合乎逻辑（理性） 博爱（ 温柔） 博爱（充满感情 温柔） 顺从（责任感、可敬） 顺从（责任感、可敬） 礼貌（有修养的） 礼貌（有修养的） 负责（值得信赖的） 负责（值得信赖的） 自控（ 自我约束） 自控（自律 自我约束）
2000年至 年至 下一世代 今
中高层管理者拥有的价值观对组织内的 整体道德气氛产生主要作用 EXP1：上梁不正下梁歪； EXP2：在一些娱乐场所很难找到 新近流行的歌曲。
霍夫斯泰德评估文化的架构
权力距离 长期和短期 取向
个人主义和 集体主义 生活数量和 生活质量
不确定性规避
个人主义和集体主义 ： 个人主义——社会结构结合松散 个人主义 社会结构结合松散 集体主义——社会结构结合紧密 集体主义 社会结构结合紧密 权力差距： 权力差距：对机构和组织内权力分配不平等的认可程度 权力差距大——尊敬权威 权力差距大 尊敬权威 权力差距小——不畏权势 权力差距小 不畏权势 不确定性规避：低不确定性规避：容忍风险，泰然处之； 不确定性规避：低不确定性规避：容忍风险，泰然处之； 高不确定性规避：焦虑风险、 高不确定性规避：焦虑风险、规则行为 生活数量与生活质量： 生活数量与生活质量： 强调生活数量， 强调生活数量，偏重享乐主义和物质生活 强调生活质量， 强调生活质量，偏重人际关系和精神满足 长期与短期取向： 长期与短期取向： 长期：着眼未来， 长期：着眼未来，看重节俭和持久 短期：看重过去与现在，尊重传统， 短期：看重过去与现在，尊重传统，履行社会义务
柯氏四级评估模型
01 态度转 变
02 技能扩 充
03 知识提 升
Behavior
1、行为转变的欲望
Behavior
2、知道应该做什么、应该怎么做
3、恰当的工作氛围
领导者态度可能直接决定工作氛围
竭力反对 不予提倡 置之不理 积极鼓励 明确要求
Behavior
4、从转变中获得相应的回报
培训流程
5、制定课程时间
培训流程
6、选择培训设施
培训流程
7、选择培训师
培训流程
8、选择辅助材料
培训流程
9、做好培训协调
培训流程
10、评估培训项目
02
培训评估详解
培训评估详解
1、培训评估理 由
2、评估模式概 览
培训评估详解
1、培训评估理由
展示培训对组织目标和 任务所做的贡献—— 存在的理由和投入资金
柯氏四级评估模型
演讲人
2020-10-22
目 录
0 1 培训流程
0 2 培训评估详解
03 04
培训有效和培训有效果是两个概念，分别对应一二层级和三 四层级
案例
0 5 ILF（The interaction for learning framew
01
培训流程
培训流程
1、培训需求
01
1、问 卷
03
7、协调工作是否顺利
8、有哪些方法手段可以提 升培训效果
获得提升培训项目质量的信息
与复盘相联系
培训评估详解
2、评估模式概览
01
Reacti on
03
Behav ior
02
Learni ng
implementation-defined behavior 编程 -回复
implementation-defined behavior 编程-回复Implementation-defined behavior refers to the behavior exhibited by a program when specific details, such as those related to data representation, are not defined by the programming language's standard. This means that different implementations of the same programming language may exhibit different behavior in certain situations. In this article, we will explore the concept of implementation-defined behavior and understand how it can impact the development and execution of computer programs.At its core, implementation-defined behavior arises due to the fact that programming languages are designed to be portable across different hardware and software platforms. To achieve this level of portability, programming language standards specify abstract rules and behaviors that need to be followed by the implementations of these languages.However, some aspects of a program's behavior are not explicitly defined in the language standard to allow for flexibility in implementation. For example, the size of data types, the representation of floating-point numbers, and the order of evaluation of expressions can vary across differentimplementations. This means that the behavior exhibited by a program in these cases is left to be determined by the implementation.Let's take a closer look at a few examples to understand how implementation-defined behavior can affect the outcome of a program. Consider the case of integer overflow. In most programming languages, the behavior of overflowing an integer value is implementation-defined. It means that the result of an arithmetic operation that overflows the range of the integer type is not defined by the language standard. Therefore, different implementations might exhibit different behaviors when encountering an integer overflow.Another example of implementation-defined behavior is the order of evaluation of function arguments. In some programming languages, the order in which the arguments of a function are evaluated is not specified by the language standard. This can lead to different results depending on the order in which the arguments are evaluated. Therefore, relying on the order of evaluation can introduce subtle bugs that may be difficult to identify.To deal with implementation-defined behavior, programmers need to be aware of the potential variations and ambiguities. It is important to carefully read the language specification and the documentation of the specific implementation being used. This will help understand the behavior of certain language constructs and avoid relying on implementation-specific behavior.Furthermore, it is essential to write portable code that does not rely on implementation-defined behavior. By avoiding language features or constructs that have implementation-defined behavior, programmers can ensure that their code behaves consistently across different platforms and implementations. This approach helps to reduce the risk of unexpected and unpredictable behavior.In some cases, programmers may intentionally rely on implementation-defined behavior to achieve specific performance optimizations or to interact with the underlying hardware. However, this approach should be used with caution, as it can make the code less portable and more prone to bugs in different environments.As a programmer, it is crucial to understand the concept of implementation-defined behavior and its implications. By beingaware of the potential variations and ambiguities, developers can write more robust and portable code. It is important to rely on language features that are well-defined by the language standard and to avoid using constructs that have implementation-defined behavior.Ultimately, by following best practices and writing code that is mindful of implementation-defined behavior, programmers can enhance the reliability and portability of their software.。
上海名校高中自主招生英语模拟试题03(原题版)2023版上海名校高中自主招生英语黄金宝典
一、语法从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. –Wow! You’ve got so many clothes.--But _____ of them are in fashion now.A. allB. bothC. neitherD. none2. It ______ have been Tom that parked the car here, as he is the only one with a car.A. mayB. canC. mustD. should3. —Tom, you look very excited today.—Yes. I ________ the warm sunlight and delicious food in Hainan at this time tomorrow.A. will enjoyB. will be enjoyingC. am enjoyingD. have enjoyed4. Sally’s never seen a play in the Shanghai Grand Theatre, ______?A. hasn’t sheB. has sheC. isn’t sheD. is she5. Through this activity, many students now understand what great difficulty their parents have had________ them up.A. raiseB. raisingC. raisedD. to raise6. Mary went to the box office at lunch time, but all the tickets ______ out.A. would sellB. had soldC. have soldD. was selling7. Their use was limited by laws, the first of ________ dates back to the fourteenth century.A. whereB. whichC. thatD. when8. They painted their faces white, imitating their masters and ________them.A. taking part inB. making fun ofC. having an effect onD. giving their lives to9. As a new online language, emojis have been helping people express their views in a more________way.A. vividB. obviousC. curiousD. shallow10. The Great Wall is _______ tourist attraction that millions of people pour in every year.A. so a well-knownB. a so well-knownC. such well-known aD. such a well-known11. A small plane crashed into a hillside five miles east of the city, _____ all four people on board.A. killedB. killingC. killsD. to kill12. You can’t borrow books from the school library _______ you get your student card.A. beforeB. ifC. whileD. as13. With the government’s aid, those ______ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.A. affectB. affectingC. affectedD. were affected14. Mozart’s birthplace and the house ______ he composed “The Magic Flute” are both museums now.A. whereB. whenC. thereD. which15. Bill suggested ______ a meeting on what to do for the Shanghai Expo during the vacation.A. having heldB. to holdC. holdingD. hold二、词汇填空Directions: Fill in each blank with a proper word chosen from the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.Jenny Carter an NHS coordinator is an “extreme night owl,” one of an estimated 8.2% of the population whose natural inclination(倾向)is to fall asleep well after midnight. Left to her own devices, she’d prefer to go to bed around 3 a.m. and wake up about noon. Why do night owls exist? There is no single ___1___ accepted theory, but evolutionary biologists think that communities with more variation in chronotypes(睡眠类型)may have been more likely to survive.Another theory is that variation is ___2___ how genetics works. Right from birth, our personal biological clocks are already ___3___. Genetics establishes a person’s chronotype. Colin Espie, professor of sleep medicine at the University of Oxford, says this ___4___ differences in hair eye and skin color or height.Natural night owls are ___5___ different from insomniacs or people who stay up until the early hours because of family or work circumstances. Being a night owl isn’t a problem.But this isn’t always well understood. Jessica Batchelor is a medical writer who feels most productive at 11 p.m. “I can’t tell anyone when I went to sleep, woke up, showered or ate a meal without being ___6___,” she says “I struggle with feelings of guilt and shame.”This mentality is rooted in our agrarian(耕地的)past when farm work had to begin at dawn.Our culture mistakenly associates sleeping little and rising early with ___7___. It is often extolled(颂扬)as a habit of successful people: for instance in the ___8___ with Margaret Thatcher’s four-hour rest, orarticles about “sleepless-elite” CEOs who start their days with a 4 a.m. jog.Actually, there is nothing wrong with staying up late as long as you’re getting a good amount of sleep every night; ___9___, early risers have no special biological advantage. What research has not disproved, however, is that morning people tend to get more done.The productivity expert Laura Vanderkam ____10____ that people should consider switching their schedule not because it’s necessarily better but because it’s practical.Waking up earlier to work out, make headway on a creative project or enjoy a stress-free cup of coffee can help make it easier to accomplish more without sacrificing time for yourself.三、完形填空Researchers continue to show the power behind our sense of smell. Recent studies have found, among other things, that the smell of foods like pizza can cause uncontrollable anger in ____1____ on roads.The review explains that smell is unique in its effect on the ____2____ . According to Conrad King, the researcher who carried out the review, “more than any other senses, the sense of smell goes through the logical part of the brain and acts on the systems concerned with ____3____ . This is why the smell of baking bread can ____4____ the best intentions of one going on a diet.”Smell, which reveals the unbelievable ____5____ of food tastes, has always been the least understood of our senses. Our noses are able to detect up to 10,000 ____6____ smells. Our ability to smell and taste this extremely large range of smells is controlled by something like 1, 000 genes, which make up an amazing 3% of the human genome (基因组). Researchers Richard Axel and Linda Buck were together awarded a Nobel Prize in 2004 for their ground-breaking research on the ____7____ of this extraordinary sense. These two scientists were the first to describe the family of 1,000 olfactory (嗅觉的) genes and to explain how our olfactory system works.According to one study in the research review, smelling fresh pizza or even the packaging of fast foods can be enough to make drivers feel ____8____ with other road users. They are then more likely to speed and experience uncontrollable anger on roads. The most reasonable explanation is that these can all make drivers feel hungry, and therefore ____9____ to satisfy their appetites.____10____ , the smells of peppermint and cinnamon were shown to improve concentration levels as well as reduce drivers’ impatience.____11____ , the smells of lemon and coffee appeared to promote clear thinking and mental focus.However, the way that genes ____12____ smell differs from person to person. A study by researchers in Israel has identified at least 50 olfactory genes which are ____13____ in some people and not in others.They believe this may____14____ why some of us love some smells and tastes while others hate them. The Israel researchers say their study shows that nearly every human being shows a ____15____ pattern of active and inactive smell-detecting receptors.1.A．pedestrians B．policemen C．cyclists D．drivers2.A．emotion B．behavior C．brain D．body3.A．intelligence B．ability C thinking D．feelings4.A．destroy B．decrease C．reveal D．satisfy5.A．task B．complexity C．influence D．creation6.A．strange B．peculiar C．distinct D．extinct7.A．intention B．nature C．creation D．development8.A．impatient B．amazed C．dissatisfied D．disappointed9.A．willing B．determined C．desperate D．likely10.A．In addition B．Without doubt C．To be honest D．In contrast11.A．Gradually B．Similarly C．Relatively D．Generally12.A．regulate B．improve C．create D．change13.A．turned down B．switched on C．approved of D．backed up14.A．warn B．conceal C．inform D．explain15.A．different B．clear C．normal D．regular四、阅读理解AWhen it comes to friends, I desire those who will share my happiness, who possess wings of their own and who will fly with me. I seek minds whose qualities illuminate(照亮) me and train me up for love. It is for these people that I reserve the glowing hours, too good not to share.When I was in the eighth grade, I had a friend. We were shy and “too serious” about our studies when it was becoming fashionable with our classmates to learn acceptable social behaviors. We said little at school, but she would come to my house and we would sit down with pencils and paper, and one of us would say: “Let’s start with a train whistle today.” We would sit quietly together and write separate poems or stories that grew out of a train whistle. Then we would read them aloud. At the end of that school year, we, too, were changed into social creatures and the stories and poems stopped.When I lived for a time in London, I had a friend.He was in despair(失望) and 1 was in despair. Butour friendship was based on the idea in each of us that we would be sorry later if we did not explore this great city because we had felt bad at the time. We met every Sunday for five weeks and found many excellent things. We walked until our despairs disappeared and then we parted. We gave London to each other.For almost four years I have had a remarkable friend whose imagination illuminates mine. We write long letters in which we often discover our strangest selves. Each of us appears, sometimes in a funny way, in the other’s dreams. She and I agree that, at certain times, we seem to be parts of the same mind.In my most interesting moments, I often think: “Yes, I must tell…’’We have never met.It is such comforting companions I wish to keep. One bright hour with their kind is worth more to me than the lifetime services of a psychologist, who will only fill up the healing(愈合的) silence necessary to those darkest moments in which I would rather be my own best friend.1．In Paragraph 3, “We gave London to each other” probably means _________.A．our exploration of London was a memorable gift to both of usB．we were unwilling to tear ourselves away from LondonC．our unpleasant feeling about London disappearedD．we parted with each other in London2．In the darkest moments, the author would prefer to _________.A．seek professional helpB．be left aloneC．stay with her best friendD．break the silence3．What is the best title for the passage?A．Unforgettable ExperiencesB．Remarkable ImaginationC．Lifelong FriendshipD．Noble CompanionsBI have dreamt of taking a trip to Hawaii since I graduated but the best thing always needs waiting. I took a trip with my friends to Haleakala National Park which lies in Hawaii.When we arrived at Haleakala National Park, we were suggested to watch the early morning sunrise. I was lost in the sightseeing that afternoon so I could hardly wait to meet the sunrise. In the next morning weall jumped out of the bed very early at 3 o’clock and walked to the rocks by the seaside. In the first half an hour we imagined.how wonderful it would be when the first light came out through the thick clouds and how soft it would be when the light touched our skin so we waited and waited. However, another half an hour later I gradually lost my patience since there was nothing but the chilly darkness and I felt that I was frozen to death. But my friends were still extremely cheerful.Nearly another one hour later, “Amazing!” a word burst out from Judy and we all shouted to welcome the light orange greatness which is really unbelievable. Until today I dare say that it is the most impressive(印象深刻的)sunrise in my life. However, waiting in the morning darkness is also the one I cannot wipe out forever.Waiting sometimes is really a hard thing for most of us as it needs patience and strong-willed determination but what about the result after that? It might turn out to be pleasingly unbelievable and satisfied. So, it is really worthwhile to wait for the best.4．When did they see the first light of the sunrise?A．About 3 o’clock.B．About 4 o’clock.C．Nearly 5 o’clock.D．Nearly 6 o’clock.5．What’s the meaning of the underlined word “chilly” in paragraph three?A．Cold.B．Interesting.C．Warm.D．Terrible.6．What’s the author’s attitude towards waiting for the sunrise?A．Excited all the time.B．Firstly excited then impatient.C．Afraid all the time.D．Firstly excited then afraid.7．What does the author want to tell us by this passage?A．My friends and I took a trip to Hawaii.B．I enjoyed the most flaming sunrise in my life.C．Hawaii is a good place to enjoy the sunrise.D．Sometimes it is worthwhile to wait for the best.五、阅读表达阅读短文，并按照题目要求用英语回答问题。
吉林2024年03版小学6年级上册第一次英语第六单元综合卷[有答案]
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吉林2024年03版小学6年级上册英语第六单元综合卷[有答案]考试时间：100分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题：We enjoy _____ (hiking/camping) in the mountains.2. 填空题：I take my ________ (玩具名称) wherever I go.3. 选择题：What do we call a person who performs magic tricks?A. IllusionistB. MagicianC. EntertainerD. All of the above4. 填空题：I have a ______ in my backpack.5. 选择题：What is 8 - 2?A. 6B. 5C. 4D. 36. 听力题：The ______ is a skilled storyteller.7. 听力题：The waves are _______ (crashing) on the shore.8. 填空题：The __________ is a large body of water located in the Arctic. (北冰洋)9. 填空题：The ant builds its ______ (巢) underground.10. 听力题：The study of Earth's geology helps us understand ______ processes.11. 填空题：The flowers in spring are very _______ (春天的花非常_______).12. 填空题：He is a _____ (医生) who helps sick people.13. 听力题：The teacher tells a ______ (story).14. 听力题：She is _____ (cooking) dinner.15. 听力题：My sister is an ______. She draws beautiful pictures.16. 选择题：What do you call the season when leaves fall from trees?A. SpringB. SummerC. AutumnD. Winter答案:C17. 听力题：Hydrogen is the lightest __________ in the universe.18. 选择题：What is the word for a baby frog?A. TadpoleB. FryC. CubD. Kit答案:A19. 选择题：What is the first letter of the alphabet?A. BB. AC. CD. D答案：B20. 填空题：The bird can _______ (唱歌) beautifully.21. 听力题：His favorite hobby is ________.22. 听力题：The sun is shining ________.23. 填空题：The antelope grazes on _______ (草).24. 听力题：I can ___ (count) to ten.25. 填空题：My ____ can fly high in the sky. (玩具名称)26. 听力题：We will _____ (see/meet) our cousins tomorrow.27. 听力题：I have a ______ of crayons. (box)28. 填空题：I have a toy _______ that can move its arms and legs.29. 选择题：What do we call the imaginary lines that run from north to south?A. LatitudeB. LongitudeC. EquatorD. Meridian答案:B30. 选择题：What is the main purpose of a map?A. To tell timeB. To show directionsC. To measure distancesD. To display pictures答案: B31. 选择题：What is the term for a scientific test to prove or disprove a hypothesis?A. ExperimentB. ObservationC. TheoryD. Conclusion答案:A32. 填空题：The ______ (小鸭) waddles when it walks.33. 听力题：My uncle is a skilled ____ (blacksmith).34. 选择题：What do we call the area where a river meets the ocean?A. DeltaB. EstuaryC. BayD. Coast35. 填空题：A gecko can climb up ________________ (墙壁).36. 听力题：An animal that changes colors is a ______.37. 填空题：My sister is a _____ (作家) who publishes short stories.38. ts can survive in extreme __________ (条件). 填空题：Some pla39. 选择题：What is the name of the Disney princess who has a pet tiger?a. Arielb. Jasminec. Belled. Cinderella答案:B40. 选择题：Which animal can change its color?A. CatB. ChameleonC. Dog答案：B41. 听力题：We will _______ (meet) at the park.42. 填空题：The ________ swings from branch to branch.43. 填空题：________ (树木) can live for many years.44. 填空题：My ________ (玩具) is a magical part of my life.45. 听力题：I want to ___ a firefighter. (become)46. 填空题：I have a collection of toy _____ from different countries.47. 听力题：The atmosphere contains gases that are essential for ______.48. 听力题：An ecosystem includes living and non-living ______.49. 填空题：I have a collection of ______.50. 听力题：The capital of Papua New Guinea is __________.51. 选择题：Which fruit is red and often mistaken for a vegetable?A. BananaB. TomatoC. CarrotD. Grapes答案: B. Tomato52. 选择题：What do you call a young giraffe?A. CalfB. FoalC. Pup答案:A53. 填空题：The __________ (历史的启发) ignites passion.54. 填空题：My cousin is very __________ (务实).55. 填空题：I can create a _________ (玩具运动会) with all my sports toys.56. 填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) is inspired by my favorite character.57. 听力题：The _______ can help you feel connected to nature.58. 选择题：What is the primary color of a watermelon?A. PinkB. RedC. GreenD. Yellow59. 听力题：The Earth’s surface is constantly changing due to ______ and erosion.60. 填空题：The polar bear lives in the ______ (北极).61. 填空题：The __________ (历史的循环) shows patterns in human behavior.62. 填空题：In _____ (45), the Great Wall can be seen from space.63. 选择题：How many weeks are in a year?A. 50B. 52C. 54D. 56答案:B64. 选择题：What is the common name for a large land mammal with tusks?A. RhinoB. ElephantC. HippoD. Giraffe答案: B65. 填空题：I can swim very ______.66. 填空题：My ________ (玩具名称) is a fun way to practice teamwork.67. 填空题：I love my parents because they are ____.68. 填空题：The falcon is known for its _______ (速度).69. 选择题：How many players are on a basketball team?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 8答案:A. 570. 听力题：The ______ can live a long time.71. 听力题：The strength of an acid is measured by its ______ value.72. 小蜜蜂) collects pollen from flowers. 填空题：The ___73. 听力题：We should ________ our toys.74. 填空题：The hen lays _______ (蛋) every day.75. 选择题：What do we call a person who plays a musical instrument?A. MusicianB. ComposerC. ConductorD. Singer答案: A. Musician76. 填空题：My _____ (玩具赛车) is very fast.77. 听力题：A __________ is formed by the interaction of geologic processes and human activity.78. 听力题：The chemical symbol for cerium is _______.79. 选择题：What do we call the study of numbers and their relationships?A. AlgebraB. GeometryC. MathematicsD. Statistics答案：C80. 听力题：The chemical formula for sodium sulfite is ______.81. 听力题：A reaction involving the transfer of electrons is called a ______ reaction.82. 填空题：My dog enjoys rolling in the _______ (草).83. 填空题：My dog loves to play fetch in the ______ (公园).84. 填空题：I like to listen to ______ while I study.85. 听力题：The process of hydrolysis involves breaking bonds using __________.86. 填空题：The giraffe has a long ______.87. 填空题：A crab can hide in the _______ (沙子).A gas takes the shape of its ______.89. 填空题：My dad takes me to the ____.90. 填空题：A goat likes to eat ______ (草).91. 听力题：The Alps are a famous _______ range in Europe.92. Sea is a ________ (盐水湖). 填空题：The Dead93. 听力题：The _______ can be a great source of exercise and relaxation.94. 听力题：The rain is _______ (pouring) outside.95. bay) is a body of water partially surrounded by land. 填空题：The ____96. 选择题：What do we call a scientist who studies rocks?a. Biologistb. Chemistc. Geologistd. Physicist答案:c97. 填空题：A ______ (蟒蛇) can be very long and thick.98. 填空题：My dad has a collection of ______ (古董). They are very ______ (珍贵).99. 选择题：What is the main ingredient in a sandwich?A. BreadB. CheeseC. MeatD. SaladI enjoy playing with my _______ in the evening (我喜欢在晚上和我的_______玩).。
泉州2024年03版小学三年级上册D卷英语第2单元全练全测(含答案)
泉州2024年03版小学三年级上册英语第2单元全练全测(含答案)考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、填空题：The cake is ________ (松软).2、填空题：I love spending holidays with my ____.3、听力题：A chemical reaction that can be reversed is called a ______ reaction.4、听力题：The unit of measurement for energy is the ______.5、填空题：The ancient Greeks held the Olympics in ________ (奥林匹亚).6、填空题：The ______ (种植方式) can vary based on the plant type.7、听力题：My favorite number is _____ (seven/four).8、填空题：The __________ (历史的启示性) can inspire action.9、听力题：The ________ is a famous landmark in London.10、听力题：A _______ is a small, narrow body of water.A _____ (森林) is made up of many trees.12、What is the name of the famous statue in New York Harbor?A. Christ the RedeemerB. The ThinkerC. Statue of LibertyD. David答案:C13、听力题：The color change in litmus paper indicates the presence of an ______ or base.14、What is the main language spoken in the USA?A. SpanishB. FrenchC. GermanD. English答案: D. English15、听力题：The chemical symbol for cobalt is _____.16、听力题：The children are _____ at the playground. (playing)17、听力题：I can ________ my shoes.18、填空题：The garden is _______ (绿油油的).19、选择题：What do we call a traditional story that explains something in nature?A. MythB. FableC. LegendD. Tale20、填空题：The sun is _______ (冬天出来的).21、填空题：The __________ (历史的启发) energizes movements.A material that resists the flow of electric current is called a _____.23、What is the capital of Vietnam?A. HanoiB. Ho Chi Minh CityC. Da NangD. Hue24、填空题：The _____ (营养) in soil is vital for growth.25、填空题：The first person to run a mile in under four minutes was _______. (班尼斯特)26、What do you call the material used to make cloth?A. FabricB. PaperC. WoodD. Plastic27、听力题：The __________ is famous for its geothermal activity.28、选择题：What do we call a person who studies politics?A. PoliticianB. Political ScientistC. ActivistD. All of the above29、填空题：The __________ (日本) attacked Pearl Harbor in 1941.30、听力题：I love to ______ with my family. (travel)31、听力题：The chemical symbol for rubidium is ______.32、听力题：The soup is ___ (hot/cold) today.33、填空题：I enjoy making ______ for my family.34、What do we call the study of living things?A. ChemistryB. BiologyC. PhysicsD. Geography35、听力题：My sister has a pet ____ (rabbit) named Fluffy.36、听力题：Solutions can be classified as saturated, unsaturated, or ______.37、填空题：I enjoy writing ______ (故事) in my journal. It helps me express my ______ (想法).38、填空题：For my birthday, I got a ________ (玩具名). It was the best gift ever! I was so ________ (形容词) when I opened the box.39、填空题：The _____ (生长) of plants is influenced by sunlight.40、听力题：The _____ is a star that can be seen during the day.41、听力题：I have a ______ of crayons in different colors. (box)42、听力题：We are going to ________ a concert.43、听力题：We have a _____ (聚会) for the holidays.44、听力题：The chemical symbol for lead is ______.45、填空题：My friend is a great __________ (舞者).46、听力题：The chemical formula for caproic acid is ______.47、ts can regenerate from small ______ of their stems.(某些植物可以从小块茎部再生。
广州2024年03版小学六年级下册第3次英语第4单元期中试卷
广州2024年03版小学六年级下册英语第4单元期中试卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:140）A卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 填空题：A tiger is a powerful _______ that lives in the wild.2. 选择题：What do you use to brush your teeth?A. CombB. BrushC. ToothpasteD. Soap答案:B3. 填空题：The __________ (历史的历史) shapes our understanding.4. 选择题：What do you wear on your head?A. ShoesB. HatC. GlovesD. Scarf答案：B5. 选择题：What do you call a group of stars forming a pattern?A. GalaxyB. ConstellationC. ClusterD. Nebula答案:BWhat is the opposite of 'happy'?A. SadB. JoyfulC. ExcitedD. Cheerful答案:A7. 填空题：A ________ (湖泊) can be fresh or saltwater.8. 听力题：The Earth's surface is shaped by both natural and ______ influences.9. 听力题：The park is ___ (full/empty) of kids.10. 选择题：Which animal lives in a hive?A. AntB. BeeC. SpiderD. Worm11. 填空题：The rabbit's ears help it hear _________. (声音)12. 填空题：The _______ (猫) purrs when it is content.13. 听力题：The atomic number of an element tells you the number of _____ it has.14. 听力题：My dad is a ________.15. 填空题：I love my new ________ that's shaped like a dinosaur.16. 听力题：A _______ is a chemical reaction that occurs in the kitchen.17. 填空题：The hummingbird can hover in one ________________ (位置).What is the capital of Iceland?A. ReykjavikB. OsloC. HelsinkiD. Copenhagen答案: A. Reykjavik19. 听力题：The antelope is quick and agile, escaping from ____.20. 填空题：The ________ jumps high in the air.21. 填空题：I enjoy ______ (玩耍) with my cousins.22. 选择题：What is the name of the famous painting by Leonardo da Vinci?a. The Screamb. Starry Nightc. Mona Lisad. The Last Supper答案:c23. 选择题：What do we call the part of a plant that grows above the ground?A. RootsB. StemC. LeavesD. Flowers24. 填空题：The ancient Greeks relied on ________ to understand the universe.25. 听力题：A metal's ability to conduct electricity is called ______.26. 听力题：The _______ of an object can be tested using a force sensor.27. 听力题：We will have ______ for dinner tonight. (chicken)28. 选择题：What do we call a story that is made up?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. BiographyD. History答案:A29. 填空题：The artist brings awareness to _____ (社会问题) through art.30. 填空题：Roses are a popular choice for ______ (花束).31. 选择题：What do you call a group of wolves?A. PackB. PrideC. PodD. Flock答案:A32. 听力题：The Gold Rush took place in ________.33. 填空题：The sheep grazes on _______ (草地).34. 听力题：The process of synthesizing proteins is called ______.35. 填空题：The green _____ has sharp thorns.36. 填空题：I saw a _______ (小鹿) in my yard.37. 听力题：They went to the ______ to see animals. (zoo)38. 听力题：A ____ is a small rodent that nibbles on seeds.39. 选择题：What is the term for a young parrot?a. Chickb. Hatchlingc. Calfd. Kit答案:a40. 填空题：The __________ (历史的主题) resonate across cultures.41. 选择题：What do you call a story that is true?A. FictionB. Non-fictionC. DramaD. Fantasy答案:B42. 填空题：I have a kind . (我有一个善良的。
2024年03版小学3年级A卷英语第3单元测验卷
2024年03版小学3年级英语第3单元测验卷考试时间:100分钟（总分:120）考试人：_________题号一二三总分得分评级介绍：2024年03版小学3年级A卷英语第3单元测验卷，侧重词汇与简单句型理解，难度适中，旨在巩固学生基础知识，提高语言运用能力。
一、(选择题)总分:40分(2分/题)1、What do we call a plant that can live for many years?中文解释：我们称可以生存多年的植物为？A, AnnualB, PerennialC, Biennial2、What is the name of the first man on the moon?A, Neil ArmstrongB, Buzz AldrinC, Yuri GagarinD, John Glenn3、What do we call the place where we learn?A, ShopB, SchoolC, HomeD, Office4、Which animal is known as the "king of the jungle"?A, ElephantB, LionC, TigerD, Bear5、What is the benefit of planting trees?中文解释：种植树木的好处是什么？A, Provide shadeB, Improve air qualityC, Both A and B6、What month comes after June?A, MayB, JulyC, AugustD, September7、What do you call the sound made by a dog? A, BarkB, GrowlC, Whine8、What do we call a person who paints pictures? A, ArtistB, MusicianC, Writer9、What do you call the process of making bread? A, BakingB, CookingC, GrillingD, Boiling10、What do you call a person who teaches?A, DoctorB, TeacherC, ChefD, Engineer11、What do we call the person who plays music? A, DancerB, MusicianC, Artist12、What is the English translation of "葡萄"? A, GrapeB, CherryC, PlumD, Peach13、What is the English translation of "驯鹿"? A, ReindeerB, ElkC, MooseD, Caribou14、What is the English word for "植物保护科研项目"?A, Plant protection research projectB, Agricultural projectC, Environmental projectD, Ecological project15、( )你想让同学看你们的全家福照片时，你应该说:__________。
贵阳2024年03版小学三年级第5次英语第3单元测验卷[有答案]
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贵阳2024年03版小学三年级英语第3单元测验卷[有答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:120）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题)1、听力题：A __________ is a tool used to measure earthquakes.2、What is the capital of Luxembourg?A. Luxembourg CityB. BrusselsC. AmsterdamD. Paris答案: A3、What is the process of plants making food called?A. RespirationB. DigestionC. PhotosynthesisD. Fermentation答案: C4、What is the main focus of astrobiology?A. The study of planetsB. The search for extraterrestrial lifeC. The formation of galaxiesD. The behavior of stars5、What do we call a person who studies the history of revolutions?A. Revolutionary HistorianB. SociologistC. AnthropologistD. Political Scientist答案: A6、听力题：She is _______ (climbing) the ladder.7、填空题：The ancient Egyptians used ________ for writing.8、填空题：The __________ is a large area of land used for farming. (农田)9、听力题：I like to eat _____ for breakfast. (eggs)10、听力题：I like to _____ puzzles on rainy days. (do)11、听力题：I love to watch ______ on TV. (cartoons)12、听力题：I want to ___ an explorer. (become)13、填空题：The first successful heart transplant was done by ________ (克里斯托弗·里德).14、听力题：A __________ is an area where two oceans meet.15、听力题：I can _____ my bed every morning. (make)16、填空题：I can ______ (清楚地表达) my ideas.17、What do you call a person who studies the economy?A. EconomistB. Financial analystC. Market researcherD. All of the above答案:D18、听力题：Countries are divided into smaller regions called ________.19、Which fruit is orange and round?A. AppleB. BananaC. OrangeD. Pear答案:C20、What do you call the time when day changes to night?A. MorningB. AfternoonC. EveningD. Midnight21、What do we call a person who learns about the past?A. ScientistB. HistorianC. TeacherD. Artist答案:B22、填空题：A small ___ (小白兔) hops through the meadow.23、What is a common way to greet someone?A. GoodbyeB. HelloC. SorryD. Thanks24、听力题：She is ___ the piano. (playing)25、填空题：In science class, we conducted an experiment to see how plants ______ (反应) to sunlight. It was very interesting!26、听力题：The _____ (书) is on the table.27、填空题：Many plants are ______ (适应性强) to their surroundings.28、填空题：The _____ (果实) develops after a flower blooms.29、听力题：The chemical symbol for indium is _______.The __________ was a significant document in the fight for independence. (独立宣言)31、听力题：The ________ (magnifying glass) helps me see.32、填空题：The __________ (历史的传承) carries forward wisdom.33、填空题：The __________ (历史的吸引力) captivates audiences.34、填空题：A ______ (浣熊) washes its food before eating.35、填空题：A _____ (植物展示) can highlight conservation efforts.36、填空题：The ________ was a significant event in the global historical context.37、填空题：In gym class, we learn to play different sports and stay ________ (健康).38、听力题：The ______ is a symbol of peace.39、听力题：The ______ is a large ball of gas in space.40、听力题：The classroom is very ________.41、填空题：The ________ was a major event in the history of technological advancement.42、填空题：I saw a rainbow after the ______ (雨). It made the sky look very ______ (美丽).43、听力题：The chemical formula for ethanol is _______.44、听力题：The cat is ___ (purring/meowing).I like to help my dad ________ (修理家具).46、听力题：A ______ is a type of rodent that loves to run.47、填空题：________ (植物适应性改善) benefits agriculture.48、听力题：The gas released during photosynthesis is _______.49、What is the fastest land animal?A. CheetahB. LionC. HorseD. Tiger答案: A50、填空题：The __________ is a famous mountain in the Andes. (马丘比丘)51、填空题：The ______ (自然环境) supports diverse plant life.52、What do you use to measure temperature?A. RulerB. ScaleC. ThermometerD. Stopwatch答案:C53、填空题：The rabbit has soft ______ (毛).54、填空题：The capital city of Spain is ________ (马德里).55、填空题：The flower blooms in bright ______.56、填空题：My friend is __________ (大方的).57、What do you call a large area of water surrounded by land?A. SeaB. OceanC. LakeD. Pond答案:C58、听力题：A ____ is a slow-moving animal that enjoys eating leaves.59、选择题：What is the name of the famous painting by Salvador Dalí?A. The Persistence of MemoryB. The Last SupperC. GuernicaD. The Scream60、填空题：The bird sits on a _______ (鸟坐在_______上).61、听力题：The boiling point of water is ______ degrees Fahrenheit.62、听力题：The _______ of an object can affect how fast it falls.63、What do you call a small piece of paper money?A. NoteB. BillC. CoinD. Token答案：B64、Which vegetable is orange?A. PotatoB. CarrotC. BroccoliD. Lettuce答案:B65、What do you call a person who studies history?A. HistorianB. ArchaeologistC. AnthropologistD. Sociologist答案:AMy ______ loves to share her knowledge.67、填空题：The __________ (历史的启发) shapes our futures.68、选择题：What do we call a person who studies archaeology?A. ArchaeologistB. HistorianC. AnthropologistD. All of the above69、填空题：I have a collection of _______ (名词). Each one is _______ (形容词) and tells a story.70、听力题：The first U.S. state to ratify the Constitution was _______.71、What do we use to write?a. Brushb. Penc. Hammerd. Scissors答案:b72、填空题：The beach is _______ and sunny.73、听力题：The baby is ___ (sleeping).74、听力题：Chemical reactions can release energy in various forms, including ______.75、听力题：The chemical formula for magnesium chloride is ______.76、听力题：I like to visit the ___ (farm).77、听力题：A __________ is a famous city for its architecture.78、听力题：We will go ______ to the zoo next week. (back)A lion roars fiercely in the _______ as it prowls.80、填空题：The __________ River flows through Brazil. (亚马逊河)81、What is the name of the largest known exoplanet?A. WASP-17bB. HD 100546 bC. Kepler-16bD. HD 209458 b82、听力题：The _____ (whale) is huge.83、听力题：A substance that changes color when it reacts with an acid is called an _____.84、听力题：The teacher is very ________.85、填空题：My friend is very __________ (机智).86、听力题：The _____ (书包) is heavy.87、听力题：I like to _____ (种植) flowers.88、填空题：The cat naps in a _________. (阳光下)89、听力题：The ____ hops around and has big, floppy ears.90、听力题：My favorite animal is a ________.91、填空题：I have a toy _______ that can dig and scoop.92、听力题：The ______ is a type of animal that can camouflage.93、What is the name of the famous American holiday celebrated on the fourth of July?A. Labor DayB. Independence DayC. ThanksgivingD. Christmas答案:B94、听力题：A _______ is an important part of the ecosystem.95、听力题：My dad is _____ (医生).96、Canal connects the Mediterranean Sea to the __________ (红海). 填空题：The Suez97、听力题：The chemical formula for potassium phosphate is ______.98、听力题：A compound is made up of two or more different ______.99、听力题：The park has ______ (many) fun swings.100、听力题：The __________ is known for its various landscapes.。
2024年03版小学4年级上册第9次英语第3单元全练全测
2024年03版小学4年级上册英语第3单元全练全测考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三总分得分一、选择题(共计20题，共40分)1、What do we typically do to celebrate a wedding?A, Have a partyB, Go to schoolC, Visit a museumD, Go shopping2、What do we call a plant's means of defense?中文解释：我们称植物的防御手段为？A, ThornsB, FlowersC, Roots3、Which of these is a household pet?A, HorseB, DogC, CowD, Chicken4、我会选。
1.-How many ______ do you see? I see 20.A,eggB,an eggC,eggs2.Let's have a race.一___A, Good idea!B, I have one.C, Thank you.3.Look ___my new cap!A,inB,onC, at4. The yellow one ___an apple.A, areB,isC,am5.Open it and______!A, seeB, hasC,many5、What color do you get when you mix blue and yellow? A, GreenB, PurpleC, OrangeD, Red6、What does "植物区域发展" mean in English?A, Plant regional developmentB, Agricultural developmentC, Environmental developmentD, Ecological development7、What do we call a baby deer?A,FawnB,CalfC,KidD,Foal8、What sound does a geese make?鹅发出什么声音？A, HonkB, MooC, QuackD, Baa9、What is the English translation of "葡萄"?A, GrapeB, CherryC, PlumD, Peach10、Which animal is known for its hibernation habits?哪种动物以冬眠习性而闻名？A, BearB, SquirrelC, RabbitD, All of the above11、What do you call the hot drink made from leaves?A, CoffeeB, TeaC, JuiceD, Milk12、What do you call the first month of the year?中文解释：一年的第一个月叫什么？A, DecemberB, JanuaryC, February13、What do bees produce?A, MilkB, HoneyC, EggsD, Silk14、你通常几点起床？What time do you usually wake up?A, 7点 (7 AM)B, 8点 (8 AM)C, 6点 (6 AM)D, 9点 (9 AM)15、What type of plant is a sunflower?中文解释：向日葵是什么类型的植物？A, ShrubB, HerbC, Flower16、What do we call a plant that grows only in one season?中文解释：我们称只在一个季节生长的植物为？A, AnnualB, PerennialC, Biennial17、What do we call the person who helps sick people?A, NurseB, ScientistC, EngineerD, Teacher18、What do you call the woman who takes care of you like a parent? 你称像父母一样照顾你的人为？A, Grandmother 祖母B, Aunt 姨妈C, Mother 母亲D, Sister 姐妹19、Which animal is famous for its colorfulskin?哪种动物以其色彩斑斓的皮肤而闻名？A, Poison dart frogB, ChameleonC, Both A and BD, Turtle20、What animal has a long snout?哪种动物有长鼻子？A, ElephantB, CatC, FishD, Dog二、听力题(共计20题，共40分)1、听力填空题：He ___ (not/like) to wake up early.2、听力默写填空：A _____ (baby) is very small.3、听力填空题：I ___ (take) my lunch to school every day.4、听录音，给下列句子标序号。
03-行为的天性与教养 PPT课件
Environmental Influence
Experience affects brain development
Impoverished environment
Rat brain cell
Enriched environment
Rat brain cell
Environmental Influence
Behavior Genetics
study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
Environment
every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us
Evolutionary Psychology
the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using the principles of natural selection
Gender
in psychology, the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female
Memes
self-replicating ideas, fashions, and innovations passed from person to person
The Nature and Nurture of Gender
UML的两种模型
分支主题
部署图(Deployment Diagram)
分支主题
结构型的UML(Structure Diagram)
包图(Package Diagram)
分支主题
包图(Package Diagram)
分支主题
03 自由主题
自由主题
感谢聆听
05 包 图 ( Package
Diagram)
04
部署图(Deployment
Diagram)
结构型的UML(Structure Diagram)
类图(Class Diagram)
01
分支主 题
02
分支主 题
类图(Class Diagram)
01
分支主 题
02
分支主 题
结构型的UML(Structure Diagram)
Diagram)
Diagram)
行为型的UML(Behavior Diagram)
活动图(Activity Diagram)
分支主题
行为型的UML(Behavior Diagram)
状态机图(State Machine Diagram)
分支主题
行为型的UML(Behavior Diagram)
01 活 动 图 ( Acti vi ty
Diagram)
02 状 态 机 图 (State
Machine
Diagram)
03
顺 序 图 ( Sequ ence 04
Diagram)
通信图 (Communication Diagram)
05 用 例 图 ( Use Ca s e 06 时 序 图 ( Timi ng
音乐教室管理制度英文
Sound equipment maintenance
Regular inspection
01
Conduct regular inspections on audio equipment to
ensure its normal operation.
Debugging and calibration
02
Regularly debug and calibrate audio equipment to
ensure clear and accurate sound quality.
Update and Upgrade
03
Timely update and upgrade audio equipment to improve
Classroom cleaning
01
Cleaning responsibility
Students and teachers have the responsibility to keep the
classroom tidy, and after use, they need to clean up the garbage
standards.
Prohibit carrying food and beverages
Prohibit carrying food and beverages
To maintain classroom hygiene and avoid damaging equipment, students and teachers are not allowed to consume food and beverages in the classroom.
行为主义学习理论
行为主义学习理论
6. 模仿学习(Imitation Learning)
模仿学习是一种特殊的行为主义学习理论，它强调了观察和模仿在人类学习过程中的重要 性。人类具有很强的模仿能力，我们可以通过观察他人的行为和结果，以及模仿这些行为 来学习。模仿学习可以分为无意识模仿和有意识模仿两种类型。无意识模仿是指个体在不 知不觉中模仿他人的行为；有意识模仿是指个体有目的地模仿他人的行为。模仿学习在人 类社会交往和文化传承中扮演着重要的角色
-
XXX
感谢各位观看
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演讲人：XXX 时间：20XX年XX月XX日
行为主义学习理论
3. 社会学习理论(Socia源自 Learning Theory)
社会学习理论是由美国心理学家阿尔伯特·班杜拉于1950年代提出的。它关注的是观察学 习和模仿在学习过程中的作用。班杜拉认为，人们通过观察他人的行为和结果，以及模仿 这些行为来学习。社会学习理论还强调了自我效能和自我调节在学习过程中的重要性，即 个体对自己是否有能力完成某项任务以及如何调节自己的行为的信念。这种理论认为，学 习是通过观察、模仿和自我调节来改变个体的行为模式和反应机制的
经典条件反射理论是由俄罗斯的科学家伊凡·巴甫洛夫 于1902年提出的。它是指在条件刺激(如铃声)和无条件 刺激(如食物)的同时出现下，条件刺激逐渐获得引发无 条件刺激反应(如唾液分泌)的能力。这种理论最初在狗 身上得到验证，后来也被应用于其他动物和人类。经典 条件反射理论认为，学习是通过将中性刺激与无条件刺 激关联起来，从而获得新的行为模式
行为主义学习理论
4. 认知行为主义理论 (Cognitive Behaviorism)
认知行为主义理论是行为主义学习理论的一 个分支，它强调了认知过程在学习过程中的 作用。这种理论认为，学习是通过改变个体 的认知结构或思维模式来改变行为。认知行 为主义理论强调了意识和思维在学习过程中 的重要性，以及如何通过改变个体的态度、 信念和思考方式来改变行为
南宁2024年03版小学6年级上册L卷英语第1单元测验卷
南宁2024年03版小学6年级上册英语第1单元测验卷考试时间：100分钟（总分:100）B卷考试人：_________题号一二三总分得分一、选择题(共计20题，共40分)1、Which number comes after 7?A, 6B, 8C, 9D, 102、What is 3 x 4?A, 10B, 11C, 12D, 133、What is the name of the famous ancient city in Turkey?A, TroyB, EphesusC, CappadociaD, All of the above4、Which animal is known for its black and white stripes?A, LeopardB, TigerC, ZebraD, Panda5、What do you call the story of someone's life?A, BiographyB, NovelC, PoemD, Article6、What do you call a young ant?A, LarvaB, PupaC, WorkerD, Queen7、What do you call a young starfish?A, LarvaB, PupaC, JuvenileD, Kit8、What do we call the main character in a play?A, ActorB, PerformerC, ProtagonistD, Director9、How many hearts does an octopus have?A, 1B, 2C, 3D, 410、D, OrangeWhat is the opposite of hot?A, ColdB, WarmC, Cool11、What is the largest planet in our solar system?A, EarthB, MarsC, JupiterD, Saturn12、What do we call the person who helps us learn at school? A, DoctorB, TeacherC, EngineerD, Artist13、How do you say "good night" in Spanish?A, Buenas nochesB, Buenas tardesC, Buenos díasD, Adiós14、What do we call the study of the human mind and behavior? A, PsychologyB, SociologyC, AnthropologyD, Philosophy15、What is the name of the fairy tale character who has long hair? A, MulanB, RapunzelC, ArielD, Belle16、What is the opposite of ‘happy’?A, GladB, JoyfulC, SadD, Cheerful17、What is the title of a book that tells a story?A, DictionaryB, NovelC, EncyclopediaD, Guide18、What is the name of the famous mountain range in Asia?A, RockiesB, AndesC, HimalayasD, Alps19、Which season comes after summer?A, WinterB, SpringC, FallD, Summer20、Which shape has three sides?A, SquareB, TriangleC, CircleD, Rectangle二、听力题(共计20题，共40分)My favorite color is ___. (blue, book, tree)2、听力题：She has a ________ (cat) at home.3、听力题：I have a _____ (pen/pencil) in my bag.4、听力题：They are _______ (friends).5、听力题：It is _____ (hot/cold) in summer.6、听力题：The flowers are ______ (beautiful).7、听力题：The flowers are _____ (pretty/ugly).8、听力题：The Earth’s atmosphere protects us from ______ rays.9、听力题：A solution is formed when a solute dissolves in a _____.10、听力题：The sun is very _____ (热).11、听力题：The colorful part of a flower that attracts bees is called a ______.12、听力题：The boiling point of water is ______ degrees Celsius.13、听力题：Oxygen is essential for ______.14、听力题：The ______ is very friendly and loves children.15、听力题：The dog is _____ (大).The part of the atom that has a positive charge is called a _______.17、听力题：A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more _____.18、听力题：__________ is a gas that we breathe in.19、听力题：We like to eat ___ (pizza).20、听力题：She is ________ (happy) today.三、填空题(共计20题，共10分)1、填空题：I want to _______ (学习) about marine life.2、填空题：I saw a _______ (小骆驼) at the zoo yesterday.3、填空题：Every night, I look up at the ______ (星星) and make a wish. It feels magical to see them twinkle.4、填空题：I have a toy _______ that spins around.5、填空题：A _____ (mortar) is used for herbs and spices.6、填空题：I want to _______ (学习)如何做手工。
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3-2
© 2000 Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
Configuration Parameters
Configuration parameters are SA-definable settings that control various aspects of Adaptive Server’s behavior
sp_configure Output
Output organized in columns and by groups Group: Backup/Recovery SQL Server Administration Parameter Name Default Memory Parameter Name Default Memory Used Used ------------------------ ------------------------------ ------recovery interval 0 0 allow nested triggers 1 0 in minutes allow updates to tape retention in days 0 0 system tables 0 audit queue size 100 0 recovery flags 0 0 cpu accounting flush interval 0 Group Name: Cache Manager 200 cpu grace Name 500 Memory 0 Parameter time Default deadlock retries 5000 0 Used default database size 2 0 ------------------------ ------default fill factor total cache size 0 0 percent 0 0 size of data cacheengine 0 0 event buffers per 100 0 size of procedurewrite cache 0 0 housekeeper free (coamtrips 0 0 percent 10 0 (cindextrips 0 0 ...
3-1
© 2000 Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
Module Map
The Configuration File Viewing Configuration Values Modifying Configuration Values Multiple Configuration Files
3-4
© 2000 Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
Specifying a Configuration File at Start-Up
On UNIX, use the -c command-line flag in the RUNSERVER file
Default ------20 Memory -----33 Config Val. ----------20 Run Val. -------20
sp_configure ["parameter_name" | "group_name"]
sp_configure "number of remote connections" Param. Name ----------number of…
The Configuration File
The configuration file is an ASCII text file in which configuration values are stored
By default, the file is named <server_name>.cfg
System and Database Administration: Adaptive Server Enterprise
Configuring Server Behavior
Module Overview
A server is installed with a default configuration that is adequate to start the server, but is inadequate for most realworld production and development environments. Therefore, the first thing a System Administrator must do after installing a server is to reconfigure it for real-world performance. Objectives After completing this module, you should be able to: Describe the nature of the configuration file View the values of configuration parameters Modify the values of configuration parameters Work with multiple configuration files
Proper setting of the configuration parameters keeps the server in working order and improves performance
3-3
© 2000 Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
On NT, use syconfig "Add Command Line Parameters" button, or update the Windows NT Registry directly
3-5
© 2000 Sybase, Inc. and its sቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱbsidiaries. All rights reserved.
3-9
© 2000 Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
Viewing Configuration Values
sp_configure displays configuration parameter values
Syntax: Example:
© 2000 Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
3-8
Module Map
The Configuration File Viewing Configuration Values Modifying Configuration Values Multiple Configuration Files
Sample Configuration File
This is an example of the configuration file created at the time of installation. Notice most values are DEFAULT (which will be platform specific). Parameters in bold are either new to ASE 12.0 (no preceding asterisk) or existed in previous versions of ASE, but were moved to a new location for ASE 12.0 (with preceding asterisk). For sample configuration files from versions of ASE prior to 12.0, refer to the “Sample Configuration Files” appendix.
3-6
© 2000 Sybase, Inc. and its subsidiaries. All rights reserved.
Dynamic and Static Parameters
Dynamic parameter changes take effect immediately
Static parameter changes take effect when the server is restarted
Include the full path (Example in Student Notes) If the file does not exist, the server creates a new .cfg file using the default values for that platform
Adaptive Server supplies default values
The default values are minimal and only let the server start
You can reset configuration parameters to tailor the server to your needs