Police Functions
2020 FORD POLICE INTERCEPTOR UTILITY 产品说明书
ALL-POINTS BULLETIN: BE ON THE LOOKOUT FOR THIS NO-NONSENSE, NO-TRADE-OFFS HYBRID POLICE UTILITY1Innovation: It’s all about making a great thing better. The Police Interceptor ® Utility is purpose-built in the U.S.A.2 and continues to break new ground as the second pursuit-rated hybrid from Ford – and its third overall electrified vehicle for law enforcement. Ford is also equipping each Police Interceptor Utility with a built-in Ford modem and a complimentary 2-year Ford Telematics ™ subscription,3 which provide timely cloud-based fleet management to help optimize running costs and improve asset utilization. No wonder the Ford Police Interceptor Utility outsells all other police vehicles combined.4Improved performance: Fortified with full-time Intelligent AWD, a state-of-the-art 3.3L V6 hybrid and an all-new 10-speed transmission, the 2020 Police Interceptor Utility outperforms today’s 3.7L V6 AWD Police Interceptor Utility, not to mention all police utility competitors – including V8-equipped models – that participated in official testing.5 Acceleration figures and top-speed numbers were tallied during rigorous evaluations conducted by the Michigan State Police and Los Angeles County Sheriff’s Department.5 (See the back cover for testing details.) And so you know, the police-calibrated AWD isn’t an afterthought. It’s on duty full time and easy to operate – just drive. Preemptive torque is delivered by the millisecond among all 4 wheels to help maximize traction even when maneuvering on dry pavement.Potential fuel savings: The standard hybrid drivetrain offers significant improvements in fuel use, factoring in reduced engine idle time and projected improved EPA-estimated fuel economy;6potentially saving $3,509 per vehicle per year. Calculation based on comparison with the 3.7L V6 Police Interceptor, with an example fuel price of $2.75 per gallon. (See the next page for in-depth calculations.) Fewer fill-ups equates to reduced downtime, keeping vehicles and officers on the road.Exceptional safety: The 2020 Police Interceptor Utility is 75-mph rear-impact crash tested,7 which is well above the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard of 50 mph. Ford Police Interceptors continue a tradition of being the only vehicles in the world engineered to meet the test. SPACE (Side Protection And Cabin Enhancement) Architecture and ultra-high-strength boron steel enhance vehicle integrity, while deflective steel anti-stab plates are built into the driver and front-passenger seat backs.Passenger/cargo room in abundance: Total interior volume is upped to 170.0 cu. ft. It’s a full 3.5 cu. ft. more space than what’s in the current Police Interceptor Utility. Passenger volume remains spacious at 118.0 cu. ft., and cargo volume behind the 2nd row expands generously to 52.0 cu. ft. – even with the addition of the hybrid’s battery pack, which is located out of the way, under the vehicle. Ultra-durable cloth front seating remains specially contoured and slim-bolstered.Upfit-friendly: In addition to the universal equipment top tray and front console mounting plate, 4 remappable steering wheel-mounted switches come standard. Headlamps are now automatic on/off and feature LED low- and high-beam functions, with factory-integrated wig-wag functionality and pre-drilled holes for user-installed warning strobes. Enhanced durability: The regenerative braking system is police-tuned, and the wheels, hubcaps and tires are police-purposed. The alternator, plus the steering and suspension components, are heavy-duty to meet the demands of police performance. Supplemental front-door tethers strengthen hinge action, and the high-capacity cooling system has been improved. Validation testing takes into account 8" curb impacts, 30-mph railroad crossings, median crossings, water fording to 10" at 40 mph,8 water fording to 18" at 15 mph,8 and more.1Available Summer 2019. 2Assembled in the U.S.A. with domestic and foreign parts. 32 year subscription for Ford T elematics starts on vehicle sale date. Subscription features may be limited. Factors causing this limitation may include, but are not limited to, not yet available. 7 The full-size spare tire secured in the factory location is necessary to achieve police-rated 75-mph rear-impact crash-test issues related to cellular coverage, carrier outages and carrier network service interruptions. Complimentary service ends after 2 years. 4Based on IHS Markit new vehicle registration data limited to government entities and POL and SSV trim vehicles for performance attributes. 8Driving through standing water can be hazardous. Ford does not recommend driving through deep or flowing water 2020 POLICE INTERCEPTOR UTILITY • full year 2017. 5Based on preliminary Michigan State Police and Los Angeles County Sheriff s Department test results for the 2018 calendar year. 6Projected EPA-estimated combined rating of 24 mpg. Actual mileage will vary. Final EPA-estimated ratings as you may lose control of your vehicle. Always know water depth before proceeding.-’RESPONSIVE TO YOUR RIGHT FOOT AND, MORE IMPORTANTLY, YOUR BUDGET1EPA-estimated combined rating of 17 mpg. Actual mileage will vary. 2Projected EPA-estimated combined rating of 24 mpg. Actual mileage will vary. Final EPA-estimated ratings not yet available. 3Idle Fuel Consumption estimates are based on fuel flow measurements taken during 2 hours of continuous idling. Vehicles were driven for 18 miles at highway speeds prior to idling. Idle testing was conducted in an indoor facility at 73°F. The following vehicle accessories were activated during the test:Climate Control A/C, set to full cool condition; Vehicle Audio System, set to 30% of maximum volume. An electrical power draw load box drawing 32 amps was also connected to each vehicle s 12 volt battery to simulate the following estimated Police accessory loads: Emergency Lights (est. 25 amps); Laptop Computer (est. 3 amps); Police Radio (est. 4 amps). Additional testing details are available at ford.to/2H9qBEf. 4Burning a gallon of E10 ethanol fuel produces about 17.68 pounds of CO 2 emitted from the fossil fuel content, according to data provided by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (http://ford.to/eiareport). 52 year subscription for Ford Telematics starts on vehicle sale date. Subscription features may be limited. Factors causing this limitation may 2020 POLICE INTERCEPTOR UTILITY • include, but are not limited to, issues related to cellular coverage, carrier outages and carrier network service interruptions. Complimentary service ends after 2 years. 6When properly equipped.MEETING THE MODERN DEMANDS OF LAW ENFORCEMENT TO BE BETTER EQUIPPED TO GET THE JOB DONEDuty-ready technology: Over $2,000 worth of additional standard features – along with improved horsepower, torque, acceleration and top speed – create even more potential value for taxpayers’ money. The built-in Ford modem and complimentary 2-year Ford Telematics ™5 subscription make for a powerful, yet simple-to-use way to receive timely manufacturer-grade information, insights and solutions regarding fuel savings, CO 2 emissions reduction, vehicle health and more. Bluetooth ®wireless connectivity is also standard, allowing for pass-through voice commands to mobile devices – officers can keep their hands on the wheel and eyes on the road.As already noted, low-/high-LED headlamps with wig-wag capability and pre-drilled strobe holes come standard, as do 4 user-configurable switches on the steering wheel. The steering column itself now has both tilt and telescoping functionality.Additional standard technological enhancements:• D eep sand/snow traction control has a handy on/off button in the control panel• C lass III trailer tow receiver ups the trailer-towing capacity to a max. 5,000 lbs.6• A utomatic on/off headlamps revert to the last-used position • D ual-zone electronic automatic temperature control (DEATC) optimizes comfort Optional technologies:• M onitoring approximately 270 degrees of movement outside the vehicle, factory-installed Police Perimeter Alert is an enhanced version of Surveillance Mode thatanalyzes motion to determine if behavior is a potential threat; a visual display in the center stack shows moving objects, the motion trail and threat level (if suspicious behavioris detected, a chime sounds, the rear camera turns on, windows roll up and doors lock)• A ctivate the Rear Camera On Demand anytime, at any speed, for as long as desired • P re-Collision Assist with Pedestrian Detection (and Forward Collision Warning) also includes Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) with a unique temporary disable switch for law enforcement• A n AGM battery (92 amp-hr, 900-CCA) handles hundreds of charge-discharge cycles • T he Class III Trailer Tow Lighting Package helps ensure maximum visibility-EXTERIOR COLORS*Metallic.Oxford WhiteLight Blue*INTERIOR COLORBecause of occasional variations in printing, consult your Ford Dealerto ensure the true color choice you make is correct. Colors shown arerepresentative only. See your dealer for actual paint/trim options. Visit for more information on colors and special paint options.Silver Gray*12Visit for complete package content. 3Horsepower and torque ratings achieved with 2020 POLICE INTERCEPTOR UTILITY •93-octane fuel. 4New for 2020.。
专业英语(测控专业)
Lession 1Function in use•normal probability function 概率正态分布函数•orthonormal function 正交函数•self-correlation function 自相关函数•trigonometrical function 三角函数•unbounded function 无界函数•unit step function 单位阶跃函数•zero Bessel function 零次贝塞尔函数•function of first degree 一次函数•function of many variables 多元函数•function of random variable 随机变量函数Periodic signals 周期信号Time-domain description 时域描述Polynomial expansion 多项式Taylor series 泰勒级数Fourier series 傅里叶级数Frequency-domain description 频域描述Orthogonal function 正交函数Vectors 矢量Description in dictionary•描述：描述的行为，过程或技术•声明，叙述：描述某事的声明或叙述•用画表示：•一种，一类：Description in text•A discussion of orthogonal functions and of their value for the description of signals may be conveniently introduced by considering the analogy between signals and vectors.•通过分析信号和矢量之间的相似之处，引入用来描述信号的正交函数概念。
Description in use•published a description of her travels; gave a vivid description of the game•出版她的游记；关于这场比赛的生动描述•Monet's ethereal descriptions of haystacks and water lilies.•莫内关于干干草垛和睡莲的精妙描绘•cars of every size and description.•各种大小和类型的小汽车Function in dictionary•作用，功能•职务，职责•角色，工作•重大聚会，庆典•函数：功能：•操作：子程序•Function in text•The fact that great majority of functions which may usefully be considered as signals are functions of lends justification to the treatment of signal theory in terms of time and of frequency.•借助于时间和频率的信号处理理论，许多常被看作是信号的函数都用来进行信号处理。
RDF800KN NF VB Smart Infrastructure 3174 系列触摸屏置于墙板
CB1N3174en3174RDF800KN, RDF800KN/NFRDF800KN/VBTouch Screen Flush-mount Room Thermostats with KNX CommunicationsRDF800KNRDF800KN/VBRDF800KN/NFFor 2-pipe, 2-pipe with electrical heater, and 4-pipe fan coil units For universal applicationsFor use with compressors in DX type equipment• KNX bus communications (S-mode and LTE mode) • Large display with backlight • 2P / PI / P control• Outputs for ON/OFF or 3-position control • Outputs for 3-speed or 1-speed fan• 2 multifunctional inputs for keycard contact, external sensor, etc. • Independent function for window contact and presence detector • Operating modes: Comfort, Economy and Protection • Automatic or manual fan speed control• Automatic or manual heating / cooling changeover• Minimum and maximum limitation of room temperature setpoint • Control depending on the room or the return air temperature • Adjustable commissioning and control parameters• Commissioning with Synco ACS, ETS5 or via local HMI • Interoperation into Synco 700• Integration into Desigo via group (ETS5) or via individual addressing • Integration into third-party system via group addressing (ETS5) • AC 230 V operating voltage• RDF800KN, RDF800KN/VB: Mounting on round box, with min 60 mmdiameter or recessed square 86 mm box with 60.3 mm fixing centers and min 40 mm depth• RDF800KN/NF: Mounting on recessed square 86 mm box with 60.3 mmfixing centers and min 40 mm depth, requires additional mounting frameUseRoom temperature control (heating or cooling) in individual rooms and zones bymeans of:•2-pipe fan coil units•2-pipe fan coil units with electrical heater•4-pipe fan coil units•Chilled /heated ceiling•Chilled /heated ceiling and electrical heater•Chilled ceiling and radiator / under floor heating•Compressors in DX-type equipment•Compressors in DX-type equipment with electrical heaterThe RDF800KN... controls:•One single or 3-speed fan•One or two ON/OFF valve actuators•One ON/OFF valve actuator and one 1-stage electrical heater•One 3-position valve actuator•One 1-stage compressor in DX-type equipment, or one 1-stage compressor withelectrical heaterUsed in systems with:•Heating or cooling mode•Automatic heating/cooling changeover•Manual heating/cooling changeover•Heating and cooling mode (such as 4-pipe system)The room thermostats are delivered with a fixed set of applications. The relevantapplication is selected and activated during commissioning using one of thefollowing tools:•Synco ACS•ETS5•Local DIP switch and HMIFunctions•Room temperature control via built-in temperature sensor or external roomtemperature / return air temperature sensor•Changeover between heating and cooling mode (automatically via local sensoror bus, or manually)•Selection of applications via DIP switches or commissioning tool•Selection of operating mode via touch screen•Temporary Comfort mode extension•1- or 3-speed fan control (automatically or manually)•Display of current room temperature or setpoint in °C and/or °F•Minimum and maximum limitation of room temperature setpoint•Keylock function: unlock, total lock and setpoint• 2 multifunctional inputs, freely selectable for:−Window contact−Presence detector−External room temperature or return air temperature sensor−Fault input−Monitor input for temperature sensor or switch state−Sens or for automatic heating / cooling changeover (RDF…)−Dew point sensor (RDF…)−Electric heater enable (RDF…)•Advanced fan control function, such as: fan kick, fan start delay, and selectablefan operation (enable, disable or depending on heating or cooling mode)2 / 20•Purge function together with 2-port valve in a 2-pipe changeover system•Reminder to clean fan filters (adjust with P62)•Floor heating temperature limitation•Reload factory settings for commissioning and control parameters•Wizard function for easy commissioning via HMI•KNX bus (terminals CE+ and CE-) for communication with Synco or KNXcompatible devices•Display of time of day via KNX bus•Display of outdoor temperature via KNX bus on INFO page•Time scheduling and central control of setpoints via KNX bus•With a Synco RMx7xx controller, the energy demand signal of the thermostat isused to optimize energy supplyApplicationsThe thermostats support the following applications, which can be configured usingthe DIP switches on the inner side of the thermostat's front panel or acommissioning tool.All DIP switches need to be set to OFF (factory setting) to select an application viacommissioning tool.Remote configuration, via commissioning tool (factory setting)•Synco ACS•ETS5 DIP switchesRemote configuration3 / 20Applications for fan coil systemsV1 Heating or heating / cooling valve actuator B1 Return air temperature sensor or external roomtemperature sensor (optional) V2 Cooling valve actuator B2 Changeover sensor (optional)E1 Electric heater M1 3- or 1-speed fan4 / 20V1 Heating or heating / cooling valve actuator B1 Return air temperature sensor or external roomtemperature sensor (optional)V2 Cooling valve actuator B2 Changeover sensor (optional)E1 Electric heater D3 Dewpoint sensor5 / 20N1 ThermostatTerminal Y1: Heating (H&C) or Heating/Cooling Terminal Y2: Cooling (H&C) B1 Return air temperature sensor or external room temperature sensor (optional)E1 Electric heater D3 Dewpoint sensor6 / 20Type summary2)Mounting frames are not included and must be ordered separately. See“Accessories”Ordering•When ordering, indicate the product number, SSN and name.For example: RDF800KN/NF (S55770-T335) room thermostatRDF800KN (S55770-T350) room thermostat• A mounting frame must be ordered for RDF800KN/NF installation(See “Accessories”).•Order valve actuators separately.Equipment combinationsON/OFF actuators7 / 208 / 20For the maximal number of actuators in parallel, refer to information in the data sheets of the selected actuators and to this list, depending on which value is lower: • Parallel operation of max 6 SS… actuators (3-pos) is possible. • Parallel operation of max 10 ON/OFF actuators is possible. • Parallel operation of SQS35 is not possible.Accessories3-position actuatorsNote:9 / 20Mechanical designThe thermostats consist of the following parts:• Front panel with electronics, operating elements and built-in room temperature sensor.• Mounting base with power electronics.• Mounting frame is an additional part to complete the installation for RDF800KN/NF.The rear of the mounting base contains the screw terminals. Slide the front panel in the mounting base and snap on.Operation and settingsDisplayStatus symbols:Key lockManual override Alarm / Service reminder Cooling active Scheduler via bus Heating active FAN ACTIVE Auxiliary heat activeSelection symbols:Indoor temperatureComfort mode Outdoor temperature Economy modeProtection mode Operational icons:+Increment, decrement OR selection ③ ④Selection OR move to next itemsTemperature OR parameter values, and etc.Time clock (12 / 24 hour), parameter number OR password, and etc.Setpoint mode (temperature only) Fan mode OR fan speed mode Operating modeSetting modeEngineering notesSee the "Reference documentation", page 15, for information on how to engineerthe KNX bus (topology, bus repeaters, etc.) and how to select and dimensionconnecting cables for supply voltage and field devices.Mounting and installationMount the room thermostat on a conduit box. Do not mount on a wall in niches orbetween bookshelves, behind curtains, above or near heat sources, or exposed todirect solar radiation. Mount about 1.5 m above the floor.•Do not apply excessive force on screws! The deformation of the mountingframe may lead to improper connections and operation of the unit.•Mount the room thermostat on a clean, dry indoor place without direct airflowfrom a heating / cooling device, and not expose to drips or splashes water.•For RDF800KN, RDF800KN/VB only, in case of limited space in the conduitbox, use the mounting spacer ARG70.3 to increase the headroom by 10mm.•Before removing the front cover, disconnect the power supply.Wiring See the User Manual for the installation instructions enclosed with thethermostat.•Comply with local regulations to wire, protection and earth the thermostat.•The device has no internal fuse for supply lines to fan and actuators. To avoidrisk of fire and injury due to short-circuits, the AC 230 V mains supply linemust have a circuit breaker with a rated current of no more than 10 A.•Properly size the cables to the thermostat, fan and valve actuators forAC 230 V mains voltage.•Use only valve actuators rated for AC 230 V.•The wiring cross section used for power supply (L, N), fan / relays (Qx) and230 V outputs (Yx - N) must be adapted to the preceding overload protectionelements (max 10A) under all circumstances. Comply under allcircumstances with local regulations.•Cables of SELV inputs X1-M / X2-M: Use cables with min 230 V insulation, asthe conduit box carries AC 230 V mains voltage.•Inputs X1-M or X2-M: Several switches (e.g. window contact) may beconnected in parallel. Consider overall maximum contact sensing current forswitch rating.•KNX communication cables (input CE+ / CE-): Use cables with min 230 Vinsulation, as the conduit box carries AC 230 V mains voltage.•When a KNX bus power supply is connected on the line with communicatingthermostats and Synco controllers, the internal KNX power supply of theSynco controllers must be switched off.•No cables provided with a metal shield.•Disconnect from supply before opening the cover.10 / 20Commissioning notesSet DIP switches to select the desired application before power up:1. For remote setup via commissioning tools, set all DIP switches to OFF (see"Remote configuration" for more details);2. For local setup, set DIP switches to select applications (refer to the followingtable).CommissioningmethodDIP switches LCD display ApplicationsRemote setupAPPNONE-Local setupAPP2P2-pipeAPP2PEH2-pipe with electric heaterAPP4P4-pipeAPP2P3P2-pipe with 3-position outputAfter DIP switch setting, complete the installation and power up the thermostat.As soon as the application is changed, the thermostat reloads the factory setting for all control parameters, except for KNX device and zone addresses!After DIP switches are selected and the thermostat is powered up, the wizard function guides users to configure the basic parameters for normal operation according to the table below.Touch ③ / ④ to advance / return to any parameter;Touch + / - to change value.LCD display Parameter Range Factory settingControl sequence 0: Heating only1: Cooling only2: Manual changeover3: Auto changeover4: Heating and Cooling2-pipe = 14-pipe = 4User operating mode profile 1: comfort > protection2: comfort > economy >protection1Selection of ︒C or ︒F 0: ︒C1: ︒F 0Standard display 0: Room temperature1: Setpoint 0Display info line (2nd line of LCD display) 0: --- (No display)3: Time of day (12h) via bus4: Time of day (24h) via busFan Stage in Deadzone (Comfort mode) 0: Fan OFF1: Fan speed 1 Heat / Cool2: Fan speed 1 Cool onlyBefore power upNote:Wizard11 / 2012 / 20LCD display Parameter Range Factory settingFunctionality of X1 0: --- No function1: Ext / Return Temp (AI)2: H/C changeover (AI/DI)3: Window open detect (DI) 4: Dew point sensor (DI) 5: Enable electr. Heater (DI)6: Fault input (DI)7: Monitor input (Digital) 8: Monitor input (Temp) 10: Presence detection (DI)3Functionality of X2 1Operating action of X1Normal Open (NO) Normal Close (NC) Normal Open(NO)Operating action of X2- End of wizard -If more details are required about parameters, refer to basic documentation P3174.To re-load factory settings for all parameters, set parameter P71 to ON . Restart the thermostat manually after reset, and then the thermostat is ready for commissioning by qualified HVAC staff.The room thermostats are delivered with a fixed set of applications. Select and activate the relevant application during commissioning using one of the following tools:− Local DIP switch and HMI − Synco ACS − ETS5Connect the Synco ACS or ETS5 tools to the KNX bus cable at any point for commissioning:ACS and ETS5 require an interface:− Ethernet/LAN KNX interface (such as Siemens N148 / N146 / N152) − OCI702 USB - KNX interfaceAn external KNX bus power supply is required if an RDF800KN... is connecteddirectly to a tool (ACS or ETS5) via KNX interface.ResetApplicationsConnect toolNote:13 / 20The thermostat's control parameters can be set to ensure optimum performance of the entire system (refer to basic documentation P3174).The parameters can be adjusted using − Local HMI − Synco ACS − ETS5For commissioning via local HMI, refer to user manual B3174... for setting the passwords.• The control sequence may need to be set via parameter P01 depending on the application. The factory setting for the 2-pipe application is "Cooling only"; and "Heating and Cooling" for the 4-pipe application.• When the thermostat is used with a compressor, adjust the minimum output on-time (parameter P48) and off-time (parameter P49) for Y1 / Y2 to avoid damaging the compressor or shortening its life due to frequent switching.• Recalibrate the temperature sensor if the room temperature displayed on the thermostat does not match the room temperature measured (after min. 1 hour of operation). To do this, change parameter P05.• We recommend to review the setpoints and setpoint ranges (parametersP08…P12) and change them as needed to achieve maximum comfort and save energy.The programming mode helps identify the thermostat in the KNX network during commissioning.Touch and hold for more than 5 seconds to activate programming mode, which is indicated on the display with Pr09. Programming mode remains active until thermostat identification is complete.Assign device address (P81) via HMI, ACS or ETS5.With device address set to 255, the communication is deactivated (no exchange of process data).Use ETS5 to assign the KNX group addresses of the RDF communication objects.Each device has a unique KNX serial number inside the front panel. An additional sticker with the same KNX serial number is enclosed in the packaging box. This sticker is intended for installers for documentation purposes.Disposal The device is considered electrical and electronic equipment for disposal in terms of the applicable European Directive and may not be disposed of as domestic garbage.• Dispose of the device through channels provided for this purpose. • Comply with all local and currently applicable laws and regulations.Control parametersControl sequenceCompressor-based applicationCalibrate sensorSetpoint and range limitationProgramming modeAssign KNX device addressAssign KNX group addressesKNX serial number14 / 20Technical dataRated voltageAC 230 V Overvoltage category IIIFrequency50/60 HzPower consumption Max. 6.0 VA / 2.1 WNo internal fuse!External preliminary protection with max C 10 A circuit breaker required in all cases. Outputs Fan control Q1, Q2, Q3-NRating min, max resistive (inductive)AC 230 VMin. 5 mA, Max. 5(2) AFans must NOT be connected in parallel!Connect one fan directly, for additional fans, one relay for each speed.Control output Y1-N / Y2-N (NO) Rating Min, Max resistive (inductive)Max. total load current through terminal "L" (Qx+Yx)AC 230 VMin. 5 mA, Max. 5(2) A Max. 7 ANo internal fuse!External preliminary protection with max C 10 A circuit breakers in the supply line required in all cases.InputsMultifunctional input X1-M / X2-M Temperature sensor input: TypeTemperature rangeCable lengthDigital input: Operating action Contact sensing Parallel connection of several thermostats for one switch Insulation against mains voltage (SELV)See “Equipment combinations ” 0...49 °C Max. 80 m Selectable (NO / NC) SELV DC 0...5 V / Max. 5 mA Max. 20 thermostats per switch 4 kV, reinforced insulationFunction of inputs:External temperature sensor, heating/cooling changeover sensor, window contact, presence detection, dewpoint monitor contact, enableelectrical heater contact, fault contact, monitoring inputSelectable X1: P38 X2: P40KNX bus Interface typeKNX, TP1-64(electrically isolated)Bus current 5 mABus topology: See KNX manual (see “Reference documentation ”) Operational dataSwitching differential, adjustable Heating mode (P30) Cooling mode(P31)2 K (0.5...6K) 1 K (0.5...6K)Setpoint setting and rangeComfort (P08) Economy (P11-P12) Protection(P65-P66)21 °C (5...40 °C) 15 °C / 30°C (OFF, 5...40 °C) 8 °C / OFF (OFF, 5...40 °C)Multifunctional input X1/X2 Input X1 default value (P38) Input X2 default value (P40)Selectable 0...8, 10 3 (Window contact) 1 (External temperature sensor)STOPNote!Built-in room temperature sensorMeasuring rangeAccuracy at 25 °C Temperature calibration range 0…49 °C < ± 0.5 K ± 3.0 KSettings and display resolutionSetpointsCurrent temperature value displayed 0.5 °C 0.5 °CEnvironmental conditions StorageClimatic conditionsAs per IEC 60721-3-1Class 1K3 TransportClimatic conditionsAs per IEC 60721-3-2Class 2K3 OperationClimatic conditionsAs per IEC 60721-3-3Class 3K5 1)Standards and directives EU Conformity (CE) 8000078258*)RCM A5W00007436*)Electronic control type 2.B (micro-disconnection onoperation)RCM conformity to EMC emission standard AS/NZS 61000-6-3Safety class II as per EN 60730 Pollution class NormalDegree of protection of housing IP 30 as per EN 60529 Housing flammability class according to UL94 V-0Environmental compatibility The product environmental declaration CB1E3174en*)(RDF800KN…,RDD810KN/NF), A5W00085843A*) (RDF800KN/VB) contains data on environmentally compatible product design and assessments (RoHS compliance, materials composition, packaging, environmental benefit, disposal).General Connection terminals Solid wires or preparedstranded wires1 x 0.4…1.5 mm2 or2 x for KNX cables/sensorMinimal wiring cross section onL, N, Q1, Q2, Q3, Y1, Y2Min 1.5 mm2Housing front color RAL 9001 whiteRAL 9004 blackWeight without / with packaging 0.155 kg / 0.255 kg*) The documents can be downloaded from /bt/download.1) No condensation is allowed.Reference documentation Handbook for Home and Building Control - Basic Principles(https:///shop/product?language=en&product_type_category=books&product_type=handbook)Synco CE1P3127 Communication via the KNX bus for Synco 700, 900 and RXB/RXL Basic documentationDesigo CM1Y9775 Desigo RXB integration – S-modeCM1Y9776 Desigo RXB / RXL integration – individual addressingCM1Y9777 Third-party integrationCM1Y9778 Synco integrationCM1Y9779 Working with ETS15 / 2016 / 20Connection terminals3171A 01L, N Operating voltage AC 230 VQ1 Control output "Fan speed 1 AC 230 V" Q2 Control output "Fan speed 2 AC 230 V" Q3 Control output "Fan speed 3 AC 230 V"Y1,Y2Control output "Valve" AC 230 V (N.O., for normally closed valves), output for compressor or output for electrical heaterX1, X2Multifunctional input for temperature sensor (such as QAH11.1) or potential-free switch Factory setting:– X1 = Window contact – X2 = External sensor(function can be selected via parameter P38 / P40) M Measuring neutral for sensor and switch CE+ KNX data + CE-KNX data -Connection diagramsN1 Room thermostat RDF800KN... M1 1- or 3-speed fanV1 Valve actuator, 2- or 3-position V1, V2 Valve actuator, 2-position E1 Electric heaterC1, C2 1-stage compressorS1, S2 Switch (keycard, window contact, presence detector, etc.)B1, B2Temperature sensor (return air temperature, external roomtemperature, changeover sensor, etc.)CE+ KNX data + CE-KNX data –1-stage compressor − C1 = Heating and / orC1C217 / 20Dimensions (mm)RDF800KN/NF for square conduit boxes only18 / 20RDF800KN, RDF800KN/VB for roundconduit boxesmounting frame forRDF800KN/NF19 / 20Issued bySiemens Switzerland Ltd Smart Infrastructure Global Headquarters Theilerstrasse 1aCH-6300 ZugTel. +41 58 724 2424© Siemens Switzerland Ltd, 2014 - 2021 Technical specifications and availability subject to change without notice./buildingtechnologies。
英语公示翻译技巧
IntroductionInternational communication is becoming popular now. China, with the rapid development of economy and society, has maintained increasingly close ties with other countries around the world. In recent years, more and more people come to Chengde City to have a visit or study. Chengde is famous for the Summer Mountain Resorts. There are all kinds of public signs in the Summer Mountain Resorts. It brings convenience to the visitors and improves the culture taste of the city. However, there are also many errors of public signs, including: lexical errors, spelling errors, grammar errors, unclear description, cultural confusion and Chinglish. In this situation, the paper will try to give a theoretical and practical analysis of C-E translation of public signs from the perspective of functionalist translation. The paper offers some suggestions for the public signs translation by utilizing the three principles of skopos theory and analyzing many examples. “The end justified the means”means that the translation strategies and methods are determined by acceptability and effectiveness of translation.Public signs translation has great significance to both our country and the foreigners. English translations of Chinese public signs belong to publicity materials. Proper translations not only bring precise information to foreigners but also help build a good communication and good understanding. So the research on the translation of public signs is very important.Chapter One A Brief Introduction of Public signsBefore an exploration of translation public signs, some information about public signs needs to be provided. This chapter will introduce the definition, function, classification of public signs and the language style of public signs.1.1 The definition of public signsAs we known the public signs is a logo shown to some groups of people in particular place in order to have the function of communication. Public signs have become an academic term since 2000. “Si gn are anything from the simplest way finding or information maker to the technically sophisticated communication of a message”（Wang & Lv, 2007: 4）. “Signing affects everybody---travelers, shoppers, visitors, and drivers etc. whether in the course of business or pleasure”（Cheng，2000：104）.Basic literal information that are publicly shown to the public, tourists, oversea guest, foreigners in China and the Chinese in other countries to satisfy their behavior and needs in food, dwelling, travel and entertainment, are all within the category of signs (Lv, 2005:22).Some websites also pay close attention to public signs translation, such as, “”, “”and “”. “”provides the following definition: “literal information for public in public places”.According to the definition above, public signs have the following features: First they convey warning, instructional, restrictive, prohibitive or advocating information. Second, they are expressed in literal. Third they are not aimed at individuals but groups of people.1.2 The function of public signsPublic signs are widely used in daily life, such as airport, ticket office, high way, gas station, subway, taxi, museums, docks, emergency, school, tourist site, park, restaurant, street, cinema, etc.They are greatly informative. They can give us great help and facility. All the signs have four principal functions in application: directing, prompting, restricting, compelling effects.Directing signs convey the information to the public, without any restricting or compelling indication. It does not require the public to take actions, but give them an instruction or direction. For example: At the sight of “Information”（问询中心）people will know they can ask some questions and get answers. From “P et Hotel”（宠物旅馆）people will know their pets can be taken care in this place.Prompting signs are widely used although they do not have any special meaning. They just have prompting functions. For example, “S old Out”（售完）“P reserved”（预留席位）“B eware of Dog”（当心犬只）“F ull Booked”（客满）“M aximum Height”（限高）, etc.Restricting signs order the audience to restrict the behavior. The language used is straightforward but not rude. For example, “E mergency Passage Way, Please Not Hand Luggage on the Floor” （紧急通道，请勿将手提物品搁置地上）,“Give Way”（让路）,“Ticket Only”（凭票进场）,etc.Compelling signs ask the public to take some actions or not, otherwise they would be punished. For example, “Police Line Do Not Pass”（警戒线，勿超越）“Don‟t Walk”（禁止通行）, “No Smoking”（禁止吸烟）,“No Overnight Parking”（严禁过夜停车）.From the discussion above, we know the function of public signs. This is one of the ways of dividing the functions of public signs. We can also divide the functions into directing, reminding and ordering.1.3 The classification of public signsGenerally speaking, we have different ways to classify public signsaccording to different criteria.1.3.1 Informative and evocativePublic signs can be divided into “informative” (content focused) and “evocative” (appeal focused). Informative public signs provide information or describe a situation. The readers do not need to take some actions. They are widely used in scenic spots, such as, facilities, the name of the park, introduction, etc.Evocative public signs are designed to present information with a particular perspective. According to Nord, “…evocative‟is called …appellative‟”:the use of language to make the receivers do something corresponding (Nord, 2006:40). e.g. “No Fishing Here, 禁止垂钓”“Wet Floor, 小心地滑”and “Free for Children under 12, 十二岁以下儿童免费”.1.3.2 Slogans and advertisementsPublic signs include “slogans” and “advertisements” according to the purpose of usage.Slogans are used for publicity. For example, create a new situation, modernize in all fields （全面开创社会主义现代化建设新局面）. The later is shown in written form outside. For example, “we care to provide service above and beyond the call of duty”（殷勤有加，风雨不改，UPS联合快递公司）.1.3.3 Public signs in scenic spots and other placesAccording to the place where the public signs appear we can classify the public signs as the following:Public signs in scenic spots: signs in the scenic spots are designed to give the travelers some help or instruction. e.g.: Please Protect Facilities（保护公共设施, State Protect Historic Site（国家级文物保护单位）.There are also some traffic signs and road signs, for example, Xin Hua Road（新华路）, No Parking（禁止停车）.All above are the classifications of public signs.1.4 The language style of public signsAll the public signs have special features because they are mainly used in public places and their functions are communicative. Understanding the language style of public signs is very important. The main language features of public signs are conciseness and directness.1.4.1 ConcisenessPublic signs must be short and they must express the meaning clearly with right structures because the functions of public signs are to arouse readers‟ attention, and then, they can give readers warning or notice. Besides, they are usually written on the billboards or posters, which have limited writing space. Wordy public signs can‟t convey the effective information to the readers but make the readers confused. For example, “H and Off, 请勿触摸”, which means “please don‟t touch the exhibits”, “C losed during Repairs,停业整顿” which means “the store is being repaired, suspensions of business”1.4.2 DirectnessTo be direct means the public signs should be expressed directly. Public signs should be written in the simple words so that everybody can understand it. Obscure terms should be avoided in signs. For example, Staff Only, which means if you are not the staff, please doesn‟t enter.Chapter Two Problems of C-E Public Signs Translations inSummer Mountain ResortsNow we know the important function and situation of public signs for people but the translation errors still exist in public signs, even in the Summer Mountain Resorts. It is unfortunate that there are a lot of problems such as lexical errors, spelling errors, grammar errors, literal translation, and cultural differences, against convention and so on. All of that have harmful effect on the society.2.1 Lexical errorsErrors coming from lexical mistranslation account for the biggest percentage of the total linguistic errors according to the relevant statistic material. This phenomenon exists because the translators only know the vocabulary of formal equivalence, and ignore vocabulary dynamic equivalence. A word is the smallest unit of language. Translators should use the proper words in translation on the basis of accurate comprehension of the original. So the translators should make sure to understand the correct comprehension of each word in is source text, and express the correct expression in target language. How to choose a proper word is the key step.Example (1): there is a big public signs in the gate of the Summer Mountain Resorts: “W ay Out”, which refers to the place from which you can go out of a building in British English and in the scenic spots we should use “E xit” instead.Example (2): “请在此排队Join the Main Line”. It should write “Please Queue”.Example (3): “请注意安全Please Pay Attention to Safety”. It should write “Caution: Risk of Danger”.2.2 Spelling errorsSpelling errors are apparent and easy to be avoided. In the Summer Mountain Resorts we find out lots of spelling errors. For example, “芳园居fragrant Garden”. I t should be capitalized. “观莲所Lotus view PA VILION”, the word on the board are confused. They should be written in uniform format. Spelling errors also include the misuse of Chinese pinyin. Pinyin is often mixed with English in nonstandard ways. Like “西岭晨霞Xilingchenxia Chamber”. The foreigners can‟t understand its meaning. “云帆月航a tower in the shape of boat , the …seneryis‟ a boat-shaped chamber with two floors.” “S ceneryis” should be written as“scenery is”.2.3 Grammar errorsChinese and English have two different grammar rules and grammar errors are likely to happen because of the differences. Grammar errors refer to the system of inflection, syntax and word formation of a language. For example:“It was built in 1703, was over the palace area before 1771, after the formal palace had been completed, the island becomes a major scenic attraction in the landscape area.”“如意洲建于1703年，1771年之前竣工，在正宫完成之后，如意洲成为景区的主要景点。
警察使用武器
我国警察武器使用法律规制研究中文摘要在当今世界的任何一个国家，警察或者警察机关都是必不可少的。
在我国，人民警察承担着维护国家安全，维护社会治安秩序，保护公民人身安全、人身自由和合法财产，保护公共财产，预防、制止和惩治违法犯罪活动的重要职能。
作为武装暴力性质的国家治安刑侦力量和刑事司法力量，依法使用武器是警察履行职责的特殊权力和重要手段。
不同国家（地区）由于受不同的历史文化、法律传统以及现实社会条件等因素的影响，对警察武器使用问题的理论认知和法律规制也有所不同。
如仅仅在对警察武器使用问题的刑法性质上就有依法令而为、职务行为、正当防卫和警察紧急权等多种理论。
在我国，警察武器并没有专门的法律进行规范，而是散见于不同层次的诸多法律、法规之中。
这也导致了在理论探索和司法实践中，对于警察使用武器法律制度的研究和认识不够，从而导致了实践中出现了大量人民警察因使用武器不当或者滥用武器的行为，从而给警察正常的执法活动带来了极大的危害，也给社会造成了十分不好的负面影响。
本文针对警察使用武器法律制度有所缺失的现状，结合当前的警察的执法现状，为我国警察使用武器法律制度的完善提出了相应的建议。
本文一共分为四个部分。
第一部分是概述，对“警察”、“武器”等基本概念进行了介绍，并对警察权的相关界定和内容进行了概述。
同时对警察权的内容、性质和特点进行了介绍，从而为引出了警察使用武器与警察权之间关系的问题；第二部分是警察武器使用问题的理论基础。
主要对警察武器使用的现实需求性和警察使用武器不当的危害性进行了介绍，以此引出警察武器使用的刑法性质这一基础理论。
这部分主要是对警察武器使用问题的理论探讨；第三部分是对国外警察武器使用法律制度的比较。
主要介绍了德国、美国、日本、香港等国家和地区警察使用武器制度的香港情况，并对此进行了比较研究，从而为我国警察武器使用制度的完善提供可借鉴的经验；第四部分是我国警察武器使用法律制度的限制以及缺陷。
这一部分主要针对我国目前警察武器使用的法律制度的现状、存在的问题进行分析。
British police force
Police ladies' hat and mans' cap with the distinctive red and white check band
The City of London Police officers have a distinctive red and white check on their caps (or ladies' hats) and a gold-coloured helmet plate and gold-coloured buttons.
British police force
Made by
• The English police force is said to have been founded by Sir Robert Peel,Prime Minister(1830-1837) under King William IV. • It was his name that gave birth to the custom of calling a policeman “bobby” or “peeler”, nicknames for Robert Peel.Britain now has some 130000 policemen and policewomen who are stationed all over the country.
England and Wales :43 Scotland :8 Northern Ireland : 1
Police Force)和金 融城警察部队（the City of London Police Force 管理。 Force）
4 Special police groups groups:大不列颠交通警察（British Transport Police）、 Police）、 ）、国 （ Police）、 ）、民用核能警察（Civil Nuclear Civil 防部警察（Ministry of Defence Police）、 （ Constabulary） Constabulary）和苏格兰犯罪与毒品管制局（Scottish Crime and Drug （ Enforcement）， Enforcement）， ），特别警察仅享有非常有限的权力。
policevsshape
Comparing Traffic Policing andTraffic Shaping for BandwidthLimitingContents Introduction Before You BeginConventionsPrerequisitesComponents Used Policing Versus Shaping Selection Criteria Token Refresh Rate Traffic Shaping Traffic Policing Minimum Versus Maximum Bandwidth Controls Related Information Introduction This document clarifies the functional differences between shaping andpolicing, both of which limit the output rate. Though both mechanisms usea token bucket as a traffic meter to measure the packet rate, they have important functional differences. (A token bucket is described in What Is a Token Bucket?). Before You BeginConventionsRefer to Cisco Technical Tips Conventions for more information on document conventions. PrerequisitesThere are no specific prerequisites for this document.Components UsedThis document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions.The information presented in this document was created from devices in aspecific lab environment. TAC Notice: What's Changing on TAC Web Help us help you.Please rate thisdocument.ExcellentGoodAverage Fair Poor This document solvedmy problem.Yes No Just browsing Suggestions for improvement:(256 character limit) SendAll of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If you are working in a live network, ensure that you understand the potential impact of any command before using it.Policing Versus ShapingThe following diagram illustrates the key difference. Traffic policing propagates bursts. When the traffic rate reaches the configured maximum rate, excess traffic is dropped (or remarked). The result is an output rate that appears as a saw-tooth with crests and troughs. In contrast to policing, traffic shaping retains excess packets in a queue and then schedules the excess for later transmission over increments of time. The result of traffic shaping is a smoothed packet output rate.Shaping implies the existence of a queue and of sufficient memory to buffer delayed packets, while policing does not. Queueing is an outbound concept; packets going out an interface get queued and can be shaped. Only policing can be applied to inbound traffic on an interface. Ensure that you have sufficient memory when enabling shaping. In addition, shaping requires a scheduling function for later transmission of any delayed packets. This scheduling function allows you to organize the shaping queue into different queues. Examples of scheduling functions are Class Based Weighted Fair Queuing (CBWFQ) and Low Latency Queuing (LLQ).Selection CriteriaThe following table lists the differences between shaping and policing to help you choose the best solution.Shaping PolicingObjective Buffer and queueexcess packetsabove thecommitted rates.Drop (or remark)excess packetsabove thecommitted rates.Does not buffer.*Token Refresh Rate Incremented at thestart of a timeinterval. (Minimumnumber of intervalsis required.)Continuous basedon formula: 1 /committedinformation rateToken Values Configured in bitsper second.Configured in bytes.Configuration Options z shapecommand inthe modularquality ofservicecommand-line interface(MQC) toimplementclass-basedshaping.z frame-relaytraffic-shapecommand toimplementFrame RelayTrafficShaping(FRTS).z traffic-shapecommand toimplementGenericTrafficShaping(GTS).z policecommand inthe MQC toimplementclass-basedpolicing.z rate-limitcommand toimplementcommittedaccess rate(CAR).Applicable onInboundNo YesApplicable onOutboundYes YesBursts Controls bursts bysmoothing theoutput rate over atleast eight timeintervals. Uses aPropagates bursts.Does no smoothing.* Although policing does not apply buffering, a configured queuing mechanism applies to "conformed" packets that may need to be queued while waiting to be serialized at the physical interface.Token Refresh RateA key difference between shaping and policing is the rate at which tokens are replenished. This section reviews the difference.Simply stated, both shaping and policing use the token bucket metaphor. A token bucket itself has no discard or priority policy. Let's look at how the token bucket metaphor works:z Tokens are put into the bucket at a certain rate.zEach token is permission for the source to send a certain number of bits into the network. leaky bucket todelay traffic, whichachieves a smoothing effect.Advantages Less likely to dropexcess packets sinceexcess packets arebuffered. (Bufferspackets up to thelength of the queue.Drops may occur ifexcess traffic issustained at highrates.) Typicallyavoidsretransmissions dueto dropped packets. Controls the output rate through packet drops. Avoids delays due to queuing.Disadvantages Can introduce delay due to queuing, particularly deepqueues.Drops excesspackets (whenconfigured),throttling TCPwindow sizes andreducing the overalloutput rate ofaffected traffic streams. Overly aggressive burst sizes may lead toexcess packet dropsand throttle theoverall output rate,particularly withTCP-based flows.OptionalPacketRemarking No Yes (with legacy CAR feature).z To send a packet, the traffic regulator must be able to remove from the bucket a number of tokens equal in representation to the packet size.z If not enough tokens are in the bucket to send a packet, the packet either waits until the bucket has enough tokens (in the case of a shaper) or the packet is discarded or marked down (in the case of a policer).z The bucket itself has a specified capacity. If the bucket fills to capacity, newly arriving tokens are discarded and are not available to future packets. Thus, at any time, the largest burst asource can send into the network is roughly proportional to the size of the bucket. A tokenbucket permits burstiness, but bounds it.With the token bucket metaphor in mind, let's look at how shaping and policing add tokens to the bucket.Shaping increments the token bucket at timed intervals using a bits per second (bps) value. A shaper uses the following formula:Tc = Bc/CIR (in seconds)In this equation, Bc represents the committed burst, and CIR stands for committed information rate. (See Configuring Frame Relay Traffic Shaping for more information.) The value of Tc defines the time interval during which you send the Bc bits in order to maintain the average rate of the CIR in seconds.The range for Tc is between 10 ms and 125 ms. With distributed traffic shaping (DTS) on the Cisco 7500 series, the minimum Tc is 4 ms. The router internally calculates this value based on the CIR and Bc values. If Bc/CIR is less than 125 ms, it uses the Tc calculated from that equation. If Bc/CIR is more than or equal to 125 ms, it uses an internal Tc value if Cisco IOS® determines that traffic flow will be more stable with a smaller interval. Use the show traffic-shape command to determine whether your router is using an internal value for Tc or the value that you configured at the command-line. The following sample output of the show traffic-shape command is explained in show Commands for Frame Relay Traffic Shaping.When the excess burst (Be) is configured to a value different than 0, the shaper allows tokens to be stored in the bucket, up to Bc + Be. The largest value that the token bucket can ever reach is Bc + Be, and overflow tokens are dropped. The only way to have more than Bc tokens in the bucket is to not use all Bc tokens during one or more Tc. Since the token bucket is replenished every Tc with Bc tokens, you can accumulate unused tokens for later use up to Bc + Be.In contrast, class-based policing and rate-limiting adds tokens continuously to the bucket. Specifically, the token arrival rate is calculated as follows:(time between packets<which is equal to t-t1>* policer rate)/8 bits per byte In other words, if the previous arrival of the packet was at t1 and the current time is t, the bucket is updated with t-t1 worth of bytes based on the token arrival rate. Note that a traffic policer uses burst values specified in bytes, and the above formula converts from bits to bytes.Look at an example using a CIR (or policer rate) of 8000 bps and a normal burst of 1000 bytes.Router(config)# policy-map police-settingRouter(config-pmap)# class access-matchRouter(config-pmap-c)# police 8000 1000 conform-action transmit exceed-action The token buckets starts full at 1000 bytes. If a 450 byte packet arrives,the packet conforms because enough bytes are available in the token bucket. The conform action (transmit) is taken by the packet and 450 bytes are removed from the token bucket (leaving 550 bytes). If the next packet arrives .25 seconds later, 250 bytes are added to the token bucket as per the following formula:(0.25 * 8000)/8The calculation leaves 700 bytes in the token bucket. If the next packet is 800 bytes, the packet exceeds and the exceed action (drop) is taken. No bytes are taken from the token bucket. Traffic ShapingCisco IOS supports the following methods of traffic shaping:z Generic Traffic Shapingz Frame Relay Traffic Shapingz Class-Based Shaping and Distributed Class-Based ShapingAll traffic shaping methods are similar in implementation, though their command-line interfaces (CLIs) differ somewhat, and they use different types of queues to contain and shape traffic that is deferred. Cisco recommends class-based shaping and distributed shaping, which are configured using the modular QoS CLI.The following diagram illustrates how a QoS policy sorts traffic into classes and queues packets that exceed the configured shaping rates.Traffic PolicingCisco IOS supports the following methods of traffic policing:z Committed Access Ratez Class-Based PolicingThe two mechanisms have important functional differences, as explained in Comparing Class-Based Policing and Committed Access Rate. Cisco recommends class-based policing and other features of the modular QoS CLI when applying QoS policies.Use the police command to specify that a class of traffic should have a maximum rate imposed on it, and if that rate is exceeded, an immediate action must be taken. In other words, with the police command, it is not an option to buffer the packet and later send it out, as is the case for the shape command.In addition, with policing, the token bucket determines whether a packet exceeds or conforms to the applied rate. In either case, policing implements a configurable action, which includes setting the IP precedence or Differentiated Services Code Point (DSCP).The following diagram illustrates a common application of traffic policing at a congestion point, where QoS features generally apply.Minimum Versus Maximum Bandwidth ControlsBoth the shape and police commands restrict the output rate to a maximum kbps value. Importantly, neither mechanism provides a minimum bandwidth guarantee during periods of congestion. Use the bandwidth or priority command to provide such guarantees.A hierarchical policy uses two service policies – a parent policy to apply a QoS mechanism to a traffic aggregate and a child policy to apply a QoS mechanism to a flow or subset of the aggregate. Logical interfaces, such as subinterfaces and tunnel interfaces, require a hierarchical policy with the traffic-limiting feature at the parent level and queuing at lower levels. The traffic-limiting feature reduces the output rate and (presumably) creates congestion, as seen by queuing excess packets. The following configuration is sub-optimal and is shown to illustrate the difference between the police versus the shape command when limiting a traffic aggregate – in this case class-default – to a maximum rate. In this configuration, the police command sends packets from the child classes based on the size of the packet and the number of bytes remaining in the conform and exceed token buckets. (See Traffic Policing.) The result is that rates given to the Voice over IP (VoIP) and Internet Protocol (IP) classes may not be guaranteed since the police feature is overriding the guarantees made by the priority feature.However, if the shape command is used, the result is a hierarchical queuing system, and allguarantees are made. In other words, when the offered load exceeds the shape rate, the VoIP and IP classes are guaranteed their rate, and the class-default traffic (at the child level) incurs any drops.Caution: This configuration is not recommended and is shown to illustrate the difference between the police versus the shape command when limiting a traffic aggregate.class-map match-all IPmatch ip precedence 3class-map match-all VoIPmatch ip precedence 5policy-map childclass VoIPpriority 128class IPpriority 1000policy-map parentclass class-defaultpolice 3300000 103000 103000 conform-action transmit exceed-action drop service-policy childIn order for the above configuration to make sense, the policing should be replaced by shaping. For example:policy-map parentclass class-defaultshape average 3300000 103000 0service-policy childIn order to learn more about parent and child policies, please refer to Configuring CBWFQ Inside GTS.Related Informationz QoS Technology Supportz Technical Support - Cisco SystemsContacts & Feedback | Help | Site Map© 2007 - 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Terms & Conditions | Privacy Statement | Cookie Policy | Trademarks of Cisco Systems, Inc.。
韩国侦查制度分析——以侦查程序中的检警关系为视角
第三章韩国犯罪侦查制度。
总体上说，韩国的侦查是由检事主持的，司法警察官吏只是对检事的侦查具有辅助作用。
检事在侦查中对司法警察官吏有日常的指导权与对具体案件的指挥权，同时司法警察官吏应服从检事在犯罪侦查中因职责需要所作出的有关命令。
在韩国现行法上，检事既是侦查机关、公诉机关，同时也是法院判决的执行机关。
韩国检事在侦查领域的领导地位主要是由检事的精英素质与法律赋予其较高的地位决定的。
韩国侦查的基本原则包括：令状主义原则、严守秘密原则、任意侦查原则、强制侦查法定主义、职权主义下侦查原则等。
侦查启动的原因（即侦查线索）主要有告诉（即控告）、告发（即举报）、非正常死亡人的检视和勘验、自首、现行犯、新闻浏览等多种形式。
韩国侦查中的强制措施主要包括逮捕、羁押、扣押、搜查、勘验、通信限制措施等。
其中，羁押和逮捕是最重要的两种强制措施。
第四章中韩侦查程序中的检警关系简析与比较。
韩国侦查具有单轨制侦查的特点，其侦查权具有公共管理权力的属性。
韩国检警关系属于检事主导侦查，对司法警察官吏实施的侦查进行必要控制。
我国的警检关系的架构，由于法律原则的抽象化，可操作措施的缺位，同时又与刑事诉讼的运行程序相悖，因而在实践与理论设想上存在脱节现象，刑事诉讼程序甚至出现了结构性混乱。
“检察引导侦查”成为了我国侦查和检察改革的一部分，在司法实践中已经开始进行一些行之有效的探索。
关键词：韩国；侦查权；令状主义；检事；司法警察官吏；检警关系AbstractChina and South Korea in the investigation system used by the prosecution and police authorities to exercise the right to single-track detection system, the investigation focused on model type.With the Department of East Asia, China and South Korea, in terms of geographical location on the same amount of money, but in view of the territorial size, population, national historical and cultural backgrounds, natural and social environment, as well as many aspects, such as national historical differences between the two countries in the detection system also There are many differences.In this paper, the detection system of the Republic of Korea, as well as associated with the constitutional system, the criminal justice system, institutional issues such as the police conducted a comprehensive exposition, and on the basis of the above problems of South Korea in the investigation process the relationship between the prosecutors and police to discuss and comparison.This paper has four chapters altogether: Chapter One Brief Introduction Korean Criminal Justice System.South Korea current detection system is accompanied by a modern legal system of its recent evolution of the five historical stages of development to build up gradually.To ensure the statutory duties and powers of the symmetry, the Republic of Korea gave a legislative investigation of the main one of its special judicial police officials in the exercise of their duties within the scope of the limited power of investigation. Consideration of the existing "Code of Criminal Procedure in Korea", you can find it in general terms based on civil law system based on the proceedings and to build, but the specific procedures in the structure has accommodated a party of Anglo-American law system is part of the contents of the proceedings .In criminal justice activities, investigation and prosecution, trial, the implementation of the three links constitute a complete system, the separation difficult.Detection system in Korea, the prosecution is one of the main organs of the investigation, under the state administrative agencies in the Ministry of Justice, at the institutional nature of the jurisdiction of the executive, not the judiciary.Chapter Two South Korean police system.South Korea as early as 1945 had been established before the founding of the national police system and are still in use.Detectionsystem, along with South Korea South Korea as an independent sovereign state system and the establishment of the police, the investigation has also gone through the functions and military functions, the investigation of law and order functions and functions of the historical process of gradual separation.South Korean police use in the management of centralized and unified command model, the organization is constituted by the three levels of the central and local institutions.Police in South Korea, the performance of the main functions of the police investigation is a judicial police official, but in different situations and different areas of most other police police may carry out the functions of judicial police officials.In 2005, the Korean police department in order to improve the professionalism of the investigation agencies to take a number of specific measures: the introduction of the "Branch police investigation system"; to carry out specialized investigation; improve the investigation, such as the scientific and technological content.On how to create the ultimate self-government motion the police system in Korea continued to lead the discussions, the parties vary, but are only given for the same issue of different interpretations and views, since the establishment of self-government in Korea is the police system has been imperative.Chapter Three the detection system of Korean Institute of Criminology. Generally speaking, South Korea's investigation is chaired by the seized things, judicial police officials seized only a matter of the complementary role of the investigation.Things seized in the investigation of the judicial police officials have the right to day-to-day guidance on specific cases and the right to command, while the judicial police official shall be subject to prosecution in the criminal investigation done by the responsibilities of the need to make the order.Existing law in South Korea, the prosecution is a matter the investigation authorities, public prosecution, but also the executive organ of the court.Things seized in the investigation of South Korea's leading position in the field mainly by the elite of the quality of things seized and the law gives it a higher position.South Korea to detect the basic principles include: the principle of the writ, and strict adherence to the principles of secret, arbitrary detection principle, the statutory mandatory investigation, and under the terms of reference and the principle of the investigation.Start the reasons for the investigation (that is, theinvestigation leads) the main tell (ie, charged), information (ie reports), unnatural deaths and examine people's view, turned himself in flagrante delicto, the press and other forms visit. South Korean investigation of the coercive measures including arrest, detention, seizure, search, examine, communications and other restrictive measures. Among them, the detention and arrest is the most important of the two measures.Chapter Four South Korea to detect process the relationship between the prosecutors and police and Comparative Analysis.South Korea has a monorail system to detect the characteristics of the investigation, the investigation has the right to attribute the power of public administration.South Korean police seized thing is the relationship between the lead investigation, the judicial police officials to implement the necessary control of the investigation.Police seized the relationship between our framework, due to the abstract principles of law, lack of operational measures, at the same time, run programs with the criminal proceedings inconsistent with the theory in practice and therefore there is the lack of the idea, or even the Criminal Procedure Structure of confusion."Guide the investigation of the prosecution" has become the investigation and prosecution of China's reforms, in judicial practice has already begun to explore a number of well-established.Key Words：South Korea; the Investigation Right; the Breve System; Public Prosecutor; the Judicial Police Official; between the Procurator andthe Police目录内容摘要 (1)Abstract (1)绪论 (1)一、韩国刑事司法制度总述 (2)（一）刑事法律制度概述 (2)（二）宪政下的刑事司法结构 (6)二、韩国警察体制 (8)（一）现代警察体制的历史沿革 (8)（二）警察组织制度 (10)（三）警察人事制度...............................................................‥11 （四）警察体制的改革及其争论................................................‥14 三、韩国犯罪侦查制度 (15)（一）侦查主体 (16)（二）侦查程序制度 (21)（三）即决审判程序 (33)四、中韩侦查程序中的检警关系简析与比较 (33)（一）中韩侦查制度总述 (33)（二）中韩侦查程序中的检警关系比较 (35)结语.................................................................................‥ 38 致谢 (39)参考文献 (40)绪论韩国全称为“大韩民国”,国家面积为9.96万平方公里，至2005年时国家人口数目为4725.4万，通用韩国语，约有50％左右的人口信奉佛教﹑基督教等宗教。
警务英语试题及答案大全
警务英语试题及答案大全一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. What does "patrol" mean in the context of police work?A. To investigate a crimeB. To arrest a suspectC. To regularly check an area for securityD. To issue a traffic ticket2. Which of the following is NOT a type of police equipment?A. HandcuffsB. BatonC. RadioD. Fire extinguisher3. What is the term used for a person who has been detained by the police?A. SuspectB. WitnessC. VictimD. Informant4. In police terminology, what does "ten-four" mean?A. I understandB. I need assistanceC. I am on breakD. I am in pursuit5. What is the meaning of "fingerprinting" in a policeinvestigation?A. Identifying a suspect by their fingerprintsB. Taking a suspect's fingerprints for recordC. Comparing fingerprints from a crime sceneD. All of the above6. Which of the following is a primary duty of a police officer?A. To serve and protectB. To prosecute criminalsC. To adjudicate legal disputesD. To legislate laws7. What does the acronym "SWAT" stand for?A. Special Weapons and TacticsB. Special Weapons and TechnologyC. Special Weapons and TrainingD. Special Warfare and Tactics8. What is the term used for a police officer who is on duty?A. Off dutyB. On patrolB. On standbyD. On duty9. In a police report, what does "O/S" stand for?A. Officer on SceneB. Officer's StatementC. Over SpeedingD. Out of Service10. What does "perp" commonly mean in police slang?A. PerpetratorB. PerimeterC. PermissionD. Personal二、填空题（每题1分，共10分）11. The police officer's badge is a symbol of their _________.12. When a police officer is called to a crime scene, theyare said to be _________.13. A police _________ is a vehicle used for patrolling the streets.14. The term "blue lights" refers to the _________ used by police vehicles during emergencies.15. The phrase "code blue" is used to indicate a _________.16. A police officer who specializes in traffic enforcementis known as a _________.17. The _________ is the central place where police officers receive and respond to emergency calls.18. A police officer's weapon is often referred to as their_________.19. The act of a police officer stopping a vehicle for atraffic violation is called a _________.20. The term "probable cause" is used in the context of_________.三、简答题（每题5分，共30分）21. Explain the role of a detective in a police department.22. What are the general steps involved in a police interrogation process?23. Describe the purpose of a police lineup.24. What is the significance of a police officer's uniform?四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the importance of community policing and its impact on public safety.26. Analyze the ethical considerations a police officer must take into account when using force in the line of duty.五、案例分析题（每题10分，共10分）27. A police officer observes a vehicle running a red light and decides to initiate a traffic stop. Describe the proper procedure the officer should follow to ensure safety and compliance with the law.答案：一、选择题1. C2. D3. A4. A5. D6. A7. A8. D9. A 10. A二、填空题11. authority 12. dispatched 13. cruiser 14. emergency lights 15. medical emergency 16. traffic officer 17. dispatch center 18. sidearm 19. traffic stop 20. search warrants三、简答题21. 侦探在警察部门中扮演的角色是调查犯罪，搜集证据，以及协助解决案件。
人民检察院司法警察的性质定位和职权完善
第２６卷第８期２００８年８月河北法学ＨｅｂｅｉＬａⅢＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＶ甜．２６。
Ｎｏ．８Ａｕｇ．，２００８人民检察院司法警察的性质定位和职权完善刘天响（广东省东莞市人民检察院，广东东莞５２３１２９）擅要：人民检察院司法警察是检察官履行检察权的必要辅助力量，性质定位上具有司法性与行政性、辅助性与制约性、武装性与强制性等特点。
由于立法不完善及理论研究滞后，司法警察职能存在弱化的趋势。
借鉴域外司法警察职权设置及国内司法警察改革探索的有益经验，在制定及修改相关法律时，应围绕保障检察官依法履行职责需要，将司法警察现有职能及权力提升到法律层面，同时赋予司法警察新的职权，这对提高司法效率、促进司法公正、推动检察工作发展具有重要的意义。
关键词：司法警察；性质；职权中圈分类号：ＤＦＳｌ７文献标识码：Ａ文章编号：１００２－３９３３（２００８）０８—０１８２－０５ＴｈｅＥｓｓｅｎｃｅＰｏｓｉｔｉｏｎａｎｄＦｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓＰｅｒｆｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆＪｕｄｉｃｉｌａＰｏｌｉｃｅｏｆｔｈｅＰｅｏｐｌｅ’ＳＰｒｏｃｕｒａｔｏｒａｔｅＬＩＵＴｉａｎ．ｘｉａｎｇ（ＩｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉａｔｅＰｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓＰｒｏｃｕｒａｔｏｒａｔｅｏｆＤｏｎｇｇｕａｎＣｉｔｙＧｕａｎｇｄｏｎｇＰｒｏｖｉｎｃｅ，Ｄｏｎｇｇｕａｎ５２３１２９Ｃｈｉｎａ）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｅｊｕｄｉｃｉｌａｐｏｌｉｃｅｏｆｐｅｏｐｌｅ’ｓｐｒｏｃｕｒａｔｏｒａｔｅｉｓｅｓｓｅｎｔｉａｌａｓｓｉｓｅｎｔｉａｌａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔｏｆｐｒｏｃｕｒａｔｏｒｉｎｆｕＩｆｍｉｌｌｇｐｏｗｅｒ．Ｉｔｓｅｓｓｅｎｃｅｄｅｆｉｎｉｔｉｏｎｈａｓｓｕｃｈａｆｆｅｃｔｓ：ｊｕｄｉｃｉａｌａｎｄａｄｍｉｎｉｓｔｒａｔｉｖｅ，ａｓｓｉｓｔａｎｔａｎｄｄｅｐｅｎｄｅｎｔ，ａｒｍｅｄａｎｄｍａｎｄａｔｏｒｙ．Ａｓａｒｅｓｔｄｔｏｆｉｍｐｅｒｆｅｃｔｉｏｎｏｆｌｅｇｉｓｌａｔｉｏｎａｎｄｌａｇｏｆｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈ。
警务英语试题及答案
警务英语试题及答案一、选择题（每题1分，共10分）1. What is the most common way to address a police officer in the United States?A. SirB. OfficerC. Mr./Ms.D. Boss2. Which of the following is NOT a type of police equipment?A. BatonB. HandcuffsC. RadioD. Telescope3. What does the acronym "911" stand for?A. National Emergency NumberB. Police Identification NumberC. Fire Department CallD. Ambulance Service4. When a police officer is conducting a traffic stop, what should the driver do?A. Keep drivingB. Stop the vehicleC. Speed upD. Turn around5. What is the meaning of the term "patrol"?A. A police officer's vehicleB. A police officer's weaponC. The act of regularly checking an areaD. A police officer's uniform6. In which situation would a police officer most likely usea Taser?A. When writing a traffic ticketB. When conducting a searchC. When subduing a suspectD. When making an arrest7. What is the term for a police officer who specializes in traffic enforcement?A. DetectiveB. Patrol OfficerC. Traffic OfficerD. K-9 Officer8. Which of the following is a common reason for a police officer to conduct a search?A. The officer has a warrantB. The suspect has confessedC. The suspect is a known criminalD. The suspect is running away9. What is the term used to describe a police officer's badge?A. IdentificationB. BadgeC. EmblemD. Insignia10. What does the term "SWAT" stand for?A. Special Weapons and TacticsB. Special Warfare and TacticsC. Special Work and TrainingD. Special Watch and Transport答案：1. B2. D3. A4. B5. C6. C7. C8. A9. B10. A二、填空题（每空1分，共10分）11. A police officer may use the term "___" to describe a situation that requires immediate assistance.- Backup12. When a police officer is on duty and wearing their uniform, they are said to be "in ___."- Uniform13. The term "___" refers to the process of gathering information about a crime or criminal activity.- Investigation14. A police officer may use a "___" to control a crowd during a public event.- Bullhorn15. "___" is the act of informing someone of their rights when they are being arrested.- Miranda warning16. The acronym "K-9" refers to a police officer who works with a trained ___.- Dog17. A police officer may use a "___" to immobilize a vehicle during a pursuit.- Spike strip18. The term "___" is used to describe a situation where a police officer is following a suspect.- Tail19. A police officer may use a "___" to protect themselves from bodily harm.- Body armor20. The term "___" refers to a police officer's duty to serve and protect the community.- Public service三、简答题（每题5分，共20分）21. What are the general duties of a police officer?- Answer: The general duties of a police officer include maintaining public order, enforcing laws, responding to emergencies, investigating crimes, and serving the community.22. What is the purpose of a police siren?- Answer: The purpose of a police siren is to alert the public to the presence of an emergency vehicle, allowing it to clear traffic and respond to incidents quickly.23. Explain the concept of probable cause in the context of police work.- Answer: Probable cause is a legal standard that allows a police officer to make an arrest, conduct a search, or obtain a warrant based on reasonable grounds to believe that a crime has been committed.24. What is the role of a detective in a police department? - Answer: The role of a detective in a police departmentis to investigate crimes, gather evidence, and work on solving cases that are typically more complex or serious than those handled by patrol officers.四、论述题（每题15分，共30分）25. Discuss the importance of communication skills for a police officer.- Answer: Communication skills are crucial for police。
警察翻译成英文
警察翻译成英文PoliceThe police is an integral part of a country's law enforcement system. Its primary role is to maintain public order and safety, enforce the law, and prevent and investigate criminal activities. Police officers are responsible for upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights and freedoms of the citizens.The functions of the police vary from country to country, but their main responsibilities include patrolling the streets, responding to emergency calls, conducting investigations, gathering evidence, arresting suspects, and providing support to the criminal justice system. Policemen and policewomen undergo rigorous training and are equipped with the necessary tools and skills to carry out their duties effectively.In most countries, the police force is organized into different departments or branches to address specific types of crimes or maintain different aspects of public safety. For example, there are specialized units such as homicide, narcotics, and cybercrime divisions, as well as traffic police and community policing units. The police not only play a crucial role in maintaining law and order, but they also serve as a visible presence in the community. They interact with the public on a daily basis, providing assistance, investigating complaints, and mediating disputes. In this way, they contribute to building trust and fostering cooperation between the police and the community.Furthermore, the police often collaborate with other law enforcement agencies, both within their own country and internationally, to combat transnational crimes and address global security challenges. This cooperation is vital in ensuring the safety and well-being of the citizens and maintaining peace and stability in society.While the police force is an essential component of any country's justice system, it is essential that they perform their duties in a professional, impartial, and accountable manner. Upholding human rights and respecting the principles of fairness and justice are fundamental to the credibility and effectiveness of the police force. In conclusion, the police play a crucial role in maintaining public safety, enforcing the law, and preventing and investigating criminal activities. They are a visible and trusted presence in the community, providing support and assistance to the citizens. The police force is an integral part of the justice system and works in collaboration with other law enforcement agencies to ensure peace and security.。
介绍警察的英语作文
When writing an essay about the police in English,it is important to cover several key aspects that define their role and function in society.Here is a structured approach to writing such an essay:Title:The Role of Police in SocietyIntroduction:Begin by introducing the topic and setting the context for the essay.Mention the importance of the police force in maintaining law and order.The police are an integral part of any society,tasked with the responsibility of ensuring the safety and security of citizens.Historical Background:Provide a brief historical overview of the development of the police force.The concept of a police force dates back to the early19th century in England,with the establishment of the London Metropolitan Police in1829.Functions and Responsibilities:Discuss the various duties and responsibilities of the police.Police officers are responsible for preventing crime,protecting life and property, maintaining public order,and enforcing laws and regulations.Training and Recruitment:Explain the process of becoming a police officer,including training and recruitment procedures.Aspiring police officers must undergo rigorous training,which includes physical fitness tests,psychological evaluations,and extensive education in law enforcement techniques. Community Policing:Discuss the concept of community policing and its importance.Community policing is a strategy that focuses on building trust and cooperation between the police and the communities they serve,aiming to create a safer environment for all.Challenges Faced by Police:Address the challenges that police officers face in their line of duty.Police officers often face challenges such as dangerous situations,public scrutiny,and the need to balance the enforcement of laws with the protection of civil liberties.Technological Advancements:Mention how technology has impacted the work of the police.With the advent of technology,police forces have access to advanced tools such as surveillance cameras,databases,and forensic science,which aid in solving crimes more efficiently.Ethical Considerations:Discuss the ethical considerations that police officers must navigate.Ethical dilemmas are common in law enforcement,such as the use of force,racial profiling,and the balance between public safety and individual rights.Conclusion:Summarize the main points and reiterate the importance of the police in society.In conclusion,the police play a crucial role in maintaining the fabric of society.Their dedication and commitment to public safety are essential for a peaceful and orderly community.Recommendations:Suggest ways to improve the relationship between the police and the public.To foster better relations,it is recommended that police departments engage in transparent communication,regular community outreach programs,and ongoing training to address bias and improve service delivery.This essay structure provides a comprehensive overview of the police force,covering their history,roles,challenges,and the impact of technology and ethics on their work.。
英文警察的作文高中
英文警察的作文高中英文：As a high school student, I believe that the police play a crucial role in maintaining law and order in our society. They are responsible for ensuring the safety and security of the public, and their presence helps to deter crime and maintain peace in our communities. 。
One of the most important functions of the police is to enforce laws and regulations. They patrol the streets, respond to emergency calls, and investigate criminal activities. For example, last year, there was a series of break-ins in my neighborhood, and the police worked tirelessly to apprehend the culprits and ensure that our community was safe once again. Their quick response and dedication to their job were truly commendable.Another important aspect of the police's work is to provide assistance and support to those in need. They oftenserve as first responders in emergencies, providing medical aid and ensuring that people are out of harm's way. I remember a time when I witnessed a car accident, and the police arrived at the scene within minutes to help the injured individuals and manage the traffic flow. Their professionalism and compassion in such situations are truly admirable.In addition to their law enforcement duties, the police also play a role in building positive relationships with the community. They often engage in community outreach programs, such as organizing neighborhood watch groups and participating in school events. These efforts help tofoster trust and cooperation between the police and the public, creating a safer and more harmonious environmentfor everyone.Overall, the police are essential to the functioning of our society, and their dedication to serving and protecting the community is truly commendable. I have great respectfor the men and women in uniform who put their lives on the line every day to ensure our safety and well-being.中文：作为一名高中生，我相信警察在维护社会法律和秩序方面扮演着至关重要的角色。
介绍武警的英语短片
介绍武警的英语短片In recent years, the Chinese People's Armed Police Force (PAP) has become an increasingly significant part of China's military power. As a branch of the PAP, the People's Armed Police Force (PAP) has attracted increasing attention fromthe public, with many people curious about its role and functions. In order to provide a clear and conciseintroduction to the PAP, a short English language video has been produced, providing a step-by-step guide to the organization.The video begins with an overview of the PAP, explaining that it is a branch of the PLA- People's Liberation Army-that was established in 1982. The presenter then explainsthat the PAP is responsible for a wide range of tasks, including maintaining social stability, countering terrorism, and providing assistance in times of emergency.The video then delves deeper into the specific functions of the PAP, including border security, maritime law enforcement, and firefighting. The presenter emphasizes that the PAP plays an important role in safeguarding China's national security, and that it is an integral part of China's efforts to maintain regional stability and promote peace.The video also provides information about theorganization and structure of the PAP, explaining how it is composed of specialized units that are able to respond to a wide range of different situations. This includes riotcontrol units, special tactics teams, and bomb disposal units, among others.Throughout the video, the presenter stresses the importance of discipline and professionalism in the PAP, highlighting the rigorous training and high standards thatall personnel are required to adhere to.In conclusion, the PAP English language video is a valuable resource for those interested in learning more about this important branch of China's military. By providing a clear and concise overview of the PAP's functions, organization, and capabilities, the video helps to highlight the vital role that the PAP plays in safeguarding China's national security and promoting peace and stability in the region.。
surround例句
surround例句1.Tall trees surround the lake.环湖都是大树。
2.The lake is surrounded with/by trees.湖边树木环绕。
3.the membranes surrounding the brain脑膜4.As a child I was surrounded by love and kindness.幼年时我备受关爱。
5.Police surrounded the building.警方包围了那栋房子。
6.They've surrounded the building with police.他们派警察包围了那栋房子。
7.publicity surrounding the divorce媒体围绕这桩离婚事件的报道8.I like to surround myself with beautiful things.我喜欢身边老有漂亮的东西。
9.The small churchyard was surrounded by a rusted wrought-iron fence...不大的教堂墓地周边围着一圈生锈的熟铁栅栏。
10.The shell surrounding the egg has many important functions.蛋壳有许多重要的功能。
11.When the car stopped in the town square it was surrounded by soldiers and militiamen...当汽车停在城镇广场时立刻被士兵和民兵包围了。
12.He tried to run away but gave up when he found himself surrounded...他试图逃跑，但发现已被包围时只好放弃了这个念头。
13.The decision had been agreed in principle before today's meeting, but some controversy surrounded it...该决定在今天的会议之前就已达成原则上的共识，但围绕这一决定还存在一些争议。
2024北京九年级一模英语汇编：阅读单选CD篇
2024北京初三一模英语汇编阅读单选CD篇一、阅读理解（2024北京东城二中初三一模）How good are you at remembering names, dates, and telephone numbers? It is not easy for all. Remembering things is one of the most interesting functions (功能) of the human brain (大脑). That’s why scientists spend so much time studying how it works.Studies show that when we learn something new, it stays in our memory (记忆) for 20-30 seconds. This is our short-term memory. Remembering a phone number long enough to find a piece of paper is an example. The opposite of short-term memory is long-term memory, which is where things are stored in the brain for a long time. The brain can turn short-term memory into long-term memory. For example, when studying for an exam, instead of just reading the information once or twice, you might go over your notes again and again until you can remember the important information.Dave Farrow is known for his excellent memory. He has been listed twice in Guinness (吉尼斯) World Records for Greatest Memory. As a student, Dave had great difficulties in learning. He found some ways to improve his memory in order to do well in school. Here are some you can try.One way is to look at the first letter of each word you want to remember. Then, make your own word or sentence using all of those letters. For example, if you want to remember all the colours in a rainbow, try remembering the name Roy G.Biv. Each letter in this name matches the first letter of a colour：red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. Another way is to remember information in groups. For example, when you remember a telephone number, remember three numbers as a group, the next four numbers as a group and the final four numbers as a group. This way, your brain only has to remember three things instead of 11.If you are interested in improving your memory, apart from using some ways to remember things, there are lots of simple things you can do, like eating healthily, sleeping well and exercising daily. Challenging (挑战) your brain also helps you keep it healthy and active. So, why not start playing mind games, learning a musical instrument or studying a new language?1．What can we learn from Paragraph 2?A．Short-term memory is less important than long-term memory.B．The information needed for an exam stays in short-term memory.C．People store new information in long-term memory by going over it.D．Our short-term memory can hold information for more than half a minute.2．The writer talks about Dave Farrow to ________.A．describe how people remember thingsB．show the importance of a great memoryC．tell people to use some ways to improve memoryD．give a reason why people need to improve memory3．What is the last paragraph mainly about?A．Some advice to improve memory.B．Some activities to challenge the brain.C．Some advantages of playing mind games.D．Some reasons for keeping the brain active.（2024北京东城二中初三一模）Some parents and some students feel that the study of English literature is misguided and disadvantageous to students, particularly if they are second language learners of English. However, there are still good reasons for the study of English literature.Students of English language sometimes fail to see the point of studying English literature, especially if they have no plans to study English or translation at university. But English literature can introduce students to many aspects (方面), not only the English language but also the culture of English-speaking countries.There are aspects of English culture that summarized by English literature. Of course,this is quite evident (明显的) when we are studying the works of Shakespeare or of writers, poets and playwrights of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is, however, also true when we are studying other works of English literature. Students can learn about good stories and references to different aspects of English culture. They can also learn the context (背景) and meanings of famous quotes and phrases.Studying literature does not confine the students to the traditions of England but includes the possibility of introducing them to traditions which influence English literature, such as the study of Ancient Greek drama, and to literature in other contexts, such as American literature. The enjoyment and appreciation of literature will give students the ability to develop this into an interest in books and reading as they move away from their studies and into the adult lives. They will have the confidence to approach and deal with new forms of books and writing.When studying literature, students can learn not only language aspects such as vocabulary but also the language aspects which can be used for specific purposes. For example, if the students are familiar with the concepts of the beat and rhythm of English poems, they can improve their own writing as they are able to appreciate and apply these ideas.Finally, the study of literature can provide students with a fresh and creative angle, from which the students can deal with their studies in particular and their lives in general. So the next time you are reading a newspaper article complaining of the lack of creativity and initiative (主动性) in the local workforce, remember that in a small way the study of English literature can help to add a refreshing and further dimension to a person’s life.4．The word “confine” in Paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to ________.A．advise B．warn C．limit D．require5．The writer probably agrees that the study of English literature ________.A．has a long-lasting influence on studentsB．is misguided and has more disadvantagesC．is not necessary for second language learnersD．only allows the students to learn traditions of England6．What can we learn from the passage?A．Schools fail to care about students’ need.B．English culture is closely related to English literature.C．Learning English literature can make students smarter.D．The more you read literature works, the more you complain.7．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?A．Why We Learn English LiteratureB．The Needs of Students and ParentsC．What We Know about English CultureD．English Culture and English Literature（2024北京海淀初三一模）Meditation is one kind of exercise in controlling attention. Meditators use some practices, like keeping focus on breathing, to strengthen the ability to take control over what their minds are doing. While meditators have long experienced its benefits, science only recently discovered that the mental effort of meditation is good exercise for the brain. Meditation has much to do with cognition, a term to describe the thought processes inside our heads (like focusing, making decisions, and remembering) that allow us to understand the world. Meditators are really good at using several cognitive abilities to stay focused. When they learn that their minds wander (走神), they quickly bring their attention back, which is like doing a mental push-up. All these mental push-ups end up strengthening their ability to change their thoughts based on what they are doing right now, like changing from doing math to reading when they go to different classes.push-upGroups of brain areas that communicate are called brain networks, and the health of the brain depends on the ability of brain networks to communicate well. Science has shown that meditation can improve sustained attention, which is how well a person can keep their attention on something hard for a long time. Scientists can measure improvements in sustained attention by looking for increases in certain brain waves, using EEG (脑电图). It proves that meditation can make the brain areas involved in attention communicate with each other more easily.Meditation can even change the way that meditators’ brain networks communicate, by bringing new, helpful brain areas into the conversation or getting rid of a brain area that is too loud and distracting (分心的). As a result, meditators get better at focusing their attention away from negative thoughts and feelings and putting themselves into a good mood.These changes take a long time and a lot of work. People need to make meditation a habit and guidance from a teacher can be helpful. Yet, not everyone can afford a personal teacher. That’s where technology steps in. Scientists have made apps that provide tips and help people meditate at their own levels. While some digital meditation apps have been carefully studied by scientists, some need to be tested. So, it is important to be careful at first about whether an app really works.8．According to the passage, when people meditate, they ________.A．try to control their focus B．focus on what goes aroundC．make important decisions D．develop the ability to communicate9．What can we learn from the passage?A．Meditators end their practice when their minds wander.B．Meditation makes it possible for people to have happier moods.C．Certain brain waves decrease when sustained attention improves.D．Digital meditation apps work better than personal meditation teachers.10．What might be the best title for the passage?A．How does meditation benefit the brain?B．How do people make meditation a habit?C．How does technology improve meditation?D．How do meditalors better their mental health?（2024北京海淀初三一模）Every time I look at the many recent orders on my online shopping account, or I receive a new package on my doorstep, I get a feeling of happiness that is hard to give up. Although I know that my shopping habits are bad for the planet, I just can’t stop.But Ann-Christine Duhaime’s new book, Minding the Climate: How Neuroscience Can Help Solve Our Environmental Crisis, has helped me understand that my desire (渴望) to keep buying things isn’t necessarily a personal weakness—it’s the way our brains have developed.According to Duhaime, we managed to stay alive even when things were hard because our brains learned to repeat decisions like moving towards a tasty treat or backing away from danger. Today, we have some 86 billion neurons (神经元in a positive outcome, which makes a person want to do it again. As the neurons work, they produce dopamine (多巴胺), which makes our rewarding behavior feel even better than usual. We actively look for more dopamine, and at the same time, learn to repeat the actions that lead to it.However, Duhaime stresses that our brains are not programmed to keep buying more and more. All humans are different, and our brains work differently depending on our genetics (遗传性) and our life experiences. The challenge is that our brain systems are designed for short-term decision-making. When we buy something new, we get rewarded immediately. But the long-term worsening of the planet is harder for the reward centers of our brains to understand, even if we know about it.And there may be some ways to break the cycle. The best is not to stop buying things completely; a better solution may be to substitute the old rewards that we know aren’t good in the long run with new ones. For example, you can have a glass of milk, which gives you fewer calories, instead of eating chocolate just before bed for comfort. Once you start losing weight, the reward of being able to fit into your old clothes feels as good as what the chocolate would do. We need that same substitution for shopping.Buying used things could also help satisfy our desire to get more things without using more natural resources. Additionally, creating social rewards, like encouragement and support from a community with similar goals, can inspire positive changes. Humans naturally like to connect with others, and this social support can lead to more eco-friendly choices.11．What do you know about human brains from the passage?A．The way brains work won’t be influenced by life experiences.B．Neurons play a role in people’s repeating rewarding behavior.C．Less dopamine is produced when people get positive outcomes.D．Brains don’t care about the short-term effects of people’s actions.12．The word “substitute” in Paragraph 5 probably means “________”.A．take the place of B．look forward to C．get ready for D．make up for 13．The writer probably agrees that ________.A．over-shopping harms the development of the human brainB．keeping buying gets in the way of people finding happinessC．the planet is free from the influence of people’s buying behaviorD．creating social rewards can help people reduce the desire to over-shop14．What is the writer’s main purpose in writing this passage?A．To explain why over-shopping is not a personal weakness.B．To show how dopamine makes people crazy about shopping.C．To guide people to make eco-friendly choices when shopping.D．To encourage people to buy used things to protect the environment.（2024北京大兴初三一模）Clean electricity is the power of the future, but engineers are facing a big challenge. How can we store electricity to be used at times when the wind is not blowing and the sun is not shining? In some cases, the answer will be batteries; but in other cases, it could come from a variety of different solutions—starting with gravity.Gravity is the most abundant source of power on Earth. It’s always been everywhere since the beginning of time. Nobody knew about it until around 1700, when Isaac Newton saw an apple fall from a tree in his garden. Newton asked himself the question: “Why did that apple fall to the ground?” And he soon worked out the answer. Everything will fall to the ground if it can do so, because there is a massive force that pulls things towards the center of the earth. Newton decided to call this force “gravity”, a word that then just meant “weight”.Engineers have used gravity as a source of power for centuries, long before Newton first explained it. In particular, they used gravity to move water from one place to another to irrigate (灌溉) fields and bring water to cities. They knew that water would flow downhill, but never uphill, so they built structures to use the force of gravity most effectively.In 1907, engineers in Switzerland first used gravity for a new purpose: to store energy. They pumped (用泵抽送) water up a hill, where they stored it in a lake. Then when they needed more electricity, they let the water come back down the hill, driving electric turbines (涡轮机) as it fell. The idea was just so simple, and it is now used in many parts of the world. However, the problem is that “pumped storage” hydro schemes (抽水蓄能水电方案) can’t be built just anywhere, as they need lots of water and big hills or mountains.Some experts believe that gravity systems are the cheapest way to store electricity. Gravity-stored electricity is maybe half the price of battery-stored electricity, but even so it is not cheap. In order to make gravity more effective,we would need to increase its force—and that, of course, is quite impossible. Yet gravity is not the only way of storing energy, and engineers are working on systems that store it using water pressure or compressed air... and even sand!Storage is one of the big scientific challenges of our time, as storage is the essential partner of wind power and solar power. We need clean electricity 24 hours a day, not just when the sun is shining or the wind is blowing.15．The word “abundant” in Paragraph 2 probably means ________.A．expensive B．environmental C．famous D．plentiful16．From the passage, we can know that ________.A．gravity systems are the cheapest way to store electricityB．“pumped storage” hydro schemes can be built on small hillsC．engineers in Switzerland first stored energy by using gravity creativelyD．experts have already made gravity more effective by increasing its force17．Why does the author write this passage?A．To tell the story of finding gravity.B．To show the importance of gravity.C．D．To introduce a good way to store electricity.（2024北京大兴初三一模）It is so easy to describe people as being talented. Just look at any headline praising a piece of artwork, music, or other great feat, and you are likely to see the word “talented” or “gifted”. However, is being talented a true marker of success?Some people believe that talent plays a key role in achieving success fast. Those with natural ability in a particular field can often gain success rapidly with less effort. For example, a person with a natural ear for music may find it easier to learn to play an instrument. Take a look at Wolfgang Mozart. He composed his first musical masterpiece (杰作) at the age of 5. And at the age of 7, he went on his first tours to perform his abilities for the world.In the process of highlighting the “natural” gifts of achievers, hard work can get lost in the mix. The result is that many “talents” believe they only need to depend on their innate (内在的) abilities in order to produce great works. Inevitably, this can lead to disappointment, frustration, and even mental health problems, because the reality is that talent alone is not enough.One is often led to believe that being naturally gifted is the ultimate prerequisite (最终的先决条件) for success in any field. But almost every example of a big achievement involves some degree of putting in some amount of work. In athletics, for example, standout athletes such as Michael Jordan, Usain Bolt, and Serena Williams are oftenpraised for their natural abilities. However, closer analysis of their careers shows that these athletes spent huge chunks of their lives practicing.Aside from working hard, talent can only become useful if the owner of that talent does what is necessary to expand (拓展) it. If your talent is just being good at playing the guitar, for instance, that ability can only get you so far because there are many other people who also know their way around the instrument. How will you set yourself apart from the crowd? You would do so by finding ways to expand your guitar-playing capabilities, whether that means learning new finger tricks or mastering different types of guitars. Then you will be more successful than others.Nothing is wrong with having natural abilities. After all, everyone is born to be good at something. However, finding success at any level, and in any field, requires more than talent. The relationships you create with people and habits you develop also play a role in your ability to grow your career. But, ultimately, working hard is the main factor as to how far you can go.18．The writer uses the example of Mozart to tell us that ________.A．natural ability can help speed up successB．being famous should be as early as possibleC．talent can take the place of effort completelyD．everyone is born to be good at something19．What is Paragraph 3 mainly about?A．The result of an art competition.B．The achievements of famous talents.C．The problems of overvaluing innate abilities.D．The process of producing great works by talents.20．What can we learn from the passage?A．Hard work helps people find out their natural abilities easily.B．Almost every great achievement requires a certain amount of effort.C．Relationships with people and habits are more important than talent.D．Talented people are more likely to succeed than hardworking people.21．The writer probably agrees that ________.A．hard work brings people more success than talent doesB．talent gives people a head start in achievement s in any fieldC．having talent is not enough to ensure success unless talent is improvedD．hard work is no more necessary unless it is done by people successfully（2024北京通州初三一模）Sharing your opinions is fun when everyone else agrees with you. But what about when they don’t? No one likes feeling like the strange one out, and these days it seems like people with unpopular opinions are more likely to get shunned (回避). Does that mean you should change your opinions to conform (符合) to the majority’s beliefs? Of course not. Here’s what you should do.Say it, but don’t push itWe all have ideas that we want to share. But don’t try to convince (说服) other people that your opinion is thebest idea or the only idea they should have. Stand your ground, but don’t be condescending (居高临下的).Be respectful of other people’s opinions, tooIt’s not only you who need to express an opinion. Everyone should have the chance, and you should give them that chance. When people share their thoughts, be open to them and don’t bring them down for unpopular opinions.Agree to disagreeSometimes, we have to accept the fact that we won’t agree on everything. When your opinions clash (冲突), make sure that it ends there. Don’t have any arguments or negative feelings. Agree to disagree when there’s no other way for you.Unpopular opinions can rock the boat when it comes to conversations. But they can be the best conversation topics. Having an unpopular opinion is hard, but it doesn’t have to ruin your relationships or your self-esteem (自尊). With the right way, you can stand firm (坚定地) in your beliefs, even when you feel like others don’t share them.You can share a different idea on the topic. Be sure not to be so surprised when someone doesn’t agree with you. It is an unpopular opinion, after all. Learning how to handle having an unpopular opinion is important if you want to be able to share your opinion respectfully and effectively, and you don’t want to feel emotionally isolated (孤立的) because of your opinion.22．What can we learn from the passage?A．We should use our opinions to challenge others’ opinions.B．We should try our best to make our friends accept our ideas.C．When we share our opinions, we should stop others from talking.D．When it’s hard to accept different opinions, we should set them aside.23．The words “rock the boat” in Paragraph 5 probably mean “______”.A．bring benefits B．draw away attention C．make trouble D．win support24．What is the passage mainly about?A．The collection of unpopular opinions.B．Ways to deal with unpopular opinions.C．The importance of unpopular opinions.D．Benefits of having unpopular opinions.（2024北京通州初三一模）We all experience different levels of stress, and we can manage a certain amount of it while still feeling comfortable and fulfilled. But everywhere you look today, some people are stressed out. Why do people seem to have more stress?Many researchers agree that stress comes down to the larger number of tasks and our higher expectations.But we believe there is more to consider. The attitudes towards the tasks can also influence the level of stress. An attitude is the way that you think and feel about things. Bad attitudes towards the tasks can slow down the management of the tasks. Some people may be overwhelmed (压倒) by their growing list of to-do items. This can lead to anxiety. For many, anxiety can be painful. For some, anxiety can be so painful that they may avoid tasks big and small. Avoidance can lead to an expanding list of unfinished tasks. When some one reminds us to face what we have not completed or when a new pressure has been added, the burden (负担) becomes too much. For example, if someone tells us tomorrow is the deadline of our projects or a new one is given to us, we are facing the accumulation (积累) of stress.One of the elements that influence attitudes is emotions. Emotions are powerful internal (内部的) experiences that influence attitudes and behaviors by shaping ideas, evaluations, and decision-making processes. Pleasant emotions tend to promote positive attitudes, while unpleasant emotions can lead to negative attitudes. Furthermore, negative emotions will reduce the thinking process that is necessary to handle stress. For example, shame over unfinished projects or unmet expectations can push us down, and negative judgment can create a lack of self-belief, which can affect performance and the overall management of stress.When you’re stressed out and have a bad attitude on top of that stress, you will feel that even the simplest tasks are boring and impossible to do, which can increase your stress level. But if we want to have less stress on our tasks, it’s time to have proper attitudes.25．You will most probably experience the accumulation of stress when you ______.A．leave your tasks to the last minuteB．have comfortable feelings at schoolC．have positive attitudes towards your workD．are able to finish your homework correctly every day26．Why does the writer talk about anxiety in Paragraph 3?A．To provide examples of the growing list.B．To show a new way to face the stress.C．To help us know the importance of the tasks.D．To explain the relationship between attitudes and stress.27．What do you know about the attitudes and emotions from the passage?A．Emotions are a kind of behaviors guided by attitudes.B．C．Emotions are easier to change than attitudes.D．Attitudes are affected by emotions.28．The writer probably agrees that ______.A．positive attitudes can help people feel less stressedB．people can change attitudes by observing people around themC．high expectation is a key part of effective stress managementD．people have pleasant emotions when they fall behind on tasks（2024北京西城初三一模）Have you ever wondered why you are good at noticing things in your environment that are possibly dangerous? Defensive circuits, one of our brain systems, detect (察觉) signs that might suggest threats (威胁) and prepare the body to take quick action, therefore increasing our chances of staying alive.Our defensive circuits are always on the lookout for things that might be threats.They look for certain features of objects (物体) that make those objects stand out from the other things around them. Objects with these features are given priority in our brains; that is, we pay attention to them before other things. So, how exactly does our threat detection work?First, the presence of a feature that could suggest a threat grabs, or catches, our attention very quickly—it isan automatic (自动的) process. Threat detection happens so quickly because the threat information does not have to go all the way around the cortex (大脑皮层). You can think of this as a shortcut through the brain, which gives us more time to avoid possible threats.Once we look at something that might be a threat, we often find looking away to be very difficult—the threatening object holds our attention. This process is also automatic, and its advantage is that it gives us more time to collect additional details about the possible threat. Those details are important for understanding whether we are facing a real threat and deciding how to best deal with the situation.After we have recognized the possible threat, our brains must often make up for the time we’ve spent examining it-we need to avoid paying attention to the threat, and then we can look around and process the rest of the environment. This can help us find additional threats, or find a way out.Once we detect a threat, the defensive circuits prepare our body to take action. We make changes to our emotions (for example, feeling fear) and body functions (such as speeding up our heartbeat). Together, these changes allow us to act properly in threatening situations, increasing the likelihood that we will get away without being harmed.There are differences between people on how easily the defensive system is activated. Some of us are frightened more easily than others, and it takes less to activate the defensive circuits. This, however, can be problematic. Overly sensitive defensive circuits might stop working as they should when overused.29．What can we learn about the defensive circuits?A．They watch out for possible danger.B．They help us remember threat features.C．They promise us a happy and healthy life.D．They easily stand out from other brain systems.30．What do our brains do to make up for the time spent examining possible danger?A．Create additional details immediately.B．Activate a shortcut through the cortex.C．Push our body to make lasting changes.D．Redirect our attention to the rest of the environment.31．Which would be the best title for the passage?A．How does your brain work in various situations?B．What makes us different when it comes to facing threats?C．Why are we overly sensitive to certain threatening objects?D．What happens in your brain when you notice something frightening?（2024北京西城初三一模）On a Saturday afternoon, your best friend calls you and says he needs help moving. You gladly show up to help. When you are done, he hands you some money, saying “Thanks for your help.” The situation suddenly feels awkward (尴尬的).Why doesn’t direct payment fit the situation? According to economist Dan Ariely, we live in two worlds—one governed by social norms (规范), and the other characterized by market norms. Social norms are part of our social nature. They include the friendly requests (请求) that people make of one another and immediate payback is not。
2024年辅警笔试的问题及其解答英文版
2024年辅警笔试的问题及其解答英文版Document Title: Questions and Answers for the 2024 Auxiliary Police Written Exam1. What is the role of an auxiliary police officer?An auxiliary police officer assists regular police officers in maintaining public safety and order. They may perform tasks such as traffic control, crowd management, and patrolling.2. What qualifications are required to become an auxiliary police officer?To become an auxiliary police officer, individuals must meet certain requirements such as being a legal adult, having a high school diploma or equivalent, passing a background check, and completing a training program.3. What are the key responsibilities of an auxiliary police officer?Key responsibilities of an auxiliary police officer include assisting in crime prevention, responding to emergencies, enforcing laws and regulations, and building positive relationships with the community.4. How does an auxiliary police officer handle conflicts or difficult situations?Auxiliary police officers are trained to de-escalate conflicts and handle difficult situations with professionalism and diplomacy. They may use verbal communication techniques and follow established protocols to resolve conflicts peacefully.5. What are the benefits of serving as an auxiliary police officer?Some benefits of serving as an auxiliary police officer include gaining valuable experience in law enforcement, contributing to the community, developing leadership skills, and potentially pursuing a career in law enforcement.6. How can individuals prepare for the auxiliary police written exam?Individuals can prepare for the auxiliary police written exam by studying relevant materials such as law enforcement procedures, emergency response protocols, and community policing principles. They may also benefit from practicing sample exam questions and seeking guidance from experienced officers.7. What are the challenges faced by auxiliary police officers?Auxiliary police officers may face challenges such as dealing with potentially dangerous situations, managing conflicts with the public, and balancing their duties with other commitments. It is important for auxiliary officers to stay vigilant, communicate effectively, and seek support when needed.8. How can auxiliary police officers contribute to community safety?Auxiliary police officers can contribute to community safety by patrolling neighborhoods, reporting suspicious activities, assisting in emergencies, and engaging with residents to address safety concerns. Their presence can help deter crime and promote a sense of security in the community.9. What career opportunities are available for auxiliary police officers?Auxiliary police officers may pursue various career opportunities in law enforcement, security, or related fields. They can use their experience as auxiliary officers to transition into full-time police work, security management, or other roles that require a background in public safety.10. How can auxiliary police officers stay updated on the latest law enforcement practices?Auxiliary police officers can stay updated on the latest law enforcement practices by attending training sessions, participating in workshops, reading professional publications, and networking with other law enforcement professionals. Continuous learning and professional development are essential for staying current in the field of law enforcement.。
2024北京西城九年级一模英语(教师版)
2024北京西城初三一模英语2024. 4考生须知1. 本试卷共11页，共两部分，共38题。
满分60分。
考试时间90分钟。
2. 在试卷和草稿纸上准确填写姓名、准考证号、考场号和座位号。
3. 试题答案一律填涂或书写在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效4. 在答题卡上，选择题用2B铅笔作答，其他试题用黑色字迹签字笔作答5. 考试结束，请将本试卷、答题卡和草稿纸一并交回第一部分本部分共33题，共40分。
在每题列出的四个选项中，选出最符合题目要求的一项。
一、单项填空(每题0. 5分，共6分)从下面各题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选择可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
1. My sister likes drawing and ________ wants to be an artist in the future.A. sheB. heC. itD. they2. I like listening to music while exercising _______ the park.A. on C. in D. to3. —Would you like more pizza, Linda?—No, thanks. The pizza is delicious ________ I’m full.A. ifB. butC. becauseD. or4. —_______ you read the sign across the street, Tom?—No, I can’t.A. MustB. CanC. MayD. Might5. Lao She is one of ________ Chinese writers of the twentieth century.A. greatB. greaterC. greatestD. the greatest6. —_________ are you late?—Because I missed the early train.A. WhenB. WhatC. WhyD. Where7. — Where is Mary?—She ________ the teachers with the poster right now.A. is helpingB. helpedC. was helpingD. will help8. The students ________ a lot for the show since last Monday.A. have practicedB. practiceC. were practicingD. practiced9. When my friend called last night, I ________ plans for the May Day holiday.A. am makingB. have madeC. makeD. was making10. I’m on the school football team, and usually we ________ a match on Saturday.A. hadB. haveC. are havingD. have had11. The community library ________ in 2023.A. buildsB. is builtC. builtD. was built12. —Do you know ________?—Next Tuesday afternoon. We are looking forward to it.A. where we will have the school concertB. where will we have the school concertC. when we will have the school concertD. when will we have the school concert二、完形填空(每题1分，共8分)阅读下面的短文，掌握其大意，然后从短文后各题所给的A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选择最佳选项。
2024年辅警书面考试题目和解答英文版
2024年辅警书面考试题目和解答英文版2024 Auxiliary Police Written Exam Questions and AnswersQuestion 1:What are the main duties of an auxiliary police officer?Answer 1:The main duties of an auxiliary police officer include assisting regular police officers in maintaining public safety, conducting patrols, responding to emergencies, and providing support during major events.Question 2:What qualities are important for an auxiliary police officer to possess?Answer 2:Important qualities for an auxiliary police officer include good communication skills, ability to remain calm under pressure, strongsense of ethics, physical fitness, and willingness to work as part of a team.Question 3:How should an auxiliary police officer handle situations involving conflict or aggression?Answer 3:An auxiliary police officer should attempt to defuse the situation through communication, remain impartial, and only use force when absolutely necessary to protect themselves or others.Question 4:What are the procedures for conducting a vehicle stop as an auxiliary police officer?Answer 4:When conducting a vehicle stop, an auxiliary police officer should activate emergency lights, approach the vehicle from a safe position,request identification from the driver, and communicate clearly and professionally throughout the interaction.Question 5:How should an auxiliary police officer handle evidence at a crime scene?Answer 5:An auxiliary police officer should preserve the integrity of evidence by not tampering with or contaminating it, properly documenting its location, and following departmental procedures for collecting and storing evidence.Question 6:What steps should an auxiliary police officer take in the event of a natural disaster or other emergency?Answer 6:In the event of a natural disaster or emergency, an auxiliary police officer should follow emergency response protocols, assist withevacuations or rescue efforts, and provide support to affected individuals as needed.Question 7:How does an auxiliary police officer contribute to community policing efforts?Answer 7:An auxiliary police officer contributes to community policing efforts by building positive relationships with community members, addressing quality of life issues, and promoting crime prevention through education and outreach programs.Question 8:What are the legal limitations of an auxiliary police officer's authority?Answer 8:An auxiliary police officer's authority is limited to the scope of their training and departmental policies, and they must always operate within the boundaries of the law and respect individuals' rights.Question 9:How should an auxiliary police officer handle confidential information in the course of their duties?Answer 9:An auxiliary police officer should handle confidential information with the utmost discretion, only sharing it with authorized personnel on a need-to-know basis, and following departmental guidelines for protecting sensitive data.Question 10:What opportunities for career advancement are available to auxiliary police officers?Answer 10:Auxiliary police officers may have opportunities for career advancement through specialized training, promotion to supervisory roles, or transitioning to full-time positions within law enforcement agencies.。
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应该发生，一些人最好做点什么了
Dispute/conflict resolution?
Bayley
‚tour guides on the museum of human frailty‛ … irrespective of social & political conditions不管社会和政治条件 Scale of public awareness?公共意识的规模
13
1829
- great aim was ‘prevention’ rather than detection
primary strategy: visible patrolling – until 1960s
more emphasis on detection: 1877 CID political role: 1880s Special Irish Branch economic role: industrial disputes
/publications/sci ence-research-statistics/research10 statistics/crime-research/hosb1011/
Bittner
stop ‚something thought ought not to be happening and about which someone had better do something now.‛人们认为不
impact
was a decline in recorded crime up to
1914
but N.B relative prosperity of late 19th century
14
Stated functions
Royal
Commission on the Police: Final Report (1962 Cmnd 1728 p.22)
Patrol巡逻 Traffic Non-crime help calls What does performance of these functions achieve?这些功能的实现的性能是什么
7
bureaucracy官僚主义
Administration
& procedural work行政诉讼工
Police must secure co-operation of the public in voluntary observation of the law to secure respect of the public.
Degree of co-operation of public diminishes proportionately to necessity of use of physical force. 合作的程度成正比的市民减少使用武力的必要性。 Police preserve public favour not by catering to public opinion, but by demonstrating absolute impartial service to the law. 警察保护公众的支持而不是迎合公众的意见，而表现出 绝对的公正的法律服务。
5
Law Enforcement执法
Daily Telegraph (2005) ‚What kid of police service do we want? The answer is obvious: one that better protects us from crime.‛ Role of media Impact on police, esp recruits雇用 ; Statement of Common Purpose and Values:共同的目 标和价值观声明：
11
Peel’s Principles皮尔原则
Basic mission… is to prevent crime and disorder. Ability of police to perform their duties is dependent upon the public approval.取决于公众的支持
17% reassurance policing Patrol from car巡逻车
Answers?
9
Capacity to reduce crime减少 犯罪的能力
Banton,
social control ‚is determined by the kinds of social relationships that exist among the individuals who make up the society and their effectiveness in getting people to follow prescribed patterns of behaviour.‛社 会控制‛是由社会存在的个人的社会关系而定， 让人们遵守规定的行为模式的个体间的种类而 定。‛ Why do you obey the law? What is a crime?
The purpose of the police service is to uphold the law fairly and firmly; to prevent crime; to pursue and bring to justice those who break the law; to keep the Queen’s peace; to protect, help and reassure the community; and to be seen to do this with integrity, common sense and sound judgment.‛ 警察服务的目的是为了维护法律的公正和坚定；预防犯罪；追 求并绳之以法那些违反法律的人；让女王的和平；保护，帮助 和安抚社区；和被视为做这与完整性，常识和判断力。‛
12
Principles ctd
Police use physical force only when exercise of advice, and warning is found to be insufficient. Police, at all times, should maintain a relationship with public that gives reality to historic tradition that the police are the public and the public are the police Police should always direct their action towards their functions, and never appear to usurp powers of judiciary. Test of police efficiency is absence of crime, not visible evidence of police action in dealing with it. POLICING BY CONSENT
: functions of the police
18th
Kay Daniel March 2013
Lecture Aims
What
is it that police actually do? What can they do? What defines their role in society? (How does this tie back to last week? Why does it matter?)
6
Reality of role现实中的作用
Role
of law enforcement执法的作用 Bittner (1974) ‚no human problem exists, or is imaginable, about which it could be said with finality that this certainly could not become the proper business of the police.‛ 比特纳（1974）‚没有人的存在问题，或是可 以想象的，关于它可以与终结，这当然不可能 成为警察的适当的业务。
What do the police do?
‘Police’:
narrower meaning of state agency狭义的国家机构
investigation of crime犯罪调查 public order公共秩序 monitoring of political dissent持不同政见者，监 测 crime prevention预防犯罪 community welfare社会福利 administration （法律、处罚等的）施行