National Differences in Political Economy
国际商务环境 International Business Environment Political Economies Ch. 2
goals Emphasis: “good of society”, “common good” Plato,427-347 BC, to Socialists, Marx, 1818 - 83 Communists-revolution, Social Democrats-democratic outlook
Totalitarianism: One person/party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life
– Communist totalitarianism (PRC, Vietnam, Laos, N.
Korea,Cuba) – Theocratic totalitarianism (Iran, S. Arabia) – Tribal totalitarianism (Zimbabwe, Tanzania) – Right wing totalitarianism
Legal Systems and International Business
Property rights
use of a resource use made of income from resource enforcement issues Public vs private action violations
High corruption levels
Public Action and Corruption
US foreign corrupt practices act:
– illegal for US managers to bribe government
officials
中美政治比较中英中英文对照
中美政治比较中英中英文对照Document number【980KGB-6898YT-769T8CB-246UT-18GG08】中美政治制度差异研究The political system of China and the United States differences research中国和美国政治制度现状China and the status quo of the American political system（一）中国的政治制度(a) of China's political system我国的政治制度概括起来主要有人民代表大会制度、中国人民政治协商制度、民族区域自治制度等。
In summary of political system in China mainly include the people's congress system, the Chinese people's political consultative system, regional national autonomy system, etc.中国宪法规定:“中华人民共和国实行的是人民代表大会制度，中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人民；人民行使国家权力的机关是全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会。
”全国人民代表大会是中国的最高国家权力机关，统一行使国家最高权力，人民代表大会制度是中国的根本政治制度，是实现人民民主专政的政治形式，是中国的政体。
全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代表大会都由民主选举产生，对人民负责，受人民监督。
我国的选举制度是人民代表大会制度的重要组成部分，目前我国的选举制度的原则和主要内容一方面在宪法中得到确定，另一方面，全国人大组织法、地方各级人大组织法和选举法等有关法律法规也根据宪法所确立的社会主义选举制度的基本原则，对我国选举的具体内容作了详细的规定，它们同宪法一同构成了我国社会主义选举制度的法律基础。
全球商务第5版PPT
1-5
Chapter 1: Globalization
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION? Globalization refers to the shift towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy. The Globalization of Markets The Globalization of Production
1 - 11
Chapter 1: Globalization True of false?
1.Although many companies have lowered their overall cost structure and have improved the quality of their products by dispersing their production activities to locations around the world, this activity is confined primarily to large firms. T/F? 2.Outsourcing is a process that is limited to manufacturing enterprises. T/F? 3.Because of their nature, service activities cannot be outsourced to other companies. T/F? • Early outsourcing efforts were primarily confined to manufacturing enterprises. • Global products.
IB C2_NationalDifference
Preview： What does political economy refer to?
International Business Chapter Two: National Differences in Political Economy
International Business
Chapter Two:
--- democracy or totalitarianism
民主或极权的程度
International Business Chapter Two: National Differences in Political Economy
Political System
Individualism
Collectivism
refers to a political system in which government is by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives 民主制度中，政府是由人民直接选举或通过其 所选 代表间接选举出来的 Two forms: --- representative democracy: electing individuals to represent citizens --- voting
is a form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties
.发展适合我国国情的社会主义政治制度的英文文章
Title: The Development of a Socialist Political System Suited to China's National ConditionsIntroduction:The political system of any country should be tailored to its unique national conditions, history, culture, and socio-economic realities. China, as a socialist country, has been striving to develop a political system that aligns with its national characteristics while adhering to the principles of socialism. This article explores the development of a socialist political system suited to China's national conditions, highlighting its key features, advantages, and the progress made in its implementation.I. Historical Context and Evolution:China's political system has evolved over time in response to its historical context and societal needs. From the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has played a central role in guiding the country's political development. Through various stages, including the era of Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping's reforms, and subsequent leadership transitions, China has gradually shaped its political system to address the challenges and opportunities it faces.II. Key Features of China's Socialist Political System:1. Leadership by the Communist Party: The CCP's leadership is a fundamental characteristic of China's political system. The Party's leadership ensures continuity, stability, and unified governance, enabling long-term planning and effective policy implementation.2. People's Congress System: The National People's Congress (NPC) is the highest organ of state power in China. It represents the will and interests of the people, ensuring their participation in decision-making processes through democratic elections and deliberations.3. Multi-Party Cooperation and Political Consultation: China practices a system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the CCP. Alongside the CCP, democratic parties participate in policy discussions, contributing diverse perspectives and expertise.4. Grassroots Democracy: China emphasizes grassroots democracy and community-level governance, enabling citizens to actively participate in local affairs and decision-making processes. This fosters a sense of ownership and empowerment among the people.5. Rule of Law: China has been strengthening the rule of law to safeguard social justice, protect citizens' rights and interests, and ensure the fair and impartial administration of justice. The establishment of a comprehensive legal framework enhances stability and predictability in the society.III. Advantages of China's Socialist Political System:1. Political Stability: China's political system provides a stable and orderly governance structure, promoting social harmony and economic development. The emphasis on long-term planning and policy continuity contributes to sustained progress and social stability.2. People-Centered Development: The socialist political system prioritizes people's well-being and development. Policies are formulated with the goal of improving the quality of life, reducing poverty, and promoting equitable growth across regions.3. Efficient Decision-Making: The centralized leadership of the CCP allows for efficient decision-making processes, enabling the implementation of large-scale initiatives, such as poverty alleviation campaigns, infrastructure development, and environmental protection measures.4. Adaptive Governance: China's political system is capable of responding and adapting to changing circumstances. Through periodic evaluations and policy adjustments, it addresses emerging challenges and ensures the government remains responsive to the needs of the people.IV. Progress and Challenges:China has made remarkable progress in developing and implementing its socialist political system. The successful practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics has lifted millions out of poverty, improved living standards, and elevated China's global standing. However, challenges remain, including strengthening the protection of individual rights, enhancing transparency, and deepening democratic participation at all levels of governance.Conclusion:The development of a socialist political system suited to China's national conditions has been an ongoing process that reflects the country's unique history, culture, and socio-economic realities. China's political system, with its key features of Party leadership, people's participation, multi-party cooperation, grassroots democracy, and the rule of law, provides a solid foundation for stability, progress, and people-centered development. The continuous improvement and adaptation of the system will be vital in addressing challenges, ensuring good governance, and advancing the well-being of the Chinese people.。
中外政治体制差异
OutlineAnalyze the difference from the following six aspects1.Form of government2.Constitution3.Congress4.The government5.Political parties6.JudiciaryTHE DIFFERENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT BETWEEN CHINA AND NEW ZEALANDAs for the government between China and New Zealand, there are many differences in the various aspects. I’d like to talk something about it through the form of government, constitution, congress, political party, judiciary and so on.FORM OF GOVERNMENTSince 1935, the Labor Party and the National Party took turns in power. In 1993, people voted and decided to change the parliamentary electoral system from first-past-the-post to Mixed Member proportional. In 1996, the National Party and New Zealand First Party formed a coalition government. In 1998, the coalition government disintegrated. After thegeneral election in 2002, the Labor Party and the Progressive Party formed a minority coalition government. In 2008, the National Party won the election and obtained the financial support and trust of Action Party, the Maori Party and United Future Party. In 2011, the National Party won the election again.National people’s Congress (NPC) system is a form of political organization of the Chinese people’s democratic dictatorship, China’s fundamental political system, the political organization form ruled by the constitution. The constitution provides that the power belongs to people but people have to elect representatives to compose People’s Congress at all levels. Thus deputies to the People’s Congress at all levels are elected and are responsible to and accept supervision by people.CONSTITUTIONNew Zealand has no written Constitution . The British Parliament and the New Zealand Parliament has passed a series of law and the amendment. The constitution was composed by them and some decisions made by privy council of the United Kingdom.“The constitution of the people’s Republic of China” is the fundamental law of China with the highest legal effect. After the founding of ourcountry, there had passed 4 constitutions in 1954, 1975, 1978 and 1982. The constitution we are using is the 1982 constitution and it had been revised 3 times in 1993, 1999 and 2004.CONGRESSIn New Zealand, it’s Unicameral, just set the House of Representatives, founded in 1854. Members were elected by universal suffrage for a term of 3 years. The current Parliament was 50th, composed in December, 2011. There are 121 seats in total, at present, David Carter is the president of the Parliament and he took office in January, 2013.The National People’s Congress of China is the highest organ of State power. Its permanent body is the standing committee of the National People’s Congress of China, both of them exercise the legislative power. The National People’s Congress is composed by the Representatives elected from provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, special administrative regions and the army. The minority also should have appropriate places of it. National People’s Congress elected for a term of 5 years, held annually in the first quarter.THE GOVERNMENTThe executive council composed by the governor and the minister is thesupreme administrative institution. The Executive council is presided by the governor , and also can be chaired by the premier or Senior Minister at the governor’s absence. When governor exercise the power, he must be guided by the suggestions of Executive Council. Cabinet held the real power. New Zealand is identified as one of the world's most stable and well-governed nations. As of 2011, the country was ranked fifth in the strength of its democratic institutions and first in government transparency and lack of corruption.In China's administrative system, the State Council is living in the highest leadership. It has the right to manage the major affairs at home. According to China's Constitution, the State Council has 18 powers to exercise. The government of China organization system includes: the National People's Congress; The President of China; The state council of China; The central military commission of China; Local people's congresses and local people's governments at various levels; The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas;People's Court and People's Procuratorate.POLITICAL PARTIESThere are 16 registered political parties. Mainly include:(1) National Party: the ruling party, merged by the Liberal Party and the Improvement Party in 1936.(2) Labor Party: the largest opposition party. Established in 1916.(3) Maori Party : In April 2004, because of opposition on the question of Maori, the assistant manager resigned and formed Maori party.(4) Action Party: the predecessor of Consumers and Taxpayers Association.(5) United Future Party: Formerly known as the Unity Party, founded in June 1995.(6) Green Party: Formerly known as the value of the party, established in 1972.(7) New Zealand First Party: established in 1993, and combined with the National Party coalition from 1996 to 1996, combined with the Labor Party from 2005 to 2008.(8) Mana Party: founded in April 2011Other political parties: Conservative Party , The Alliance and so on.Modern China's political party is produced in the late 19th century. From 1920s to 1940s, the Chinese Kuomintang and the Communist Party formed the two major political parties. There is a long time struggle between the CPC and the KMT, but during the first Sino-Japanese Warand the Revolutionary War, the two parties had twice cooperation against the common enemy. In 1949, the Communist Party led the people to overthrow the KMT's authoritarian rule and established the People's Republic of China. CPC and eight democratic parties establishedlong-term cooperation with the Chinese system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the communist party. Eight democratic parties worked together and became the participating parties.JUDICIARYThere are the Supreme Court, the court of appeal, high court, several district courts and specialized courts which deal with the related legal problems of job, family, youth affairs, Maori affairs, environment .etc. Supreme Court was established on January 1, 2004, replaced the British privy council as the court of final appeal. It was composed of the chief justice and four judges. The court of appeal was composed of the dean and nine judges. High Court was composed of 35 judges and nine associate judges.Under the PRC Constitution and the Law of Organization of the People's Courts, the judicial system is made up of the Supreme People's Court，the local people's courts，military courts and other special people's courts.The local people's courts are comprised of the basic people's courts, the intermediate people's courts and the higher people's courts. The basic people's courts are organized into civil，criminal，economic and administrative divisions. The intermediate people's courts are organized into divisions similar to those of the basic people's courts, and are further organized into other special divisions，such as the intellectual property division. The higher level people's courts supervise the basic and intermediate people's courts. The people's procuratorates also have the right to exercise legal supervision over the civil proceedings of people's courts of the same level and lower levels. The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial body in the PRC. It supervises the administration of justice by all of the people's courts.Each country has its own political system which is suitable to maintain the normal operation of the society. The above points are my understanding of the political differences between China and New Zealand.Thank you!。
Chap02 National Differences in Political Economy
山东经济学院·国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-10
Democracy And Totalitarianism 民主和集权
Democracy refers to a political system in which government is by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives 民主是指由人民直接行使权力或通过选举产生的代表间接选举出政府 的政治体制 Totalitarianism is a form of government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control over all spheres of human life and prohibits opposing political parties 极权主义是政府中有一人或一个政党党对人民生活的各个领域有绝对 控制权，并禁止反对派政党存在的政治体制形式 Democracy is usually associated with individualism and communism is usually associated with collectivism and totalitarianism 民主通常与个人主义相关，共产主义与集体主义通常与极权主义相关
山东经济学院·国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-11
Democracy And Totalitarianism 民主和集权
国际商务Chap000
McGraw-Hill/Irwin International Business, 5/e
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
1-8
Part six International business operations
McGraw-Hill/Irwin International Business, 5/e
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
1-7
Part five The strategy and structure of international business
Chapter 7 foreign direct investment
Chapter 8 regional economic integration
McGraw-Hill/Irwin International Business, 5/e
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
Chapter 3 differences in culture Chapter 4 ethics in international business
McGraw-Hill/Irwin International Business, 5/e
© 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.
International Business
李丹
1-2
Main contents
世界经济教学资料 ch2 national differences in political economy-34页PPT精选文档
World Economy
Method Seminar, country focus, cases
Group discussion, team work, presentation, classroom quiz
World Economy
Requirement Class-attending Question-answering Paper-handing
There are three types of legal systems 1. Common law - based on tradition, precedent,
and custom 2. Civic law - based on detailed set of laws
organized into codes 3. Theocratic law - law is based on religs An Economic System?
There are three types of economic systems 1. Market economies - all productive activities are privately owned and
production is determined by the interaction of supply and demand government encourages free and fair competition between private
3. Tribal totalitarianism - found in states where a political party that represents the interests of a particular tribe monopolizes power
中英政府机构对比
• 中华人民共和国的一切权力属于人 民。人民行使国家权力的机关是全 国人民代表大会和地方各级人民代 表大会。
• 全国人民代表大会和地方各级人民 代表大会都由民主选举产生，对人 民负责，受人民监督。
A
B
Ⅱ. Legislative Branch 立法机构
Parliament 议会
1.The United Kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. Parliament consists of the Sovereign, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
• 伊莉莎白二世,她的全称是上帝神佑,大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国 以及她的其他领土和领地的女王,英联邦元首,国教保护者伊莉莎白 二世.
• 2.The Queen is the symbol of the whole nation. In law, She is head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of t-chief of all the armed forces and the “supreme governor” of the Church of England. She gives Royal
National Differences in Political Economy
Economic Systems
• Market Economy: all productive activities are privately owned, not owned by state.
– Demand and supply + government
• Command Economy: government planned everything.
1. 2. – – Collectivism 1. Totalitarian Individualism 2. Democratic Collectivism tend towards totalitarian Individualism tend towards democratic
•
Collectivism vs. Individualism
Democracy vs. Totalitarianism
• Democracy: political system in which government is by the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives. • Totalitarianism: political system in which government in which one person or political party exercises absolute control overall.
– What, how, how much to produce
• Mixed Economy: the combination of market and command economy
中西方制度的差异英文作文
中西方制度的差异英文作文英文：The differences between the institutional systems of the East and the West are quite significant. One of the most notable differences is the political system. In the West, countries often have democratic systems where leaders are elected by the people. On the other hand, many Eastern countries have authoritarian or communist systems where leaders are often not elected through fair and open elections.Another key difference is in the legal and judicial systems. In the West, there is an emphasis on the rule of law and an independent judiciary that ensures justice is served. However, in many Eastern countries, the legal and judicial systems are often influenced or controlled by the ruling party or government, leading to potential lack of fairness and impartiality.Furthermore, there are differences in the economic systems. Western countries often have capitalist economies where private ownership and free market principles are emphasized. In contrast, many Eastern countries have socialist or mixed economies where the state plays a significant role in the economy and there is often less emphasis on private ownership and free markets.Culturally, there are also differences in the institutional systems. In the West, individualism is often valued, and there is a strong emphasis on personal freedoms and rights. In many Eastern countries, there is often a greater emphasis on collectivism and the well-being of the society as a whole, sometimes at the expense of individual freedoms.In conclusion, the differences between theinstitutional systems of the East and the West are wide-ranging and have significant impacts on the way societies are structured and function.中文：中西方制度的差异非常显著。
中美比较英语作文
中美比较英语作文The United States and China are two of the world's most influential and powerful nations. As the world's largest economy and the world's second-largest economy, respectively, the relationship between these two global superpowers is of paramount importance. While there are many similarities between the two countries, there are also significant differences that shape their unique identities and roles on the global stage.One of the most notable differences between China and the United States is their political systems. The United States is a federal presidential constitutional republic, with a democratically elected government and a system of checks and balances. China, on the other hand, is a unitary one-party socialist republic, with the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) as the sole governing political party. This fundamental difference in political structure has a profound impact on the decision-making processes, the distribution of power, and the relationship between the government and the people in each country.Another key difference between the two nations is their approach to economic development. The United States has a market-based economy, with a strong emphasis on private enterprise, free trade, and limited government intervention. China, in contrast, has a socialist market economy, with a significant role played by state-owned enterprises and a more centralized approach to economic planning and policymaking. While both countries have experienced remarkable economic growth and development, the underlying mechanisms and the balance between state and market forces differ significantly.In terms of cultural values and traditions, China and the United States also exhibit distinct characteristics. China has a deep-rooted history and a rich cultural heritage, with Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism playing a crucial role in shaping the country's social norms and values. The United States, on the other hand, is a more culturally diverse nation, with a melting pot of immigrants from around the world, each bringing their own cultural traditions and influences.One area where the two countries share significant similarities is their commitment to education and the pursuit of scientific and technological advancement. Both China and the United States have world-class universities, cutting-edge research facilities, and a strong emphasis on STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics) education. The competition between the two countriesin areas such as artificial intelligence, space exploration, and renewable energy technologies has become a driving force for innovation and progress.Despite these similarities, the two countries also face unique challenges and issues. China, for example, has been grappling with environmental degradation, income inequality, and the need to balance rapid economic growth with sustainable development. The United States, on the other hand, has been dealing with political polarization, racial tensions, and the ongoing debate over the role of government in addressing social and economic problems.In the realm of foreign policy, China and the United States have often found themselves at odds, particularly in areas such as trade, geopolitics, and human rights. The two countries have competing interests and sometimes conflicting visions for the global order, leading to tensions and occasional confrontations. However, both nations also recognize the importance of maintaining a stable and constructive relationship, as their cooperation is crucial for addressing global challenges such as climate change, international security, and public health.In conclusion, the comparison between China and the United States reveals a complex and multifaceted relationship. While the two countries share some common goals and aspirations, theirfundamental differences in political systems, economic approaches, and cultural values have shaped their distinct identities and roles on the global stage. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the ability of these two superpowers to navigate their differences and find areas of cooperation will be crucial for the stability and prosperity of the global community.。
美国国会和人民代表大会的区别英语作文
美国国会和人民代表大会的区别英语作文The United States Congress and the People's Congress of China are both legislative bodies in their respective countries, but they operate in very different ways and have distinct roles in the political system. In this essay, we will explore the differences between the two and how they reflect the unique characteristics of the American and Chinese political systems.The United States Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and is composed of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House is comprised of 435 members, with representation based on population, while the Senate has 100 members, two from each state. Members of Congress are elected by the people and serve fixed terms, with elections held every two years for the House and every six years for the Senate.The primary function of the US Congress is to make laws, approve the federal budget, and provide oversight of the executive branch. Congress also has the power to declare war, ratify treaties, and impeach government officials. The two chambers of Congress must work together to pass legislation, with each chamber having its own rules and procedures fordebate and voting. A bill must be approved by both chambers and signed by the President before it becomes law.In contrast, the People's Congress of China is a unicameral body that is the highest organ of state power in the country. It is composed of nearly 3,000 deputies who are elected by the people to serve five-year terms. The People's Congress is responsible for enacting laws, amending the constitution, and overseeing the work of the government. However, the People's Congress is largely seen as a rubber-stamp body that does not have the same level of independence and authority as the US Congress.The People's Congress of China meets once a year for a two-week session, during which deputies gather to discuss and vote on legislation. The decisions of the People's Congress are largely determined by the ruling Communist Party, which holds ultimate power in the country. While the People's Congress has the legal authority to make laws, its role is largely ceremonial, and real power is held by the party leadership.Another key difference between the two legislative bodies is the level of political diversity and representation. The US Congress is comprised of members from a variety of political parties and backgrounds, reflecting the diversity of the Americanpopulation. Members of Congress are free to debate and vote according to their own beliefs and interests, leading to a more dynamic and pluralistic system.In contrast, the People's Congress of China is dominated by the Communist Party, which controls the selection of deputies and the agenda of the legislature. While there is some representation from minority groups and independent candidates, the vast majority of deputies are loyal to the party and follow its directives. This lack of political diversity and independence limits the ability of the People's Congress to act as an effective check on the government.Overall, the US Congress and the People's Congress of China represent two different models of legislative power and political representation. While both bodies are responsible for making laws and overseeing the government, the US Congress operates in a more decentralized and democratic manner, with independent members and a system of checks and balances. In contrast, the People's Congress of China is a more centralized and controlled body that acts as a rubber stamp for the ruling party. These differences reflect the broader political systems of the two countries and the unique challenges they face in navigating the complexities of governance.。
Chapter 2 National Differences in Political Economy不同国家在政治经济中
• Economic freedom; New ideas can be tried.
• strong property rights
• The innovator can profit from his/her new ideas.
• the “right” political system
• Democracy is desirable, but may not be required. (??)
average incomes
• Between 0-1, lower 0.5 low HDI, 0.5-0.8 middle HDI, upper 0.8
high HDI • In 2009, China HDI 0.772, rank 92 among 182 countries
Differences of Economic Development
CHAPTER 2 NATIONAL DIFFERENCES IN POLITICAL ECONOMY
Political Economy
• Political economy to stress that the political, economic,
and legal systems of a country are interdependent; they interact and influence each other, and in doing so they affect the level of economic well-being • Political system • Economic systems • Legal system
Democracy and Totalitarianism
中美政治体制差异英文
Outlinecomparison on the following aspects:1.Parliament2.Political parties3.Judicial SystemTHE DIFFERENCE OF THE GOVERNMENT BETWEEN CHINA AND THEUSAThere are lots of English speaking countries in the world and there also many differences between China and them on many aspects. For example, comparing the government with the USA, I’d like to talk something about the differences through Parliament, Political parties, Judicial System and so on.PARLIAMENTAmerica's highest legislative body (legislative branch ), implement the legislative provisions of the Fed eral Constitution, the actual location of the Capito l in Washington, DC, by the Senate and the Houseof Representatives; the Chamber of Deputies; the Low er House, number of members to 535. Senator is dir ectly elected by the states, each state has 2. implement of the principle of equal representation of the states. Existing Members 100. Elected senator mu st be at least 30 years old, full nine years as a U.S. citizen, was elected the state's residents w hen elected. Six-year term, reelection every two yea rs 1/3, re-elected. Rep. (congressman) number assigne d by the proportion of the population states, elect ed by direct election, at least one in each state, the number is fixed at 435, must be at least 25 years of age, as a U.S. citizen full seven years , when elected to the state's elected residents. 2-year term, be re-elected. Members of both houses of long-term election is a common phenomenon. Members shall serve other government duties, Members of Pa rliament represent their constituency voters, but is representative of the country as a whole, the vot ers, to regulate the behavior of the government and the people through legislation.National People's Congress exercises the following po wers:(1) amend the Constitution;(2) to oversee the implementation of the Constitution;(3) the formulation and revision of criminal, civil, national institutions and other basic laws;(4) Elect the chairman of the People's Republic of China, and Vice Chairman;(5) According to nominate the Chairman of People's Republic of China, decided to Premier candidates; up on nomination by the Premier's decision, Ministers, Deputy Premier, State Councilor, commissions, the Aud itor General, the Secretary-General of the candidates ;Chairman(6) to elect the Central Military Commission; upon nomination by the Chairman of the Central Military Commission, the choice of other members of the Cent ral Military Commission;(7) to elect Supreme People's Court;(8) the election of the Supreme People's Procuratora te;(9) review and approve the national economic and so cial development plans and reports;(10) to examine and approve the budget and the rep ort on the implementation of the country;(11) to alter or annul the Standing Committee of N ational People's Congress inappropriate decisions; (12) to approve provinces, autonomous regions and mu nicipalities to build;(13) to decide the establishment of the Special Adm inistrative Region and its institutions;(14) to decide questions of war and peace;(15) other functions and powers shall be exercised by the supreme organ of state power.POLITICAL PARTIESThe United States has multiple parties, but only republicans and Democrats play a significant role in the domestic politic and social life.<1> Republican PartyRepublican Party was founded in 1854. Republican Party held power for the first time when Abraham Lincoln became President in 1861. During the later 70 years (except 1916), Republican party had presided over the White House. Generally, in the presidential election, voters who vote for the party’s candidate were party members of Republican Party. Republicans generally conservative on social issues and was the classicalliberalism on economic issues. They pursetough defense and foreign policy ，belong to interventionism route.<2> Democratic PartyDemocratic Party’s predecessor--Democratic republican was founded in 1792 by ThomasJefferson. In the party-building initial period, it mainly represented the interests of southern slave owners, western agriculture entrepreneurs and north middle bourgeoisie. In the early 19th century, Democratic Republican split, one part who claimed to be the National Republican, later renamed the Whig party. The other part represented by Andrew Jackson was established as Democrats in 1828, and formally named for Democrats in 1840. Generally, in the presidential election, voters who vote for the party’s candidate were party members of Democratic Party. Democratic were liberal on social issues, progressive and liberal on economic issues.<3>Other partiesUnited States Green Party、Reform Party of the United States of America、Communist Party of United States of America. Americans generally tend to support one of the two parties, but some people would support independent candidate of smallparties, including the liberal party, the greens, constitution, etc.On November 4, 2008, the democratic candidate Barack Obama was elected as the 44th President of the United States, took office on January 20th, 2009, became the first African-American President in American history.Modern China's political party is produced in the late 19th century. From 1920s to 1940s, the Chinese Kuomintang and the Communist Party formed the two major political parties. There is a long time struggle between the CPC and the KMT, but during the first Sino-Japanese War and the Revolutionary War, the two parties had twice cooperation against the common enemy. In 1949, the Communist Party led the people to overthrow the KMT's authoritarian rule and established the People's Republic of China. CPC and eight democratic parties established long-term cooperation with the Chinese system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the leadership of the communist party. Eight democratic parties worked together and became the participating parties.JUDICIARYThe basic framework of the agency court divided into federal court and state district court, two completely independent systems. Federal court was consisted by the federal Supreme Court and federal court of appeals, the federal district court and the special court (i.e. the bankruptcy court, court of international trade and the compensation court, etc.).The Supreme Court was established by the constitution of the United States. The judges carry Unchangeable system, Professional system, High salary system, Retirement system. There is no unified administrative court in the United States. Besides the ordinary court, independent institutions also have the right to accept and ruling Administrative disputes. Standard mode of organization and management systems of the U.S. courts have diversity. Court has unified model is the objects of traditional court organization and management system, but there are also many problems. There are disputes about U.S. court organization and management unified model, then appeared a new ideal target modes: decentralization, consultation and emergency type.Under the PRC Constitution and the Law of Organization of the People's Courts, the judicial system is made up of the SupremePeople's Court， the local people's courts， military courts and other special people's courts. The local people's courts are comprised of the basic people's courts, the intermediate people's courts and the higher people's courts. The basic people's courts are organized into civil，criminal，economic and administrative divisions. The intermediate people's courts are organized into divisions similar to those of the basic people's courts, and are further organized into other special divisions，such as the intellectual property division. The higher level people's courts supervise the basic and intermediate people's courts. The people's procuratorates also have the right to exercise legal supervision over the civil proceedings of people's courts of the same level and lower levels. The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial body in the PRC. It supervises the administration of justice by all of the people's courts.Uh! Finally I finished this task. now, put all above away, I real words want to say is China is a forbidden country, and he fucked all so called LAW. Only power and money speaks. While USA is not that far beyond PRC. USA’s tomorrow is all depend on what those ten big consortium.But America people seems still have more freedom than Chinese people do, since The holocaust happened 25 years ago. And personally ,I’ve just finished my ten days home arrest by Chinese FBI. I can not see in such environment, how on erath can we help change our country, our life.Thank you for your teaching, and I’ll always remember the days we spend together in this small campus and the sentence “Are you hungry now?”Bye bye.。
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• Collectivism: stresses collective goals over individual goals (Plato and Marx)
Issues in International Legal Environment
• Property rights: legal rights over use to which a resource is put and income derived • Intellectual Property Rights: patents, copyrights, trademarks: major bone of contention especially in infobased economies • Product safety and liability: standards protecting consumers • Enforcement of national and international laws
– – – – communist totalitarianism theocratic totalitarianism (religion based political power) tribal totalitarianism (monopoly of power) right-wing totalitarianism (economic freedom without political freedom)
Russia 1985
China 1985
China 1995
Chile 1985
Planned
Mixed Economic System
Free Market
Legal Systems
• Systems of rules and laws that regulate behavior, processes by which laws are enforced, and redress mechanisms • Legal Systems
Implications for Business
• Political, economic, and legal systems impact the attractiveness of a country • Country attractiveness:
– Benefits: the issue of first mover advantages – Costs: bribes, inadequate infrastructure (McDonald’s in Russia), inadequate and stringent laws (different impacts) – Risks: • Political Risk • Economic Risk • Legal Risks
Economic Systems
• Market Economy: market mechanisms determines resource allocation • Command economy: goods and services produced, their mix, and the prices are planned by the government • Mixed Economy: hybrid arrangement where certain sectors are left to the private sector (within restrictions), while some deemed to be of national importance are state-owned and operated
– advocates individual political and economic freedoms
•
Democracy: citizens directly involved in decision-making
– representative democracy
• Totalitarianism: one person or political party exercises absolute control
– Socialism: communists and social democrats
• Individualism: stresses individual freedom in economic and political pursuits (Aristotle, Smith, Stuart Mill)
COUNTRY FACTORS I
National Differences in Political Economy
POLITICAL SYSTEMS
• Political Systems: system of government in a country • Differentiated along two related dimensions
Political Risk Assessment
Likelihood the business environment will change in a way that encompasses
• Discontinuities • Uncertainty • Political forces • Business impact Macro risk Micro risk
Changing Political Economy 1985-95
Political System
Democratic
India 1985
U.K. 1985
U.K. 1995 India Russia 1995 1995 Mexico 1985 Mexico 1995
Chile 1995
Totalitarian
– Common Law System (tradition based) – Civil Law System (codified) – Theocratic Law System (e.g., Islamic Law)
• International Law (Bilateral and Multilateral treaties)
Sources of Political Risk
I. Home Country Political Risk •National Security Goals •Foreign Policy Goals II. Host Country Political Risk •Xenophobia •Social Unrest/disorder •Internal rebellion •Armed conflicts between nations •Local business groups
Political Risk Assessment and Market Entry
Historic FDI emphasis 3 assumptions 1. Only investors risk assets 2. Only FDI is integral to firm’s strategy 3. Actions against investors are politically based; actions against exporters are based on economic considerations Evidence from Iran-US Tribunal (1980s)
Political Risk Assessment/Management
• Can we predict the next revolution?
• Managing political risk
• Financing • Insurance
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