英美文化概论期末英文论文2

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英美文化概论纯正英语版 Education in the U.S

The federal government funds the Head Start preschool
program for children of low-income families, but most families are on their own with regard to finding a preschool or childcare. In the large cities, there are sometimes upper-class preschools catering to the children of the wealthy.
2. Elementary Education
Elementary/primary education begins at the age of five or six, ending at the age of 11 or 12. Public elementary schools founded with community school taxes are controlled by a school board which is composed of members elected by local voters. The major responsibilities of the school board are the hiring of teachers and support staff, determining the local curriculum and approving the budget to carry out educational programs.
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Some states play a strong role in the selection of learning material for their students. For example, state committees may decide which publisher’s textbooks can be purchased with state funds. In other cases, decisions about buying instructional material are left entirely to local school officials. Americans have a strong tendency to educate their children about major public concerns---problems such as environmental pollution, nuclear issues, neighborhood crime and drugs. Responding to public pressure, boards of education in different areas often add courses on various relevant issues to the elementary and secondary school curriculum.

英美文化概况论文

The Differences of Teenagers’ Life Between China and AmericaIt is universally known that teenagers are the expectation of their parents and the hope of a nation, and almost all the countries in the world, including C hina and America of course, pay much attention to the teenagers’ life. However, because of the differences of culture in different countries, teenagers are obviously not living a same life. And in this article, I want to talk about some differences of teenagers’ life between China and America, for life of teenagers in these two countries are both typical.First of all, let’s go into schools and find out how teenagers s pending a day at school.As a Chinese student, I really know the teenagers’ life at school in China. We have to get up early so as not to be late for classes in the weekdays, and there are nearly ten lessons, which contain Chinese, maths, physics, chemistry, English and so on, from moning to night so that many students, especially the highschool students, prefer to spend most of time staying in the classrooms rather than go to play games. As there are too many tasks of learning for us, sometimes we even think that doing things which have nothing to do with studing is just a waste of time. So now you should know that Chinese teenagers’ life at school seems to be alittle monotonous and there are few things to do except listening to the teachers in classes, reading books and doing exercises. And at the end of the day, we are always feeling very tired.Compairde with Chinese teenagers’ life at school, American teenagers’ is easier and more colourful. American teenagers attend classes for an everage of only five hours a day, while Chinese teenagers spend about 10 hours a day. What’s more, although American teenagers should also learn a lot of subjects like mathematics, science, social studies (a subject that includes history, geography, citizenship and economics) and so on, the contents of these courses are much easier than Chinese students’. In result, American teenagers have relatively few tasks of learning, and they have far more free time to do things which they like.After classes over, American teenagers will have more activities. For example, doing a part-time job is universal among the teenagers.There is an interesting fact that a ccording to a survey, it is found that “About 54 percent young students have no pocket money in America, and there are fewer chances to get money from their parents as their ages increase. It is also found that 68 percent American stude nts earn pocket money through doing part-time job in their spare time.”(Tin Jennifer, 2005) By this way, American teenagers not only earn pocket money, but also get many chances to train themselves to have the ability of adapting to environmental variety and the ability of living independently.However, it seems to be hard for Chinese teenagers to do the same things like doing a part-time job as American teenagers. One of the reasons is that Chineseteenagers have less spare time and just within the little spare time, they have to finish much homework. Besides, Chinese parents always protect their children excessively in social activities. Many parents fear that their children will face a lot of difficulties or become bad boys in society; they always reduc e their children’s chances to contact with society or do not let them go to the outside alone. As result, Chinese teenagers live a relatively safe life, with the protection of their parents and teachers, but they may lose a large quantity of chances for themselves to kown the reality of society and develop the aware of independence. And now we should somewhat understand the reason why American teenagers often seems to be more confident and mature.In a word, compared with American teenagers, Chinese teenages live a more tired and simple life. The most important things for them is to finish quite a large number of tasks of studying and they do not need to care about other things too much, because their parents always try to do almost everything for them.But why do these differences above appear? In my opinion, the key reason is that, as we all know, now the only way to select talented person in China is examination. That is to say, we test a person’s level by mark, whith sounds a little cruel. Due to this policy, Chinese teenagers have to undertake the heavy tasks of studyi ng, which is just like Zhengqiang’s(a professer of Zhejiang university) words“In the nowadays, the heavy tasks of studying brings too much pression to our Chinese teenagers but take too much happiness of the teenagers’ life away”. Their parents and teachers also put the children’s mark in an very important place,so they often urge the teenagers to sduty hard and hardly let them to other things. However, owing to the rich resources of education and the relatively variety of ways to select talented person, American teenagers have more choices and they needn’t pay so much attention like Chinese teenagers to study.And secondly, the parents’ conceptions of family education have an great effect on the teenagers’ life too.In China, parents will regard their son or daughter as a child and try to protect their child forever, and the majority of parents feel that their responsibility for their children is to create as good conditions as possible they can so that the children will not worry about anything in the future. What Chinese parents do makes Chinese teenagers live a comfortable life. The teenagers is just like the flowers which are planted in the greenhouses, with no hurt by the wind or snow, beautiful but fragile.However, on the contrary, in America, parents often encourage their children to contact with society. For instance, They let their children do a part-time job by controling the amount of children’s pocket money, which is mentioned in the previous paragraph. What American parents do is to cultivate children’s awareness of frugality and train their children’s ability of independence. Thus, American teenagers may meet more touble in the daily life, but if they overcome the trouble by themselves successfully, they will get a lot of precious social experience that will help them grow up more smoothly.By comparing and contrasting Chinese teenagers’ life with American teenagers’life, we can see that the American mode is better for teenagers to grow up healthily and there are some disadvantages about the Chinese mode. Fortunately, the Chinese government has realized this situation. For example, considering the teenagers’ heavy tasks of studying, the government makes some new education policy such as the policy of quality education to increase ways of talented person selecting to encourage the teenagers to do some other things. Besides, with society developing, Chinese parents also realize that it’s of great importance for children to for a self-supporting will, because it’s the basic quality that help a person succeed in society. Then the parents no longer help their children make all the decisions but they sometimes let their children do same choices. So Chinese teenagers’ life is not so monotonous as before, and I think the teenagers’ life will be more and more colourful, and they can grow up more healthily.参考文本文献以及电子文献：[1] 朱永涛，王立礼。

英美文化概论课程论文

英美文化概论课程论文－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－What I've Learnt in This CourseAuthor name: 杨坤student number : During this course，we have get the knowledge about America and Britain of their history , language , literature , education , politics and so on .United Kingdom covers only a small part area of the earth's surface , but its people share many different origins and cultures including the Scots , the Welsh , the Irish and the English .The English we use today has experienced too many changes . Old English of Anglo-saxon ,although it is the ancestor of modern English ,appears quite different from today's language .During AD 587-1066 , They used both Latin and Germanic scripts but always called their language Englisc .With the Norman invasion led by William the Conqueror in 1066 , norman French became the official language of English .The following phases are Middle English , Modern English ,Standard English .British government system The monarchy is the oldest secular institution in the United Kingdom .The British constitution is consisted of Acts of Parliament , the Prerogative of the Grown , Conventions of the Constitution , Common Law and Parliamentary Privilege . There are three elements in Parliament——the Crown , the House of Lord , the House of Commons . English literature begins around the 8th century in a language called Old English or Anglo-saxon . During this time the master work is Beowulf , a story of a great king who fought against monsters. The middle English period , generally defined as 1100 to 1500 , sees the true beginning of the magnificent heritage of English literature .During t his period many outstanding writers appeared as like Chauccer and the Shakespeare . Chaucer was the first to use English creation of court writer. He lived in London, use natural central England each county English, not dialect in northern or south England . His works made great contribution to the formation of modern English . when he was young , Chaucer translated part of the love poem "rose legend "into English. His first work is "the duchess's book. "Especially Roy Russ and klein west Germany based on boccaccio , show the great poem talent of Chaucer . His last longest and most famous work is the Canterbury tales. His work in Britain has always been treated as the best until Shakespeare's time. Shakespeare wrote tragic (Hamlet, Othello, Macbeth, as king Lear) , comedy(The merchant of Venice, a midsummer night's dream, happy, twelfth night) , tragicomedy(Romeo and Juliet) ,historical play(Henry iv, Henry v, Henry vi, Henry viii, king John, Richard ii, Richard iii) and sonnet (Lover's complaint, LuKeLi silk non-virgins remember, Venus and adonis, enthusiasm of pilgrims, phoenix and doves) .Everybody knows that the Britain is Christians . The church of England is one of the many "Protestant" sects which broke away from the more ancient and more orthodox Roman Catholic Church several centuries ago , during the great religious upheaval called the Reformation.Being different from the Britain , the America has a very big land . In its vast area the United States comprehends most of the physical condition known to men : heatand cold , forest and desert , tropical-awamp and Arctic waste , mountains and endlessplain , empty apace and megalopolis , and the world's largest river system .Around the year 1000 , a party of Icelandic Vikings under Leif Ericson sailed to the eastern coast of North America . 500 years later , the need for increased trade and anerror in navigation led to another European encounter with America .Since 1607 , England began build the permanent colonies, in 150 years, after a lot of settlers poured in, settled in coastal regions, including many from Britain, it is partly from France, Germany, the Netherlands and Ireland and other countries. Middle of the 18th century, 13 British colonies had formed. Because of the climate and geographical environment, the 13 colonial area formed the different economic , political system and ideas . On April 19 ,1775 , revolution erupted .In 1782 30 November, Britain and America sign the Paris peace treaty, 1783 September 3rd, Britain formally recognized American independence .Each American is subjected to two governments , that of his state and that of the Union , and each has its own distinct function . In America each state made a constitution of its own and in its own way .That is very different from us . Every state constitution divided political power among three element .Each state entrusted the executive power to a governor . Finally , Each state had a system of courts ,and the judges in the courts were not to be subject to the executive or the legislative authorities .From the beginning of American history to the present today , American literature has recorded the story of quest . At different times the quest taken the different forms . In the 16th century Europeans came to this new world in search of the lost constinent of Atlantis.They came looking for golden " cities of Cibola " that haunted Coronado's imagination . They searched for the fabled northwest Passage to the Orient . Cooper , Poe , Emerson , Melvile , Mark Twain and Henry James were very outstanding in the history of American literature .Most of American belief in Christian and Catholic. America is a multi-ethnic, many religious country. Christian and Catholic, orthodox Judaism, Islam, Buddhism, Taoism and other religious also have many followers. Religious belief in the citizens of the population accounted for about 91%.America has many idiomatical festival as like the thanksgiving and Christmas . The thanksgiving day is on the 4th Thursday in November . On this day , Americans give thanks for the blessings they have enjoyed during the year and celebrate with dinners and happy reunions. Christmas season is the most festive time of the year in the United States. Students from grammar school through college have to two weeks' vocation .Many families go away for the holidays ,perhaps to ski in Colorado or to swim and sunbathe in Florida . People also decorate their house with christmas tree and red stars and color lights .They sing Christmas Carols,and sending Christmas cards .When I have learned this course ,I know that there is some reason for the rapid development of the Britain and the United States . The answers maybe are the democratic politics and good education . So ,if our we want our nation to be strong ,we have to built our politics and education .感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

英美文学论文范文

英美文学论文范文英美文学是一种重要的文化艺术表现形式,虽然是文学,其实也是反映当时时期的是思想文化和社会现实,体现的是西方文化的发展过程,也反映的是西方文化和思想。

下面是店铺为大家整理的英美文学论文，供大家参考。

英美文学论文范文一：历史文化在英美文学中的作用摘要：在诸多历史、社会、文化、政治、经济、生活方式、地域、宗教、价值观等因素差异下，英美文学作品势必出现千姿百态的形式和文学风格，只有深刻地理解上述因素对于英美文学著作的影响作用，才能够透析英美文学著作的实质，才能更好地理解英美文学著作中机智隽永的内涵。

关键词：历史文化;英美文学一、历史与文化差异影响下英美文学著作所具有的特点(一)历史与文化差异影响下英国文学著作的特点英国文学源远流长，经过了漫长的时间和时代的演变。

在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对英国文学产生着影响。

英国文学是对于当时社会环境的一种映衬与写照。

文学内部遵循自身规律，历经不同历史阶段。

如盎格鲁-萨克逊史诗《贝奥武甫》;中古英国文学著作时期，代表作乔叟(Chaucer)的《坎特伯雷故事集》;文艺复兴下的莎士比亚代表作《威尼斯商人》《罗密欧与朱丽叶》《哈姆雷特》《暴风雨》等;新古典主义下的英国文学著作，浪漫主义时期，华兹华斯的《抒情歌谣集》;现实主义下的英国文学著作时期，代表作为夏洛蒂•勃朗特的《简•爱》，哈代的《德伯家的苔丝》，大作家查尔斯•狄更斯的《大卫•科波菲尔》《远大前程》《双城记》;现代主义下的英国文学著作康拉德的《黑暗的心脏》(1899)。

语言和风格的“标新立异”是英国现代派的最大特点。

战后英国文学代表作约翰•福尔斯的《法国中尉的女人》大致呈现从写实到实验和多元的走势。

从厚重的文学底蕴出发，英国文学著作发展到今天正在朝着百家争鸣、百家齐放的方向发展。

(二)历史与文化差异影响下美国文学著作所具有的特点美国的文学历史与美国资本主义的发展如影随形，虽然早期的文学著作隐约还有英国文学的痕迹，随着美国资本主义的民主与自由的不断演绎升华，美国的文学著作也大放异彩，形成了美国民族的特有色彩。

“英美社会与文化”课程论文

This reluctance to communicate with others is an unfortunate quality in some ways, since it tends to give the impression of coldness, and it is true that the English are not noted for their generosity and hospitality. On the other hand, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve, and may be quite pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.
British generally don’t show their own inner world to others and this feature is very evident in the upper classes of society. It is difficult to know a reserved person: he never tells you anything about himself, and you may work with him for years without ever knowing where he lives, how many children he has, and what his interests are. English people tend to be like that.

英美文学期末Summary 2 of English Literature

Summary Two: The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期Background Information:English Romanticism, as a historical phase of literature, is generally said to have begun in 1798 with the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 wi th Sir Walter Scott’s death.It was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.In the history of literature, Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience.The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Blake, Burns, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley and Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution.Wordsworth and Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories and innovated new techniques in poetry writing.The preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school. Wordsworth, Coleridge and Robert Southey have often been mentioned as the ―Lake Poets‖.The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century, was one phase of the Romantic Movement.Its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural. Representative works are a Gothic Story by Clara Reeve, and Frankenstein《弗兰肯斯坦》by Mary Shelley（玛丽·雪莱）.William Blake 威廉·布莱克（1757~1872）a representative Romantic poet, engraver, painter and mysticAs a poet, he is famous for his mysticism and complex symbolism.His visionary world is extremely important to his work. He is also fond of using allusions to the Bible.Blake’s representative works:Poetical Sketches《素描诗集》Songs of Experience《经验之歌》Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》The Marriage of Heaven and Hell《天堂与地狱的联姻》His most popular poems are ―The Chimney Sweeper‖ and ―The Tyger.‖Robert Burns(1759~1796)the national poet of Scotlanda poet of the peasants, a poet of the peoplebest in his rural themeschiefly remembered for his songs written in the Scottish dialectStyle:happy simplicity, humor, directness and optimismAnalysis of ―A Red Red Rose‖:The first and third lines of each stanza are in iambic tetrameter, Iambic tetrameter is an eight-syllable line with alternating pairs of unstressed and stressed syllables. Each pair makes up a foot so that each tetrameter line has four feet, as in line 1 of the first stanza: ..........1......................2.................3.................4......O MY | Luve's LIKE | a RED, | red ROSEthe second and fourth lines are in iambic trimeter.Iambic trimeter is a six syllable line with alternating pairs of unstressed and stressed syllables. Each pair makes up a foot so that each trimeter line has three feet, as in line 2 of the first stanza: .........1..........................2.. (3)That's NEW.| ly SPRUNG.| in JUNETheme of ―A Red Red Rose‖:The speaker loves the young lady beyond measure. The only way he can express his love for her is through vivid similes and hyperbolic comparisons.The poem expresses love, but it does not try to stir up deep feelings of passion—instead, it reminds readers of obstacles of love, making the speaker's feelings sound more personal.William Wordsworth威廉·华兹华斯(1770~1850)the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the periodRegarded as a ―worshipper of nature,‖ he was the closest to nature among the ―Lake Poets.‖ Wordsworth’s theory of poetry is calling for simple themes drawn from humble life expressed in the language of ordinary people.His representative poems like ―I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud‖, ―To a Skylark‖ and ―To the Cuckoo‖ inspire his audience to see the world freshly, sympathetically and naturally. Representative works:Tintern Abbey《丁登寺旁》Lucy Poems《露茜组诗》Lyrical Ballads《抒情歌谣集》My Heart Leaps Up《我心荡漾》The Prelude《序曲》Analysis of “I Wandered Lonely as A Cloud‖:In stanza 1, the poet just mentions that the daffodils ―dancing in the breeze.‖In stanza 2, the dance becomes more concrete and vivid: “Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.”Here the word is used as a noun.In the 3rd stanza the poet gradually shifts his attention from the outer world to the inner world.In the final stanza, the poet says his heart “dances with the daffodils.”This suggests the harmony of the outer and inner worlds, revealing the power of imagination.The imagination is therefore “A motion and a spirit, that impels / All thinking things, all objects of all thought, / And rolls through all things.”Although the “outer eye”brings “sensations sweet,”but the “inward eye”can “see intothe life of things”and thus offers greater spiritual pleasures.When it comes to the first line of the 3rd stanza, it is the waves that dance, but the poet immediately adds that the daffodils “outdid the sparkling waves.”Anyway the word “dance”connects the waves and the daffodils, and it also connect the first two stanzas with the third.I wandered lonely as a cloud: It revisits the familiar subjects of nature and memory, this time with a particularly simple, musical eloquence.Plot: the poet's wandering and his discovery of a field of daffodils by a lake, the memory of which pleases him and comforts him when he is lonely, bored, or restless.Form: The four six-line stanzas of this poem follow (a quatrain + a couplet) rhyme scheme: ABABCC. Each line is metered in iambic tetrameter.Its Artistic Features:Simile in "as a cloud―: the speaker likens himself to a cloud, as he and this object are both solitary and in motion.Reverse personification: The speaker is compared to a natural object, a cloud.Simile: the appearance of the daffodils encountered by the speaker is compared to the stars of the Milky Way.Personification: daffodils are continually personified as human beings. This technique implies an inherent unity between man and nature.Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔·泰勒·柯勒律治(1772~1834)one of the first critics to give close critical attention to language, maintaining that the true end of poetry is to give pleasure ―through the medium of beauty‖esteemed by some of his contemporaries and generally recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rankRepresentative works:Biographia Literaria《文学传记》Christabel《克里斯特贝尔》Kubla Khan《忽必烈汗》The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古舟子咏》Frost at Midnight《午夜之霜》Percy Bysshe Shelley 珀西·比希·雪莱(1792~1822)one of the leading Romantic poets, an intense and original lyrical poet in the English language Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions.Shelley is most noted for his lyrics. Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s ―Ode to the West Wind‖ (1819).Representative works:A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》Love’s Philosophy《爱的哲学》Ode to a Skylark《云雀颂》Ode to the West Wind《西风颂》Prometheus Unbound《脱缚的普罗米修斯》Summary of ―Ode to the West Wind‖:Structure:The poem consists of five stanzas written in terza rima(三行体). Each canto consists of four tercets(三行押韵诗句) (ABA, BCB, CDC, DED) and a rhyming couplet (EE). The Ode is written in iambic pentameter.Theme –different interpretations:1. lamenting his inability to directly help those in England owing to his being in Italy2. expressing the hope that its words will inspire and influence those who read or hear it.3. wanting his message of reform and revolution spread, and the wind becomes the trope for spreading the word of change through the poet-prophet figure.4. due to the loss of his son, the ensuing pain influenced Shelley.Romanticism in Ode to the West WindA. EnthusiasmEg: ―Beside a pumice isle in baize’s bay quivering within the waves’ in tenser day‖.the natural world and the human social and political world are parallel.B. SubjectivismIn the poem the west wind is not merely the wind of the nature, the subject is counter-capitalism, counter-old influence, instead of regarding poetry as ―a minor to nature‖ .C. Idealism and ImaginationEg : ―drive my dead thoughts over the incantation of this verse; like wither’d leaves to quicken a new birth‖Shelley wants to establish a new free society.D. Political TendentiousnessThe west wind is not the nature wind. It is the revolution wind, the wind against bourgeoisie, and against the power of Feudal.E. Emotion and NatureEg: ―if I were a dead level thou mightiest bear; if I were a swift cloud to fly with thee‖The poet compares oneself to others by the west wind. The poet expressed the deep love and yearned for the nature through the west wind. He used the west wind to urge on oneself, expressed the free pursuit, with the hope to establish a happy world.George Gordon Byron乔治·戈登·拜伦(1788~1824)As a leading Romanticist, Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the ―Byronic hero,‖ a proud, mysteriously rebel figure of noble origin. A Byronic hero exhibits several characteristic traits, and in many ways he can be considered a rebel. The Byronic hero does not possess "heroic virtue" in the usual sense; instead, he has many dark qualities. With regard to his intellectual capacity, self-respect, and hypersensitivity, the Byronic hero is "larger than life," and "with the loss of his titanic passions, his pride, and his certainty of self-identity, he loses also his status as a traditional hero.Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms and innovations.Representative works:Cain《该隐》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德·哈罗德游记》Don Juan《唐璜》Hours of Idleness《闲散时光》Analysis of the poem “She Walks in Beauty”:The rhyme scheme of the first stanza is ababab; the second stanza, cdcdcd; and the third stanza, efefef.The meter is predominantly iambic tetrameter.The first two lines demonstrate the pattern followed throughout the poem except for line 6, which has nine syllables:1................2........... 3 (4)She WALKS | in BEAU | ty, LIKE | the NIGHT1.................2................. 3 (4)Of CLOUD | less CLIMES | and STAR | ry SKIESFigures of speech:Alliteration occurs frequently to enhance the appeal of the poem to the ear:Line 2:....cloudless climes; starry skies.Line 6:....day deniesLine 8:....Had halfLine 9:....Which wavesLine 11...serenely sweetLine 14...So soft, soLine 18...Heart WhoseLines 1, 2--Simile comparing the movement of the beautiful woman to the movement of the skies Line 6 ---Metonymy, in which heaven is substituted for God or for the upper atmosphereLines 8-10 Metaphor comparing grace, a quality, to a perceivable phenomenonLines 11-12 Metaphor and personification comparing thoughts to people; metaphor and personification comparing the mind to a home (dwelling-place)Lines 13-16 Metaphor and personification comparing the woman's cheek and brow to persons who tell of days in goodness spentImagery: Light and DarknessTheme: The theme of the poem is the woman's exceptional beauty, internal as well as external. The first stanza praises her physical beauty. The second and third stanzas praise both her physical and spiritual, or intellectual, beauty.Literary comment: Byron presents an ethereal portrait of the young woman in the first two stanzas by contrasting white with black and light with shadow in the same way that nature presents a portrait of the firmament—and the landscape below—on a cloudless starlit evening. He tells the reader in line 3 that she combines “the best of dark and bright”(bright here serving as an noun rather than an adjective) and notes that darkness and light temper each other when they meet in her raven hair. Byron's words thus turn opposites into compeers working together to celebrate beauty.John Keats 约翰·济慈(1795~1821)one of the indisputably great English poets who stands with Shakespeare, Milton and WordsworthKeats’s poetry, characterized by exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptions, an d by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world.John KeatsOdes are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works.His four great Odes:Ode on Melancholy《忧郁颂》Ode on a Grecian Urn《希腊古瓮颂》Ode to a Nightingale《夜莺颂》Ode to Psyche《心灵颂》“Ode on a Grecian Urn”is organized into ten line stanzas with a rhyme scheme that begins with a Shakespearian quatrain 四行诗(ABAB) and ends with a Miltonic sestet六行诗节(CDECDE). This pattern is used in "Ode on Indolence", "Ode on Melancholy", and "Ode to a Nightingale", which makes the poems unified in structure as well as theme. The word "ode" itself is of Greek origin, meaning "sung".Theme of ―Ode on a Grecian Urn‖:The poem captures aspects of Keats's idea of "Negative Capability", as the reader does not know who the figures are on the urn, what they are doing, or where they are going. Instead, the speaker revels in this mystery, as he does in the final couplet (mentioned below), which does not make immediate, ascertainable sense but continues to have poetic significance nonetheless. The ode ultimately deals with the complexity of art's relationship with real life.It is now believed that the narrator was criticizing the Urn, saying that all it will ever need to know is that beauty is truth and truth beauty. This is also a sign of jealousy as the narrator admires this simplicity just as he criticizes yet admires the characters on the urn, who will never achieve climax yet are forever passionate.Jane Austen 简·奥斯汀(1775~1817)In point of chronology Jane Austen belongs to the age of Walter Scott, about half a century earlier. However, her realism would place her with the realistic novelist.Stories of love and marriage provide the major themes in all her novels, in which female characters are always playing an active part.In her lifelong career, Austen wrote altogether six complete novels:Emma《爱玛》, Mansfield Park《曼斯菲尔德公园》, Northanger Abbey《诺桑觉寺》, Persuasion 《劝说》, Pride and Prejudice《傲慢与偏见》, and Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》. Jane Austen’s art:1. a classical precision of structure(which is manipulated through incidents exactly defined in realism. )2. a gift of phrasehumorous, ironical (light irony), illuminating, economical, through which all is related, so that each incident can be enjoyed like that in a drama .3. a gift of dialogueShe deals with her characters with intensity yet with detachment, without sentimentalism.Her knowledge of men’s behaviour was limited.There are no extremely noble heroes and heroines, nor hateful villains; egoism is the dominant vice of human beings; no passion in her novels.Sir Walter Scott 沃尔特·斯哥特爵士(1771~1832)the most popular novelist of his day. He marked the transition from Romanticism to the period of Realism which followed it.Waverley《威弗利》, The Lady of the Lake《湖畔夫人》and Ivanhoe《艾凡赫》are among the most popular ones of his novels.Scott is the first major historical novelist, exerting a powerful literary influence both in Britain and on the Continent throughout the 19th century.。

英美国家社会与文化论文

The British Educational SystemAs far as we know, there are pre-primary schools, primary schools, secondary schools and university or college. Pre-school education is available (often on a fee-paying basis) for children aged 2 to 4/5 through playgroups and nursery schools. And many of them are private. The emphasis of pre-primary schools is on group work, creative activity and guided play.Two systems of primary and secondary education in Britain: 1. State Schools: 11-year Compulsory Education (5-16), we can know that there is comprehensive school (84%), grammar school (3%) or secondary modern school (7%) from the state primary school. 2. Public schools/Independent schools: there is an only 7% public (independent) school from prep school.What are the main differences between the two? We can find four points. 1. School Funding. In state schools, state funding from central government; supplemented by local finance. And in public schools, funding from tuition fees; endowments or donations from society (esp. alumni to their ammeters). 2. Attendance. There are 93% in state schools, only 7% in the public schools. 3. Teaching Staff and Facilities. Public schools have better teaching staff & facilities. 4. Graduates. Students from the public schools are more promising, e.g. Eton College has educated 20 Prime Ministers, 6 Chancellors of Exchequers, etc.Compulsory education begins at 5 in England, Wales and Scotland and 4 in Northern Ireland. Pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools (co-educational or mixed schools). Infants schools have equal to the first schools (for 2 years from 5). Junior schools (for 4 years to 11). There’s little or no specialist subject teaching and great emphasis is on literacy and numeracy in early years.Compulsory education ends at age 16. At 16, students in England and Wales take GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations involving a final exam, an assessment of work done during the two-year course, or both of these things. Then they can leave school and find a job. Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training and get the GNVQ (GeneralNational V ocational Qualification).In my opinion, about the entrance procedures, in the third term of Year 12, students prepare their applications to university. Applications are then made in the first term of the Year 13 through one centralized organization known as UCAS (Universities and Colleges Admissions Service). Students can apply to a maximum of 6 universities/institutions. Admission-selection on basis of A level results & an interview.In teaching methods, we can see, the UK educational system encourages self-study, discussions and practical work. The students may have time-tabled classes or might be encouraged to do more of independent work for a substantial amount of time depending on the course.Most of the courses would include the following teaching methods: lectures, seminars, tutorials, independent workand coursework.There are two famous universities in Britain. They are the Cambridge and Oxford. Cambridge University was founded in 1209 by students fleeing from Oxford after one of the many episodes of violence between the university and the town of Oxford. Cambridge is one of the world’s great universities, and has the ability to transform lives. If you study here, you will experience that quality at first hand. Day to day, you will work with academic staff who are leaders in their fields, and who are also committed to see you succeed, and to help you develop your ideas, knowledge and understanding.Legend has it that Oxford University was founded by King Alfred in 872 to encourage education and establish schools throughout his territory. Like a grammar school, it was just a place for teaching Latin grammar at that time. The University actually began in the 12th century as gatherings of students around popular masters. The university consisted of people, not buildings. The buildings came later as a recognition of something that already existed. In a way, Oxford was never founded; it grew.Oxford is one of the greatest universities in the world. It has played a distinguished part in the history of our country and our continent, and has much to contribute to our success and our well-being as a civilized community in the future.The Boat Race between Oxford & Cambridge started June 10, 1829.The event is now a British national institution, and is televised live each year. The race has beenwon by Cambridge 79 times and Oxford 73 so far. The race is currently run over a four mile and 374 yard (6.8 km) stretch of the River Thames between Putney and Mortlake in London.Oxford wear dark blue and Cambridge light blue.In Chinese higher education, we can find five dilemmas. There is enrollment expansion, elite education vs mass education, intense competition in the job market, resources are straining and education quality is suffering.There are five defects of Chinese higher education. Defect 1: Blind Enrollment Expansion. Universities seem to have enrolled more than they can accommodate! Limited facilities & space, insufficient resources, shabby dorms (slum)…Expansion means a lot more! Fierce competition in the job market. Defect 2: Awkward Teaching Method. Teachers tend to spoon-feed their students who are in turn spoon-fed and force-fed!More trust, freedom, interactions and responsibilities for the students! Teachers should serve as advisors & assistants!Defect 3: Prescribed / Designated Textbooks. A lack of flexibility (few alternative choices), Outdated contents (keep pace with), The prescribed textbooks can be replaced by …Defect 4: Unreasonable Curriculum. Many outdated courses should be abolished! More utilitarian courses are welcome! (Computer Science, Business, Finance, Accounting and Law)One shouldn’t be confined to one’s specific field.Moral education is in urgent demand! (campus violence, suicide, theft, murder) Defect 5:Unfair Assessment System. Exam-oriented style! (Scores talk!)Students: exams of lottery(memory test / work overtime shortly before the test)How can we improve it? I will show my answer. It’s a time-consuming & systematic project.Never wait for the improvement! Get a move now! You and me are part of Chinese higher education! Try to make the best and most of the current situation! Stop complaining and try to make a difference from now on.。

英美文化差异论文英文版

1)A, the natural environmentIn the eyes of the Chinese people, "summer sorching", "hot summer," summer always linked with intense heat. In Shakespeare a sonnet yet such lines, Shall I compare thee to a summer 's day? / Thou art more lovely and more temperate. (can I take with you? / summer than you ah, than summer came cute and photos.) The poet's compared to summer, lovely and always. "Summer" to the Chinese and British lenovo can be so different. Reason is that in different geographical position, China is located in the Asian continent, belong to a continental climate and four distinct seasons, summer most obvious characteristics is scorching, hot challenging. Britain is located in the north temperate, belong to sea climate, beautiful summer mild, pleasant. And of course many example of this, for example, in the Chinese "dongfeng" to make people think of the warm sunny,the west wind that have seed the bitter taste. And in the west the opposite. Reason is the same, the two are in different geographical position, bring feel different.2)Second, productionIn English and aquaculture, ship the words very much, such as fish in the air (climb a tree to look for fish), an odd fish (weirdo), miss the boat (miss), etc. This kind of words in Chinese is much less. Reason is that British around water, aquatic fishing industry and ring navigation in its economic occupies an important place in the life, so many such words. And in China only coastal areas have fishermen netting fishing, so this relatively few words.To express "with the physical negative things" of the verbs in Chinese language has many, such as "carry, the Netherlands, pick, bear, carry, back, carry, negative, carry, ku" and so on, each word has certain negative luck with the corresponding things (such as soil, water, pick bear, the box), is really a very close. In English, but only a carry to "refers to the-action. The Chinese will this verb fine add distinguish, probably because in the long run, China agricultural society, manual work much more special reason.Chinese, we will encounter "like the same said work", "QiZhuangRuNiu" word, in English, to express the same meaning, will say work like a horse, as strong as a horse, flog a willing horse. Why the Chinese use the "bull" and English with horse? The answer is Chinese have always use cows to plow fields, the early English but with the Malay farming. Cows and horses in the production process were divided into two countries do good helper, earned the people with the words can be as above usage.3)Three, and the customs and habits1, appellation and call: learning English, we found that the English name in Chinese appellation than to much less. For example, a cousin of the English words, corresponding Chinese cousin, cousin, cousin and cousin, etc. We see that the Chinese are very strict distinction between Cousins relationship, should say gender, and give size, don't like English general a word settles. The linguistic produce attributed to China two, three thousand years of the rule of feudalism. This kind of feudal society pay high attention to the blood relationship, with particular emphasis on the differences between the level, advocate the youngest, concern and orderly. Kinship relationship and gender, on his face all different, power and obligations appear with distinction, it must strictly distinguish the appellation and close. The English title number not much, except the dad, mum, grandpa, aunt, uncle and so on several appellation often use outside, other almost all need not. In Britain or America, people call each other in Chinese people against reason, and not polite, no corrections. For example: the children do not put grandpa's grandmother called grandpa and grandma, but call him by his first name, this kind of practice is decent, kind, is often buried, young said the old, only his surname in before and Mr And Mrs Or Miss. They these practices embodies the pursuit of westerners equal thought, in their eyes, title itself means not equal. 2, honorific modest words:Like title, the English language and modest words also far less than Chinese. In English, no matter how much each other age, status and how high you is you, I was I, don't like Chinese that way with many such as "you, director, engineers" honorific, etc. Chinese produce the reasons of this phenomenon is one of China's feudal social hierarchy patriarchal clan system. It requires that people with elders or superior, even peers spoke, want to use honorific, otherwise think misnomer and discourteous, even appear proud; It takes about their own modest words, such as not use, also will be considered rude. Another reason, is in the thousands of years of Chinese the influence of traditional ideas, do not wish to highlight your, always think "modest" is a virtue. And in English this kind of word of less for two reasons: one is the westerners love for equality, 2 it is they have long respect personal value, ready to show, emphasize training individual self-confidence. By the mercy of the above ideas, westerners accept praise, congratulations on the reaction was also have very big distinction. Chinese people listen to such words will be a modest said after the discourse, and westerners will not hesitate to say: "Thank you" from the newspaper I have seen such a joke, at a ball, an American people praise a Chinese woman said: "you look very beautiful today (you today is very beautiful." The Chinese woman quickly modestly said: "Where (Where), Where (Where)." the American people feel very strange and then had to say a sentence: "everywhere (around)." According to western habit, when they praise others, total hope others to accept or the way thanks frank answer, otherwise they will be misinterpreted as the other party to doubt his judgment. And the east is moremodest, cautious, even if the mind is very happy, also won't have identity or accept their praise. And as academic journals of literature or the title of the paper. The title of the article in Chinese that the article content, often have said the modest words. Such as "on......", "try to talk about the......" , ", "......Taiwan ", etc., and the English article title often is straightforward, and without any modification, such as Science andLinguistics (the Science and language "). Personal privacy:For most westerners, to strangers or not familiar people put forward How old are you? How much do you make? Are you married? Talk about such as age, income, marital status, religious belief, family problems of the topic of personal privacy category, taboo other people asked about. Greet westerners the most frequent topic is the weather situation or prediction. Such as "It 's fine for' t It?" , "It 's raining hard for' t It?" , "Your dress is do nice!" And so on. They first met or not familiar with the person before and never asked about privacy issues related to other people, in order to show respect for each other. The Chinese greet sometimes also said to the other party's care. Such as "you today look bad, ill?" "long time no see, you and get fat." "You again thin, attention body ah." Such as westerners hear You say: "You are fat" or "You are so thin" etc. Words. Even more familiar with each other, will also feel embarrassed, hard to answer, because it's not polite. But Chinese meet three points familiar, in half an hour, each other's family, personal situation got out neatly. This is both the different cultural background in action. Westerners pay special attention to personal privacy. They believed that personal things don't have to let others know, is less willing to let others intervention. And the Chinese in one thousand to live in a village, leave near, contacts, personal life or personal it is hard not to be known or intervention. Plus Chinese unity and friendship, care for each other, help each other, believed that personal things that family and to the collective. So they are willing to understand people's sweet and sour Shan spicy, other people are willing to tell the truth. Of course, now in some developed or coastal cities, people began to accept westerners view, do not speak to involve the privacy of others.4)Four religious beliefsChinese-english language about religion a vast number of words, spectacular. For example, "the god", "Yin and Yang," "Buddha", etc. Language is the direct reflection of thought, two very different religious vocabulary is two different national religious values of portraiture. Before the sui and tang dynasties, teach the correspondences in Chinese dominant position, Chinese words about religion and the related, such as "tai chi," "way" and so on, its spirit, such as honourdestiny, line filial piety and resigned, etc can be seen in the daily languages. Sui and tang dynasties time, a large number of Buddhism was introduced into, a large number of Buddhism with words, the rebirth of the karma between thought is accepted by the digestive and thought. Such Buddha, Confucianism, Taoism occupies a dominant position in China. In Britain, the one with the Christian as the main religion. The teaching was introduced into England in 597. Later in a very long time, a lot of related words into ranks in English. Both Old English period here by Latin words, such as English infiltration angel (angels), monk (monks), and a medieval French borrow from the words, such as religion (religion), dean (moderator) and so on, and the modern English period from other loan words borrowed a lot of word in, the result of the words in English about religion than other languages more.。

英美文化概论论文_2

英美文化概论论文－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－英美文化概论论文英美文化概况跃跃10084626机自08-2班Differences Between China and USAThe discrimination still exist in America. When you come to America, you may be surprised when you see that Blacks and Whites work side by side in offices , factories , and schools across the country . The majority of Blacks in the United States, however, live in and around only a small number of American cities.we, as Chinese, prefer to think in a spiral, casual way, while western people, more often than not, are fond of a linear, business-is-business way.If you are in China, it is not rare to see that a crowd of people throng in the supermarket, trying to get service first. People in China do line up.In contrast, in USA people always line up, no matter in a big bank or a small grocery store. And they take it for granted. Lining up haslong since become part of their life that they scarcely doubt it or grow impatient while doing it.Secondly, first come, first served. Though in words it is a normal principle here in China, it’s m ostly not the case in reality. Take an example of what usually happens in a bank. Here when we are in a middle-sized bank, and suppose we are talking with the cashier, it always tends to have someone butt in, claiming that his or her request takes only one second.And it seems that we have already been accustomed to it. So has the cashier. But in western countries, it never applies. It is always rude that you butt in while the cashier is serving his customer. No matter how little time your request costs, the cashier, more often than not, is likely to turn you down. Only one customer at a time is his principle. Thirdly, change stuff. Suppose I am in a shopping mall and the stuff I purchase cost me 142 RMB. While lining up at the casher’s and happening to check my wallet, I find I have 200 RMB and two one-Yuan coins. What will I do? To give the cashier 200 RMB, or give him 200 RMB and the two one-Yuan coins so that he could return me 60 RMB, which is more convenient for both of us.I think when the Chinese were in this situation, they would mostly choose the latter one. But in America, they won’t do so. If you try it . The cashier did not understand.So the western people are prone to lack of flexibility while doing their work. TheAmerica think that we Chinese have a tendency to make things complicate. What aninteresting contrast!What I try to say is just that we might well be in conformity with the customs and beaware of the culture differences while being abroad. Like the saying goes—while youare i n Rome, do as Romans do. If you don’t want to put yourself in the public, bearingall this in mind is perhaps the best policy. 中和美之跃的差国国异歧国当你来国跃仍然存在于美。

英美文学导论论文

Survey of British LiteratureOld and Medieval periods (450---1066)After the fall of the Roman Empire and the withdrawal of Roman troops from Albion , the aboriginal Celtic population of the larger part of the island was soon conquered and almost totally exterminated by the Teutonic tribes of Angles , Saxons and Jutes who came from the continent and settled in the island , naming its central part Anglia , or England.For nearly four hundred years prior to the coming of the English , Britain had been a Roman province . In 410 A.D. the Romans withdrew their legions from Britain to protect Rome herself against swarms of Teutonic invaders . About 449 a band of Teutons , called Jutes , left Denmark , landed on the Isle of Thanet . Warriors from the tribes of the Angles and the Saxons soon followed , and drove westward the original inhabitants.The literature of this period falls naturally into two divisions , ---Religious and Secular . In reading the earliest poetry of England it is well to remember that all of it was copied by the monks , and seems to have been more or less altered to give it a religious coloring.The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’snational epic and its hero Beowulf ---one of the national heroes of the English people .The only existing manuscript of The Song of Beowulf was written by an unknown scribe at the beginning of the 10th century and was not discovered until 1750 .The Song was composed much earlier , and reflects events which took place on the Continent approximately at the beginning of the 6th century , when the forefathers of the Jutes lived in the southern part of the Scandinavian peninsula and maintained close relations with kindred tribes , e.g. with the Danes who lived on the other side of the straits.Medieval periods (1066---mid-14th century)In the year 1066 , at the battle of Hastings , the Normans headed by William , Duke of Normandy , defeated the Anglo-Saxons.The Normans were originally a hardy race of sea rovers inhabiting Scandinavia . In the tenth century they conquered a part of northern France , which is still called Normandy , and rapidly adopted French civilization and the French language . Their conquest of Anglo-Saxon England under William , Duke of Normandy , began with the battle of Hastings in 1066 .The literature which they brought to England isremarkable for its bright , romantic tales of love and adventure , in marked contrast with the strength and somberness of Anglo-Saxon poetry . During the strength three centuries Anglo-Saxon speech simplified itself by dropping of its Teutonic inflection , absorbed eventually a large part of the French vocabulary , and became the English language . English literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements . The Renaissance Period (mid-14th ---mid-17th century) The 16th century in English was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism .Manufactories were developing and the wool trade was rapidly growing in bulk . The enclosure of commons drove thousands of peasants off their lands and many of them settled in towns .New social and economic conditions brought about great changes in the development of science and art .Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the Renaissance .The greatest of all English authors , WilliamShakespeare belongs to those rare geniuses of mankind who have become landmarks in the history of world culture . The works of William Shakespeare are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was one of the first founders of realism , a masterhand at realistic portrayal of human characters and relations .His first original play written in about 1590 was King HenryⅥ,parts two and three , the first part having been written earlier by another dramatist and only retouched by Shakespeare . During the twenty-two years of his literary work he produced 37 plays , two narrative poems and 154 sonnets .His literary work may be divided into three major periods : the first period from 1590 to 1600 , the second from 1601 to 1608 , and the third from 1609 to 1612 .Hamlet is considered to be summit of Shakespeare’s art . It was written in 1602-1620 and first published in 1603 . Shakespeare took a certain story of Prince Amleth from old sources which can be traced to the 12th century .Under Shakespeare’s pen the medieval story assumed new meaning and significance . Danish names could not hide from the spectators and readers the fact that it was English which the great writer described in his play . The whole tragedyis permeated with the spirit of Shakespeare’s own time . Hamlet is the profoundest expression of Shakespeare’s humanism and his criticism of contemporary life .A study of Bacon takes us beyond the limits of the reign of Elizabeth , but not beyond the continued influences of that reign . Bacon belongs with Sidney and Raleigh in that group of Elizabethans who aimed to be men of affairs , politicians , reformers ,explorers , rather than writers of prose or poetry . He was of noble birth , and from an early age was attached to Elizabeth’s court . Bacon was the son of Sir Nicholas Bacon , Lord Keeper of the Seal , and of the learned Ann Cook ,sister-in-law to Lord Burleigh , greatest of the queen’s statesmen . From these connections , as well as from native gift , he was attracted to the court , and as a child was called by Elizabeth her “Little Lord Keeper” .On a December day in 1680 , while Shakespeare was still writing his great plays , another great English poet was born in London . He was John Milton .Milton’s father made a business of preparing law papers , and was a prosperous man . He was a prosperous man .He was a Puritan , but not so harsh as most of the Puritans of his day , for he loved music and taught his boy to love it . He also lovedbooks , and young John Milton began to show , when a very small boy , that he loved them , too . His father had a private teacher for him , and when scarcely more than ten years old the boy wrote good verses and sat up later than was good for him over his studies .The Neoclassical Period(1660-1700)The 17th century was one of the most tempestuous periods in English history . It was a period when absolute monarchy impeded the further development of capitalism in English and the bourgeoisie could no longer bear the sway of landed nobility . The contradictions between the feudal system and the bourgeoisie had reached its peak and resulted in a revolutionary outburst .To Defoe is often given the credit for discovery of the modern novel ; but whether or not he deserves that honour is an open question . Even a casual reading of Robinson Crusoe (1719), which generally heads the list of modern fiction , shows that this exciting tale is largely an adventure story , rather than the study of human character which Defoe probably intended it to be .The drama of the eighteenth century was extensive , but very little of it has permanent literary or acting value . We havenoted the dramatic work of Addison and Steele in the early part of the century . Within the Age of Johnson several men tried their hands at dramatic work . Thomson , the poet , wrote dramas which are now all but forgotten . Young produced a tragedy called The Revenge . Johnson , who appears in all forms of literature , was the author of a cold and stately classical tragedy named Irene . Fielding wrote a number of comedies before he found his true vocation as a novelist , but none of them would have preserved his fame to posterity . Of the many minor dramatists there is no occasion to speak . Only two men , Goldsmith and Sheridan , produced works which are of high literary quality and which still retain their interest upon the stage . Goldsmith’s two comedies The Good-Natured Man and She Stoops to Conquer , having already received due attention , and it only remains to speak briefly of the dramatic works of Sheridan.The Romantic Period (1798---1832)Romanticism as a literary movement came into being in English early in the latter half of the 18th century . It first made its appearance in English as a renewed interest in medieval literature . The movement was ushered by Thomas Percy , James Macpherson and Thomas Chatterton . William Blake and RobertBurns represented the spirit of what is usually called Pre-Romanticism .George Gordon , Lord Byron , was born in 1788 , of a noble family notorious for their passionate temper , their amatory adventures , and their thriftlessness . To his extraordinary physical beauty , his lameness added a touch of pathos . Personal fascination was his from the first . He mastered his little world of school-fellows at Harrow with the same power of personality which later took captive the imagination of Europe . His first volume of poems , Hours of Idleness , an immature little book , was mercilessly ridiculed in the Edinburgh review . Byron nursed his revenge , and in 1809 he published a vigorous onslaught upon his critics , entitled English Bards and Scotch Reviewers .This poem is written in the manner of Pope , for whom Byron always professed admiration , and is not unworthy of his school , either in mastery of the heroic couplet or in energy of satire . It is significant that Byron’s first performance should have been conceived in a satiric vein , and educed by a blow to his personal pride .Percy Bysshe Shelley was born in 1972 , just when the eyes of all Europe were fixed in hope and fear upon France , and the stars fought in their courses for the triumph of a new order .The short remainder of his life is marked by many great poems , some of considerable length , like the Sensitive Plant and Adonais ; others shorter , among them the wonderful Old to the West Wind , and the best known of all Shelley’s lyrics , To a Sky Lark .The Victorian Period (1836---1901)The precisian may limit the Victorian period to the years between the Queen’s accession in 1837 and her dearth in 1901 , but a new era really began with the passage of the Reform Bill in 1832 and closed at the end of the Boer War in 1902 . The seven decades between these two dates are often divided into three phrases of national life , what is called the “Mid-Victorian” period being considered as embracing the years 1855 to 1879 from the ascendancy of Palmerston to the great economic depression .Out of the vast host of Victorian novelists , the three greatest , Dickens , Thackeray , and George Eliot , will be selected for special study . The first of these to achieve fame was Charles Dickens . This man , who was to become a great portrayer of child life , had a sad , painful childhood . His industry was tremendous , and before Pickwick was finished , Oliver Twist , 1837—1838 , began to appear in a monthlymagazine .Charlotte and Emily Bronte were born in Thornton , Yorkshire , but they were undoubtedly of Celtic blood , for their mother came from Cornwall and their father was born in Ireland . Charlotte set to work on a new novel , Jane Eyre , which was published in August , 1847 . This poetic , imaginative story of the love of a young governess for her married employer also has undoubted connections with Charlotte’s experiences in Brussels . It was an immediate success with both readers and most of the critics . Emily and Anne had been more successful in getting their first novels accepted , and in December , 1847 , a joint book appeared , containing Anne’s Agnes Grey and Emily’s only novel , Wuthering Heights ; neither work attracted much attention . Like Jane Eyre , they were published under the sister’s pseudonyms .Twentieth Century LiteratureThe long and progressive reign of Queen Victoria came to a climax in the Diamond Jubilee Year , a time of peace and plenty when the British Empire seemed to be at the summit of its power and security . Of the discord that soon followed we shall here note only two factors which had large influence on contemporary English literature .英美文学导论论文Only a nation that enters on a dangerous course with eyes wide open has any chance of a safe way out , and the imperialistic nations were all alike blind . An inevitable result was the First World War and the greater horror of a Second World War , the two calamities being different acts of the same tragedy of imperialism , separated only by a breathing spell .Another factor that influenced literature for the worse was a widespread demand for social reform of every kind ; not slow and orderly reform , which is progress , but immediate and intemperate reform , which breeds a spirit of rebellion and despair .班级：广告1102姓名：周萌萌学号：2011013273 第11 页共11 页。

英美文化概论论文

英美文化概论论文－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－－英美文化概论论文In the past few weeks, we spent 10 lessons on essentials of British & American cultures study. In this course, we learn in brief about the history and government system etc. During the Learning process, what impresses me most is the cowboys.An integral part of the story of America, the cowboy is a national icon, a romantic, rugged metaphor for America’s frontier past, Westward expansion and creation myths. Sensationalizedby Hollywood and by real-life bad boys, the heroic, hard-working, hard-riding, free-thinking cowboy is inseparable from American history itself.America’s first cowboys came from Mexico. Beginning in the 1500s, vaqueros—the Spanish term for “cowboy”—were hired by ranchersto drive and tend to livestockbetween Mexico and what is now New Mexico and Texas. During the early 1800s, and leading up to Texas’s independence from Mexico in 1836, the number of English speaking settlers in the area increased. These American settlers took their cues from the vaquero culture, borrowing clothing styles and vocabulary and learning how to drive their cattle in the same way.The vaquero influence persisted throughout the 1800s. Cowboys came from a variety of backgrounds, and included European immigrants, African Americans, Native Americans and Midwestern and Southern settlers. In the nineteenth century, one out of three American cowboys in the south was Mexican.As America built railroads further and further west, fostering industry, transportation and white settlements in former Indian territories, the cowboy played a crucial part in the nation’s expansion. In the early 1800s, Texas cattleman had herded cows via the Shawnee Trail to cattle markets in St. Louis and Kansas City. During the 1860s and following the Civil War, they began herding via the Chisholm and Western Trails towards the new railroads in Kansas, where livestock was then loaded into freight cars and transported to markets around the country.In less than two decades cowboys herded more than six million cows and steers to the railroads. Most cowboys were young—the average age was 24—and hard-working men in need of quick cash, although the pay was low. The work was exhausting and lonely. Cowboys also helped establish towns, spending their money in the “cowtown” settlements across the wes t during their time off. Townspeople frowned oncowboys as lawless troublemakers who brought nothing but violence and immorality, and some even banned them from town.Ranching, or the raising of cattle or other livestock on range land, also expanded during the late nineteenth century. The forced removal of Native Americans and the clearing of the American frontier resulted in the near extinction of the region’s many buffalo and bison. This land, now dominated by white homesteaders, was used for ranching.Public lands on the Great Plains constituted “open range,” where any white settler could buy and raise cattle for grazing. The invention and distribution of barbed wire in the 1870s revolutionized the concept of privately owned land in the Midwest, fencing off homesteads suitable for farming and ranching—but also limiting the work to be done by cowboys.With the rise of private landholdings in the late 1800s, the cattle driving industry had lost its cachet. Private landowners and “free grazers”—vaqueros and cowboys alike—locked horns over what was appropriate use for land whose ownership was also in question. By the 1890s, the wideopen ranges and cattle trails were gone and privatized, and the days of the long cattle drives tothe railroads were over.Smaller-scale cattle drives continued until the mid-1900s, with livestock herded from Arizona to New Mexico and throughout the southwestern United States. Most cowboys left the open trail and took jobs at one of the myriad of private ranches that were settling across the West. But as the work of actual cowboys declined in the U.S., the cowboy lifestyle continued to be popularized—and stereotyped—by a new Hollywood film genre: the Western movie.The late 1900s were tough times for cowboys, ranchers, farmers and anyone working with the land in the U.S. Changing modes of food distribution and production, widespread urbanization and severe economic difficulties forced many to sell their land, go bankrupt, change professions, or take out large loans. As Vern Sager says in The Last Cowboy, “Don’t seem quite fair. A person works hard to make a little and gives it to the bank.”Cowboys in the 21st century might seem like an anachronism, but as Sager demonstrates, their work still needs to be done. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, cowboys—included in the occupation category “support activities for animal production”—numbered 9,730 workers in 2003, making an average of $19,340 per year, working in ranches, stockyards and rodeos. About one-third of these worke rs were listed in the subcategory of “spectator sports,” making their living primarily at rodeos, circuses and theatrical venues as livestock handlers.As the ranchers and cowboys of Sager’s generation age, who will be left to do their jobs? Despite decade s of socioeconomic change, cowboys still don’t have health insurance—and they don’t retire. Times might be changing, but as a symbol of persistence, self-sufficiency and a hard work ethic, cowboys live on.感谢阅读，欢迎大家下载使用！。

英美文化对比全英论文

2012-13学年第1学期2011级英美概况试题姓名学号班级英语成绩A Contrastive Study of British American Characters Abstract: This article is to have a contrastive study of British and American characters.1. IntroductionThe British apparently have a wider vocabulary of swear words than Americans’. While most Britons will use them fairly freely in a social setting, things are a lot more reserved in formal settings & talking to strangers.It is known that there is a closely contact between Britain and America. There are both some similarities and differences between British characters and American characters because of the history, geography and the change of time. This paper has made a Contrastive Study of British and American Characters. It can help readers to know more about British and American culture, which will also improve the reader’s interest in English learning.2.1 American CharactersThe US is a huge nation, the fourth largest in the world. Besides, it is also a young country, a nation of immigrants. With many years of development, America has become the strongest country in the world. They owe many good qualities. In general, American people are characterized by passion, independence, informality and so on.When it comes to American characters, the first one comes to mind maybe “hard-working”, and the pioneering spirit of immigrant which led American settlers to travel westward by the thousands in search of land and gold. For example, U.S president Truman had ever been a farmer, grocery owner, officer and lawyer before he was chosen as president. President Reagan had also engaged in broadcasting, film acting and any other works. At the same time, Americans are independent. It is often seen that children in the street selling newspapers, delivering the milk. No matter what class the family is in, the children areencouraged to be independent and earn money by their own hands. They have the courage to try something new and it is still an important part of the American characters.Americans all believe that, “all men are born equal”. It means all people should be treated equally before the law and given equal privileges and opportunities insofar as government can control these. These are certain freedoms which the United States promises to all citizens and members of minority groups can’t be denied these rights by a vote of the majority. Public protests left their mark upon the American character.In addition, Americans are friendly and humorous, they owe a strong sense of law, and they always think from small to big. These are all American valuable characters.2.2 British CharactersIt is known that Britain is a country with a long period of monarchy. It owes conservative evident at such a historical background. Apart from that, Britain is an island country. It seems to be independent of the other countries. Besides, some social changes have taken places in Britain. Because of geography, history, social changes and other reasons, British people have formed their own unique characters.First of all, the most known quality of British, and in particular of the English, is “reserve”. British people don’t talk very much to strangers, don’t show much emotion, and seldom get excited. They tend to be less emotional and lacking in enthusiasm and passion. It is likely that there is no conversation when British people have to share the compartment with a stranger. Even if a conversation does start, they will refuse to answer personal questions. As a famous saying goes, “An Englishman’s house is his castle”. On one hand, the British people pay little attention to the private affairs of others because they don’t like to impose their own ideas and values on other people. On the other hand, they don’t want their space to be interfered. But in fact, they are perfectly human behind their barrier of reserve. A magazine, which is named English world, says that, “An Englishmanfeels no less deeply than any other nationality, but he tends to display his feelings far less”. British people maybe very pleased when a friendly stranger or foreigner succeeds for a time in breaking the barrier down.Secondly is the famous English sense of humor. Maybe the British people often give the impression of coldness, actually the British people are all top-notch humorist. The English humor is an attitude to life rather than the mere ability to laugh at jokes. Prince Philip, both praised it and illustrated it when he talked of “God’s greatest gift to mankind----a sense of humor”its starting point is self-deprecation, and its great enemy is conceit. When a bad thing happens, they used to talk about it with irony. This shows their sprit of optimism. British people often use the two sentences “It could be worse” and “I have seen worse”Except for those characters, British people are arrogant, it is undeniable. Britain used to be the strongest country in the world at once. Many British people still consider that the world is under control of Britain. Nowadays, English has become a bridge to the world, which makes the British people more proud of themselves.To sum up, British people are full of contradictions. They are reserve while they are humorous. And they are modest while they are arrogant.2.3The Differences in British and American CharactersIn the history, there is a closely relationship between Britain and America .However, because of the different history, geography and the change of time, the two countries have developed different characters.The UK education system works differently, as he's probably aware. Asking people about their "High School" "GPA" "Major" or "Minor" will make people think he assumes that things work the same in the UK as in the US. In the UK, "High School" is roughly equivalent to secondary school and college (college is not used to mean university). Important exams are GCSEs and A levels, which are graded with letters and related to specific subjects. There are no majors and minors in the UK university system - there's just whatever degree you're studying.In general, British people tend to be calm and quiet, but American peopletend to be enthusiastic and active. History may be one of the reasons of those differences, because Britain owes a longer history than America’s. So, British people are more conservative. Then, Britain is an island country. America is a country much larger than Britain and has some neighbors. So it is easy for American to communicate with others and keep pace with the time.4. ConclusionThere are both some similarities and differences between British characters and American characters because of the history, geography and the change of time. British people tend to be calm and quiet, but American people tend to be enthusiastic and active. Different national conditions result in different characters while the characters play an important role in the countries’ future development. So a country should pay much attention to their people’s character, and find ways to improve them. Finally, learning these characters is a good way to improve one’s English and to widen one’s vision.。

英美文化概论---纯正英语版----Education-in-UK[1]

Historically, education was voluntary and many of the schools that existed were set up by churches. The influence of the church on schooling is still strong: until very recently, religious education was the only subject which the state insisted all schools teach their pupils. Daily prayers and singing hymns is still a regular part of school life.
In Britain the academic year is divided into three terms of about twelve weeks each.
The education system in the UK is divided into four main parts, primary education, secondary education, further education and higher education.
not only to provide children with literacy and the other basic skills they will need to become active members of society
but also to socialize children, learn the rules and values they need to become good citizens, to participate in the community, and to contribute to the economic prosperity of an advanced industrial economy.

英美文化差异论文

英美文化差异论文摘要文化是一个复合体，其中包括知识、信仰、艺术、法律、道德、风俗以及人作为社会成员而获得的任何其他能力和习惯。

交际的过程是人们运用语言知识和社会文化知识传递信息的过程，所以学习语言与了解语言所反映的文化背景知识是分不开的。

了解英语文化知识，有助于交际畅通并有效地进行。

相反，缺乏了解英语文化背景知识必然导致交际障碍，冲突和误解。

我的论文所谈的不是因为语法结构出错而导致的词不达意，而且指说话方式的不妥，或不符合表达的习惯，或说得不合时宜。

说话人未能按照英美人的社会风俗习惯来交谈所造成的失误。

交际文化涉及面非常广，从日常见面问候、称赞、致谢、道歉到了解掌握委婉语、禁忌语乃至体态语言等，所以我们要在培养学生英语语言能力的同时，更多地让同学们识别和了解英汉两种交际文化的差异。

让我们更深入的学习英语，了解英语文化的背景和我们学习英语息息相关。

让更多的中国英语使用者在跨文化交际中意识到文化差异的存在，从而知道如何避免由于这种差异带来不必要的冲突，误解和尴尬，让他们在跨文化交际中能进行无障碍的交流。

关键词: 文化差异语言能力文化背景跨文化iAbstractCulture is a complex, including knowledge and belief, art, morals, law, custom, and members of the society who acquired as any other capabilities and habits.The process of communication is people use the language knowledge and social and cultural knowledge transfer information process, so learning language and understanding language reflect the cultural background knowledge is not divided.Understanding of English culture knowledge, help communication unblocked and efficient manner. Instead, lack of understanding of English cultural background knowledge will inevitably lead to communication barriers, conflict and misunderstanding.My thesis not because they are talking to grammar mistakes, and refers to the way the thought of not satisfactory, or do not accord with the habit of expression, or, to be out of date.Speaker fails to the Anglo-American social custom caused by mistake to talk. Range is very wide, communication culture from daily greetings, praise, meet thanks, apologize to the understanding of the euphemism, taboo language and even posture language etc, so we should in training students’ English language ability, meanwhile, more let classmates recognition and understanding of the two communicative English and Chinese cultural difference.Let us more in-depth study English, understand English culture background and we learn English is closely linked. Let more Chinese English speakers in cross-cultural communication is aware of the cultural differences, and know how to avoid unnecessary because the difference of conflict, and misunderstandings and embarrassed, let themin cross-cultural communication can for freely.Keywords: cultural differences language ability cultural background cross-culturaliiContents摘要 (i)Abstract (ii)1 Introduction (1)2 The Purpose and Meaning of this Research (3)2.1 The Purpose (3)2.2 The Meaning (3)3 Comparison of the Traditional Cultures (5)3.1 Chinese V alues and Beliefs (5)3.1.1 V alues of Collectivism and Harmony (5)3.1.2 Hierarchy and Humility (5)3.1.3 Courtesy /Good Manners (5)3.2 American V alues and Beliefs (6)3.2.1 Individual Freedom and Self-Reliance (6)3.2.2 Equality of Opportunity and Competition..............................................................错误！未定义书签。

英美文化毕业论文范文

英美文化毕业论文范文美国是由英国在北美大陆的殖民地发展而来的，因而美国文化与英国文化在许多方面基本一致。

下文是店铺为大家整理的关于英美文化毕业论文范文的内容，欢迎大家阅读参考!英美文化毕业论文范文篇1浅析英美文化差异对英美文学评论的影响摘要：文化是一个国家存在与发展的灵魂，它对一个国家的文学评论能够产生广泛的影响。

本文在分析英美文学的发展与英美文学评价的基础上，从英美两国文化发展载体的差异、文化内涵的差异、文化历史的差异这三个主要方面分析了文化差异对英美文学评论的影响，以期更深入地为大家学习、欣赏英美文学作品提供一些有益的参考。

关键词：文化差异英美文学文学评论文化伴随着人类历史的产生而产生，广泛而深刻影响着人类社会的历史生活，并在长期的历史发展中表现出了民族文化的差异性，促成了世界文化多元的发展。

在多元文化发展的这一社会大背景下，对于英美文学评论的影响因素很多，其中文化差异的因素对英美文学评论所产生的影响最为广泛和深远。

一、英美文学的发展与英美文学评论英美文学与英美文学评论是相伴产生的，英美文学作品是将英美文化艺术性地展现，而英美文学评论则是通过英美文学这一手段重新审视与剖析英美社会文化生活。

两者之间的联系是紧密的，也是必然的。

因而，探讨文化差异对英美文学的评论影响，有必要对英美文学的发展历史作出梳理。

1 、英美文学发展英美文学作品是英美两国人民智慧的结晶，同时也是英美文化的表现形式。

英美文学不单单是英美语言的艺术性体现，同时也是对英美人民现实生活的艺术性展现，是世界人民认识英美文化的一个窗口。

英语作为一种交流的工具，在英美文学作品中，被用来表达英美人的思想、情感。

英国的文学发展史可谓是源远流长，英国文学先后经历了盎格鲁·撒克逊阶段、文艺复兴阶段、新古典主义阶段、浪漫主义阶段、现实主义阶段以及现代主义阶段。

纵观英国文学的发展阶段，我们不难发现，其每一个阶段在文学成就上都具有独特的文学艺术魅力。

英美文化期末论文英美间的文化差异英文版

英美文化期末论文英美间的文化差异英文版 YUKI was compiled on the morning of December 16, 2020T h e D i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n E n g l a n d a n d A m e r i c a Abstract: the paper is to show the difference between American and English in several aspects, such as geographical location, cultural environment and the most important part, the language.Key words: Culture Environment,Education,food,Table MannerIntroductionThe paper deals with the The Difference between England and America.Culture is a complex, including knowledge and belief, art, morals, law, custom, and members of the society who acquired as any other capabilities and habits.1. Culture EnvironmentBritain is a traditional European country with long historical tradition continuity, and there had been a hierarchy in British society for a long time. And in UK there always has been a monarchy. So, the British likes to remember past times and old acquaintances, tends to be conservative, and behaves like a gentleman. All these need culture accumulation, and these character and qualities can’t be made if the country is without a long history. However, the U.S. is precisely without a very profound historical accumulation and is a young country.So, the Americans dare to innovate and stress emphasis on personal value. On the other hand, in the United States, there are not a lot of constrains. They feel free to make bold innovations.In addition, thereis a great difference in the population composition of the two countries. The United States is a nation of immigrants, people comes from all countries and regions in the world. So, the culture of the United States shows different characteristics. People in American can accept andabsorb all the culture factors all over the world. U.S. attitude toward foreign cultures is an open. However, comparing to the United States,the structure of the UK population appears to be simplex.2.Geographical LocationThe geographic location of the United Kingdom and the United States are different, one in European continent, one continent of the America. The United Kingdom, after a long period of development, has been very wealthy, so they are decent and conservative. But at the beginning ofthe United States, the United States is in a completely unfamiliar and barren continent, the first settlers were called pioneers, so they haveto have the courage to take risks. If they do not have the spirit of adventure, they will not be able to survive, not to mention development, the hard environment eventually made the American spirit. In addition,the difference of European culture and American cultural contributes tothe difference of the two countries. English suffers from the influence from other European countries, like France, Germany, but American was influenced by the culture of the other countries in American continentas well as the native Indian.3. EducationFrom the educational philosophy of the education system in theUnited States, there are the characteristics of diversity and openness, international and flexibility, which enable the U.S. Department of Education to ensure educational equity and equality of opportunity to receive education, and take full advantage of the strengths of educational objects, so education is the dynamic, vibrant in American.It also reflects what the Americans have been in pursuit, the freedomand equality. British education has a rigorous style of study and impeccable the education system. The UK has a strict quality control system, the teaching quality evaluation and the research Assessment from all the school in England are announced to the world, higher education institutions in the UK will be checked in a regular routine. This rigorous attitude is also reflected in the assessment of the student. Many students can’t get a degree if they fail in passing the assessment. Ethics and professionalism of English teachers ensure the quality of its education. British education also reflects British conservative andrigorous character.4.Traditional English food and confluent American foodBritish food, as we know, is very traditional. They don’t used to change their habit of food very frequently. Like other northern European cuisines, it majors heavily on meats, dairy products, wheat and root vegetables and a diet conductive to manual labor and red-faced citizens. The nineteenth century idea of a varied diet was one with differentsorts of meat in it. Milk and vegetables were regarded as not only uneatable raw, but highly dangerous until boiled thoroughly. To acertain extent this is understandable, in an era without refrigeration, when typhoid and cholera could strike even the wealthy; over-cooking everything was probably a sensible course to take. People in English have a special eating habit. Firstly, the main meal in England seems to be eaten in the evening. Secondly, a big English breakfast is not something that many English people seem eat. Most of them have a light meal of cornflakes or toast and marmalade, orange juice and coffeerather than the eggs, sausages, bacon, bread, mushrooms and tomatoes. Fish has always been an important food in Britain. There are jellied eels, kippers or bloaters or crabs and so on. But the most popular ofall is fish and chips, splashed with vinegar and eaten in the street out of a paper bag . British have a habit of drinking tea. “A nice cup oftea, the stronger the better”is supposed to be the British cure for all problems. Although many different drinks can be found in Britain, tea is undoubtedly the favorite at any time of the day and is the essential basis of afternoon tea. This is a meal that can vary from tea and a biscuit to the cooked high tea with lots of cakes served in the north. In the south west of England it is usually a cream tea, with home-made scones, strawberry jam and piles of thick clotted cream. People vary seldom have the thin cucumber sandwiches described in novels.American cuisine : The United States is a land of delicious eating. The two concepts essential to understanding US food are regionalism and diversity, accent on the latter. After all, Italian food differs from province to province and city to city as well. But key themes run through Italy’s food from south to north simply because its people have such strong roots in the Italian soil. Not so with the US. A nation of newcomers, its food reflects its origins. Long before Europeans setfoot on American soil, vibrant and healthy civilizations nurtured themselves off the bounty of the land. They taught the settlers to plant the holy trinity of Native American cuisine—corn, beans and squash. The settlers returned the favor by nearly exterminating their benefactors, but those three foods played a vital in defining American cuisine. They retain their importance today across the continent—grits, cornbread in the South, tortillas and pinto beans in the Southwest, baked beans andsuccotash in the Northeast and pumpkin pie just about everywhere for Thanksgiving. American cuisine has come a long way since the early daysof corn, beans and squash and along the way it has spawned some unforgettable food. Nonetheless the US remains a great place for great eating. Delicious regional styles remain a great place for great eating. Delicious regional styles remain and the new blood of immigrants sparks the imagination of the finest chefs while making for great inexpensive food in the cities. So come and get it.5. Table MannerAt table, the British people pays special attention to table manners, such as, they should not talk at table, should not beat tableware as well. They have a strict requirement on how to use knives and forks. While Americans on the relatively few occasions will do so, they likefast and convenient food, they do not require delicate or luxury dinner but they pay more attention to popular food. American favorite food is known as KFC, McDonald's and pizza hut, the junk food. This diet keepsthe American obesity rate high. But from the diet habits, it is not difficult for us to find that the American do everything vigorously and resolutely and do not stick to the trifles.ConclusionIn a word, there are lots of different conventions in the Britishand the American’s culture. These conventions can be easy found in their daily life. They are all the symbols of the society development. They made us know a lot about the culture in the European countries. So if you have any interests on it, try to learn something about that and I’m sure we can benefit from it more . we can see that the British are sensitive, restrained, conservative, they tend to be rational rigorous and gentlemanly. By comparison, Americans are warm and cheerful, bold and frank. They are with a spirit of adventure and innovation. Reference[1]Brown, G. and G. Yule. Discourse Analysis[M]. London: Cambridge University Press, 1983.[2]Deng,Yanchang&Liu,Runqing. language and culture[M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 1989.[3]Hu,Wenzhong&C.H.Grove Encountering the Chinese[M]. Yarmouth: Intercutural Press, Inc 1991.[4Maryanne&Joann&Edward.American ways—An Introduction to American Culture[M]. Beijing: The World Books Publishing House , 2006.[5]Xu,Lisheng.Intercultural Communication in English[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press , 2004.[6]Yang,Min&Wang,Keqi&Wang, Hengzhang.An Outline of the Traditional Chinese Culture [M].Beijing: China Ocean University Publishing House, 2003.[7]Zhang , Ailin.Intercultural Communication[M]. Chongqing: Chongqing University Publishing House 2003.[8]高一虹.语言文化差异的认识与超越[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，2000-2.[9]胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999.[10]何毅.中西文化比较[M]. 北京：冶金工业出版社，2007-9.[11]简孙.中国结·美国梦: 中美文化差异趣谈[M]. 河南：河南人民出版社，2006.[12]李军.中西文化比较[M]. 北京：中国人民大学出版社，2010-1.[13]王易.中西文化比较概论[M]. 北京：航空工业出版社，1999-08.[14]杨海庆.中西文化差异及汉英语言文化比较[M]. 北京：知识产权出版社，2005.[15]张从益.文化语言学研究[M]. 陕西：西北工业大学出版社，2009.。

英美文化异同英语作文初一

In comparing the cultures of the United Kingdom and the United States,it is essential to recognize both the similarities and differences that define these two Englishspeaking nations.Here is an exploration of the cultural aspects that are shared and those that set them apart,particularly from the perspective of a junior high school student.Shared Cultural Aspects:nguage:The most obvious shared cultural element is the English language,which serves as the primary means of communication in both countries.However,it is important to note that there are variations in accents,dialects,and even vocabulary.cation System:Both countries value education highly,with a structured system that includes primary,secondary,and higher education.The importance of academic achievement is emphasized in both cultures.3.Literature and Arts:The literary and artistic heritage of both nations is rich and influential,with many famous authors,playwrights,and artists from the UK and the US having a global impact.4.Sports:Sports play a significant role in both cultures,with football soccer in the US, cricket,and rugby being popular in the UK,and American football,baseball,and basketball being prominent in the US.Cultural Differences:1.Food:British cuisine is known for its hearty dishes like fish and chips,roast dinners, and full English breakfasts,while American cuisine is characterized by a wider variety of food,including fast food,barbecue,and a mix of ethnic cuisines.2.Social Etiquette:The British are often seen as more reserved and polite,with a strong emphasis on manners and formality in certain situations.Americans,on the other hand, are generally considered more casual and direct in their interactions.3.Political Systems:The UK has a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system, while the US operates under a federal presidential system.This difference in governance structures influences many aspects of daily life,including public policy and national identity.4.Holidays and Celebrations:While both countries celebrate Christmas and New Years Day,they have different holidays that are unique to each nation.For example,the UKcelebrates Bonfire Night and the Queens Official Birthday,while the US has Independence Day and Thanksgiving.5.Fashion:British fashion tends to be more conservative and classic,with a focus on tailored clothing and understated elegance.American fashion is more diverse and includes a wide range of styles,from casual to high fashion.6.Attitude Towards Work:The British are known for their punctuality and dedication to work,while Americans often value flexibility and a worklife balance.7.Television and Media:Both countries have a strong media presence,but the content and style can differ.British TV shows often have a more subtle humor and narrative style, while American shows tend to be more direct and actionoriented.8.Transportation:Public transportation is more widely used and integrated into daily life in the UK,especially in urban areas,whereas in the US,personal car ownership is more common.Understanding these cultural nuances can help students appreciate the rich tapestry of the Englishspeaking world and foster a deeper understanding of the global community.。

《英美社会与文化》课程论文

中南大学《英美社会与文化》课程论文题目：Views on the American Dream院（系）专业学生姓名成绩任课教师任秀2016年6月10日Views on the American Dream【Abstract】American dream is a common belief among many Americans. "All men are created equally, given to them by their creator some an inalienable rights, among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness ",more than two hundred years,It attracted more and more young people from all over the world, came to the United States to achieve their dreams and their own value,and a lot of stories seem to indicate that, as long as there iswisdom, there can be a success in American. At the beginning ,the American Dream just serve as pursuit of freedom, but when the time goes by, it followed the footsteps of times, enricheditselfconnotation.【Key Words】American Dream ; The pursuit of freedom; happiness; new;By looking at baidubakie,we can kown,there are broad sense and narrow sense about American Dream. The broad sense refers to the equality, freedom, democracy ,while the narrow sense is a kind of believe that as long as the American people work hard ,they will get a better life."Life is like a box of chocolate, you don't know which one will be selected." The person who watched Forrest Gump would be impressive about this sentence. This moive is a perfect interpretation of the American dream, Protagonist Agam is a men whose IQ is not high, but he insisted on running, joined the Vietnam War, witnessed the ping-pong diplomacy of China and the United States. Eventually, he became the embodiment of the American spirit,.There is no doubt that the film tell us a truth: if you work hard, you will succeed. When you watch American movies or American TV shows, this kind of thinking is always there.Nowadays, many people will say, American Dream has already become the chrysanthemums after the Double Ninth Festival. Many people dream of getting rich. and they abandoned their homeland or immigrant or study or illegal immigrants, after arduous, came to this piece of land and no such as they expected, that gold is everywhere. In fact, from the beginning, we have a misunderstanding of the American dream, America is not heaven.the American Dream isn’t the pursuit of material.President Obama gives the American dream a new meaning , on November 7, 2012 ,in his Victory Speech, he said:” But despite all our differences, most of us share certain hopes for America's future.We want our kids to grow up in a country where they have access to the best schools and the best teachers —a country that lives up to its legacy as the global leader in technology and discovery and innovation —with all of the good jobs and new businesses that follow……America, I believe we can build on the progress we've made and continue to fight for new jobs and new opportunities and new security for the middle class. I believe we can keep the promise of our founding, the idea that if you're willing to work hard, it doesn't matter who you are or where you come from or what you look like or where you love . It doesn't matter whether you're black or white or Hispanic or Asian or Native American or young or old or rich or poor, abled, disabled, gay or straight. You can make it here in America if you're willing to try.”Equality of results and equality of opportunity is different , equality of opportunity is the core of American dream.References：[1].刘植荣，解读美国梦[2].鲍玲玲, Interpretation of the American dream[3].深圳商报2008年6月12日奥巴马诠释“美国梦”[4].中国新闻网“美国梦”真的破碎了吗？[5].The President Obama’s victory speech: to the American dream forever[6]Time: the rise and fall of the "American dream"学期感想本学期的课就这样结束了，不说英语水平有没有提高？提高的多与少？上课的愉快氛围我还是很喜欢的，上课的方式也是很新颖的，同学们轮流上去授课，可以增加同学们的参与感，也能提升同学们的综合能力。

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英美文化报告
个人主义的现代概念实际上开始了作为一个术语的虐待,遵守McClay威尔弗雷德m…约瑟夫·德·Maistre以此来描述在19th世纪最应受到谴责的方面的法国大革命,包括自然权利学说,允许任何个人自己的道德的仲裁者。

几年后,托克维尔描述为“个人主义”这一新的社会哲学,“配置每个社区的成员自己与他的同伴从一大堆,都可以得到他的家人和朋友分开。

“这是,换句话说,刻意回避的责任国籍
1。

开始的美国
在1492年,一个伟大的人第一次发现了一个很棒的大陆,有一个很大的影响,在整个世界。

伟人是克利斯朵夫哥伦布和伟大的大陆是美利坚合众国,后来成为一个超级大国,在世界上。

哥伦布的伟大的发现是最重大的事件之一,人类的历史,改变了世界的其余部分,直到永远。

2.1的价值和信仰进一步影响了外国人。

什么影响外国最价值观与信仰的国家。

这些已经改变了人们的生活在世界的每一个角落,吸引了越来越多的人来到这个国家。

美国成为一个乐园,那些外国人想实现自己的梦想,并寻找财富,因为他们是独立的,并且可以成为自己。

此外,他们是免费从控制过量的政治、宗教和社会控制。

他们住在作为个人还是可以把他们都在自己的生意。

里面是个人主义的价值。

摘要个人主义是美国从未想过2.2一个否定词。

当你听说过这个,你可能会觉得个人主义是一个否定的词,它怎么能成为一个最重要的价值在美国。

事实上,它是一件积极的在美国。

托克维尔认为这是一个新的社会哲学,“配置每个社区的成员自己与他的同伴从一大堆,都可以得到他的家人和朋友分开”。

在美国,它已经是一种公民责任,从不认为是消极的。

2.3事实上,个人主义有两面,认为个人主义是美国的价值是不可缺少的组成部分。

摘要个人主义是美国的价值是不可缺少的组成部分,并且意思是非常不同的是在在世界上的其他国家。

在美国文化中,个人主义的概念有两方面:积极的一面消极的一面,因为每件事都有它的好与坏的一面。

为积极的一面,它强调自强、自立、自主精神,控制自己的生活和责任为别人着想的人。

个人主义的积极面描述的未开发土地上的精神在荒野中单独和步枪和轴,强调政府控制的冷漠的,并坚持自己的权利。

换句话说,它包括三个要素:机会对个人、给予自由,鼓励多样化。

个人的负面的结果self-concerning过多。

和这种行为会伤感情和兴趣的朋友,家庭,甚至整个社会。

这将会发展成两个差别:不同的自然资源的储存保护和那些远远抛在脑后。

这可能导致社会动荡和不公平。

2.4个人主义是最核心的美国文化和占据最重要的位置在美国意识形态。

在美国,人们喜欢不同种类的英雄,那些英雄存在于现实社会,如第一
president-George华盛顿,或那些英雄只存在于小说和电影,如《蜘蛛侠》。

它们都有一个质量在美国人的眼里,是一个非常成功的个人为“个人主义”。

不像我们中国人民,我们把英雄基于统一,因为团结就是力量。

当美国人认为英雄基于实现个人达到用自己的努力,智慧和能力。

例如,中国人民始终有密切关联的亲戚、朋友和其他人在他们的日常生活中。

但是美国人认为他们可以处理的问题,用自己未来在自己手中,他们可以拯救自己。

3。

不同的信仰摆脱罪恶。

相信人可以拯救自己是伟大的受摧残。

在清教徒,据说,每个人都是天生就有原罪,它是大自然犯错误的人在他们的一生。

它已成为一个重要的事让他们摆脱罪恶。

如何实现这个吗?这一切都取决于自己。

正如以前所说,这是达到他们自己的能力和智慧。

在中国的佛教,也有一种说法,就是人出生时就有了罪。

但是摆脱这是不同的。

为中国人民的方法就是一个善良的人,总以为别人在你的生活中,因为恶总是输给了善良。

4。

《独立宣言》把兴趣和潜力的个人。

有句名言在《独立宣言》中,以个人兴趣和潜力,“所有的人都生来平等,他们被他们的创造者赋予内在和不可剥夺的权利,其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利,本杰明·富兰克林解释为个人是作者自己的生命,有全权构建他意志”,这是美国人的普遍认可。

根据这一点,不管多么卑微的他在第一个开始,他可以成功的帮助下自己的艰苦的工作,而且可以成为一个中产阶级的人。

5。

结论
总之,美国个人主义是不同于其他国家。

在美国,个人主义是一种价值,不能生气的。

我们要把它客观、中立的方式。

个人不等于自私。

当个人得太过分了,就会变得自私。

在某种程度上,他们没有相互认识。

在个人主义的价值,美国人建造了大的国家,达到成功的学生的智力、性格、能力和雄心壮志。

在辽阔的美国,美国人的生活、劳动,使基于个人主义的重要价值。