fill-in-short-vowel
《实用英语语音(二)》复习资料
《实用英语语音(二)》复习资料1I. Fill in the blanks.1.An intonation unit usually corresponds to a group .2.The phonetic transcription of the underlined words in the sentence “The present president ofthe committee will present the final report to Parliament soon.” are [ ] and [ ] respectively.3.The frequent occurrence of the syllable is one of the fundamental characteristicsof spoken English，and the one that most distinguishes English from Chinese.4.The syllable which carries a maximal prominence in the tone unit is called .5.Rhythm in English speech is based on .6.According to the manner of articulation，the sound [ p ] and [ t ] are_______consonants while [ m ] and [ n ] are consonants.7.Intonation can be used to convey feelings and attitudes.The__________intonation is said to be more often associated with feelings of hesitation，contrast，reservation or doubt.8.According to the place of articulation，the sound[ θ ]and [ ð ] are.9.Head in an intonation unit extends from the syllable up to the .10.Stressed syllables in English have and clear vowel sounds.11.In spoken English，the phenomenon of joining words together is called .12.Intonation can be used to remove ambiguity of English sentences. This is the ____function of intonation.13.The short vowel sound in unstressed syllables is very often the sound ________，which is themost common of all sounds in English.14.[ tʃ] and [ dʒ] are two English affricates and they differ primarily in terms of_______ .15.When we link the final vowels [ ə: ] and [ ə ] to a following vowel，we should add the [ r ]sound as in “her︶own”，and this sound is called .16.The consonants are made by completely stopping the airflow at some point inthe mouth and then，for most productions，releasing it into the sound that follows.17.The placement of nucleus depends on the information content: the more predictable a word’soccurrence is in a given context，the its information content is.Ⅱ. Multiple Choice1.在下列四个单词用斜杠标出的字母中，有一个与其他部分的读音不同。
语言学考试范围
Front vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ e ] [ ✌ ] [ ]central vowel [ : ] [ ☜ ] [ ✈ ]back vowels [ u: ] [ ☺ ] [ : ] [ ] [α: ]Close vowel [ i: ] [ i ] [ u: ] [ ☺ ]Semi-close vowel [ e ] [: ]Semi-open vowels[ ☜ ] [ : ]Open vowels[ ✌ ] [ ] [ ✈ ] [ ][ : ]Stop （Plosive）塞音（爆破音）[b] [p] [t] [d] [k] [g]Nasal 鼻音[m][n] [ŋ]Fricative 擦音[f] [v] [θ] [s] [z] [∫] [З]Approximant 中通音[ j ] [r] [w]Lateral 边通音[l]Trill 颤音[r]Tap and Flap 触音Affricate 塞擦音[t∫] [dЗ]Closed words : their membership is fixed or limited.E.g. pro. prep. conj. art. etc.Open-class words: whose membership is in principle infinite or unlimited. e.g. n. v. adj. adv. E.g. regarding / with regard to ; throughout, in spite of1. The fact that there is no intrinsic connection between the word “pen” and the thing we write with indicates language is ______.A.arbitraryB. rule-governe . combined D. illogical2. We can understand and produce an infinitely large number of sentence including sentences we never heard before, because language is _____.A.creativeB. arbitraryC. understandableD. unique3. ______ means language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.A.DualityB. DisplacementC. CreativityD. Arbitrariness4. By ____ function people establish and maintain their status in society.A.experientialB. referentialC. metalingualD. interpersonal5. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?A.ArbitrarinessB.ProductivitC.Cultural transmission.D. Finiteness.6. The distinction between parole and langue was made by __________.A.HallidaB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. Saussur1./m,n/ are ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximantD. nasals2. /w,j/ belong to ________.A.fricativesB. dentalsC. approximant中通音D. nasals3. Which of the following vowels is the rounded vowel?A.[i]B. [u]C. [a:]D. [i:]4. Classification of vowels is made up of the following EXCEPT ________.A.the position of the tongueB.theopennessof the mouthC.the shape of the lipD.the width of the vowels5. A sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or one shape of a word from another in a given language is a ________.A.phonemeB. allophoneC. phoneD. allomorph6. /p,t,k/ are ________.A.fricativesB. affricatesC. approximantD. stop7. /kuku:/ is a bird’s call. The name of such a bird is cuckoo which is an example of ________.nguage universalsB. onomatopoeiaC. teaching grammarsD. morphs8. The vowel [u:] in [fu:d] (food) is a ______vowel.A.backB. frontC. unroundedD. central9. In English, there is only one glottal. It is_____.A.[f]B. [r]C. [h]D. [v]10. Which of the following sounds is a voiced bilabial stop?A.[m]B. [v]C. [p]D. [b]11. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the ________ of that phoneme.A.MinimalB. allomorphC. phonesD. allophones12. [i:], [i], [e] are all ________ vowels.A.frontB. centralC. backD. high13. Which of the following is a fricative sound?A.[m]B. [p]C. [w]D. [v]14. There are ________ nasals in English.A.oneB. twoC. threeD. four1. Which of the following does NOT belong to the “open class words”?A. NounsB. AdjectiveC. ConjunctionsD. Adverbs2. What is the minimal unit of meaning?A. PhonemeB. MorphemeC. AllophoneD. Allomorph3. There are ______ morphemes in the word “undesirability”.A. 3B. 4C. 5D. 64. Which of the following is NOT a compound word?A. rainbowB. basketballC. icy-coldD. unpleasant5. All the following words contain the inflectional affixes except _______A. caresB. carefulC. fasterD. books6. The word “irresistible” is _________ .A. a compound oneB. a clipped oneC. a blended oneD. a derived one7. Which of the following is not a free morpheme?A. bedB. treeC. danceD. children8. Which of the following affix differs from others?A. –lyB. –nessC. –ingD. –ful9. Of the following word-formation processes, ___is the most productive.A. conversionB. blendingC. compoundD. derivation10. Morpheme that can occur “unattached” are called ____morphemes.A inflectiona B. bound C free D. derivational11. The word “motherboard”is ___________.A. a clipped oneB. a blended oneC. a compounded oneD. an acronym12. The word “kung-fu”is __________ .A. a clipped oneB. a blended onC. a compound oneD. a borrowed one1.Syntax is the study of ___________. (2005)A. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD. word formation2. What type of sentence is “Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry.”?(2008)A. A simple sentenceB. A coordinate sentenceC. A complex sentenceD. None of the above3.. Syntactic categories contain the type of _________ .A. meaning that words expressB. affixes that the words takeC. structures in which the words can occurD. All of the above4.The syntactic component provides the ________ for a sentence.A. lexiconB. structureC. meaningD. sound1.The speech act theory was first put forward by _________ .(2005)A.John SearleB.John AustiC.Noam ChomskyD.M.A.K. Halliday2.What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of _________ .(2006)A.referenceB.meaningC.antonymyD.context3.When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing _______ .(2009)A.an illocutionary actB.a perlocutionary actC.a locutionary actD.none of the above4. A: What do you think of Mr. Zhang? B: A fine day, isn’t it?In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.5.. A: Where is Paul? B: Somewhere in our University.In the dialogue between A and B, B’s answer flouts which of the four maxims of CP?The maxim of quantity. The maxim of quality. The maxim of manner. The maxim of relation.6. What is the most important concept to distinguish pragmatics from semantics?Context. Entailment. Presupposition. Discourse7.A: Shall we get something for the kids? B: Yes. But I veto C-A-N-D-Y.B’s answer violates maxim of __________ .quantity quality manner relation8. _____________ act expresses the intention of the speaker.Locutionary Illocutionary Perlocutionary Speech9. A: Do you know where Mr. Brown is?B: Somewhere in the southern suburbs of the city. Speaker B violates the maxim of _____________ .quality quantity manner relation10. Contextual features exclude _________ when an utterance is made.the time the place the participants the purpose11. In a factory, Li, the guide, is interpreting for a group of foreign guests. When they have finishes visiting one workshop, he would like the group to follow him to the next workshop. He says,”___________. ”This way, please Come here Follow me Move on12. According to Grice’s Cooperative Principle, speakers should try to make their contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange as the requirement of __________.The maxim of quality The maxim of relevanceThe maxim of quantity The maxim of manner13. According to Austin’s speech act theory, a speaker might be performing the following acts simultaneously when speaking EXCEPT __locutionary act illocutionary act perlocutionary act relocationary act14.The words “kid, child, offspring” are examples of ________. (2006)dialectal synonyms stylistic synonyms emotive synonyms collocational synonyms15.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called __________ . (2008)hyponymy synonymy polysemy homonymy16.Which of the following is NOT the concern of “sense”?It is the study of the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.It is the study of what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world.It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compliers are interested in.It is the collection of all the features of the linguistic form.17.x: They are going to have another baby.Y: They have a child. The relationship of X and Y is ________.synonymous inconsistent X entailing YX presupposing Y18.According to the componential analysis, the words “girl” and “woman” differ in the feature of __________ .HUMAN ANIMATE MALE ADULT19.The relationship between “violet” and “tulip” is ________.co-hyponyms superordinate hyponyms antonyms20.The relationship between “begin” and “commence” is ______. dialectal synonymsstylistic synonymscollocational synonymssemantically different synonyms21.What is the relationship between the words “color” and “red”?Synonymy Antonymy Polysemy Hyponymy22. “fall” and “autumn” are ___________ synonyms.dialectal stylistic evaluatively different semantically different23.Homophones are often employed to create puns for detailed effects of __________.humor sarcasm ridiculeall of the above24.We call the relation between “animal” and “horse” as _______.synonymy polysemy homonymy hyponymy25.The semantic features of the word “girl” can be expressed as __________.+ animate, - human, + adult, + male.+ animate, + human, - adult, + male.+ animate, + human, + adult, - male.+ animate, + human, - adult, - male.26.What is the sentential relation between “He likes skating.” and “He likes sports.”?Presupposition. Entailment. Contradiction. Hyponymy.1.The pair of words “borrow/lend” is called __________.relational opposites synonyms complementary opposites gradable opposites2.“Yellow” has different meanings to Chinese or to western people, that is its _________.conceptual meaning cognitive meaning associative meaning stylistic meaning3.The ambiguity in “pass the port” is caused by __________.lexical itemsa grammatical structure homonymy polysemy4.The word “luggage” and “baggage” are ___________.synonyms differing in emotive meaningdialectal synonymscollocationally restricted synonymssynonyms differing in stylesponential analysis is a method applied in the field of _________.phonetics syntax semantics pragmatics距离相似性（the iconicity of distance）描述为：The linguistic between expressions corresponds to the conceptual distance between them.（词句中语符之间的距离象似于它们所表示的概念距离。
天津外国语大学801英语语言文学历年考研真题
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unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning.
5) _____refers to the study of the rules governing the ways different constituents are combined to form sentences in a language, or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.
Section Four:英语语言学方向 分 (70 points) Questions in this section are set for applicants to the MA program of English Linguistics. 1.Multiple Choice: (20 points) Directions: Fill in the blanks with appropriate linguistic terms or answer the questions as required. Write the answers on the ANSWER SHEET. 1) ____means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of communication. 2) ____________ deals with the way in which speech sounds are produced. 3）____________ refers to a set of standard phonetic symbols in the form of a chart designed by the International Phonetic Association since 1888. 4）____________is the smallest unit of language in regard to the relationship between sounding and meaning, a
胡壮麟语言学教程笔记重点
《语言学教程》重难点学习提示第一章语言的性质语言的定义：语言的基本特征（任意性、二重性、多产性、移位、文化传递和互换性）；语言的功能（寒暄、指令、提供信息、询问、表达主观感情、唤起对方的感情和言语行为）；语言的起源（神授说，人造说，进化说）等。
第二章语言学语言学定义；研究语言的四大原则（穷尽、一致、简洁、客观）；语言学的基本概念（口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言学、语言能力与言行运用、语言潜势与语言行为）；普通语言学的分支（语音、音位、语法、句法、语义）；；语言学的应用（语言学与语言教学、语言与社会、语言与文字、语言与心理学、人类语言学、神经语言学、数理语言学、计算语言学）等。
第三章语音学发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法；语音学的定义；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；元音及辅音的分类；严式与宽式标音等。
第四章音位学音位理论；最小对立体；自由变异；互补分布；语音的相似性；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音、句子重音、音高和语调）等。
第五章词法学词法的定义；曲折词与派生词；构词法（合成与派生）；词素的定义；词素变体；自由词素；粘着词素（词根，词缀和词干）等。
第六章词汇学词的定义；语法词与词汇词；变词与不变词；封闭词与开放词；词的辨认；习语与搭配。
第七章句法句法的定义；句法关系；结构；成分；直接成分分析法；并列结构与从属结构；句子成分；范畴（性，数，格）；一致；短语，从句，句子扩展等。
第八章语义学语义的定义；语义的有关理论；意义种类（传统、功能、语用）；里奇的语义分类；词汇意义关系（同义、反义、下义）；句子语义关系。
第九章语言变化语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）；第十章语言、思维与文化语言与文化的定义；萨丕尔-沃夫假说；语言与思维的关系；语言与文化的关系；中西文化的异同。
第十一章语用学语用学的定义；语义学与语用学的区别；语境与意义；言语行为理论（言内行为、言外行为和言后行为）；合作原则。
语言学专八考研真题及答案
专八语言集锦（05年——14年专八真题及解析归纳）目录1、2005年 (1)2、2006年 (2)3、2007年 (4)4、2008年 (6)5、2009年 (8)6、2010年 (10)7、2011年 (11)8、2012年 (12)9、2013年 (13)10、2014年 (14)11、附加语言学考研题 (15)2005年38.（考查点：main branches of linguistics) Syntax is the study ofA. language functionsB. sentence structuresC. textual organizationD.word formation答案：B。
解析：Syntax is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentences,是关于形成和理解正确英语句子的原则。
也就是句子结构。
故选择B。
39.（考察点：design features of language) Which of ale following is NOTa distinctive feature of human language?A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. Cultural transmissionD. Finiteness答案：D。
解析：题问下面四个选项中，哪一个不是人类语言的主要特征？除Finiteness(有限性)外，选项中的其它的三项Arbitrariness（任意性），Productivity（能产性）和Cultural transmission（文化传递性）在语言学概述部分都提到了。
故选择D。
40. （考察点：人物）The speech act theory was first put forward byA. John SearleB. John AustinC. Noam ChomskyD. M.A,K. Halliday答案：B。
上海外国语大学英语语言文学语言学全真模拟题
上海外国语大学英语语言文学语言学全真模拟题I.Define each of the following concepts and theories: (36 points)1.IPA2.Duality3.Vowel glideplementary distribution5.Illustrate root and stem6.Illustrate the NUMBER issue with both English and Chinese lexical items.putational linguisticsurence Horn’s Q-and R-principles.9.List at least four components of a communicative syllabus.II.Fill in the blanks with the words that are most appropriate in the given context.(16 points)1.In Austin’s How to Do Things with word, he first distingu ishes ________ and______. Later on Austin made a fresh start to distinguish ______, _______ and ________.2._______ is a branch of linguistics which is the study of psychological aspectsof language. As an ______ academic field, it investigates the following major subjects:________, _______ and _______.3.Words can be classified as _______ and ______words; _____ words and______words, ______-class words and _____-class words.III.Answer the following questions. (24 points)1.Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming thequestion “Does John like the book?”2.State and interpret the sense relations with examples.IV.Answer the following questions and try to elaborate the points indicated in questions with the knowledge you have acquired. (24 points)Explain the differences between the Chinese and English cultures by illustrating one aspect of life, which is rich in Chinese but limited in English, and vice versa.Ⅴ. Discuss the following question with examples (50 points)1. What are the methods for the addition of new words in the English language?2. When a teacher says “it’s hot in here” during a class, what does she probablymean? Refer to the theory of pragmatics when you analyze the situation.ReferencesⅠDefine each of the following concepts and theories: (36 points)1. IPA refers to the acronym of the International Phonetic Association (1897) whose first title was Phonetic Teachers Association established by a small group of language teachers in France in order to popularize their teaching practice or methods.(2分) It also stands for the International Phonetic Alphabet (the IPA chart) first proposed by the Danish grammarian and phonetician Otto Jesperson in1886, whose first version was published in 1888.(2分)(本题主要考查语音学中国际音标的起源)2.Duality: the structural organization of language into two abstract levels: meaningful units (e.g. words) and meaningless segments (e.g. sounds, letters).(3分) It is one of human language’s design features. (1分)(本题考查人类语言设计特征的二重性)3.Vowel glide: vowel that involve a change of quality,(2分) including diphthones, when a single movement of the tongue is made, and triphthones, where a double movement is perceived. (2分)(本题主要考查滑元音，包括双元音滑元音和三元音滑元音)4. Complementary distribution: when two sounds never occur to the same environment, they are in complementary distribution.(3分) For example, the aspirated English plosives never occur after [s], and unaspirated ones never occur initially. (1分)（本题考查音位学的互补分布特征的本质）5.Root refers to the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without loss of identity. For example, it is that part of the word which is left when all the affixes are removed.(1分) In the word internationalism, after the removal of inter-, -al, -ism, the part left is the root nation. Apparently, all words contain a root morpheme. And roots can be further classified into free root morpheme and bound root morpheme. (1分)Stem is any morpheme or combinations of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can be added.(1分) For instance, friend- in friends, and friendship in friendships are both stems. The former shows that a stem may be the same as a root, whereas the latter shows that a stem may contains a root and one, or more than one,derivational affix. In another word, friendship is a stem, but not a root.(1分) （本题考查词根和词干的定义及其异同）6. In English the NUMBER lexical items are regular and popular suffix which can be added to the verbs and nouns that distinguish the singular number (one or one group or part), plural form (more than one). In English nouns, we have book/books, pen/pens, hero/heroes, each of the former indicating the singular form (with no suffix or zero suffix), while the latter refers to the plural form, with the suffix (e)s. There are irregular forms in English pronouns, such a I/we, me/us, my/us,so on, indicating the distinction between the singular form and plural form. English verb has present tense the third person singular, for instance,Mary works, Mary teaches French. English verbs also has the irregular, for instance, have/has, am/is/are, which are not large in amount but fixed in usage.(2分)In Contrast, Chinese has few lexical items to indicate the grammatical category NUMBER, such as students (学生们)，children(孩子们)，workers (工人们), indicating human beings’ plural forms, or prof essions. This seldom occurs to the nouns referring to non-human things, such as 桌子们，椅子们with the exception that they are used in scientific fiction or children’s fairies. Chinese has singular and plural distinction in pronouns for example, 我/我们, 他/他们,你/你们.In Chinese, we have a few expressions DUAL in terms of units, such as 一双，一副，一对，一套. In contrast, English has only “a pair of”, “a couple” .There is no distinction in the number of Chinese verbs.（2分）（本题考查句法学中的汉语和英语在语法范畴“数”的异同及其各自的特点）7. Horn’s Q-principle: The Q-principle (Hearer-based):MAKE YOUR CONTRIBUTION (cf. Quantity1)SAY AS MUCH AS YOU CAN ( given R) (2分)R-principle: The R-principle (Speaker-based):MAKE YOUR CONTRIBUTION NECESSARY (cf. Relation, Quantity2 Manner)SAY NO MORE THAN YOU MUST (given Q) (2分)（本题主要考查语用学理论的新发展——后格赖斯时期理论）8. Computational linguistics is a branch of applied linguistics, dealing with computer processing of human language. (2分) It includes programmed instruction, speech synthesis and recognition, automatic translation, and computer mediated communication. (2分)（本题考查应用语言学中计算语言学的定义）municative syllabus aims at the learners’ communicative competence. (1分) This syllabus was summarized by Yalden (1983) with ten components as follows: (1分)(1). as detailed a consideration as possible of the purposes for which the learnerswish to acquire the target language.(2). some idea of the setting in which they will want to use the target language(physical aspects need to be considered, as well as social setting); (1分)(3). the socially defined role the learners will assume in the target language, aswell as the roles of their interlocuters.(4).the communicative events in which the learners will participate: everydaysituations, vocational or professional situations, academic situations, and soon. (1分)(5). the language functions involved in these events, or what the learner willneed to be able to do with or through the language;(6). the notions involved, or that the learner will need to be able to talk about;(7). the skills involved in the “knitting together” of discourse: discourse andrhetorical skills.(8). the variety or varieties of the target language that will be needed, and thelevels in the spoken and written language which the learners will need toreach;(9). the grammatical content that will be needed;(10). the lexical content that will be needed.（本题考查应用语言学中语言教学中交际教学大纲的特征，选择4种就得满分4分）Ⅱ. Fill in the blanks with the words that are most appropriate in the given context.(16 points)1.performatives, constatives, locutionary act, illocutionary act, perlocutionary act. (5分)（本题考查语用学中言语行为理论的起源及奥斯汀对自己的理论的提出及其阐述）2.psycholinguistics, interdisciplinary, acquisition, production, production (5分)（本题考查应用语言学中心理语言学的定义及其特征）3.variable, invariable, grammatical (functional/structural),lexical(content/notional), open, closed (6分)（本题考查从不同角度出发对词类进行的不同分类，属于词汇学或形态学范畴）ⅢAnswer the following questions and try to elaborate the points indicated in questions with the knowledge you have acquired. (24 points)1.Describe with tree diagrams the transformations involved in forming thequestion “Does John like the book?”1. The first diagram is shows the D-structure and the second the S-structure.CPC SNP VPV NPDet. NJohn does like the book?”（12分）（本题考查树型图在转换生成语法理论的地位及其对句子结构和句子成分之间的关系）2 State and interpret the sense relations with examples.There are three sense relations: sameness relation, oppositeness relation and inclusiveness relation. (4分)Synonymy is the technical name for the sameness relation. English is rich in synonyms. e.g. buy/purchase; world/universe; wide/broad, autumn/fall. (1分) In Chinese, “父亲”和“爸爸”，“打死”，“搞死”，“整死”，“弄死”，“掐死”，“玩死”and so on, total synonymy is rare. (1分)Antonymy is the name for oppositeness relation whose three main sub-types are gradable antonymy (old/young; long/short);complementary antonymy (alive/dead, pass/fail, odd/even) and converse antonymy (husband/wife, parent/child, over/under ) (4分)The notion of inclusiveness can be seen in the following example. The meaning of desk is included in that of furniture. Hyponymy is a matter of class membership.The upper term in this sense relation, the class name, is called SUPERORDINANT, and the lower terms, the members, hyponyms. Another classical example is, flower/ poeny, tulip, violet, carnation. (2分)（本题考查词汇学或语义学知识，从同义关系，反义关系和上下义关系三个角度解释了主要意义关系，这里主要解释了词或词组之间的关系；而句子之间的关系也是一种意义关系，只是更加复杂，例如，同义反复关系，e.g. War is war.; 前提关系，矛盾关系，衍推关系等等，更复杂）ⅣAnswer the following questions and try to elaborate the points indicated in questions with the knowledge you have acquired. (24 points)Explain the differences between the Chinese and English cultures by illustrating one aspect of life, which is rich in Chinese but limited in English, and vice versa.Different culture feature—be they environmental, material, or social—produce different linguistic features. (4分) 1) One aspect of life which is rich in Chinese but limited in English is the kinship terms. The kinship field is generally built around the lexical differentiation of three fundamental human family relations:filiations, consanguinity and spouseship. In English different words are used primarily to distinguish the set of kin relations, e.g. “brother” and “sister”, “aunt” and “uncle”, etc., but in Chinese distinction is also made lexically between members of kin who are older or younger than the speaker, or his/her parents, who are on the maternal side or on the paternal side, and who are in-laws or not. Thus, for the English “aunt,” we have in Chinese “gu”(father’s sister), “shen”(wife of father’s younger brother), “bomu”(wife of father’s elder brother), “yimu”(mother’s siter) and “jiuma”(wife of mothers’ brother).(8分)2) One aspect of life which is rich in English but limited in Chinese is the horse words. (4分) The fact that English boasts a large number of horse words is a ready explanation in the important part horse plays in the life of the English people. Besides the most common word “horse”, there are “gee” (a term for horse used by children), “horseflesh”(ho rse considered as a group, especially for driving, riding, or racing),“steed” (a spirited horse), “mare”(a young female horse), “foal” (the young offspring of a horse), “colt”(a young male horse), “filly”(a young female horse), “pony” (horse small in size when full grown), “thoroughbred” (a purebred or pedigree horse), and “bay” (a reddish brown horse). (8分)（本题主要考查中英文化差异，文化学习是外语学习的一个重要课题）Ⅴ1What are the methods for the addition of new words in the English language?New words are created through the following processes:a. Invention. It is a word-formation process related to the developingeconomic activities. New lexical items come directly from the consumer items, their producers or their brand names, such as “Coke”, “nylon”, “Kodak” and so on.b. Blending: It is a relatively complex form of compounding, in which twowords are blended by joining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words; such as smog (smoke + fog), digicom (digital + computer).c. Abbreviation: The process of abbreviation refers to that a new word couldbe created by cutting the final part, or cutting the initial part, or cutting both the initial and final parts accordingly.Such as ad, (advertisement), van (caravan) , flu (influenza).d. Acronym. It is made up from the first letters of the name of anorganization, which has a heavily modified headword, such as WTO, UNESCO.e. Backformation. It refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a longer form already in the language. For example, “edit” is a word generated from “editor.”f. Analogical creation. Roughly speaking, this process is one whereby wordsare created in imitation of other words. For example, the appearance of the word “talkathon” is created on the model of “marathon.”g. Borrowing. It refers to the fact that Eng1ish has borrowed words fromother language. For example, the word “cancer” and “tumor” were borrowed from Latin.h. Derivation. New words can be created by the addition of derivational affixes, such as “national”, which is originated from the word “nation”.i. Compound. It refers to the creation of new words by joining two separate words, such as “ice-cream” and “sunrise”.（这里主要考查社会语言学的基本知识。
英语专业(语言学)历年真题试卷汇编13
英语专业（语言学）历年真题试卷汇编13(总分：50.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、填空题(总题数：4，分数：8.00)1.Such errors as "teached" and "womans" are caused by 1.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：second language learners）解析：解析：（这些错误一般是第二语言习得者犯的。
)2. 1is a method of foreign or second language teaching which makes use of translation and grammar study as the main teaching and learning activities.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Grammar-translation Method）解析：解析：（语法翻译法即在外语教学中主要运用翻译和语法学习为教学活动的方法。
)3. 1 is a grammar-based language teaching method in which principles of grammatical and lexical gradation are used and new teaching points presented and practiced through situations.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Situational language teaching）解析：解析：（情景教学法基于语法的教学方法，强调在情境中呈现语法规则和词汇级别等教学点。
) 4.There are three principles of language testing: 1, 2and 3.（分数：2.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：正确答案：Validity：reliability；practicality）解析：解析：（语言测试的三个原则：效度原则、信度原则及实用性原则。
语言学名词 课后 测试题
第一章⏹Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from anyanimal system of communication.⏹Arbitrariness ----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings.⏹arbitrariness: one design feature of human language, which refers to the face that theforms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning.⏹duality: one design feature of human language, which refers to the property of havingtwo levels of are composed of elements of the secondary. level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.⏹displacement: one design feature of human language, which means human languageenable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present in time and space, at the moment of communication.⏹competence: language user’s underlying knowledge about the system of rules.⏹langue: the linguistic competence of the speaker.⏹parole: the actual phenomena or data of linguistics(utterances).简答：6.does the traffic light system have duality?Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacks the secondary level like animals’call. Red→stop Green→go Yellow→get ready to go or stop8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facialANSWER: On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one inlinguistics?ANSWER: This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hard to draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair—competence and performance.第二章1.phonology: The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication iscalled phonology.2. Allophone: any of the different forms of a phoneme(eg.<th>is an allophone of /t/inEnglish. When /t/occurs in words like step,it is unaspirated<t>.Both<th>and <t>are allophones of the phoneme/t/.3.phonetics----The study of speech sounds which are used in linguistic communication is calledphonetics .4.Phoneme: the abstract element of sound, identified as being distinctive in a particularlanguage.articulations are involved. Coarticulation can be further divided into anticipatory coarticulation and perseverative coarticulation.6.Assimilation: a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of aneighboring sound.7.Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.8.Syllable: word or part of a word which contains a vowel sound or consonant acting as avowel.第三章1. morpheme: the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further small units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.2. inflection: the manifestation of grammatical relationship through the addition of inflectional affixes,such as number,person,finiteness,aspect and case,which do not change the grammatical class of the stems to which they are attached.3. affix: the collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme(the root or stem).4.derivation: is a process of the formation of new words by adding affixes to other words ormorphemes. Words formed in this way are called derivatives, which are open-class.5.root: the base from of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total lass of identity.6.allomorph: any of the different form of a morpheme. a morpheme may have alternateshapes or phonetic forms. They are said to be the allomorphs of the morpheme.7. Stem: any morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix can beadded.8.blending: a relatively complex form of compounding, in which two words are blended byjoining the initial part of the first word and the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of the two words.9.back-formation: an abnormal type of word-formation where a shorter word is derived bydeleting an imagined affix from a long form already in the language.第四章⏹Syntax is a branch of linguistics that studies how words are combined to form sentencesand the rules that govern the formation of sentences.⏹Category（范畴） refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similarfunctions in a particular language such as a sentence, a noun phrase or a verb.⏹Construction: any linguistic form which is composed of constituents and is able to besegmented.⏹Constituent: is a term used in structural sentence analysis for every linguistic unit,which is a part of a larger linguistic unit.⏹Subordination refers to the process or result of linking linguistic units so that they havedifferent syntactic status, one being dependent upon the other, and usually a constituent of the other.⏹Coordinate is a common syntactic pattern in English and other languages formed bygrouping together two or more categories of the same type with the help of a conjunction such as and,but, and or.第五章⏹Conceptual meaning: the central part of meaning, which contains logical, cognitive, ordenotative content.⏹Connotation: a term in a contrast with denotation, meaning the properties of the entitya word denotes.⏹Denotation: the core sense of a word or a phrase that relates it to phenomena in thereal world.⏹Reference----what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with therelationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.⏹Sense---- is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is thecollection of all the features of the linguistic form; it is abstract and de contextualized. It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in.⏹Synonymy refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are closein meaning are called synonyms.⏹Gradable antonymy（等级/渐次反义关系）----there are often intermediate formsbetween the two members of a pair, e.g. old-young, hot-cold, tall-short, …⏹Complementary antonymy（互补反义关系）----the denial of one member of the pairimplies the assertion of the other, e.g. alive-dead, male-f emale, …⏹Converse antonymy（逆向反义关系）----exhibits the reversal of the relationshipbetween the two items, e.g. husband-wife, parent-child, doctor-patient, buy-sell, let-rent, employer-employee, give-receive, above-below, …⏹Hyponymy----the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and amore specific word.⏹Superordinate（上义词）: the word which is more general in meaning.⏹Relational opposites关系反义词:Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of arelationship between the two items are called relational opposites.Chapter 1课后答案：6. Does the traffic light system have duality?Traffic light does not have duality. Obviously, it is not a double-level system. There is only one-to-one relationship between signs and meaning but the meaning units cannot be divided into smaller meaningless elements further. So the traffic light only has the primary level and lacksthe secondary level like animals’ call.Red→stopGreen→goYellow→get ready to go or stop8. Communication can take many forms, such as sign, speech, body language and facialANSWER: On a whole, body language and facial expression lack most of the distinctive properties of human language such as duality, displacement, creativity and so on. Body language exhibits arbitrariness a little bit. For instance, nod means "OK/YES" for us but in Arabian world it is equal to saying "NO". Some facial expressions have non-arbitrariness because they are instinctive such as the cry and laugh of a newborn infant.15. Why is the distinction between competence and performance an important one in linguistics? ANSWER: This is proposed by Chomsky in his formalist linguistic theories. It is sometimes hardto draw a strict line. Some researchers in applied linguistics think communicative competence may be a more revealing concept in language teaching than the purely theoretical pair—competence and performance.Chapter 2II.Give the description of the following sound segments in English.1. [Ɵ] voiceless dental fricative2. [ʃ]: voiceless postalveolar fricative3. [ŋ]: velar nasal4. [d]: voiced alveolar stop5. [p]: voiceless bilabial stop6. [k]: voiceless velar stop7. [l]: alveolar lateral8. [i]: high front lax unrounded vowel9. [u:]: high back tense rounded vowel10. [ɔ]: low back lax rounded vowelIII. Give the IPA symbols for the sounds that correspond to the descriptions below.1.voiceless labiodental fricative: [f]2.voiced postalveolar fricative: [Ʒ]3.palatal approximant: [j]4.voiceless glottal fricative: [h]5.voiceless alveolar stop: [t]6.high-mid front unrounded vowel: [i]7.high central rounded vowel: [] 符号里没找到，就是在语音[U]上划一横8.low front rounded vowel: [Œ]9.low-mid back rounded vowel: [ɔ]10. high back rounded tense vowel: [u:]四 1 On a clear day you can see for miles.2 Some people think that first impressions count for a lot.V. Discuss the following questions.1) The production of speech sounds : lungs ,trachea(or windpipe) ,throat ,nose ,mouth ,glottis (声门),4) To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?Phonetics is the branch of linguistics studying the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription. Phonology is the study of sound systems that occur in a language and the patterns where they fall in. Minimal pairs, phonemes, allophones, free variation, complementary distribution, etc., are all to beinvestigated by a phonologist.Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it focuses on chaos. Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. A phonologist studies what he believes are meaningful sounds related with their semantic features, morphological features, and the way they are conceived and printed in the depth of the mind. Phonological knowledge permits a speaker to produce sounds which form meaningful utterances, to recognize a foreign “accent”, to make up new words, to add the appropriate phonetic segments to form plurals and past tenses, to know what is and what is not a sound in one’s language. It focuses on order.Chapter 3II. Complete the words with suitable negative prefixes.a.irremovable m. dissyllabicrmal n. abnormalc.impracticable o. unworkabled.insensible p. unwrittene.intangible q. unusualf.illogical r. unthinkableg.irregular s. inhumanh.disproportionate t. irrelevanti.ineffective u. uneditablej.inelastic v. immobilek.inductive w. illegall.irrational x. indiscreetIII. Morpheme is defined as the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content. Then is morpheme a grammatical concept or a semantic one? What is its relation to phoneme? Can a morpheme and a phoneme form an organic whole?Since morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical, that is, it is involved both in grammatical and semantic aspects.A single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, but they are not identical. For example, the phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’, ‘tapes’, ‘Frank’s’, ‘race’ is the same one, yet they represent different morphemes or even is not a morpheme individually. Th e phoneme /s/ in ‘looks’: the third-person singular present tense morpheme; the phoneme/s/ in ‘tapes’: the plural morpheme; the phoneme /s/ in ‘Frank’s’: the possessive case morpheme; the phoneme /s/ in ‘race’: is not a morpheme, for it has neither lexical meaning or grammatical meaning.Morphemes may also be represented by phonological structure other than a single phoneme. In other words, a morpheme may overlap with a phoneme, such as I, but usually not, as in pig, in which the morpheme is the whole word, i.e. an independent, free morpheme, but the phonemes are /p/, /i/ and /g/.Chapter 4III. Put brackets around the immediate constituents in each sentence.1.((I) ((rode) (back))) ((when) ((it) ((was) (dark)))).2.((The) (boy)) ((was) (crying)).3.(Shut) ((the) (door)).4.((Open) ((the) (door))) (quickly).5.((The) (((happy) (teacher)) ((in) ((that) (class))))) ((was) ((becoming) (away))).6.(He) (((bought) ((an) ((old) (car)))) ((with) ((his) ((first) ((pay) (cheque)))))).IV. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups, do the following.--- State whether it is headed or non-headed.--- If headed, state its headword.--- Name the type of constructions.(1) Ducks quack.non-headed; independent clause(2) The ladder in the shed is long enough.non-headed; prepositional phrase(3) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.headed; headword---damaged; adjectival phrase(4) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.headed; headword---singing; gerundial phrase(5) His handsome face appeared in the magazine.headed; headword---face; nominal phrase(6) A lady of great beauty came out.non-headed; prepositional phrase(7) He enjoys climbing high mountains.headed; headword---climbing; gerundial phrase(8) The man nodded patiently.non-headed; independent clause(9) A man roused by the insult drew his sword.headed; headword---roused; adjectival phraseTest One: Invitations to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human __________.A. contactB. communicationC. relationD. community2. Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary?A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. bang3. The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.” is __________.A. interrogativeB. directiveC. informativeD. performative4. In Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likelyto say“碎碎（岁岁）平安”as a means of controlling the forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveC. PerformativeD.Recreational5. Which of the following property of language enables language users to overcome thebarriers caused by time and place, due to this feature of language, speakers of a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD.Arbitrariness6. Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions oflanguage?— A nice day, isn’t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. __________ refers to the actual realization of the ideal language user’s knowledge of therules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8. When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for something or at someone that existshear and now. It couldn’t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of __________.A. cultural transmissionB. productivityC. displacementD.duality9. __________ answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our first language.A. PsycholinguisticsB. Anthropological linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD. Applied linguistics10. __________ deals with language application to other fields, particularly education.A. Linguistic theoryB. Practical linguisticsC. Applied linguisticsD. Comparative linguisticsII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Language is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, the communication way used bythe deaf-mute is not language.12. Language change is universal, ongoing and arbitrary.13. Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the human communication systems.14. Language is written because writing is the primary medium for all languages.15. We were all born with the ability to acquire language, which means the details of anylanguage system can be genetically transmitted.16. Only human beings are able to communicate.17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue and parole in the early 20thcentury, was a French linguist.18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is an example of thediachronic study of language.19. Speech and writing came into being at much the same time in human history.20. All the languages in the world today have both spoken and written forms.III. Fill in the blanks. (10%)21. Language, broadly speaking, is a means of __________ communication.22. In any language words can be used in new ways to mean new things and can be combinedinto innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed__________.23. Language has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is__________.24. Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work hasbeen called the __________ theory.25. Linguistics is the __________ study of language.26. Modern linguistics is __________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover whatlanguage is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of __________ over writing.28. The description of a language as it changes through time is a __________ study.29. Saussure put forward two important concepts. __________ refers to the abstract linguisticsystem shared by all members of a speech community.30. Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure’s langue and Chomsky’s __________.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. Why do people take duality as one of the important design features of human language?Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? （南开大学，2004）36. Why is it difficult to define language? （北京第二外国语大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. How can a linguist make his analysis scientific? （青岛海洋大学，1999）Test Two: Phonetics and PhonologyI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Pitch variation is known as __________ when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice2. Conventionally a __________ is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme3. An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are __________ of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones4. The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred to as __________.A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula5. The diphthongs that are made with a movement of the tongue towards the center areknown as __________ diphthongs.A. wideB. closingC. narrowD. centering6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called __________.A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD.allophones7. Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A. Acoustic phoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. Auditory phoneticsD. None of the above8. Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [b]D. [p]9. Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [u]C. [e]D. [i]10. What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. ConsonantII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units largerthan the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12. The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquirethe quality of a speech sound.13. Two sounds are in free variation when they occur in the same environment and do notcontrast, namely, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word, but merely a different pronunciation.14. [p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15. Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16. All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.17. When pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18. According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tensevs. lax or long vs. short.19. Received Pronunciation is the pronunciation accepted by most people.20. The maximal onset principle states that when there is a choice as to where to place aconsonant, it is put into the coda rather than the onset.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either __________ or __________, while all vowel sounds are__________.22. Consonant sounds can also be made when two organs of speech in the mouth are broughtclose together so that the air is pushed out between them, causing __________.23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the __________ and the lips.24. One element in the description of vowels is the part of the tongue which is at the highestpoint in the mouth. A second element is the __________ to which that part of the tongue is raised.25. Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without obstruction.26. In phonological analysis the words fail / veil are distinguishable simply because of the twophonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating __________.27. In English there are a number of __________, which are produced by moving from onevowel position to another through intervening positions.28. __________ refers to the phenomenon of sounds continually show the influence of theirneighbors.29. __________ is the smallest linguistic unit.30. Speech takes place when the organs of speech move to produce patterns of sound. Thesemovements have an effect on the __________ coming from the lungs.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. What is acoustic phonetics?（中国人民大学，2003）36. What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in terms ofarticulation?（南开大学，2004）VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the following phonetic descriptions; then givean English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. （青岛海洋大学，1999）(1) voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2) low front vowel(3) lateral liquid(4) velar nasal(5) voiced interdental fricativeTest Three: MorphologyI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as __________.A. lexical wordsB. grammatical wordsC. function wordsD. form words2. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called __________ morpheme.A. inflectionalB. freeC. boundD. derivational3. There are __________ morphemes in the word denationalization.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six4. In English –ise and –tion are called __________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. stems5. The three subtypes of affixes are: prefix, suffix and __________.A. derivational affixB. inflectional affixC. infixD. back-formation6. __________ is a way in which new words may be formed from already existing words bysubtracting an affix which is thought to be part of the old word.A. affixationB. back-formationC. insertionD.addition7. The word TB is formed in the way of __________.A. acronymyB. clippingC. initialismD.blending8. The words like comsat and sitcom are formed by __________.A. blendingB. clippingC. back-formationD.acronymy9. The stem of disagreements is __________.A. agreementB. agreeC. disagreeD. disagreement10. All of them are meaningful except for __________.A. lexemeB. phonemeC. morphemeD.allomorphII. Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)11. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the secondelement receives secondary stress.12. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morpheme.13. Base refers to the part of the word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removed.14. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.15. Conversion from noun to verb is the most productive process of a word.16. Reduplicative compound is formed by repeating the same morpheme of a word.17. The words whimper, whisper and whistle are formed in the way of onomatopoeia.18. I n most cases, the number of syllables of a word corresponds to the number of morphemes.19. Back-formation is a productive way of word-formations.20. Inflection is a particular way of word-formations.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. An __________ is pronounced letter by letter, while an __________ is pronounced as aword.22. Lexicon, in most cases, is synonymous with __________.23. Orthographically, compounds are written in three ways: _solid______, __hyphenated___and __________.24. All words may be said to contain a root __________.25. A small set of conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns belong to __________ class, whilethe largest part of nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs belongs to __________ class.26. __________ is a reverse process of derivation, and therefore is a process of shortening.27. __________ is extremely productive, because English had lost most of its inflectionalendings by the end of Middle English period, which facilitated the use of wordsinterchangeably as verbs or nouns, verbs or adjectives, and vice versa.28. Words are divided into simple, compound and derived words on the __________ level.29. A word formed by derivation is called a ___derivative___, and a word formed bycompounding is called a __________.30. Bound morphemes are classified into two types: __________ and __________.V. Answer the following questions. (20%)35. How many types of morphemes are there in the English language? What are they? （厦门大学，2003）36. What are the main features of the English compounds?VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37. Match the terms under COLUMN I with the underlined forms from COLUMN II （武汉大学，2004）I II(1) acronym a. foe(2) free morpheme b. subconscious(3) derivational morpheme c. UNESCO(4) inflectional morpheme d. overwhelmed(5) prefix e. calculationTest Four: SyntaxI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. The sentence structure is ________.。
语言学chapter2课后练习答案
Chapter 2Revision exercises reference1.What are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one isprimary and why?Refer to section 2.1The two major media of communication are speech and writing. Of the two, speech is considered primary for the following reasons: 1) from the point of view of linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing. The writing system of any language is always a later invention. 2) In everyday communication, speech conveys a greater amount of information than writing. 3) Speech is always the way in which every native speaker acquires his mother tongue, and writing is learned and taught later as part of formal education.2.What is voicing and how is it caused?Refer to section 2.2.2 (1)V oicing is a phonetic feature of some speech sounds. It is caused by the vibration of the speaker's vocal cords when he produces a certain sound. If a sound bears this feature, it is voiced. If such a feature is absent in the pronunciation of a sound, it is voiceless. All vowels in English are voiced; and some consonants in English are voiced such as [d] and [v] while others are voiceless such as [p] and [s].3.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcriptiondiffer.Both broad and narrow transcriptions are ways to transcribe speech sounds, i.e.ways of using written symbols to represent speech sounds. In broad transcription, only the letter symbols are used, and the principle is to use one letter for onesound, such as [P] and [I]. In narrow transcription, a set of symbols calleddiacritics are added to the letter symbols to show the finer differences between similar sounds, such as[P h] and [ɫ].4.How are the English consonants classified?As in the pronunciation of consonants the air stream coming from the lungs is somehow obstructed, it is possible and also necessary to classify them in terms of manner of articulation and place of articulation. In terms of manner of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, nasals and glides. In terms of place of obstruction, the consonants are classified into the following groups: bilabial, labiodental, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar, and glottal.5.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?To classify the English vowels, the following criteria can be applied: position of the tongue, openness of the mouth, length of the vowels, and the shape of the lips.According to the position of the tongue, the vowels are classified into front, central and back vowels; according to the openness of the mouth, the vowels are classified into close, semi-close, semi-open, and open vowels; and according to the length of the vowels, they are classified into long vowels and short vowels;and according to the shape of the lips, and the vowels are classified into rounded and unrounded vowels.6.Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptions:1)voiced palatal affricate--- [dʒ]2)voiceless labiodental fricative---[f]3)voiced alveolar stop---[d]4)front, close, short---[i]5)back ,semi-open, long ---[ɔ:]6)voiceless bilabial stop---[p]Given the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1)[d]---voiced alveolar stop2)[l]---voiced alveolar liquid3)[tʃ]---voiceless palatal/alveolar affricate4)[w]---voiced bilabial glide5)[u]---back,close,short(rounded)6)[æ]---front,short,open(unrounded)7.How do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? Who do youthink will be more interested in the difference between, say, [l]and[ɫ], [pʰ]and[P],a phonetician or a phonologist? Why?Refer to section 2.3.1Though both dealing with speech sounds, phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study in that the former focuses on the speech sounds themselves, their ways of pronunciation, their differences, their classifications, etc., while the latter focuses on the sound system of particular languages and the role sounds play in conveying meaning. Therefore, a phonetician will be more interested in the difference between two sounds.8.What is a phone? How is it different from a phoneme? How are allophonesrelated to a phoneme?Refer to section 2.3.2A phone is simply a speech sound, every actual sound we use or hear inmeaningful linguistic communication. For example, in pronouncing the two words “feel” and “leaf”, we actually use or hear four phones:[f][i:][l]and[~l].A phone differs from a phoneme in that the former is an actual sound we hear andit is the unit of study in phonetics, and the latter is not an audible sound, but an abstract entity, a collection of phonetic features, used as a unit of study in phonology. Take the “feel” and “leaf” example again. While four phones are used or heard in the pronunciation of these two words, only three phonemes are involved, i.e. /f/ /i: / and /l/.A phoneme, though as an abstract entity, is realized as different phones indifferent phonetic contexts. All these different phones are called the allophones of the same one phoneme. For example, the aspirated [pʰ] and the unaspirated [p] are allophones of the same phoneme/p/.9.Explain with examples the sequential rules, the assimilation rule, and thedeletion rule.Sequential rules are rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. For exam ple, why “klib” is a permissible combination of the four sounds in English and why “kbli” is not can only be accounted for by a sequential rule.The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. For example, the actual pronunciation of the letter “n” in the word “ incorrect” is not the alveolar [n] but the velar nasal [ŋ] is a manifestation of the assimilation rule at work.The deletion tells us when a sound is deleted although it is orthographically represented. For example, in the pronunciation of such words as sign, design, and paradigm, there is no [g] sound although it is represented in spelling by the letterg. But in their corresponding noun forms signature, designation and paradigmatic,the [g] represented by the letter g is pronounced.10.What are Suprasegmental features? How do the major Suprasegmentalfeatures of English function in conveying meaning?Suprasegmental features refer to those phonological features occurring above the sound segment level. The major Suprasegmental features in English are stress and intonation. The shift of word stress may change the part of speech of words of the same spelling, such as “'progress n.” and “pro'gress v.” , and different stress may cause difference in the meaning of some compound nouns and noun phrases with the same components, such as “'hotdog” and “hot 'dog”. Stressing words that are normally unstressed in a sentence may convey some extra meaning by the speaker.For exam ple, by stressing the pronoun “my” in the sentence “He is driving 'my car” the speaker is emphasizing the fact that the car he is driving is no one else`s but the speaker`s.The three often-used intonations in English are the falling tone, the rising tone, and the fall-rise tone. The basic role they each play is that the falling tone states a fact, the rising tone raises a question, and the fall-raise tone implies some meaning not literally expressed. For example, the same sentence “That`s not the book he w ants” said in the three different intonations convey three different meanings.Supplementary ExercisesI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True or False:1.If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguishmeaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.2. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.3.English is a tone language while Chinese is not.4.In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.5.In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amountof information conveyed.6.Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds whicha speaker issues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.7.The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat,the mouth and the chest.8.Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.9.English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of thetongue that is raised the highest.10.According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can beclassified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.11.Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.12.Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or morephonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:13. A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.14.The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e., they are all b_______sounds.15.S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments.They include stress, tone, intonation, etc.16.The rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called s ____rules.17.P___________ is a discipline which studies the system of sounds of a particular language andhow sounds are combined into meaningful units to effect linguistic communication.18.Depending on the context in which stress is considered, there are two kinds of stress: wordstress and s_________ stress.III. There are four choices following each of the statements below. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:19.Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/ are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords20.__________ is a voiced alveolar stop.A. /z/B. /d/C. /k/D. /b/21.Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the same environments and they candistinguish meaning, they are said to be ___________.A. in phonemic contrastB. in complementary distributionC. the allophonesD. minimal pair22. A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of the tongue maintaining the highestposition.A. backB. centralC. frontD. middle23.Distinctive features can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemicsegments. The phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called ____________.A. phonetic componentsB. immediate constituentsC. Suprasegmental featuresD. semantic features24.A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit, a collection ofdistinctive phonetic features.A. phoneB. soundC. allophoneD. phoneme。
新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第二章笔记和习题
新编简明英语语言学教程何兆熊第二章笔记和习题Chapter 2 PhonologyLanguage is primarily vocal. The primary medium of human language is sound. Linguists are not interested in all sounds, but in speech sounds----sounds that convey meaning in human communication.Phonetics----A branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription, e.g. [p] bilabial, stop.Three branches of phoneticsArticulatory phonetics----from the speakers’ point of view, “how speakers produce speech sounds”the production of speech sounds. It is of our major concern Auditory phonetics----from the hearers’ point of view, “how sounds are perceived”the perceptive mechanism of speech soundsAcoustic phonetics----from the physical way or means by which sounds are transmitted from one to another.the physical properties of speech soundsThe speech organsWhere does the air stream come from?From the lungWhat is the function of vocal cords?Controlling the air streamWhat are the three cavities?Pharyngeal cavity ---- the throat;The oral cavity ---- the mouth;Nasal cavity ---- the nose.Transcription of speech soundsA standardized and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter to represent one speech sound.The IPA attempts to represent each sound of human speech with a single symbol and the symbols are enclosed in brackets [ ] to distinguish phonetic transcriptions from the spelling system of a language.In more detailed transcription (narrow transcription) a sound may be transcribed with a symbol to which a smaller is added in order to mark the finer distinctions.Broad transcription ---- used in dictionary and textbook for general purpose, without diacritics, e.g. clear [ ], [ pit ] Narrow transcription ---- used by phonetician for careful study, with diacritics, e.g. dark [ l ], aspirated [ p ] Some major articulatory variables ---- dimensions on which speech sounds may vary:Voicing---- voiced & voiceless (Two consonants sharing the same place and manner of articulation become a pair, which is distinguished by voiceless or voiced. )Nasality ---- nasal & non-nasalAspiration ----- aspirated & unaspiratedClassification of English speech sounds---- English speech sounds are generally classified into two large categories: V owels and Consonants Note: The essential difference between these two classes is that in the production of the former the airstream meets with no obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose or the mouth, while in that of the latter it is somehow obstructed.Classification of consonants---- English consonants may be classified according to two dimensions: The manner of articulationThe place of articulationThe manner of articulationstops/plosives: [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g];fricatives: [ ], [v], [s], [z], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [h];affricates: [ ], [ ];liquids: [l](lateral), [ ];nasals: [ ], [ ], [ ];glides/semivowels: [w], [ ].The place of articulationbilabial: [p], [b], [ ], [w];labiodental: [ ], [v];dental: [ ], [ ];alveolar: [t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [r];palatal: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ];velar: [k], [g], [ ];glottal: [h].The place of articulation1.Bilabial;biodental;3.Dental or interdental;4.Alveolar;5.Palatoalveolar;6.Palatal;7.Velar;8.Uvular;9.Glottal.The description of English consonants Page 20 (textbook)Classification of vowelsDifferent vowels are determined by the position of the tongue and the relative opening of the lips.The criteria of vowel description1.the part of the tongue that is raised---front, center or back2.the opening of the mouth----close, semi-close, semi-open, open3.the shape of the lips---rounded, unrounded4.the length of the sound---tense, lax (紧，松)Monophthongs or pure/single vowelsDiphthongs or gliding vowelsMonophthongs or pure/single vowels----According to which part of the tongue is held highest in the process of production, the vowels can be distinguished as: front vowels: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ]central vowels: [ ], [ ], [ ];back vowels: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].According to the openness of the mouthClose: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].Semi-close: [ ], [ ];Semi-open: [ ], [ ];Open: [ ],[ ], [ ], [ ], [ ];According to the shape of the lips or the degree of lip roundingrounded: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ];unrounded: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].According to the length of the vowels[ ]long: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ],short: [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].Diphthongs/gliding vowels[ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ], [ ].Exercises: underline the words that begin with a sound as required.A bilabial consonant: mad sad bad cad pad had ladA velar consonant: nod god cod pod rodLabiodental consonant: rat fat sat mat chat vat patAn alveolar consonant: nick lick sick tick kick quickA palato-alveolar consonant: sip ship tip chip lip zipA dental consonant: lie buy thigh thy tie ryeA glide: one war yolk rushUnderline the words that end with a sound as required:A fricativepay horse tough rice breath push sing wreathe hang cave messageA nasaltrain bang leaf limbA stopdrill pipe fit crab fog ride laugh rack through tipAn affricate: rack such ridge boozeUnderline the words that contain the sound as required:A central vowel:mad lot but boot wordA front vowel:reed pad load fate bit bed cookA rounded vowel:who he bus her hit true boss bar walkA back vowel:paid reap fool top good fatherDescribe the underlined consonants according to threedimensions:vd/vl place mannerLetterBrotherSunnyHopperItchingLodgerCallingSingingRobberEitherPhonologyPhonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.Phonology and phonetics are two studies different in perspectives, which are concerned with the study of speech sounds.Phonology focuses on three fundamental questions.What sounds make up the list of sounds that can distinguish meaning in a particular language?What sounds vary in what ways in what context?What sounds can appear together in a sequence in a particular language?Phonetics & phonologyBoth are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in all human languages; it aims to answer questionslike: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.Phone, phoneme, allophonePhoneA phone---- a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ b t ] & [ b t ], [sp t] & [sp t].PhonemeA phoneme---- is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [p t], [t p] and [sp t].AllophoneAllophones ---- the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments.Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution and minimal pair.Phonemic contrast----different or distinctive phonemes are in phonemic contrast, e.g./b/ and /p/ in [ b t ] and [p t].Complementary distribution----allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution. They do not distinguish meaning. They occur in different phonetic contexts,e.g.dark [l] & clear [l], aspirated [p] & unaspirated [p].Minimal pairMinimal pair----when two different forms are identical (the same) in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair, e.g.beat, bit, bet, bat, boot, but, bait, bite, boat.Some rules of phonologySequential rulesAssimilation ruleDeletion ruleSequential rules ---- the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a p articular language, e.g. in English, “k b i I” might possibly form blik, klib, bilk, kilb.If a word begins with a [l] or a [r], then the next sound must be a vowel.If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, the combination should obey the following three rules, e.g. spring, strict, square, splendid, scream.a) the first phoneme must be /s/,b) the second phoneme must be /p/ or /t/ or /k/,c) the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w/.* [ ] never occurs in initial position in English and standard Chinese,but i t does occur in some dialects, e.g. in Cantonese: “牛肉，我，俄语……”Assimilation rule----assimilates one sound to another by “copying” a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar, e.g. the prefix in is pronounced differently when in different phonetic contexts:indiscreet alveolar [ n]inconceivable velar [ ]input bilabial [ ]Assimilation in Mandarin好啊hao wa海啊hai ya看啊kan na唱啊chang跳啊tiao wa……Deletion rule---- it tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented, e.g. design, paradigm, there is no [g] sound; but the [g] sound is pronounced in their corresponding forms signature, designation, paradigmatic.Syllable (what is syllable?)Ancient Greek: a unit of speech sound consisting of a vowel or a vowel with one or more than one consonant.Dictionary: word or part of a word which contains a vowel sound or consonant acting as a vowel.The syllable consists of three parts: the ONSET, the PEAK, the CODA, e.g. [m n].The peak is the essential part. It is usually formed by a vowel. But [l], [n] and [m] might also function as peaks as in “ apple, hidden, communism”.Suprasegmental features----the phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments ( larger than phoneme): Stress: word stress and sentence stressWord stressThe location of stress in English distinguishes meaning, e.g.a shift in stress in English may change the part of speech of a word:verb: im port; in crease; re bel; re cord …noun: import; increase; rebel; record …Similar alteration of stress also occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the same elements:compound: blackbird; greenhouse; hotdog…noun phrase: black bird; green house; hot dog…The meaning-distinctive role played by word stress is also manifested in the combinations of -ing forms and nouns: modifier: dining-room; readingroom; sleepingbag…doer: sleeping baby; swimming fish; flying plane…Sentence stress----the relative force given to the components of a sentence. Generally, nouns, main verbs, adjectives, adverbs, numerals and demonstrative pronouns are stressed. Other categories like articles, person pronouns, auxiliary verbs prepositions and conjunctions are usually not stressed.Note: for pragmatic reason, this rule is not always right, e.g. we may stress any part in the following sentences.He is driving my car.My mother bought me a new skirt yesterday.ToneTones are pitch variations,which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.English is not a tone language, but Chinese is.ma 妈(level)ma 麻(the second rise)ma 马(the third rise)ma 骂(the fourth fall)IntonationWhen pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they are collectively known as intonation.English has three types of intonation that are most frequently used:falling tone (matter of fact statement)rising tone (doubts or question)the fall-rise tone (implied message)For instance,“That’s not the book he wants.”Grammatical functions of intonations----Intonation plays an important role in the conveyance of meaning in almost every language, esp. in English.a) It may indicate different sentence types by pitch direction.b) It may impose different structures on the sentence by dividing it into differen t int onation units, e.g. “John didn’t come because of Marry”Within one intonation unit, it means: John came, but it had nothing to do with Marry.With two intonation units, it means: Marry was the reason why John didn’t come.Exercises: Think of the utterance in different intonations:“Those who bought quickly made a profit.”c) It can make a certain part of a sentence especially prominent by placing nucleus on it, e.g.Jack came yesterday by train.d) Its attitudinal functions.Falling tone ---- matter-of-fact statement,downright assertion, commands.Rising tone ----politeness, encouragement,pleading.Note: these can only be very general indications. The specific attitudinal meaning of an intonation pattern must be interpreted within a context.Summary:Features that are found over a segment or a sequence of two or more segments are called suprasegmental features.These features are distinctive features.Stress◆Stress is the perceived prominence of one or more syllabic elements over others in a word.◆Stress is a relative notion. Only words that are composed of two or more syllables have stress.◆If a word has three or more syllables, there is a primary stress and a secondary stress.◆In some languages word stress is fixed, i.e. on a certain syllable. In English, word stress isunpredictable.Intonation◆When we speak, we change the pitch of our voice to express ideas.◆Intonation is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.◆The same sentence uttered with different intonation may express different attitude of the speaker.◆In English, there are three basic intonation patterns: fall, rise, fall-rise.Tone◆Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish words.◆The same sequence of segments can be different words ifuttered with different tones.◆Ch inese is a typical tone language.●Discovering phonemesContrastive distribution – phonemes◆If sounds appear in the same environment, they are said to be in contrastive distribution.◆Typical contrastive distribution of sounds is found in minimal pairs and minimal sets.● A minimal pair consists of two words that differ by only one sound in the same position.●Minimal sets are more than two words that are distinguished by one segment in the same position.◆The overwhelming majority of the consonants and vo wels represented by the English phoneticalphabet are in contrastive distribution.◆Some sounds can hardly be found in contrastive distribution in English. However, these sounds aredistinctive in terms of phonetic features. Therefore, they are separate phonemes.Complementary distribution – allophones◆Sounds that are not found in the same position are said to be in complementary distribution.◆If segments are in complementary distribution and share a number of features, they are allophones ofthe same phoneme.Free variation◆If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change ofmeaning, they are said to be in free variation.●Distinctive and non-distinctive featuresFeatures that distinguish meaning are called distinctive features, and features do not, non-distinctivefeatures.Distinctive features in one language may be non-distinctive in another.本章重点：Phonology is a major branch of linguistics. It is the study of the sound systems of languages and of the general properties of sound systems.The differences between phonetics and phonologyPhonetics is regarded as the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages, whereas phonology is the description of the sound systems and patterns of individual languages. Phonetics provides the means for phonological description. And in a sense, phonology is really the application of phonetics to the process of communication in a particular language or languages. Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds; phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.listener’s mindPhonetics PhonologySounds of language functioning of sounds as part of a languageParole, speech act language, language systemUniversal language-specificConcrete abstractPhone [ ] phoneme / /Although both are related to the study of sounds, phonetics studies the production, transmission, and reception of sounds while phonology focuses on the linguistic patterns of speech sounds and how they are used to conveyA phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. The different phones representing a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called its allophones (音位变体)The definitions of phone, phoneme, allophone, minimal pair and free variation, theories on phoneme, phonemic contrast and complementary distribution, feature on phonetic similarity and distinction; assimilation rule, deletion rule, suprasegmetnal features (syllables, stress, tone, intonation, pitch, etc.)If you have two words which are with respect to sounds except for one sound, and the different sounds are at the same position, and the two words have different meanings, then you have a minimal pair.Phonetics-----the study of speech soundsPhonology-----the study of sounds systemsPhoneme vs. phone/ allophone/ phoneme/ ----------------------abstractActual sound/t/ ---------------------phonemePhoneTwo phones never occur in the same environment -------complementary distributionTwo phones can occur in the same environment-------free variationAlthough we generalize some rules for word stress, it should be born in mind that sometimes the exceptions may well make one give up the ideal of rules.Exercises:plementary distribution2.what is articulatory phonetics, explain the primacy of speech over writing,3.divide the following words into morphemes. For each morpheme, identify the type (lexical or grammatical, free or bound, prefix or suffix, inflectional or derivational), where applicable.1)restate2)strongest4.what is illustrated with the following pronunciations?1)cap [kap] can2)tent, tenthanswer: 1) restate={re}+{state}{re}=grammatical, bound, prefix,derivational{state}=lexical, free3)strongest={strong}+{SUP}{strong}=lexical, free{SUP}=grammatical, bound, suffix, inflectional1)nasalization 2) dentalizationthey are examples of regressive assimilation (逆同化)Page 60 by Hu5.the phrase French literature teacher constitutes a case of lexical ambiguity6.syntax is made up of one morpheme.7.artificial satellite is a case of loanblending. (P102 by Hu)8. a single phoneme may represent a single morpheme, so they are identical9.derivational affixes often change the lexical meaningFFFFT10.for each of the following words transcribe phonetically and account for the allomorphs of the past tensemorpheme: waited, waved, waded, wiped11.illustrate assimilation with two examples.12.describe the initial sounds of the following words: toe, chin, thank, goat, moon13.what are the terms used to describe the word-formation processes of the following words?Vaseline, carelessness, football, car-phone, AIDSAnswers: 10. /id/ (/d/ would merge with another alveolar plosive if not separated by a vowel)/d/ (voiced /v/ is followed by voiced /d/)/t/ ( voiceless /p/ is followed by voiceless /t/)11. assimilation is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighbouring sounds12. voiceless alveolar stop, voiceless palato-alveolar stop, voiceless dental fricative, voiced velar stop, voiced bilabial nasal.13. invention, derivation, compounding, clipping and compounding, acronym14. the phonology or pronunciation of a specific regional dialect is called_____15. ___________is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds16. phones which never occur in the same phoneticenvironment are said to be in_____17. A bound grammatical morpheme is called_____18. the word formation process, _______is exemplified by the word “brunch”19. the IPA chart contains a set of _____ for the purpose of transcribing the minute difference between variations of the same soundAccent, acoustic phonetics, complementary distribution, inflectional morpheme, blending, diacritics20. compare the two terms: morpheme and allomorph, distinctive features and semantic featuresA phoneme is further analyzable because it consists of a set of simultaneous distinctive features. It is just because of its distinctive features that a phoneme is capable of distinguishing meaning. The features that a phoneme possesses, making it different from other phonemes, are its distinctive features. On the analogy of distinctive features in phonology, some linguists suggest that there are semantic features. The meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.21. give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds: [l], [v], [e], [u:][l] voiced alveolar lateral; [v] voiced labiodental fricative; [e] central front lax ungrounded vowel; [u:] high back tense rounded vowel22. Is stress a phonological property? Why?Stress is one of suprasegmental features which are the phonological properties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning. Word stress plays the meaning-distinctive role.23. Affricates consist of a stop followed immediately afterwards by a fricative at the same place of articulation24. the assimilation rule doesn’t account for the varying pronunciation of the alveolar nasal [n] in some sound combinations25. prefixes not only modify the meaning of a stem but also change the part of speech of the original wordT F F26. in what way can we determine whether a phone is a phoneme or not?A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning. If it does, the two sounds then represent different phonemes27. what kind of evidence could be used to argue that action and package each contain two morphemes: {act}+ {ion} and {pack}+ {age}?(hint: a morpheme can appear independently in other words.) Answers: {act} occurs in act, actor, active, react{ion} occurs in construction, projection,, inflection, rejection {pack} occurs in pack, packs, packed, packing, packer{age} occurs in wreckage, baggage, breakage28. a(n)_____ is the base form of a word that cannot further be analyzed without total loss of identity29. in the production of _____sounds, such as [p], the upper and the lower lips are brought together to create obstruction.30. ______is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighbouring sound.31. all syllables must have a ____ but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda. ( 核心，节首辅音，结尾音节)（page 69 by Hu）Root, bilabial, assimilation, nucleus32. compare phonology and phonetics.33. account for the difference in articulation in each of the following pairs of words:coast ghost, boast mostthe words coast and ghost are distinguished by the fact that the initial segment is voiceless in the case of the former and voiced in the case of the latter. Boast and most are distinguished by the manner of articulation of the initial segment, /b/ being bilabial, /m/ being nasal.34. what are the two major media of communication? Of the two, which one is primary and whyWhat are three branches of phonetics? How do they contribute to the study of speech sounds.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow transcription differWhat criteria are used to classify the English vowels?Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound descriptionsGive the phonetic features of each of the following sounds What is a minimal pair and what is a minimal set? Why is it important to identify the minimal set in a language? Explain with examples the sequential rule, the assimilation rule, and the deletion rule.What are suprasegmental features? How do the major suprasegmental features of English function in conveying meaning?Supplementary ExercisesChapter 2：PhonologyI. Decide whether each of the following statements is True orFalse:1. Voicing is a phonological feature that distinguishes meaning in both Chinese and English.2. If two phonetically similar sounds occur in the same environments and they distinguish meaning, they are said to be in complementary distribution.3. A phone is a phonetic unit that distinguishes meaning.4. English is a tone language while Chinese is not.5. In linguistic evolution, speech is prior to writing.6. In everyday communication, speech plays a greater role than writing in terms of the amount of information conveyed.7. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds which a speakerissues with the help of a machine called spectrograph.8. The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: the throat, the mouth and the chest.9. Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing.10. English consonants can be classified in terms of place of articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.11. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.12. Vowel sounds can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape of the lips, and the length of the vowels.13. According to the shape of the lips, vowels can be classified into close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.14. Any sound produced by a human being is a phoneme.15. Phones are the sounds that can distinguish meaning.16. Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be classified into different categories.17. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results ina change of meaning.18. When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.19. The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.20. Distinctive features of sound segments can be found running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given:21． A ____ refers to a strong puff of air stream in the production of speech sounds.22．A___________ phonetics describes the way our speech organs work to produce the speech sounds and how they differ.23．The four sounds /p/,/b/,/m/ and /w/ have one feature in common, i.e, they are all b_______ sounds.24．Of all the speech organs, the t ____ is the most flexible, and is responsible for varieties of articulation than any other.25．English consonants can be classified in terms of manner of articulation or in terms of p_______ of articulation.26．When the obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a s________.27．S_________ features are the phonemic features that occur。
江西农业大学语言学概论课程考试试卷A
江西农业大学语言学概论课程考试试卷A专业：英语考试日期：06-12-291. Translate the following terms into English and define them (10 points)1) 语言能力2) 互补分布3) 送气音4) 音节5) 语义学6) 最小对立体7) 蕴涵8) 衔接9) 语域10) 习得2. Name 4 design features that human language has as against animal communication. Give a brief explanation for each of them. (10 points)3. Give a phonetic symbol (IPA) for each of the following sounds. (10 points)1) voiced bilabial stop consonant: [ ]2) voiceless palatal affricative consonant: [ ]3) voiced dental fricative consonant: [ ]4) voiced labiodental fricative consonant: [ ]5) voiceless alveolar stop consonant: [ ]6) voiced velar stop consonant: [ ]7) voiced bilabial nasal consonant: [ ]8) voiced velar nasal consonant: [ ]9) front close long vowel: [ ]10) back open short vowel: [ ]4. Give two examples for each of the following terms (Underlining may be used to indicate the morphemes): (10 points)1) bound morphemes:2) free morphemes:3) derivational morphemes:4) inflectional morphemes:5) compounds:5. Fill in the blanks with proper terms: (10 points) 1) Ways of creating new words may include: ___________; ___________; ___________; ___________; ____________2) Writing systems can be categorized as ______________; _______________; __________________3) In text analysis, ___________ is the element whichserves to relate the message of the sentence to theunfolding text. The rest of the clause is called the______________.4) Draw two labeled tree diagrams for each of thefollowing structurally ambiguous sentences (10 points)1) The farmer saw the cow in the field.2) They need more highly trained teachers.6. Define the following terms and give an example toillustrate the terms: (10 points)1) Synonymy:2) Polysemy:3) Homonymy:4) Hyponymy:5) Antonymy:7. The notion of "context" is important in the study ofpragmatics. Define the notion first, and then explain withexamples why it is important. (10 points)8. It is widely recognized that language change isinevitable, constant, and universal, With examples,provide explanations for some major factors that triggerlanguage change. (10 points)9. In what ways does your mother tongue interfere withyour English learning? Give examples to illustrate yourpoint. (10 points)江西农业大学语言学概论课程考试试卷B专业：英语/考试日期：06-12-29/考试所需时间：10. What are the main branches of linguistics? Name 5topics and define each of them briefly (10 points)11. What is language? Name some of the definitions you havefound for language. (10 points)12. Give phonetic symbol for each of the following sounds.(10 points)1) voiceless bilabial stop consonant: [ ]2) voiced palatal affricative consonant:3) voiceless dental fricative consonant:4) voiceless labiodental fricative consonant:5) voiced alveolar stop consonant:6) voiceless velar stop consonant:7) voiced bilabial nasal consonant:8) voiced velar nasal consonant:9) front close long vowel:10) back open short vowel13. Explain different kinds of morphemes and give twoexamples for each of them: (10 points)14. List three speech acts and explain them withexamples:(10 points)15. Of the following pairs of sentences, say whether Aentails B in each pair: (10 points)1) A. John is a bachelor.B. John is a man. ( )2) A. Eliza plays the violin.B. Someone plays a musical instrument. ( )3) A. I’ve done my homework.B. I haven’t brushed my teeth. ( )4) A. Some of the students came to my party.B. Not all of the students came to my party. ( )5) A. John picked a tulip.B. John didn’t pick a rose. ( )16. Use a tree diagram to show the constituent structureof the following sentence: (6 points)A small thin old man walked unsteadily acrossthe street.17. According to Austin, there are two types of sentences:performatives and constatives. Identify the followingsentences in these two categories. (6 points)1) He bet her 10 dollars it would snow the next day.( )2) I warn you that the bull will charge. ( )3) I know that she saw the accident. ( )4) I dismiss the class. ( )5) I promise to finish it in time. ( )6) I suppose the Bulls will win the match.( )18. Comment with examples the relationship betweenlanguage and culture (10 points)19. In what ways does your mother tongue interfere withyour English study? Give examples to illustrate your point.(10 points)20. How do you think English should be taught as a foreignlanguage in Chinese universities? (8 points)江西农业大学语言学概论课程考试试卷(A)本试卷（闭卷）适用于外国语学院英语051、052、 053和044 I. Each of the following questions is followed with four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Decide which best answers the question or completes the sentence (2%×15):1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for ‚correct‛linguistic behavior, it is said to be _________.A. prescriptiveB. sociolinguisticC. descriptiveD. psycholinguistic2. Of all the speech organs, the _________ is/are the most flexible.A. mouthB. lipsC. tongueD. vocal cords3. The morpheme ‚vision‛in the common word ‚television‛ is a(n) ___________.A. bound morphemeB. bound formC. inflectional morphemeD. free morpheme4. A _________ in the embedded clause refers to the introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.A. coordinatorB. particleC. prepositionD. subordinator5. ‚Can I borrow your bike?‛________ ‚You have a bike.‛A. is synonymous withB. is inconsistent withC. entailsD. presupposes6. The branch of linguistics that studies how context influences the way speakers interpret sentences is called _______.A. semanticsB. pragmaticsC. sociolinguisticsD. psycholinguistics7. The pair of words ‚long‛and ‚short‛are _________.A. gradable oppositesB. relational oppositesC. synonymsD. co- hyponyms8. The smallest meaningful unit of language is _________.A. morphemeB. phoneC. phonemeD. allomorph9. The utterance ‚We’re already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week.‛obviously violates the maxim of __________.A. qualityB. quantityC. relationD. manner 10. Transformational grammar is a type of grammar fistproposed by ___________ in his book language.A. ChomskyB. SapirC. SaussureD. Firth11. A word with several meanings is called a(n)_________word.A. polysemousB. synonymousC. abnormalD.multiple12. The function of the sentence ‚A nice day, isn't it?‛is _________.rmativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative13. The semantic components of the word ‚gentleman‛ canbe expressed as _____________.A. +animate, +male, +human,－adultB. +animate, +male, +human, +adultC. +animate, －male, +human,－adultD. +animate,－male, +human, +adult14. The fact that different languages have different wordsfor the same object is a good proof that human language is__________.A. non-arbitraryB. non-productiveC. logicalD. arbitrary15. What the element ‘-es’indicates is the third personsingular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense,and ‘-ing’progressive aspect. Since they are thesmallest units of language and meaningful, they are also_____________.A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phonesII. Fill in the blanks with proper words to complete eachof the following sentences (2%×10):16. Language exists in time and changes through time. Thedescription of a language at some point of time is calleda s_______ study of language.17. An essential difference between c___________ and vowelsis whether the air coming up from the lungs meets with anyobstruction when a sound is produced.18. The morphemes that cannot be used by themselves, butmust be combined with other morphemes to form words arecalled b________ morphemes.19. Chomsky defines ‚c__________‛ as the ideal user’sknowledge of the rules of his language.20. Affixes are limited in number in a language, and aregenerally classified into three subtypes, namely, prefix,s__________ and infix.21. H___________ is the relationship which obtains betweenspecific and general lexical items. The word that is moregeneral in meaning is called superordinate.22. S_________________ can be simply defined as the studyof meaning.23. ‚A rose by any other name would smell as sweet.‛Thissentence means that language has the feature ofa________________.24. M________ is a branch of grammar which studies theinternal structure of words and the rules by which wordsare formed.25. Linguists often use the term native language or mothertongue instead of first language, and t________ languageinstead of second language in second language acquisitionliterature.III. Read the following statements and decide whether theyare true or false. Put a T in the bracket for true and anF for false (2% ×10):26. ( ) Human capacity for language has a genetic basis,i. e. we are all born with the ability to acquire languageand the details of a language system are geneticallytransmitted.27. ( ) A general difference between phonetics andphonology is that phonetics is focused on the productionof speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with howspeech sounds distinguish meaning.28. ( ) Only words of the same parts of speech can becombined to form compounds.29. ( ) Sentences are not formed by randomly combininglexical items, but by following a set of syntactic rulesthat linguistic elements are in a particular order.30. ( ) A perlocutionary act is the consequence of or thechange brought about by the utterance.31. ( ) Modern linguistics is mostly descriptive becauseit sets rules for language users to follow.32. ( ) New words may be formed from existing words bysubtracting an affix thought to be part of the old word;that is, ignorance sometimes can be creative. Thus ‚peddle‛ was derived from ‚peddler‛ on the assumption that the ‚-er‛ was the agentive suffix.33. ( ) The relationship between "fruit" and "apple" is hyponymy.34. ( ) The quality maxim of CP requires that a participant's contribution be relevant to the conversation.35. ( ) The speech act theory was first put forward by John Searle.IV. Define the following terms and give examples for illustration if it is necessary (5%×3):36. derivational affixes37. relational opposites38. interlanguageⅤ. Answer the following question in English （15%）: 39. Briefly explain with examples what sense is and what reference is.江西农业大学语言学概论课程考试试卷本试卷（闭卷）适用于外国语学院英语051、052、 053和044班。
语音学训练题
语音学训练题I.Fill in the Blanks or Multiple Choice:1. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is acoustic phonetics2. In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t],[d],[s],[z],[n] share the feature of palatal.3. The organs of speech contain pharyngeal cavity, oral and nasal cavity.4. In the case of pit, the [p] sound is said to be aspirated while in the case of spit the [p] sound is unaspirated.5. The consonant [f] can be described as having the following phonetic features_ _b_.a. voiceless, bilabial, stopb. voiceless, labiodental, fricativec. voiced, bilabial, stopd. voiced, labiodental, fricative6. Of the following sound combinations, only _a_is permissible according to the sequential rule .Answer: aa. kiblb. bkilc. ilkbd. ilbk7. Which is the description of the consonant [b]? Answer: bA. V oiceless bilabial stop b. voiced bilabial stop c. voiceless alveolar fricative d. voiced alveolar fricative8. Which segment in the following does not share one or more phonetic features with the other segments? Answer: dA. [m] b. [l] c. [w] d. [s]II. Explain the following terms:1.Phonetics:Phonetics is the study of sounds used in linguistic communication. 2.V oicing: Voicing is a quality of speech sounds and a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English. Pronouncing a sound (usually a vowel or a voiced consonant)by vibrating the vocal cords.3. broad transcription : The use of a simple set of symbols in transcription is called broad transcription4.narrow transcription: The use of more specific symbols to show more phonetic detail is referred to as narrow transcription5.diphthon: They are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.III. Do the followings:1.What are the three branches of phonetics? Describe each of them briefly. Answer：(1)Articulatory phonetics:the branch of phonetics concerned with the production of speech sounds.(2)Auditory phonetics: the branch of phonetics concerned with the perception of speech sounds by humans.(3)Acoustic phonetics: the branch of phonetics concerned with theacoustic properties of human speech.2.How can consonants be classified?Answer:English consonants can be classified in two ways:one is in terms of manner of articulation and the other is in terms of place of articulation.In terms of manner of articulation the English consonants can be classified into the following types: stops,fricatives,affricates,liquids,nasals and glides.In terms of place of articulation,it can be classified into following types:bilabial,labiodental,dental,alveolar,palatal,velar and glottal.3.What criteria are used to classify the English vowels?Answer: Vowels may be distinguished as front,central,and back according to which part of the tongue is held highest.T o further distinguish members of each group,we need to apply another criterion,i.e.the openness of the mouth.Accordingly, we classify the vowels into four groups:close vowels,semi-close vowels,semi-open vowels,and open vowels.A third criterion that is often used in the classification of vowels is the shape of the lips.In English,all the front vowels and the central vowels are unfounded vowels,i.e.,without rounding the lips,and all the back vowels,with the exception of[a:],are rounded.It should be noted that some front vowels can be pronounced with rounded lips.4. Give the phonetic symbol for each of the following sound description: 1) voiced palatal fricative 2) voiceless labiodental fricative3) voiced alveolar stop 4) front, close, short5) back, semi-open, long 6) voiceless, bilabial stop(1)[?](2)[f](3)[d](4)[?](5)[?:](6)[p] 5. Give the phonetic features of each of the following sounds:1) [d] 2) [l] 3) [t?] 4) [w] 5) [u] 6) [?]Answer:(1)voiceless alveolar stop(2)voiced alveolar liquid(3)voiceless palatal affricate(4)voiced bilabial glide(5)back,close,short(6)front,open。
IPA系统国际音标
hot lost lot fox box mop hop loss collar not
want wash watch
food moon gloom too broom doom goose tooth shoe do two true truth blue full
Look good foot book wood should could put full bull pull push woman wolf
读一读下面的绕口令。找出并标出句子中有
多少个[ ə]的发音？
I would rather lather Father than Father lather me. When Father lathers， he lathers rather free.
（中文：我宁可打父亲，比父亲打我好。当 父亲打我时，是肆无忌惮地抽打。）
20 Consanants
[p] [t] [k] [f] [s] [θ] [ʃ] [ tʃ ] [tr] [ts] [b] [d] [g] [v] [z] [ ð] [ʒ] [dʒ] [dr] [dz]
3 nasal voice
[m] [n] [ ŋ ]
3 phonetic transcription
15) [au] 字母组合 ou ow
house out flour ground account count sound loud around mouse flower down now cow how town
16) [ә u] 发音字母 o ow oa
home cold go no phone host ghost know low below grow blow show flow boat coat goal
语言学概论感悟英语
语言学概论感悟英语第一篇：语言学概论感悟英语语言学概论感悟Why do we study linguistics? When we study a particular language, we just study it and actually we are limited by this language.While linguistics can help us study languages in general.In other words, linguistics is a systematic subject for students who want to learn any kind of language better.Just as my teacher said, linguistics is not only useful but also helpful.After I learned the second language-French, I found between English and French, there had something in common.However, language learning is still more difficult than we get our mother tongue.It must because speech is earlier than writing, for example little children hear sound or human voice first, then they learn written language because words are just symbols.There are things, and then there are the names of things.Just as Shakespeare said a rose by any other name would sell as sweet.If we want to have a good command of other language, we should not only focus on one or two point such as grammar or vocabulary.We should keep in mind learn a language is to learn the whole thoughts.That’s why we should study linguistics.Students always have rare interests in language learning for they don’t find a effective way to study it.When we recite words and try to understand the complicated grammar, we may be bored and tired, that’s because we do not know language’s similarities and generalizations.If we study linguistics, we can have a systematic recognition.During a period of time of learning, I find that linguistics has a widely use in language learning.Just like we read a sentence, we shouldconsider the logical meaning of it because we shall know a word by the company it keeps, or we will make mistakes.If we learn linguistic, we can benefit a lot in language learning and find the beauty of the language.第二篇：英语语言学概论--整理1.Design feature(识别特征)refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.2.Productivity(能产性)refers to the ability that people have in making and comprehending indefinitely large quantities of sentences in their native language.3.arbitrariness(任意性)Arbitrariness refers to the phenomenon that there is no motivated relationship between a linguistic form and its meaning.4.symbol(符号)Symbol refers to something such as an object, word, or sound that represents something else by association or convention.5.discreteness(离散性)Discreteness refers to the phenomenon that the sounds in a language are meaningfully distinct.6.displacement(不受时空限制的特性)Displacement refers to the fact that human language can be used to talk about things that are not in the immediate situations of its users.7.duality of structure(结构二重性)The organization of language into two levels, one of sounds, the other of meaning, is known as duality of structure.8.culture transmission(文化传播)Culture transmission refers to the fact that language is passed on from one generation to the next through teaching and learning, rather than by inheritance.9.interchangeability(互换性)Interchangeability means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages.1.★What is language? Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.This definition has captured the main features of language.First, language is a system.Second, language isarbitrary in the sense.The third feature of language is symbolic nature.2.★What are the design features of language? Language has seven design features as following: 1)Productivity.2)Discreteness.3)Displacement4)Arbitrariness.5)Cultural transmission 6)Duality of structure.7)Interchangeability.3.Why do we say language is a system? Because elements of language are combined according to rules, and every language contains a set of rules.By system, the recurring patterns or arrangements or the particular ways or designs in which a language operates.And the sounds, the words and the sentences are used in fixed patterns that speaker of a language can understand each other.4.★(Function o f language.)According to Halliday, what are the initial functions of children’s language? And what are the three functional components of adult language? I.Halliday uses the following terms to refer to the initial functions of children’s language: 1)Instrumental function.工具功能 2)Regulatory function.调节功能3)Representational function.表现功能 4)Interactional function.互动功能 5)Personal function.自指性功能6)Heuristic function.启发功能[osbQtq`kf`h] 7)Imaginative function.想象功能II.Adult language has three functional components as following: 1)Interpersonal components.人际2)Ideational components.概念 3)Textual components.语篇Chapter 1 Language语言1.general linguistics and descriptive linguistics(普通语言学与描写语言学)The former deals with language in general whereas the latter is concerned with one particular language.2.synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics(共时语言学与历时语言学)Diachronic linguistics traces the historical development of the language and records the changes that have taken place in itbetween successive points in time.And synchronic linguistics presents an account of language as it is at some particular point in time.3.theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics(理论语言学与应用语言学)The former copes with languages with a view to establishing a theory of their structures and functions whereas the latter is concerned with the application of the concepts and findings of linguistics to all sorts of practical tasks.4.microlinguistics and macrolinguistics(微观语言学与宏观语言学)The former studies only the structure of language system whereas the latter deals with everything that is related to ngue and parole(语言与言语)The former refers to the abstract linguistics system shared by all the members of a speech community whereas the latter refers to the concrete act of speaking in actual situation by an individual petence and performance(语言能力与语言运用)The former is one’s knowledge of all the linguistic regulation systems whereas the latter is the use of language in concrete situation.7.speech and writing(口头语与书面语)Speech is the spoken form of language whereas writing is written codes, gives language new scope.8.linguistics behavior potential and actual linguistic behavior(语言行为潜势与实际语言行为)People actually says on a certain occasion to a certain person is actual linguistics behavior.And each of possible linguistic items that he could have said is linguistic behavior potential.9.syntagmatic relation and paradigmatic relation(横组合关系与纵聚合关系)The former describes the horizontal dimension of a language while the latter describes the vertical dimension of a language.10.verbal communication and non-verbal communication(言语交际与非言语交际)Usual use of language as a means of transmitting information is called verbal communication.The ways we conveymeaning without using language is called non-verbal communication.1.★H ow does John Lyons classify linguistics? According to John Lyons, the field of linguistics as a whole can be divided into several subfields as following: 1)General linguistics and descriptive linguistics.2)Synchronic linguistics and diachronic linguistics.3)Theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics.4)Microlinguistics and macrolinguistics.2.Explain the three principles by which the linguist is guided: consistency, adequacy and simplicity.1)Consistency means that there should be no contradictions between different parts of the theory and the description.2)Adequacy means that the theory must be broad enough in scope to offer significant generalizations.3)Simplicity requires us to be as brief and economic as possible.3.★What are the sub-branches of linguistics within the language system? Within the language system there are six sub-branches as following: 1)Phonetics.语音学 is a study of speech sounds of all human languages.2)Phonology.音位学 studies about the sounds and sound patterns of a speaker’s native language.3)Morphology.形态学studies about how a word is formed.4)Syntax.句法学studies about whether a sentence is grammatical or not.5)Semantics.语义学studies about the meaning of language, including meaning of words and meaning of sentences.6)Pragmatics.语用学★The scop e of language: Linguistics is referred to as a scientific study of language.★The scientific process of linguistic study: It involves four stages: collecting data, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis and drawing conclusions.Chapter 2 Linguistics语言学1.articulatory phonetics(发音语音学)The study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatoryphonetics.2.acoustic phonetics(声学语音学)The study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3.auditory phonetics(听觉语音学)The study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4.consonant(辅音)Consonant is a speech sound where the air form the language is either completely blocked, or partially blocked, or where the opening between the speech organs is so narrow that the air escapes with audible friction.5.vowel(元音)is defined as a speech sound in which the air from the lungs is not blocked in any way and is pronounced with vocal-cord vibration.6.bilabials(双唇音)Bilabials means that consonants for which the flow of air is stopped or restricted by the two lips.[p] [b] [m] [w] 7.affricates(塞擦音)The sound produced by stopping the airstream and then immediately releasing it slowly is called affricates.[tX] [dY] [tr] [dr] 8.glottis(声门)Glottis is the space between the vocal cords.9.rounded vowel(圆唇元音)Rounded vowel is defined as the vowel sound pronounced by the lips forming a circular opening.[u:] [u] [OB] [O] 10.diphthongs(双元音)Diphthongs are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.[ei][ai][Oi] [Qu][au] 11.triphthongs(三合元音)Triphthongs are those which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another and then rapidly and continuously to a third one.[eiQ][aiQ][OiQ] [QuQ][auQ] x vowels(松元音)According to distinction of long and short vowels, vowels are classified tense vowels and lax vowels.All the long vowels are tense vowels but of the short vowels,[e] is a tense vowel as well, and the rest short vowels are lax vowels.1.★How are consonants classified in terms of different criteria? The consonants in English can be described in terms of four dimensions.1)The position ofthe soft palate.2)The presence or the absence of vocal-cord vibration.3)The place of articulation.4)The manner of articulation.2.★How are vowels classified in terms of different criteria? Vowel sounds are differentiated by a number of factors.1)The state of the velum 2)The position of the tongue.3)The openness of the mouth.4)The shape of the lips.5)The length of the vowels.6)The tension of the muscles at pharynx.3.★What are the three sub-branches of phonetics? How do they differ from each other? Phonetics has three sub-branches as following: 1)Articulatory phonetics is the study of how speech organs produce the sounds is called articulatory phonetics.2)Acoustic phonetics is the study of the physical properties and of the transmission of speech sounds is called acoustic phonetics.3)Auditory phonetics is the study of the way hearers perceive speech sounds is called auditory phonetics.4.★What are the commonly used phonetic features for consonants and vowels respectively? I.The frequently used phonetic features for consonants include the following: 1)Voiced.2)Nasal.3)Consonantal.4)Vocalic.5)Continuant.6)Anteri or.Chapter 3 Phonetics语音学 7)Coronal.8)Aspirated.II.The most common phonetic features for vowels include the following: 1)High.2)Low.3)Front.4)Back.5)Rounded.6)Tense.51.2.3.4.5.Chapter 4 Phonology 音位学phonemes(音位)Phonemes are minimal distinctive units in the sound system of a language.allophones(音位变体)Allophones are the phonetic variants and realizations of a particular phoneme.phones(单音)The smallest identifiable phonetic unit found in a stream of speech is called a phone.minimal pair(最小对立体)Minimal pair means words which differ from each other only by one sound.contrastive distribution(对比分布)If two ormore sounds can occur in the same environment and the substitution of one sound for another brings about a change of meaning, they are said to be in contrastive plementary distribution(互补分布)If two or more sounds never appear in the same environment ,then they are said to be in complementary distribution.7.free variation(自由变异)When two sounds can appear in the same environment and the substitution of one for the other does not cause any change in meaning, then they are said to be in free variation.8.distinctive features(区别性特征)A distinctive feature is a feature which distinguishes one phoneme from another.9.suprasegmental features(超切分特征)The distinctive(phonological)features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.10.tone languages(声调语言)Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level.11.intonation languages(语调语言)Intonation languages are those which use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level.12.juncture(连音)Juncture refers to the phonetic boundary features which may demarcate grammatical units.1.★What are the differences between English phonetics and English phonology? 1)Phonetics is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds, while phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.2)Phonetics is the study of the actual sounds while phonology is concerned with a more abstract description of speech sounds and tries to describe the regularities of sound patterns.2.Give examples to illustrate the relationship between phonemes, phones and allophones.When we hear [pit],[tip],[spit],etc, the similar phones we have heard are /p/.And/p/ and /b/ are separate phonemes in English, while [ph] and [p] are allophones.3.How can we decide a minimal pair or a minimal set? A minimal pair should meet three conditions: 1)The two forms are different in meaning.2)The two forms are different in one sound segment.3)The different sounds occur in the same position of the two strings.4.★Use examples to explain the three types of distribution.1)Contrastive distribution.Sounds [m] in met and [n] in net are in contrastive distribution because substituting [m] for [n] will result in a change of meaning.2)Complementary distribution.The aspirated plosive [ph] and the unaspirated plosive [p] are in complementary distribution because the former occurs either initially in a word or initially in a stressed syllable while the latter never occurs in such environments.3)Free variation.In English, the word “direct” may be pronounce in two ways: /di’rekt/ and /dia’rekt/, and the two different sounds /i/ and /ai/ can be said to be i n free variation.5.What’s the difference between segmental features and suprasegmental features? What are the suprasegmental features in English?I.1)Distinctive features, which are used to distinguish one phoneme from another and thus have effect on one sound segment, are referred to as segmental features.2)The distinctive(phonological)features which apply to groups larger than the single segment are known as suprasegmental features.3)Suprasegmental features may have effect on more than one sound segment.They may apply to a string of several sounds.II.The main suprasegmental features include stress, tone, intonation and juncture.6.What’s the difference between tone languages and intonation language?Tone languages are those which use pitch to contrast meaning at word level while intonation languages are thosewhich use pitch to distinguish meaning at phrase level or sentence level7.★What’s the difference between phonetic transcriptions and phonemic transcriptions?The former was meant to symbolize all possible speech sounds, including even the most minute shades of pronunciation, while the latter was intended to indicate only those sounds capable of distinguishing one word from another in a given language.71.morphemes(语素)Morphemes are the minimal meaningful units in the grammatical system of a language.allomorphs(语素变体)Allomorphs are the realizations of a particular morpheme.morphs(形素)Morphs are the realizations of morphemes in general and are the actual forms used to realize morphemes.2.roots(词根)Roots is defined as the most important part of a word that carries the principal meaning.affixes(词缀)Affixes are morphemes that lexically depend on roots and do not convey the fundamental meaning of words.free morphemes(自由语素)Free morphemes are those which can exist as individual words.bound morphemes(粘着语素)Bound morphemes are those which cannot occur on their own as separate words.3.inflectional affixes(屈折词缀)refer to affixes that serve to indicate grammatical relations, but do not change its part of speech.derivational affixes(派生词缀)refer to affixes that are added to words in order to change its grammatical category or its meaning.4.empty morph(空语子)Empty morph means a morph which has form but no meaning.zero morph(零语子)Zero morph refers to a morph which has meaning but no form.5.IC Analysis(直接成分分析)IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression(both a word and a sentence)into ahierarchically defined series of constituents.6.immediate constituents(直接成分)A immediate constituent is any one of the largest grammatical units that constitute a construction.Immediate constituents are often further reducible.ultimate constituents(最后成分)Ultimate constituents are those grammatically irreducible units that constitute constructions.7.morphological rules(形态学规则)The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.8.word-formation process(构词法)Word-formation process mean the rule-governed processes of forming new words on the basis of already existing linguistic resources.1.★W hat is IC Analysis?IC analysis is the analysis to analyze a linguistic expression(both a word and a sentence)into a hierarchically defined series of constituents.2.How are morphemes classified?1)Semantically speaking, morphemes are grouped into two categories: root morphemes and affixational morphemes.2)Structurally speaking, they are divided into two types: free morphemes and bound morphemes.3.★Explain the interrelations between semantic and structural classifications of morphemes.a)All free morphemes are roots but not all roots are free morphemes.b)All affixes are bound morphemes, but not all bound morphemes are affixes.4.What’s the difference between an empty morph and a zero morph? a)Empty morph means a morph that has form but no meaning.b)Zero morph refers to a morph that has meaning but no form.5.Explain the differences between inflectional and derivational affixes in term of both function and position.a)Functionally: i.Inflectional affixes sever to mark grammatical relations and never create new words while derivational affixes can create new words.ii.Inflectional affixes donot cause a change in grammatical class while derivational affixes very often but not always cause a change in grammatical class.b)In term of position: i.Inflectional affixes are suffixes while derivational affixes can be suffixes or prefixes.ii.Inflectional affixes are always after derivational affixes if both are present.And derivational affixes are always before inflectional suffixes if both are present.6.What are morphological rules? Give at least four rules with examples.The principles that determine how morphemes are combined into new words are said to be morphological rules.For example: a)un-+ adj.->adj.b)Adj./n.+-ify->v.c)V.+-able-> adj.d)Adj.+-ly-> adv.Chapter 5 Morphology 形态学Chapter 6 Syntax 句法学1.syntagmatic relations(横组关系)refer to the relationships between constituents in a construction.paradigmatic relations(纵聚合关系)refer to the relations between the linguistic elements within a sentence and those outside the sentence.hierarchical relations(等级关系)refer to relationships between any classification of linguistic units which recognizes a series of successively subordinate levels.2.IC Analysis(直接成分分析)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic beled IC Analysis(标记法直接成分分析)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction and label each constituent.phrase markers(短语标记法)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which make major divisions at any level within a syntactic construction, and label each constituent while remove all the linguistic beled bracketing(方括号标记法)is a kind of grammatical analysis, which is applied in representing the hierarchical structure of sentences by usingbrackets.3.constituency(成分关系)dependency(依存关系)4.surface structures(表层结构)refers to the mental representation of a linguistic expression, derived from deep structure by transformational rules.deep structures(深层结构)deep structure of a linguistic expression is a theoretical construct that seeks to unify several related structures.5.phrase structure rules(短语结构规则)are a way to describe a given language's syntax.They are used to break a natural language sentence down into its constituent parts.6.transformational rules(转换规则)7.structural ambiguity(结构歧义)1.What are the differences between surface structure and deep structure? They are different from each other in four aspects: 1)Surface structures correspond directly to the linear arrangements of sentences while deep structures correspond to the meaningful grouping of sentences.2)Surface structures are more concrete while deep structures are more abstract.3)Surface structures give the forms of sentences whereas deep structures give the meanings of sentences.4)Surface structures are pronounceable but deep structures are not.2.Illustrate the differences between PS rules and T-rules.1)PS rules frequently applied in generating deep structures.2)T-rules are used to transform deep structure into surface struct ures.3.What’s the order of generating sentences? Do we start with surface structures or with deep structures? How differently are they generated? To generate a sentence, we always start with its deep structure, and then transform it into its corresponding surface structure.Deep structures are generated by phrase structure rules(PS rules)while surface structures are derived from their deep structures by transformational rules(T-rules).4.What’s thedifference between a compulsory constituent and an optional one?Optional constituents may be present or absent while compulsory constituents must be present.5.What are the three syntactic relations? Illustrate them with examples.1)Syntagmatic relations 2)Paradigmatic relations.3)Hierarchical relations.10 1.2.3.4.5.Chapter 7 Semantics 语义学Lexical semantics(词汇语义学)is defined as the study of word meaning in language.Sense(意义)refers to the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.Reference(所指)means what a linguistic form refers to in the real world.Concept(概念)is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Denotation(外延)is defined as the constant ,abstract, and basic meaning of a linguistic expression independent of context and situation.6.Connotation(内涵)refers to the emotional associations which are suggested by, or are part of the meaning of, a linguistic ponential analysis(成分分析法)is the way to decompose the meaning of a word into its components.8.Semantic field(语义场)The vocabulary of a language is not simply a listing of independent items, but is organized into areas, within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways.The areas are semantic fields.9.Hyponymy(上下义关系)refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.10.Synonymy(同义关系)refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning.11.Antonymy(反义关系)refers to the oppositeness of meaning.12.Lexical ambiguity(词汇歧义)13.Polysemy(多义性)refers to the fact that the same one word may have more than one meaning.14.Homonymy(同音(同形)异义关系)refers to the phenomenon that words having differentmeanings have the same form.15.Sentence semantics(句子语义学)refers to the study of sentence meaning in language.1.What’s the criterion of John Lyons in classifying semantics into its sub-branches? And how does he classify semantics? In terms of whether it falls within the scope of linguistics, John Lyons distinguishes between linguistic semantics and non-linguistic semantics.According John Lyons, semantics is one of the sub-branches of linguistics;it is generally defined as the study of meaning.2.What are the essential factors for determining sentence meaning? 1)Object, 2)concept, 3)symbol, 4)user, 5)context.3.What is the difference between the theory of componential analysis and the theory of semantic theory in defining meaning of words?第三篇：英语语言学概论大纲一、课程性质及其设置目的与要求（一）课程性质和特点《英语语言学概论》课程是我省高等教育自学考试英语专业（本科段）的一门重要的专业理论课程，其任务是培养应考者系统地学习英语语言学的基本知识，掌握语言系统内部语言学各分支之间的关系和各分支的重要概念和基本理论，了解语言学在其它学科领域的应用，熟悉现代语言学重要的流派及其代表人物；通过该课程的学习，考生可以从不同的角度了解语言（的性质），了解语言学习和语言教学，为日后进一步学习语言学、从事语言教学实践和语言学研究打下扎实基础。
语音课评课稿（精选5篇）
语音课评课稿（精选5篇）第一篇：语音课评课稿本节课是一节语音课，教学设计与实施围绕语音教学的特点展开，整个过程结构清晰，目标明确，方法得当，教学实效性较强。
1.语音与情境和趣味相结合。
授课教师借助文本插图和朗朗上口的chant创设情境，帮助学生在有意义的直观具体的学习材料中理解抽象的语音概念，区分音图，掌握图中隐含的语音信息，整体感知文本。
教师采用说唱结合的方式，注重韵律，培养学生的语感，使乏味的语音教学变得生动有趣，深受孩子们的喜爱，同时在模仿逼真的夸张的语音时，享受成功的喜悦。
2.语音与话题相结合。
本单元话题是描述某地有什么，涉及There be结构，整堂课始终围绕此话题进行整体设计，学生带着what’s in the picture/chant观察图片，吟唱儿歌，更好地巩固单元知识。
3.语音与听，说，读，写能力相结合。
语言技能包括听，说，读，写技能以及这四种技能的综合运用。
授课教师遵循“听说领先，读写跟上”的浸入性原则，巧妙地设计了听音圈图，拼读练习，听音填词，看图写句等一系列活动，引导学生发现归纳发音规律，让学生养成“听音敢猜，见词能读”的习惯，逐渐形成“听音写词，见词读音”的能力，为后续的英语学习打下坚实的基础。
感觉整堂课结构较散，由许多任务拼凑而成，衔接不自然，另外拼读单词方式单一，还可鼓励学生用所学含有相同语音的单词创编句子，甚至是小诗和儿歌，培养孩子们的创造性。
第二篇：语音课赛课教案Unit 8 She wears a white and black sweater 教学内容：湘少版英语四年级上册第八单元 F部分U的短音发音及chant.教学目标：1.认知目标：让学生掌握字母U的发音及其规律。
2.能力目标：通过模仿、操练、表演等活动，培养学生的语言表达能力、观察能力和思维能力。
3.情感目标：培养学生的英语学习兴趣，帮助学生建立分析新单词读音的信心。
教学重点和难点：重点：字母U的短音发音难点：字母U的短音发音规律Step 1 warming-up Boys and girls, let’s do phonics exercises ,ready, steady, go!Letter ALetterAaaaA is for apple Letter B Letter BbbbB is for bird Letter C Letter C k kkC is for cat Letter D Letter D dddD is fordog Letter U letter U, u uu , U is for up板书UuStep 2 Presentation and drill T：U has anot her sound, let’s listen!Show the video!Read the /ʌ/sound, T: U is jumping happily, let’s do it like this.Look!Who is coming ? P/P/-up S /s/-us T/t/-ut N /n/-un B /b/-ub G/g/-ugT: Some other friends are coming!Look!They’re taking photos , u is in the middle..hug but cut cup mudstep 3 Practice T: let’s write:Listen to me carefully, then help U find out his friends and fill the blanks.___d_____ u____b______ ____t____ u_____b_____ ___r_____ u______b____ 长沙市高新区雷锋小学匡铱芬四年级英语语音教案T：listen to the chant, then chant Rub-a –dub-dub(打鼓咚咚响)Three mice in a tub Rowing up a river Rowing up upup T: show the video, chant T: sing the chant，Step 4 Summary We see with our eyes, wehear with our ears, Do these, I think we can learn English well.长沙市高新区雷锋小学匡铱芬 we think wi th our brains…四年级英语语音教案语音课介绍语音，是以英语为母语国家人士在学习英语前必学的一门技术。
英语语言学概论精选试题学生版
1.Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?nguage is a systemnguage is symbolicC.Animals also have languagenguage is arbitrary2.Which of the following features is NOT one of the design features of language?A. SymbolicB. DualityC. ProductiveD. Arbitrary3.What is the most important function of language?A. InterpersonalB. PhaticC. InformativeD. Metalingual4.Who put forward the distinction between Langue and Parole?A. SaussureB. ChomskyC. HallidayD. Anonymous5.According to Chomsky, which is the ideal user's internalized knowledge of his language?A. competenceB. paroleC. performanceD. langue6.The function of the sentence "A nice day, isn't it?" is .A. informativeB. phaticC. directiveD. performative7.Articulatory phonetics mainly studies .A.the physical properties of the sounds produced in speechB.the perception of soundsC.the combination of soundsD.the production of sounds8.The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in .A.the place of articulationB.the obstruction of airstreamC.the position of the tongueD.the shape of the lips9.Which is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics10.Which studies the sound systems in a certain language?A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. SemanticsD. Pragmatics11.Minimal pairs are used to .A.find the distinctive features of a languageB.find the phonemes of a languagepare two wordsD.find the allophones of languageually, suprasegmental features include ___ ,length and pitch.A. phonemeB. speech soundsC. syllablesD. stress13.Which is an indispensable part of a syllable?A. CodaB. OnsetC. StemD. Peak三、判断analyst collects samples of the language as it is used, not according to some views of how it should be used. This is called the prescriptive approach. Ftranscription is normally used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. F台州学院考试题1.Articulatory Phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds.2.English is a typical intonation language.3.Phones in complementary distribution should be assigned to the same phoneme.4.Linguistic c is a native speaker ' s linguistic knowledge of his language.1.The relationship between the sound and the meaning of a word is a.2.P refers to the realization of langue in actual use.3.Linguistics is generally defined as the s study of language.1. Which of the following branch of linguistics takes the inner structure of word as its main object ofstudy?A. Phonetics.B. Semantics.C. Morphology.D. Sociolinguistics.3. Which of the following is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [w].B. [m].C. [b].D. [p].6. What phonetic feature distinguishes the [p] in please and the [p] in speak?B. AspirationC. RoundnessD. Nasality11. Conventionally a is put in slashes.A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morphemenguage is tool of communication. The symbol “highway closed " serves.A. an expressive functionB. an informative functionC. a performative functionD. a persuasive function14.Which of the following groups of words is a minimal pair?A. but/pubB. wet/whichC. cool/curlD. fail/find16.What are the dual structures of language?A. Sounds and letters.B. Sounds and meaning.C. Letters and meaning.D. Sounds and symbols.19. Which of the following is one of the core branches of linguistics?A. Phonology.B. Psycho-linguistics.C. Sociolinguistics.D. Anthropology.IV. Translate the following linguistic terms: (10 points, 1 point each)A. From English to ChineseB. From Chinese to English1.acoustic phonetics6. J1用言吾言孥2.closed class words4.distinctive featuresVI. Answer the following questions briefly. (20 points)1.Define phoneme (4 points)2.Explain complementary distribution with an example.(5 points)3.What are the four criteria for classifying English vowels. (4 points)问答答案 1. A contrastive phonological segment whose phonetic realizations are predictable byrules. (4 points)(or: A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value.)2. The situation in which phones never occu 门n the same phonetic environment. (4 points ). [p] and [p h ] never occu 门n the same position. (1 point )3. the position of the tongue in the mouth(1 point), the openness of the mouth(1 point), the ________ shape of the lips(1 point), and the length of the vowels. (1 point)Chapter 1 Introductions to LinguisticsI. Choose the best answer. (20%)1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used forhuman _______________A. contactB communication C. relationD. Community 2.Which of the following words is entirely arbitrary? A. treeB. typewriterC. crashD. Bang 3.The function of the sentence “Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.is A. interrogativeB. directive C informativeD. Performative 4. In Chinese whensomeonebreaks a bowl or a plate the host or the peoplepresent are likely to say “碎碎(岁岁)平安” as a meansof controllingthe forces which they believes feel might affect their lives. Which functions does it perform?A. InterpersonalB. EmotiveWhich of the following property of language enables language users to overcome the barriers caused by time and place , due to this feature of language, speakers of C Performative D. Recreational 5.a language are free to talk about anything in any situation?A. TransferabilityB. DualityC. DisplacementD. Arbitrariness6.Study the following dialogue. What function does it play according to the functions of language?— A nice day, isn ’ t it?— Right! I really enjoy the sunlight.A. EmotiveB. PhaticC. PerformativeD. Interpersonal7. refers to the actual realization of the ideal languageuser ’s knowledge of the rules of his language in utterances.A. PerformanceB. CompetenceC. LangueD. Parole8.When a dog is barking, you assume it is barking for somethingor at someone that exists hear and now. It couldn ’ t be sorrowful for some lost love or lost bone. This indicates the design feature of ____ .A.cultural transmissionB.productivityC.displacementD. D uality9. answers such questions as how we as infants acquire our firstlanguage.linguisticsC. SociolinguisticsD.Applied linguistics10. deals with language application to other fields, particularlyeducation.A.Linguistic theoryB.Practical linguisticsC.Applied linguisticsparative linguistics11.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%)nguage is a means of verbal communication. Therefore, thecommunication way used by the deaf-mute is not language. F13.Speaking is the quickest and most efficient way of the humancommunication systems.nguage is written because writing is the primary medium forall languages. F15.We were all born with the ability to acquire language, whichmeans the details of any language system can be genetically transmitted. F16.Only human beings are able to communicate. F17. F. de Saussure, who made the distinction between langue andparole in the early 20th century, was a French linguist. F18. A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare ’ stime is an example of the diachronic 历时study of language. F19.Speech and writing cameinto being at muchthe sametime in human20.All the languages in the world today have both spoken and writtenforms. FFill in the blanks. (10%)III.nguage, broadly speaking, is a means of __verbal ________________________communication.22.In any language words can be used in new ways to meannew thingsand can be combined into innumerable sentences based on limited rules. This feature is usually termed ___ creativity_ ____________________ .nguage has many functions. We can use language to talk about itself. This function is ______ .24.Theory that primitive man made involuntary vocal noises while performing heavy work has been called the ___ yo-he-ho ____________ theory.25.Linguistics is the __ systematic __________ study of language.26.Modern linguistics is _____________ in the sense that the linguist tries to discover what language is rather than lay down some rules for people to observe.27.One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of___________over writing.28.The description of a language as it changes through time is a___________study.29.Saussure put forward two important concepts. ______________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speech community.30.Linguistic potential is similar to Saussure ’ s langue and Chomsky’ s _________ .IV. Explain the following terms,using examples. (20%)31.Design feature32.Displacementpetence34.Synchronic linguisticsV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35.Why do people take duality as one of the important designfeatures of human language? Can you tell us what language will be if it has no such design feature? (南开大学，2004)35.Duality makes our language productive. A large number of different units can be formed out of a small number of elements - for instance, tens of thousands of words out of a small set of sounds, around 48 in the case of the English language. And out of the huge number of words, there can be astronomical number of possible sentences and phrases, which in turn can combine to form unlimited numberof texts. Most animal communication systems do not have this design feature of human language.If language has no such design feature, then it will be like animal communicational system which will be highly limited. It cannot produce a very large number of sound combinations, . words, which are distinct in meaning.Chapter 2 Speech Sounds1.Choose the best answer. (20%)2.Pitch variation is known as when its patterns are imposed on sentences.A. intonationB. toneC. pronunciationD. voice3.Conventionally a is put in slashes (/ /).A. allophoneB. phoneC. phonemeD. morpheme4.An aspirated p, an unaspirated p and an unreleased p are of the p phoneme.A. analoguesB. tagmemesC. morphemesD. allophones5.The opening between the vocal cords is sometimes referred toas _____________ .A. glottisB. vocal cavityC. pharynxD. uvula6. A phoneme is a group of similar sounds called ________ .A. minimal pairsB. allomorphsC. phonesD. allophones7.Which branch of phonetics concerns the production of speech sounds?A.Acoustic phoneticsB.Articulatory phoneticsC.Auditory phoneticsD.None of the above8.Which one is different from the others according to places of articulation?A. [n]B. [m]C. [ b ]D. [p]9.Which vowel is different from the others according to the characteristics of vowels?A. [i:]B. [ u ]C. [e]D. [ i ]10.What kind of sounds can we make when the vocal cords are vibrating?A. VoicelessB. VoicedC. Glottal stopD. Consonant11.Decide whether the following statements are true or false. (10%) 11.Suprasegmental phonology refers to the study of phonological properties of units larger than the segment-phoneme, such as syllable, word and sentence.12.The air stream provided by the lungs has to undergo a number of modification to acquire the quality of a speech sound.14.[p] is a voiced bilabial stop.15.Acoustic phonetics is concerned with the perception of speech sounds.16.All syllables must have a nucleus but not all syllables contain an onset and a coda.pure vowels or monophthongs are pronounced, no vowel glides take place.18.According to the length or tenseness of the pronunciation, vowels can be divided into tense vs. lax or long vs. short.III. Fill in the blanks. (20%)21. Consonant sounds can be either ____________ or ___________ , while all vowel sounds are __________ .23. The qualities of vowels depend upon the position of the__________ and the lips.25.Consonants differ from vowels in that the latter are produced without ___________ .26.In phonological analysis the words fail / veil aredistinguishable simply because of the two phonemes /f/ - /v/. This is an example for illustrating ___________ .27.In English there are a number of _____________ , which are produced by moving from one vowel position to another through intervening positions.28. refers to the phenomenonof sounds continually showthe influence of their neighbors.29. is the smallest linguistic unit.IV. Explain the following terms, using examples. (20%)31.Sound assimilation32.Suprasegmental featureplementary distribution34.Distinctive featuresV. Answer the following questions. (20%)35.What is acoustic phonetics? (中国人民大学，2003)36.What are the differences between voiced sounds and voiceless sounds in termsof articulation? (南开大学，2004)VI. Analyze the following situation. (20%)37.Write the symbol that corresponds to each of the followingphonetic descriptions; then give an English word that contains this sound. Example: voiced alveolar stop [d] dog. (青岛海洋大学，1999)(1)voiceless bilabial unaspirated stop(2)low front vowel(3)lateral liquid(4)velar nasal(5)voiced interdental fricative32.Suprasegmental feature: The phonetic features that occur abovethe level of the segments are called suprasegmental features; these are the phonologicalproperties of such units as the syllable, the word, and the sentence.The main suprasegmental ones includes stress, intonation, and tone.plementary distribution: The different allophones of the samephonemenever occur in the samephonetic context. Whentwo or more allophones of one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment they are said to be in complementary distribution.34.Distinctive features: It refers to the features that candistinguish one phoneme from another. If we can group the phonemes into two categories: one with this feature and the other without, this feature is called a distinctive feature.V. 35.Acoustic phonetics deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air. When a speech sound is produced it causes minor air disturbances (sound waves).Various instruments are used to measure the characteristics of these sound waves. 36. Whenthe vocal cords are spread apart, the air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiceless; consonants [p, s, t] are produced in this way. But when the vocal cords are drawn together, the air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through, creating a vibration effect. Sounds produced in this way are described as voiced. [b, z, d] are voiced consonants.。
Features of English Pronunciation
He‟ll prob‟ly come for dinner. You shouldn‟a leave so soon.
should not have
shouldn‟a
some
s‟m
I want s‟m apples. A common expression indicating agreement is For Sure! Pronounced Fer Sher!
or
„r
Do you like ice cream‟r candy?
out of
outta(*) (pronounced: oudda)
Get outta the class at once!
Pronounced Ged oudda the class at once!
probably
prob‟ly(*)
Wanna may be used either before a consonant or a vowel. Whereas wannu may only be used before a vowel. It would sound strange to the ear to use wannu before a consonant such as: wannu go.
does she
dushi
Dushi speak English?
don‟t know for give me
dunno(*) fer gimme(*)
I dunno where you live. He works fer his father. Gimme that. I‟m gonna give him a present. I‟m gonnu invite her to the party. I‟ll talk to you tomorrow. G‟bye! When followed by a vowel, “going to” if commonly contracted to gonnu, although gonna is also acceptable. SEE got to = gotta or gotta This alse applies to the following: good night = g‟night
2020-2021学年牛津上海版六年级英语上册期末考试试题(含答案)
2020-2021学年第一学期期末质量检测六年级英语试卷(满分：100分完卷时间：75分钟)（考生注意：本卷有7大题，共82小题试题均采用连续编号，请将答案写在答题纸上，写在试卷上不得分。
）Part I Listening（第一部分听力共25分）I. Listening Comprehension (听力理解) （共25分）A. Listen and choose the right picture（听句子，选择正确的图片，用A, B, C…或F等表示）（5分）A B CD E F1. ________2. ___________3. ____________4. __________5. __________B. Listen to the dialogue and choose the best answer to the question you hear (根据你听到的对话和问题，选出最恰当的答案) (8分)6. A) Do some shopping. B) Go camping. C) Go swimming. D) Do some reading7. A) Coke B) Juice. C) Water. D) Cottee8. A) In the library. B) in the hall. C) In the classroom D) In the Music Room9. A) By bike. B) On foot. C) By bus. D) By taxi.10. A) At 10:30. B) At 11:00. C) At 10:00. D) At 9:3011. A) Sam. B) John. C) Linda. D) Peter12. A) 12 yuan. B)20 yuan. C) 24 yuan. D) 48 yuan.13. A) The food is terrible. B) The food is tasty.C) The food is nice. D) The food is great.C. Listen to the passage and tell whether the following statements are True or False (判断下列句子是否符合你听到的短文内容，符合的用“T”表示，不符合的用“F”表示) （6分）14 Jamie Oliver has his own TV programs.15. Jamie Oliver tells people how to make healthy food in the programs.16. Jamie’s food in the programs isn’t easy to me.17. The food at lunch time in some schools in England wasn't healthy.18. Oaf day; Jamie went to a hospital to make a program about healthy diet.19. After the children tasted the milk, they started to enjoy it.D. Listen to the passage and complete the following sentences. (听短文，完成下列内容。
弱读规则
弱读规则1.元音在多音节单词中的弱读规则字母a读强音时可为/ei/,/a:/,/Ɔ/,/æ/,/e/或/Ɔ/,读弱音时为/ə/,但在后缀-agc中，弱音一般为/i/。
如：golden/‘goudən/ fervent/'fə:vənt/ devote/di'vout/ cntrance/in'tra:ns/字母i读强音时为/ai/,/i:/或/i/,读弱音时在大多数情况下为/i/,而在后缀-ible和-ibly中多为/ə/。
如：infuse/in'fju:z/ liquair/li'kjuə/ sensible/'sensəbl/ credible/'kredəl/字母o读强音时可为/ou/,/u:/,/ʌ/,/Ɔ/或/u/;读弱音时一般读作/ə/,而在词尾及后缀-most 中读作/-ou/,有时变读为/-əu/.如：seldom/'seldəm/ handsome/'hændsəm/ tomato/tə'ma:tou/字母u读强音时可为/ju:/,/u:/,/ʌ/或/u/,读弱音时一般为/ə/,有时可读作/ju/和/ju/在特定条件下的变体/u/。
如：support/sə'pƆ:t/ occupy/'Ɔkjupai/ popular/'pƆpjulə/字母y读强音时可为/ai/,/i:/,/i/,读弱音时一般为/i/,少数情况下也读作/ə/.如：happy/'hæpi/ navy/'neivi/2.含有元音段的弱读单词在句中的读音规则元音段a的强式读音/ei/,/æ/和/Ɔ/弱读为/ə/。
如：a/ei/----/ə/ has/hæz/-----/həz/ can/kæn/----/kən/ was/wƆz/----/wəz/元音段o的强式读音/Ɔ/,/ʌ/和/u:/,常弱读为/ə/,有时/u:/也弱读为/u/.如：from/frƆm/---/frəm/ some/sʌm/----/səm/ to/tu:/----/tə/ do/du:/---/du/元音段u的强式读音/ʌ/弱读为/ə/。